EP0207511B1 - Electronically scanned phased-array antenna - Google Patents

Electronically scanned phased-array antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0207511B1
EP0207511B1 EP86109023A EP86109023A EP0207511B1 EP 0207511 B1 EP0207511 B1 EP 0207511B1 EP 86109023 A EP86109023 A EP 86109023A EP 86109023 A EP86109023 A EP 86109023A EP 0207511 B1 EP0207511 B1 EP 0207511B1
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Prior art keywords
sum
difference
signals
group antenna
antenna according
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EP86109023A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0207511A3 (en
EP0207511A2 (en
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Anton Dipl.-Ing. Brunner
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/02—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns providing sum and difference patterns

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a group antenna consisting of a multiplicity of line-fed, within the volume of an imaginary body which is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane and two perpendicularly intersecting vertical planes, in particular a sphere, distributed individual antennas with omnidirectional radiation pattern with electronically phase-controlled beam swiveling for radar all-round scanning.
  • Such a group antenna is known from DE-PS 28 22 845. With this antenna, however, precise target location or target tracking is not possible.
  • the monopulse antennas used hitherto correspond to an areal, non-spatial element arrangement in which four partial areas or partial antennas are combined into a sum, an elevation difference and an azimuth difference channel.
  • the object of the invention is a spatially constructed group antenna of the type mentioned without intervention in the actual antenna configuration in such a way that an exact target location or target tracking is possible using the monopulse method.
  • this object is achieved in that the individual emitters are divided into eight sub-volumes, so-called octants, which are delimited from one another by the three levels mentioned and fed separately in terms of signal, and in order to form a total sum signal, an elevation difference signal and two different azimuth difference signals the signals of the eight octants with a total of eleven elements, each forming sum and difference signals, such as ring hybrids, magic teas or the like.
  • the sum and difference signals are first formed by two level adjacent octants, which are combined with the sum and difference signals of the neighboring pairs of octants so that finally the four desired sum and Differential signals of the eight octants are present.
  • combination signals which can be designated as diagonal difference signals are also taken from some of the outputs of the elements forming the sum and difference signals, which are provided with a terminating resistor, and which result in radiation minima on the main axes given by the intersection lines of the three planes and in themselves to form the four desired sum and difference signals are not required.
  • the spatial distribution of the individual radiators, which fills the volume of the imaginary body, is advantageously such that the arrangement is as similar as possible for all directions.
  • the individual radiators are expediently designed for horizontal polarization and the feed lines to the individual radiators run vertically.
  • the individual radiators can be formed, for example, by horizontally lying conductor rings or by horizontally lying crossed dipoles in the manner of a turnstile ("turnstile") antennas.
  • the sum-difference circuit For the implementation of the sum-difference circuit, a flat design is expedient, which can be implemented using stripline technology when transmitting lower powers, for example with exclusive reception mode or when using active single radiators. If the transmission mode with higher power is included in the sum channel, the sum-difference circuit can be implemented entirely or only on the sum channel paths in the form of a special coaxial line or waveguide system.
  • Such a coaxial line system is known from DE-PS 27 01 228 and is characterized by an outer conductor which is formed by a flat, metal base plate, in which depressions corresponding to the respectively desired line path are provided with a constant square or rectangular cross section, and which is covered by a plan-shaped cover plate, which is mechanically and electrically connected to the base plate and is likewise made of metal, and by an inner conductor which is embedded in the recesses of the base plate and is supported therein by means of dielectric supports and which has a rectangular cross section with a constant height and has a width adapted according to the wave resistance requirement.
  • An analog waveguide system for the sum-differential circuit also consists of a flat, metal base plate, in which depressions are provided with a square or rectangular cross-section corresponding to the desired line path, and of a planar design, with the base plate mechanically and electrically connected and also made of metal cover plate to cover the base plate.
  • the recesses in the base plate of the coaxial line or waveguide system can be milled out in a computer-controlled manner in a cost-effective manner.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cube which is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane E1 and two perpendicularly intersecting vertical planes E2 and E3 and which is intended to form an imaginary body 2, within the volume of which individual radiators with omnidirectional characteristics are to be distributed.
  • the individual emitters within the cube are line-fed and form a group antenna with electronically phase-controlled beam swiveling for all-round radar scanning.
  • the spatial distribution of the individual radiators which fills the volume of the imaginary body 2 is such that the arrangement is as similar as possible for all directions.
  • the individual radiators are divided into eight sub-volumes V1 to V8, so-called octants, which are delimited from one another by the three levels E1, E2 and E3 and are fed separately in terms of signals.
