EP0147240B1 - Fuel compositions and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking - Google Patents
Fuel compositions and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking Download PDFInfo
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- EP0147240B1 EP0147240B1 EP84309143A EP84309143A EP0147240B1 EP 0147240 B1 EP0147240 B1 EP 0147240B1 EP 84309143 A EP84309143 A EP 84309143A EP 84309143 A EP84309143 A EP 84309143A EP 0147240 B1 EP0147240 B1 EP 0147240B1
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- hydrocarbyl
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/228—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles
- C10L1/2283—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles containing one or more carbon to nitrogen double bonds, e.g. guanidine, hydrazone, semi-carbazone, azomethine
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
- C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
Definitions
- the invention relates to compression ignition fuel compositions and additive mixtures of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, in amounts sufficient to resist the coking tendencies of compression ignition fuel compositions when used in the operation of indirect injection diesel engines.
- Throttling diesel nozzles have recently come into widespread use in indirect injection automotive and light-duty diesel truck engines, i.e., compression ignition engines in which the fuel is injected into and ignited in a prechamber or swirl chamber. In this way, the flame front proceeds from the prechamber into the larger compression chamber where the combustion is completed. Engines designed in this manner allow for quieter and smoother operation.
- the Figure of the Drawing illustrates the geometry of the typical throttling diesel nozzle (often referred to as the "pintle nozzle").
- This invention provides distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, and (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, and optionally:
- the combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking, in the prechambers or swirl chambers of indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- additive fluid concentrate for use in distillate fuels and which contains a combination defined above.
- a still further embodiment of the present invention is a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking, in the prechambers or swirl chambers of an indirect injection compression ignition engine, which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination as defined above, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- a feature of this invention is that the combination of additives utilized in its practice is capable of suppressing coking tendencies of fuels used to operate indirect injection compression ignition engines. Such behavior was exhibited in a series of standard engine dynamometer tests conducted as described in Examples I, II and III hereinafter.
- nitrate ignition accelerators component (a)
- Preferred nitrate esters are the aliphatic or cycloaliphatic nitrates in which the aliphatic or cycloaliphatic group is saturated, contains up to about 12 carbons and, optionally, may be substituted with one or more oxygen atoms.
- Typical organic nitrates that may be used are methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, heptyl nitrate, 2-heptyl nitrate, octyl nitrate, isooctyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, nonyl nitrate, decyl nitrate, undecyl nitrate, dodecyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl
- hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides, component (b) of the fuels of this invention are well known. They are readily made by first reacting an olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon of the desired molecular weight with maleic anhydride to form a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride. Reaction temperatures of 100-250°C are used. With higher boiling olefinically-unsaturated hydrocarbons, good results are obtained at 200-250°C. This reaction can be promoted by the addition of chlorine.
- Typical olefins include cracked wax olefins, linear alpha olefins, branched chain alpha olefins, polymers and copolymers of lower olefins. These include polymers of ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-hexene, 1- decene and the like.
- Useful copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-isobutylene copolymers, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-1-decene copolymers and the like.
- Hydrocarbyl substituents have also been made from olefin terpolymers.
- Very useful products have been made from ethylene-C 3 - 12 alpha olefin - C S - 12 non-conjugated diene terpolymers; such as ethylene-propylene-1,4-hexadiene terpolymer; ethylene-propylene-1,5-cyclooctadiene terpolymer; ethylene-propylene-norbornene terpolymers and the like.
- hydrocarbyl substituents are derived from butene polymers, especially polymers of isobutylene.
- the molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituent can vary over a wide range. It is desirable that the hydrocarbyl group have a molecular weight of at least 500. Although there is no critical upper limit, a preferred range is 500-500,000 number average molecular weight. The more preferred average molecular weight is 700-5,000 and most preferably 900-3,000.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides and succinamides are made by reaction of the desired hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with an amine having at least one reactive hydrogen atom bonded to an amine nitrogen atom.
- amine having at least one reactive hydrogen atom bonded to an amine nitrogen atom.
- examples of these are methyl amine, dimethyl amine, n-butyl amine, di-(n-dodecyl) amine, N-(aminoethyl) piperidine, piperazine, N-(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, and the like.
- the amine has at least one reactive primary amine group capable of reacting to form the preferred succinimides.
- primary amines are n-octyl amine, N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propane diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, 1,6-hexane diamine, and the like.
- Hydroxyalkyl amines can also be used to make the succinimide-succinamide components of the invention which contain some ester groups. These amines include ethanol amine, diethanol amine, 2-hydroxypropyl amine, N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine and the like. Such hydroxyalkyl amines can be made by reacting a lower alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylenepentamine and the like.
- a lower alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide
- ammonia or a primary or secondary amine such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylenepentamine and the like.
- a more preferred class of primary amines used to make the succinimide, succinamide or mixtures thereof are the polyalkylene amines. These are polyamines and mixtures of polyamines which have the general formula wherein R is a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 2-4 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 1-10 including mixtures of such polyalkylene amines.
- the polyalkylene amine is a polyethyleneamine containing 2-6 ethyleneamine units. These are represented by the above formula in which R is the group ⁇ CHCH ⁇ and n has a value of 2-6.
- the amine used to make the succinimide, succinamide or mixture thereof need not be all amine.
- a mono or poly-hydroxyalcohol may be included in the reaction.
- Such alcohols can be reacted concurrently with the amine or the two alcohol and amine may be reacted sequentially.
- Useful alcohols are methanol, ethanol, n-dodecanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, trimethylol propane pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and the like.
- the reaction between the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and the amine can be carried out by mixing the components and heating the mixture to a temperature high enough to cause a reaction to occur but not so high as to cause decomposition of the reactants or products or the anhydride may be heated to reaction temperature and the amine added over an extended period.
- a useful temperature is 100-250°C. Best results are obtained by conducting the reaction at a temperature high enough to distill out water formed in the reaction.
- a preferred succinimide-succinamide component is available as an article of commerce from the Edwin Cooper Company under the designation HITEC O E-644.
- This product comprises a mixture of active ingredients and solvent.
- the product as received should be used at a concentration of at least about 40 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) - 0.11436 grams per liter - to insure that the finished blend contains an adequate quantity of the foregoing succinimide-succinamide ingredient although smaller amounts may be successfully employed.
- the nitrate ignition accelerator-component (a) - should be present in an amount of at least 100 to 1000 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) - 0.2859 to 2.859 grams per liter - of the base fuel.
- the concentration of the ignition accelerator is 400 to 600 PTB (1.1436 to 1.7154 grams per liter).
- the coking-inhibiting components (a) and (b) of the invention can be added to the fuels by any means known in the art for incorporating small quantities of additives into distillate fuels.
- Components (a) and (b) can be added separately or they can be combined and added together. It is convenient to utilize additive fluid mixtures which consist of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide agents. These additive fluid mixtures are added to distillateJuels.
- part of the present invention are coking inhibiting fluids which comprise organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide.
- Such fluids in addition to resulting in great convenience in storage, handling, transportation, blending with fuels, and so forth, also are potent concentrates which serve the function of inhibiting or minimizing the coking characteristics of compression ignition distillate fuels used to operate indirect compression ignition engines.
- the amount of components (a) and (b) can vary widely.
- the fluid compositions contain 5 to 95% by weight of the organic nitrate ignition accelerator component and 5 to 95% by weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide component.
- a preferred distillate fuel composition contains from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of