  • the signals occurring per octant V1 to V8 are also referred to as SV1 to SV8.
  • the total sum signal ⁇ g , the elevation difference signal ⁇ E1 , and the two different azimuth difference signals ⁇ Az1 and ⁇ Az2 result from the following equations.
  • ⁇ g SV1 + SV2 + SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6 + SV7 + SV8 ⁇
  • the signals SV1 to SV8 of the eight octants V1 to V8 are combined with a circuit of sum and difference-forming elements, such as ring hybrids, magic teas or the like.
  • sum- and difference signals are first formed from the octane signals SV1 and SV2, SV3 and SV4, SV5 and SV6 as well as SV7 and SV8, that is to say from two octants which are adjacent with respect to the plane E3.
  • the ring hybrids H1, H2, H3 and H4 are used for this.
  • the sum and difference signals of the ring hybrids H1 and H2 are combined.
  • sum and difference signals in turn arise at the outputs of the hybrids H5 and H6.
  • the sum and difference signals of the hybrids H6 and H8 are further combined in two further hybrids H9 and H10, so that at the sum or difference output of the hybrid H9 the total sum signal ⁇ g or the elevation difference signal ⁇ E1 and at the sum output of the hybrid H10 that an azimuth difference signal ⁇ AZ1 is present.
  • the differential output signals of the hybrids H5 and H7 are further combined in a hybrid H11, so that the second azimuth difference signal ⁇ Az2 is present at its sum output .
  • the arrows at the empty outputs of the hybrids H5, H7, H10 and H11 each represent a terminating resistor.
  • sum and difference signals are first formed from two octants each adjacent to plane E1.
  • the hybrid H12 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV1 and SV5
  • the hybrid H13 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV2 and SV6
  • the hybrid H14 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV4 and SV8
  • a hybrid H15 the sum and difference signals of the two octane signals SV3 and SV7 are generated.
  • Sum and difference output signals of the hybrids H12 to H15 are further combined via the ring hybrids H16, H17 and H18, so that the sum sum signal ⁇ g or the azimuth difference signal ⁇ Az2 are present at the sum and difference outputs of the hybrid H18.
  • the elevation difference signal ⁇ EL can be determined by a combination of more than the hybrids H19, H20 and H21 decrease the total output of the hybrid H21.
  • the azimuth difference signal ⁇ Az1 is taken at the sum output of a hybrid H22 after a previous difference combination on the hybrids H16 and H17.
  • the variations of the sum-differential circuit for the spatial single radiator arrangement according to the invention depend on the arrangement of the octant outputs.
  • the two examples according to FIGS. 2 and 3 represent a linear and a double-four combination. In general, eleven hybrids are necessary for the formation of the four desired monopulse channels.
  • the antenna axis x is determined by the intersection of the levels E1 and E2, the antenna axis y by the intersection between the levels E1 and E3 and the antenna axis z by the intersection between the levels E2 and E3.
  • ⁇ represents a sum diagram with single lobe, ⁇ difference diagrams with double lobe and minimum valley and X diagonal difference diagrams with quadruple lobe and minimum cross.
  • ⁇ g mean the total sum diagram , ⁇ E1 the elevation difference diagram , ⁇ Az1 and ⁇ Az2 the two azimuth difference diagrams and X1, X2 and X3 diagonal difference diagrams of the following form:
  • X1 SV1 + SV2 + SV7 + SV8 - (SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6)
  • X2 SV1 + SV4 + SV6 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV3 + SV5 + SV8)
  • X3 SV1 + SV5 + SV3 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV4 + SV6 + SV8) 5 shows a perspective view of a spherical, imaginary body 2, within the volume of which individual radiators 1 with omnidirectional characteristics are distributed.
  • the distribution of the individual radiators 1 in volume is such that one is possible for all directions similar projected arrangement arises.
  • the individual radiators 1 are designed for horizontal polarization and can be formed, for example, by conductor rings 7 lying horizontally or by crossed dipoles lying horizontally in the manner of turnstile antennas. Essentially perpendicular feed lines 3 lead to the individual radiators 1 from below.
  • the individual radiators 1 accommodated in the imaginary sphere 2 are divided into eight octants V1 to V8 according to the cube combination according to FIG. Octant signals SV1 to SV8 are assigned to octants V1 to V8.
  • the spatial separation of the feed lines 3 in their association with the individual octants V1 to V8 with a horizontal component in the extension of the supply lines takes place only outside the beam path of the group antenna, ie below the radiating "sphere" 2
  • the outputs of these octant distributor plates P1 to P8 then supply the input signals SV1 to SV8 for the sum-difference circuit 4, which can be designed in accordance with the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the sum-difference circuit 4 can be accommodated below the octant distributor plates P1 to P8 in parallel as a plate.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine aus einer Vielzahl von leitungsgespeisten, innerhalb des Volumens eines gedachten, hinsichtlich einer Horizontalebene und zweier sich senkrecht schneidender Vertikalebenen symmetrischen Körpers, insbesondere einer Kugel, verteilten Einzelstrahlern mit Rundstrahlcharakteristik bestehende Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch phasengesteuerter Strahlschwenkung zur Radar-Rundumabtastung.The invention relates to a group antenna consisting of a multiplicity of line-fed, within the volume of an imaginary body which is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane and two perpendicularly intersecting vertical planes, in particular a sphere, distributed individual antennas with omnidirectional radiation pattern with electronically phase-controlled beam swiveling for radar all-round scanning.

Eine derartige Gruppenantenne ist aus der DE-PS 28 22 845 bekannt. Mit dieser Antenne ist jedoch eine genaue Zielortung bzw. Zielverfolgung nicht möglich.Such a group antenna is known from DE-PS 28 22 845. With this antenna, however, precise target location or target tracking is not possible.

Um eine genaue Zielortung bzw. Zielverfolgung mit einer Gruppenantenne zu ermöglichen, wird gewöhnlich das sogenannte Monopulsverfahren mit einem Summen- und entsprechenden Differenzdiagrammen angewendet. Dazu ist die Aufteilung der Einzelstrahler in Untergruppen und eine geeignete Zusammenfassung derselben notwendig.In order to enable precise target location or target tracking with a group antenna, the so-called monopulse method with a sum and corresponding difference diagrams is usually used. This requires dividing the individual emitters into subgroups and a suitable summary of them.

Die bisher verwendeten Monopulsantennen entsprechen einer flächenhaften, nicht räumlichen Elementeanordnung, bei der vier Teilflächen oder Teilantennen in einen Summen-, einen Elevationsdifferenz- und einen Azimutdifferenzkanal zusammengefaßt werden.The monopulse antennas used hitherto correspond to an areal, non-spatial element arrangement in which four partial areas or partial antennas are combined into a sum, an elevation difference and an azimuth difference channel.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine räumlich aufgebaute Gruppenantenne der eingangs genannten Art ohne Eingriff in die eigentliche Antennenkonfiguration so auszugestalten, daß mit ihr eine genaue zielortung bzw. Zielverfolgung nach dem Monopulsverfahren möglich ist.The object of the invention is a spatially constructed group antenna of the type mentioned without intervention in the actual antenna configuration in such a way that an exact target location or target tracking is possible using the monopulse method.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß die Einzelstrahler auf acht Teilvolumina, sogenannte Oktanten, aufgeteilt sind,die gegeneinander jeweils durch die genannten drei Ebenen abgegrenzt und signalmäßig getrennt gespeist sind, und daß zur Bildung eines Gesamtsummensignals, eines Elevationsdifferenzsignals und zweier verschiedener Azimutdifferenzsignale die Signale der acht Oktanten mit einer insgesamt elf, jeweils Summen- und Differenzsignale bildende Glieder, wie Ringhybride, magische Tees o.dgl. aufweisenden Schaltung zusammengefaßt werden, in der zunächst jeweils von zwei ebenenmäßig benachbarten Oktanten die Summen-und Differenzsignale gebildet werden, die mit den Summen- und Differenzsignalen der Nachbarpaare von Oktanten so weiterkombiniert werden, daß schlußendlich an vier Ausgängen der Schaltung die vier gewünschten Summen- und Differenzsignale der acht Oktanten anliegen.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the individual emitters are divided into eight sub-volumes, so-called octants, which are delimited from one another by the three levels mentioned and fed separately in terms of signal, and in order to form a total sum signal, an elevation difference signal and two different azimuth difference signals the signals of the eight octants with a total of eleven elements, each forming sum and difference signals, such as ring hybrids, magic teas or the like. having circuit are summarized, in which the sum and difference signals are first formed by two level adjacent octants, which are combined with the sum and difference signals of the neighboring pairs of octants so that finally the four desired sum and Differential signals of the eight octants are present.

Diejenigen Ausgänge der die Summen- und Differenzsignale bildenden Glieder, die nicht zur Weiterkombination benutzt werden, sind mit Abschlußwiderständen versehen. Bei besonderen Auswerteverfahren werden auch an einigen, an sich mit einem Abschlußwiderstand versehenen Ausgängen der die Summen- und Differenzsignale bildenden Glieder als Diagonaldifferenzsignale bezeichenbare Kombinations-signale abgenommen, die Strahlungsminima auf den durch die Schnittlinien der drei Ebenen gegebenen Hauptachsen ergeben und an sich zur Bildung der vier gewünschten Summen- und Differenzsignale nicht benötigt werden.Those outputs of the elements forming the sum and difference signals which are not used for further combination are provided with terminating resistors. In the case of special evaluation methods, combination signals which can be designated as diagonal difference signals are also taken from some of the outputs of the elements forming the sum and difference signals, which are provided with a terminating resistor, and which result in radiation minima on the main axes given by the intersection lines of the three planes and in themselves to form the four desired sum and difference signals are not required.

In vorteilhafter Weise ist die das Volumen des gedachten Körpers ausfüllende räumliche Verteilung der Einzelstrahler so, daß für alle Richtungen eine möglichst gleichartige projizierte Anordnung entsteht.The spatial distribution of the individual radiators, which fills the volume of the imaginary body, is advantageously such that the arrangement is as similar as possible for all directions.

In zweckmäßiger Weise sind die Einzelstrahler für horizontale Polarisation ausgelegt und die Speiseleitungen zu den Einzelstrahlern hin verlaufen senkrecht. Die Einzelstrahler lassen sich beispielsweise durch horizontal liegende Leiterringe oder durch horizontal liegende gekreuzte Dipole nach Art von Drehkreuz ("Turnstile")-Antennen bilden.The individual radiators are expediently designed for horizontal polarization and the feed lines to the individual radiators run vertically. The individual radiators can be formed, for example, by horizontally lying conductor rings or by horizontally lying crossed dipoles in the manner of a turnstile ("turnstile") antennas.

Für die Realisierung der Summe-Differenz-Schaltung ist eine Flachbauweise zweckmäßig, die bei Übertragung kleinerer Leistungen, z.B. bei ausschließlichem Empfangsbetrieb oder bei Verwendung aktiver Einzelstrahler, in Streifenleitungstechnik ausgeführt werden kann. Bei Einschluß des Sendebetriebes mit höherer Leistung im Summenkanal kann die Summe-Differenz-Schaltung ganz oder nur auf den Summenkanalwegen in Form eines besonderen Koaxialleitungs- oder Hohlleitersystems realisiert werden. Ein solches Koaxialleitungssystem ist aus der DE-PS 27 01 228 bekannt und ist gekennzeichnet durch einen Außenleiter, der durch eine ebene, aus Metall bestehende Grundplatte gebildet ist, in der dem jeweils gewünschten Leitungswegeverlauf entsprechende Vertiefungen mit konstantem quadratischen oder rechteckförmigen Querschnitt vorgesehen sind, und die durch eine plan ausgebildete, mit der Grundplatte mechanisch und elektrisch verbundene und ebenfalls aus Metall bestehende Abdeckplatte abgedeckt ist, und durch einen in den Vertiefungen der Grundplatte eingelassenen und darin mittels dielektrischer Stützen abgestützten Innenleiter, der einen Rechteckquerschnitt mit einer konstanten Höhe und einer entsprechend der Wellenwiderstandsforderung angepaßten Breite aufweist. Ein analog verwendetes Hohlleitersystem für die Summe-Differenz-Schaltung besteht ebenfalls aus einer ebenen, aus Metall bestehenden Grundplatte, in der dem jeweils gewünschten Leitungswegeverlauf entsprechende Vertiefungen mit konstantem quadratischen oder rechteckförmigen Querschnitt vorgesehen sind, und aus einer plan ausgebildeten, mit der Grundplatte mechanisch und elektrisch verbundenen und ebenfalls aus Metall bestehenden Abdeckplatte zur Abdeckung der Grundplatte. Die Vertiefungen in der Grundplatte des Koaxialleitungs- bzw. Hohlleitersystems lassen sich in kostengünstiger Weise rechnergesteuert ausfräsen.For the implementation of the sum-difference circuit, a flat design is expedient, which can be implemented using stripline technology when transmitting lower powers, for example with exclusive reception mode or when using active single radiators. If the transmission mode with higher power is included in the sum channel, the sum-difference circuit can be implemented entirely or only on the sum channel paths in the form of a special coaxial line or waveguide system. Such a coaxial line system is known from DE-PS 27 01 228 and is characterized by an outer conductor which is formed by a flat, metal base plate, in which depressions corresponding to the respectively desired line path are provided with a constant square or rectangular cross section, and which is covered by a plan-shaped cover plate, which is mechanically and electrically connected to the base plate and is likewise made of metal, and by an inner conductor which is embedded in the recesses of the base plate and is supported therein by means of dielectric supports and which has a rectangular cross section with a constant height and has a width adapted according to the wave resistance requirement. An analog waveguide system for the sum-differential circuit also consists of a flat, metal base plate, in which depressions are provided with a square or rectangular cross-section corresponding to the desired line path, and of a planar design, with the base plate mechanically and electrically connected and also made of metal cover plate to cover the base plate. The recesses in the base plate of the coaxial line or waveguide system can be milled out in a computer-controlled manner in a cost-effective manner.

Die Herstellung aller Verbindungsleitungen der Summe-Differenz-Schaltung in einer Ebene ist allerdings ohne einige wenige Brücken nicht möglich. Für die Überbrückung einer oder einiger weniger Leitungskreuzungen kann ein kleiner Teil der Schaltung auch in einer zweiten Ebene ausgeführt werden.However, it is not possible to manufacture all connecting lines of the sum-difference circuit in one level without a few bridges. A small part of the circuit can also be implemented on a second level in order to bridge one or a few line crossings.

Das Prinzip der Erfindung und Ausführungsbeispiele davon werden im folgenden anhand von fünf Figuren erläutert.The principle of the invention and exemplary embodiments thereof are explained below with reference to five figures.

Es zeigen

  • Fig. 1 einen gedachten würfelförmigen Antennenkörper mit Aufteilung in acht Oktanten zur Summen-Differenz-Bildung für ein räumliches Monopuls einer phasengesteuerten Gruppenantenne zur Radar-Rundumabtastung nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 2 das Ausführungsbeispiel einer Summe-Differenz-Schaltung für eine Gruppenantenne nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 3 ein anderes Ausführungsbeispiel einer Summe-Differenz-Schaltung für eine räumliche Gruppenantenne nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 4 die Zuordnung der verschiedenen Summen-Differenz-Strahlungsdiagramme zu Antennenachsen und Oktanten einer Gruppenantenne nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 5 das Ausführungsbeispiel einer kugelförmigen Gruppenantenne nach der Erfindung mit Leitungsführung und Verteilersystem zur Erzeugung der gewünschten Summen- und Differenzsignale.
Show it
  • 1 is an imaginary cube-shaped antenna body with division into eight octants for sum difference formation for a spatial monopulse of a phase-controlled group antenna for radar all-round scanning according to the invention,
  • 2 shows the embodiment of a sum-difference circuit for a group antenna according to the invention,
  • 3 shows another embodiment of a sum-difference circuit for a spatial array antenna according to the invention,
  • 4 shows the assignment of the different sum-difference radiation diagrams to antenna axes and octants of a group antenna according to the invention,
  • Fig. 5 shows the embodiment of a spherical antenna array according to the invention with cable routing and distribution system for generating the desired sum and difference signals.

In Fig. 1 ist ein hinsichtlich einer Horizontalebene E1 und zweier sich senkrecht schneidender Vertikalebenen E2 und E3 symmetrischer Würfel dargestellt, welcher einen gedachten Körper 2 bilden soll, innerhalb dessen Volumen Einzelstrahler mit Rundstrahlcharakteristik verteilt sein sollen. Die Einzelstrahler innerhalb des Würfels sind leitungsgespeist und bilden eine Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch phasengesteuerter Strahlschwenkung zur Radar-Rundumabtastung. Die das Volumen des gedachten Körpers 2 ausfüllende räumliche Verteilung der Einzelstrahler ist so, daß für alle Richtungen eine möglichst gleichartige projizierte Anordnung entsteht.1 shows a cube which is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane E1 and two perpendicularly intersecting vertical planes E2 and E3 and which is intended to form an imaginary body 2, within the volume of which individual radiators with omnidirectional characteristics are to be distributed. The individual emitters within the cube are line-fed and form a group antenna with electronically phase-controlled beam swiveling for all-round radar scanning. The spatial distribution of the individual radiators which fills the volume of the imaginary body 2 is such that the arrangement is as similar as possible for all directions.

Die Einzelstrahler sind auf acht Teilvolumina V1 bis V8, sogenannte Oktanten, aufgeteilt, die gegeneinander jeweils durch die genannten drei Ebenen E1, E2 und E3 abgegrenzt und signalmäßig getrennt gespeist sind. Die pro Oktant V1 bis V8 anfallenden Signale sind analog mit SV1 bis SV8 bezeichnet. Das Gesamtsummensignal Σg, das Elevationsdifferenzsignal ΔE1, und die beiden verschiedenen Azimutdifferenzsignale ΔAz1 und ΔAz2 ergeben sich aus folgenden Gleichungen.

Σg = SV1 + SV2 + SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6 + SV7 + SV8
ΔE1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV3 + SV4 - (SV5 + SV6 + SV7 + SV8)
ΔAz1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV5 + SV6 - (SV3 + SV4 + SV7 + SV8)
ΔAz2 = SV1 + SV4 + SV5 + SV8 - (SV2 + SV3 + SV6 + SV7)

The individual radiators are divided into eight sub-volumes V1 to V8, so-called octants, which are delimited from one another by the three levels E1, E2 and E3 and are fed separately in terms of signals. The signals occurring per octant V1 to V8 are also referred to as SV1 to SV8. The total sum signal Σ g , the elevation difference signal Δ E1 , and the two different azimuth difference signals Δ Az1 and Δ Az2 result from the following equations.

Σ g = SV1 + SV2 + SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6 + SV7 + SV8
Δ E1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV3 + SV4 - (SV5 + SV6 + SV7 + SV8)
Δ Az1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV5 + SV6 - (SV3 + SV4 + SV7 + SV8)
Δ Az2 = SV1 + SV4 + SV5 + SV8 - (SV2 + SV3 + SV6 + SV7)

Die Zusammenfassung der Signale SV1 bis SV8 der acht Oktanten V1 bis V8 erfolgt mit einer Schaltung von summe-und differenzbildenden Gliedern, wie Ringhybride, magischen Tees oder dergleichen.The signals SV1 to SV8 of the eight octants V1 to V8 are combined with a circuit of sum and difference-forming elements, such as ring hybrids, magic teas or the like.

Ausführungsbeispiele für solche Summen-Differenz-Schaltungen sind in den Figuren 2 und 3 dargestellt. Allgemein sind elf summe- und differenzbildende Glieder, wie Ringhybride oder dergleichen, für die Bildung der vier gewünschten Monopulskanäle notwendig. Im Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig.2 werden zunächst von den Oktantensignalen SV1 und SV2, SV3 und SV4, SV5 und SV6 sowie SV7 und SV8, also jeweils von zwei Oktanten, die hinsichtlich der Ebene E3 benachbart sind, Summen- und Differenzsignale gebildet. Dazu dienen die Ringhybride H1, H2, H3 und H4. In den Ringhybriden H5 und H6 werden die Summen-und Differenzsignale der Ringhybride H1 und H2 kombiniert. Somit entstehen an den Ausgängen der Hybride H5 und H6 wiederum Summen- und Differenzsignale. Das gleiche geschieht mit den Summen- und Differenzsignalen der Hybride H3 und H4 an den Hybriden H7 und H8. Die Summen-und Differenzsignale der Hybride H6 und H8 werden in zwei weiteren Hybriden H9 und H10 weiterkombiniert, so daß am Summen- bzw.Differenz-Ausgang des Hybrids H9 das Gesamtsummensignal Σg bzw. das Elevationsdifferenzsignal ΔE1 und am Summenausgang des Hybrids H10 das eine Azimutdifferenzsignal ΔAZ1 ansteht. Die Differenzausgangssignale der Hybride H5 und H7 werden in einem Hybrid H11 weiterkombiniert, so daß an dessen Summenausgang das zweite Azimutdifferenzsignal ΔAz2 ansteht. Die Pfeile an den leeren Ausgängen der Hybride H5, H7, H10 und H11 stellen jeweils einen Abschlußwiderstand dar.Exemplary embodiments for such sum-difference circuits are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In general, eleven sum- and difference-forming elements, such as ring hybrids or the like, are necessary for the formation of the four desired monopulse channels. In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, sum and difference signals are first formed from the octane signals SV1 and SV2, SV3 and SV4, SV5 and SV6 as well as SV7 and SV8, that is to say from two octants which are adjacent with respect to the plane E3. The ring hybrids H1, H2, H3 and H4 are used for this. In the ring hybrids H5 and H6, the sum and difference signals of the ring hybrids H1 and H2 are combined. Thus, sum and difference signals in turn arise at the outputs of the hybrids H5 and H6. The same happens with the sum and difference signals of the hybrids H3 and H4 on the hybrids H7 and H8. The sum and difference signals of the hybrids H6 and H8 are further combined in two further hybrids H9 and H10, so that at the sum or difference output of the hybrid H9 the total sum signal Σ g or the elevation difference signal Δ E1 and at the sum output of the hybrid H10 that an azimuth difference signal Δ AZ1 is present. The differential output signals of the hybrids H5 and H7 are further combined in a hybrid H11, so that the second azimuth difference signal Δ Az2 is present at its sum output . The arrows at the empty outputs of the hybrids H5, H7, H10 and H11 each represent a terminating resistor.

Beim anderen, in Fig. 3 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel einer Summen-Differenz-Schaltung für eine Gruppenantenne nach der Erfindung werden zunächst Summen-und Differenzsignale von jeweils zwei hinsichtlich der Ebene E1 benachbarten Oktanten gebildet. Mittels des Hybrids H12 werden die Summen- und Differenzsignale der Oktantensignale SV1 und SV5, mittels des Hybrids H13 die Summen- und Differenzsignale der Oktantensignale SV2 und SV6, mittels des Hybrids H14 die Summen- und Differenzsignale der Oktantensignale SV4 und SV8 und mittels eines Hybrids H15 die Summen- und Differenzsignale der beiden Oktantensignale SV3 und SV7 erzeugt. Über die Ringhybride H16, H17 und H18 werden Summen- und Differenzausgangssignale der Hybride H12 bis H15 weiterkombiniert, so daß an den Summen- und Differenzausgängen des Hybrids H18 das Gesamtsummensignal Σg bzw. das Azimutdifferenzsignal ΔAz2 anstehen. Das Elevationsdifferenzsignal ΔEL läßt sich nach einer Weiterkombination über die Hybride H19, H20 und H21 am Summenausgang des Hybrids H21 abnehmen. Das Azimut-Differenzsignal ΔAz1 wird am Summenausgang eines Hybrids H22 nach einer vorhergehenden Differenzkombination an den Hybriden H16 und H17 abgenommen.In the other exemplary embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, of a sum-difference circuit for a group antenna according to the invention, sum and difference signals are first formed from two octants each adjacent to plane E1. By means of the hybrid H12 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV1 and SV5, by means of the hybrid H13 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV2 and SV6, by means of the hybrid H14 the sum and difference signals of the octane signals SV4 and SV8 and by means of a hybrid H15 the sum and difference signals of the two octane signals SV3 and SV7 are generated. Sum and difference output signals of the hybrids H12 to H15 are further combined via the ring hybrids H16, H17 and H18, so that the sum sum signal Σ g or the azimuth difference signal Δ Az2 are present at the sum and difference outputs of the hybrid H18. The elevation difference signal Δ EL can be determined by a combination of more than the hybrids H19, H20 and H21 decrease the total output of the hybrid H21. The azimuth difference signal Δ Az1 is taken at the sum output of a hybrid H22 after a previous difference combination on the hybrids H16 and H17.

Die Variationen der Summe-Differenzschaltung für die räumliche Einzelstrahleranordnung nach der Erfindung hängt von der Anordnung der Oktantenausgänge ab. Die beiden Beispiele nach den Figuren 2 und 3 stellen eine lineare und eine Doppelvierer-Zusammenfassung dar. Allgemein sind elf Hybride für die Bildung der vier gewünschten Monopulskanäle notwendig.The variations of the sum-differential circuit for the spatial single radiator arrangement according to the invention depend on the arrangement of the octant outputs. The two examples according to FIGS. 2 and 3 represent a linear and a double-four combination. In general, eleven hybrids are necessary for the formation of the four desired monopulse channels.

An einigen Ausgängen von die Summe und die Differenz bildenden Hybriden entstehen Signalkombinationen, die als Diagonaldifferenzen bezeichnet werden können, mit auf den Hauptachsen liegenden Strahlungsminima, die für das Monopulsverfahren gewöhnlich nicht verwendet werden. Ihre Ausgänge sind deshalb mit Abschlußwiderständen versehen, die in den Ausführungsbeispielen nach Fig. 2 und 3 durch Pfeile dargestellt sind. Für andere Auswerteverfahren könnten die Amplituden- und Phaseninformationen ihrer Empfangssignale jedoch durchaus verwendet werden.At some outputs of the hybrids forming the sum and the difference, signal combinations occur, which can be referred to as diagonal differences, with the Radiation minima are the main axes, which are usually not used for the monopulse method. Their outputs are therefore provided with terminating resistors, which are represented by arrows in the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 2 and 3. However, the amplitude and phase information of their received signals could certainly be used for other evaluation methods.

In Fig. 4 ist die Zuordnung der zu allen Ausgängen der Summe-Differenz-Schaltungen nach den Figuren 2 und 3 gehörenden Strahlungsdiagramme zu den Antennenachsen x,y und z und den Oktanten V1 bis V8 dargestellt. Die Antennenachse x ist durch die Schnittlinie der Ebenen E1 und E2, die Antennenachse y durch die Schnittlinie zwischen den Ebenen E1 und E3 und die Antennenachse z durch die Schnittlinie zwischen den Ebenen E2 und E3 bestimmt. Σ stellt jeweils ein Summendiagramm mit Einfachkeule, Δ Differenzdiagramme mit Doppelkeule und Minimumstal und X Diagonaldifferenzdiagramme mit Vierfachkeule und Minimumskreuz dar. Hierbei bedeuten Σg das Gesamtsummendiagramm, ΔE1 das Elevationsdifferenzdiagramm, ΔAz1 sowie ΔAz2 die beiden Azimutdifferenzdiagramme und X₁, X₂ und X₃ Diagonaldifferenzdiagramme der folgenden Form:

X1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV7 + SV8 - (SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6)
X2 = SV1 + SV4 + SV6 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV3 + SV5 + SV8)
X3 = SV1 + SV5 + SV3 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV4 + SV6 + SV8)

Fig. 5 zeigt in einer perspektivischen Ansicht einen kugelförmigen, gedachten Körper 2, innerhalb dessen Volumen Einzelstrahler 1 mit Rundstrahlcharakteristik, verteilt sind. Die Verteilung der Einzelstrahler 1 im Volumen ist so, daß für alle Richtungen eine möglichst gleichartige projizierte Anordnung entsteht. Die Einzelstrahler 1 sind für horizontale Polarisation ausgelegt und können beispielsweise durch horizontal liegende Leiterringe 7 oder durch horizontal liegende, gekreuzte Dipole nach Art von Drehkreuz-Antennen gebildet werden. Zu den Einzelstrahlern 1 führen von unten her im wesentlichen senkrecht verlaufende Speiseleitungen 3. Die in der gedachten Kugel 2 untergebrachten Einzelstrahler 1 sind auf acht Oktanten V1 bis V8 entsprechend der Würfelkombination nach Fig.1 aufgeteilt. Den Oktanten V1 bis V8 sind Oktantensignale SV1 bis SV8 zugeordnet. Wegen der horizontalen Polarisation der Einzelstrahler 1 der Gruppenantenne erfolgt die räumliche Trennung der Speiseleitungen 3 in ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu den einzelnen Oktanten V1 bis V8 mit einer horizontalen Komponente in der Ausdehnung der Zuleitungen erst außerhalb des Strahlengangs der Gruppenantenne, d.h. unterhalb der strahlenden "Kugel" 2. Die von oben von den Einzelstrahlern 1 kommenden Speiseleitungen 3, z.B. Koaxialleitungen, münden beispielsweise an den Phasenschiebern 5 für den jeweiligen Einzelstrahler 1, die auf Verteilerplatten P1 bis P8 für den betreffenden Oktanten V1 bis V8 untergebracht sein können. Die Ausgänge dieser Oktantenverteilerplatten P1 bis P8 liefern dann die Eingangssignale SV1 bis SV8 für die Summen-Differenz-Schaltung 4, die entsprechend den Ausführungsbeispielen nach Fig. 2 und 3 ausgebildet werden kann. Die Summe-Differenz-Schaltung 4 kann unterhalb der Oktantenverteilerplatten P1 bis P8 parallel zu dieser als Platte untergebracht werden.4 shows the assignment of the radiation diagrams belonging to all outputs of the sum-difference circuits according to FIGS. 2 and 3 to the antenna axes x, y and z and the octants V1 to V8. The antenna axis x is determined by the intersection of the levels E1 and E2, the antenna axis y by the intersection between the levels E1 and E3 and the antenna axis z by the intersection between the levels E2 and E3. Σ represents a sum diagram with single lobe, Δ difference diagrams with double lobe and minimum valley and X diagonal difference diagrams with quadruple lobe and minimum cross. Here Σ g mean the total sum diagram , Δ E1 the elevation difference diagram , Δ Az1 and Δ Az2 the two azimuth difference diagrams and X₁, X₂ and X₃ diagonal difference diagrams of the following form:

X1 = SV1 + SV2 + SV7 + SV8 - (SV3 + SV4 + SV5 + SV6)
X2 = SV1 + SV4 + SV6 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV3 + SV5 + SV8)
X3 = SV1 + SV5 + SV3 + SV7 - (SV2 + SV4 + SV6 + SV8)

5 shows a perspective view of a spherical, imaginary body 2, within the volume of which individual radiators 1 with omnidirectional characteristics are distributed. The distribution of the individual radiators 1 in volume is such that one is possible for all directions similar projected arrangement arises. The individual radiators 1 are designed for horizontal polarization and can be formed, for example, by conductor rings 7 lying horizontally or by crossed dipoles lying horizontally in the manner of turnstile antennas. Essentially perpendicular feed lines 3 lead to the individual radiators 1 from below. The individual radiators 1 accommodated in the imaginary sphere 2 are divided into eight octants V1 to V8 according to the cube combination according to FIG. Octant signals SV1 to SV8 are assigned to octants V1 to V8. Because of the horizontal polarization of the individual radiators 1 of the group antenna, the spatial separation of the feed lines 3 in their association with the individual octants V1 to V8 with a horizontal component in the extension of the supply lines takes place only outside the beam path of the group antenna, ie below the radiating "sphere" 2 The feed lines 3, for example coaxial lines, coming from above from the individual radiators 1 open, for example, at the phase shifters 5 for the respective individual radiator 1, which can be accommodated on distributor plates P1 to P8 for the relevant octants V1 to V8. The outputs of these octant distributor plates P1 to P8 then supply the input signals SV1 to SV8 for the sum-difference circuit 4, which can be designed in accordance with the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 2 and 3. The sum-difference circuit 4 can be accommodated below the octant distributor plates P1 to P8 in parallel as a plate.

Die Realisierung der Summe-Differenz-Schaltung 4 und in zweckmäßigerweise auch der Verteilerplatten P1 bis P8 erfolgt - wie bereits früher erwähnt wurde - in Flachbauweise, wobei nochmals bemerkt wird, daß die Herstellung aller Verbindungsleitungen in der Summe-Differenz-Schaltung 4 in einer Ebene nicht möglich ist. Für die Überbrückung einer oder einiger weniger Leitungskreuzungen muß ein kleiner Teil der Schaltung 4 in einer zweiten Ebene ausgeführt werden.The realization of the sum-difference circuit 4 and expediently also of the distributor plates P1 to P8 takes place - as already mentioned earlier - in a flat construction, whereby it is again noted that the production of all connecting lines in the Sum-difference circuit 4 in one level is not possible. In order to bridge one or a few line crossings, a small part of the circuit 4 must be implemented in a second level.

Claims (14)

  1. Group antenna comprising a plurality of line-fed individual radiators having omni-directional characteristics which are distributed within the volume of an imaginary body, preferably a sphere, that is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal plane and two vertical planes intersecting each other perpendicularly, which group antenna has electronically phase-controlled beam sweeping for panoramic radar scanning, characterised in that the individual radiators (1) are divided into eight sub-volumes (V1 to V8), so-called octants, which are respectively delimited with respect to one another by said three planes (E1 to E3) and are fed separately with regard to signals, in that for the formation of an overall sum signal (Σg), an elevation difference signal (ΔE1)and two difference azimuth difference signals (ΔAZ1, ΔAZ2) the signals (SV1 to SV8) of the eight octants are combined with a circuit having a total of eleven elements, such as ring hybrids, magic Ts or the like, respectively forming sum and difference signals, in which circuit there are firstly formed the sum and difference signals respectively of two octants adjacent with regard to plane, which signals are then further combined with the sum and difference signals of the adjacent pairs of octants in such a way that the four desired sum and difference signals of the eight octants are finally present at the four outputs of the circuit.
  2. Group antenna according to Claim 1, characterised in that those outputs of the elements forming the sum and difference signals that are not used for further combination are provided with terminating resistors.
  3. Group antenna according to Claims 1 or 2, characterised in that for use with special evaluation methods combination signals, which can be termed diagonal difference signals, yield radiation minima on the principal axes (x, y, z) given by the lines of intersection of the three planes (E1, E2, E3) and are not required per se to form the four desired sum signals and difference signals (Σg , ΔE1, ΔAZ1, ΔAZ2), are also tapped at some of the outputs of the elements forming the sum signals and the difference signals, which are provided per se with a terminating resistor.
  4. Group antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the three-dimensional distribution of the individual radiators (1) that fills up the volume of the imaginary body (2) is such that an optimally identical projected arrangement occurs for all directions.
  5. Group antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the individual radiators (1) are designed for horizontal polarisation and the feed lines (3) to the individual radiators extend vertically.
  6. Group antenna according to Claim 5, characterised in that the individual radiators (1) are formed by horizontally disposed conductor rings.
  7. Group antenna according to Claim 5, characterised in that the individual radiators are formed by horizontally disposed, crossed dipoles in the fashion of turnstile antennas.
  8. Group antenna according to one of Claims 5 to 7, characterised in that the sum-difference circuit (4) is realised in a printed circuit board having one circuit level with a few bridges or two circuit levels.
  9. Group antenna according to Claim 8, characterised in that the sum-difference circuit (4) is implemented in stripline technology in the case of the transmission of relatively low powers, e.g. in the case of exclusive reception operation or of the use of active individual radiators.
  10. Group antenna according to Claim 8, characterised in that in the case of transmission of relatively high powers as well, i.e. in the case of inclusion of transmission operation in the sum channel, the sum-difference circuit (4) is realised entirely or only on the sum channel paths in the form of a coaxial line system, which on the one hand has an outer conductor, which is formed by a planar base plate consisting of metal, in which depressions having a constant square or rectangular cross-section and corresponding to the respectively desired course of line paths are provided, and which is covered by a cover plate of planar construction, which is mechanically and electrically connected to the base plate and likewise consists of metal, and which system has an inner conductor, which is let into the depressions of the base plate and supported therein by means of dielectric supports, and which has a rectangular cross-section with a constant height and a width matched in accordance with the characteristic impedance required.
  11. Group antenna according to Claim 8, characterised in that in the case of transmission of relatively high powers as well, i.e. in the case of inclusion of transmission operation in the sum channel, the sum-difference circuit (4) is realised entirely or only on the sum channel paths in the form of a waveguide system, which is composed of a planar base plate consisting of metal, in which depressions having a constant square or rectangular cross-section and corresponding to the respectively desired course of line paths are provided, and of a cover plate for covering the base plate, which is of planar construction, is mechanically and electrically connected to the base plate and likewise consists of metal.
  12. Group antenna according to Claims 10 or 11, characterised in that the depressions are milled out in a computer-controlled fashion.
  13. Group antenna according to one of Claims 8 to 12, characterised in that the sum-difference circuit (4) realised in a printed circuit board is arranged below the imaginary body (2) provided with the individual radiators (1) and outside the beam path of the said body, in that a plurality of distributor circuits (P1 to P8) are additionally provided below the imaginary body above the said circuit and likewise outside the beam path, which distributor circuits are respectively allocated to an octant (V1 to V8), are likewise realised as a printed circuit board, and in which the individual radiator feed lines (3) coming vertically from above from the respectively allocated octant end, and in that the outputs of the said octant distributor circuits supply the input signals (SV1 to SV8) for the sum-difference circuit (4).
  14. Group antenna according to Claim 13, characterised in that the phase shifters (5) for the individual radiators (1) of an octant (V1 to V8) are mounted on the distributor circuit (SV1 to SV8) allocated to the said octant, and in that the feed lines (3) of the individual radiators (1) coming vertically from above end at the said phase shifters.
EP86109023A 1985-07-05 1986-07-02 Electronically scanned phased-array antenna Expired - Lifetime EP0207511B1 (en)

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DE3524148 1985-07-05
DE3524148 1985-07-05

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DE4002522A1 (en) * 1990-01-29 1991-08-01 Siemens Ag Sum and difference unit for radar group antenna - has single structure with eight sections arranged in quadrants
US5302961A (en) * 1992-12-28 1994-04-12 General Electric Co. Antenna aperture with mainlobe jammer nulling capability
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DE19505629B4 (en) * 1995-02-18 2004-04-29 Diehl Stiftung & Co.Kg Protective device against an approaching projectile
US5717405A (en) * 1996-07-17 1998-02-10 Hughes Electronics Four-port phase and amplitude equalizer for feed enhancement of wideband antenna arrays with low sum and difference sidelobes
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NL1011421C2 (en) 1999-03-02 2000-09-05 Tno Volumetric phased array antenna system.
KR100902559B1 (en) * 2008-10-30 2009-06-11 국방과학연구소 Radar interferometer and method of target position estimation using the same

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DE3680396D1 (en) 1991-08-29
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US4734700A (en) 1988-03-29

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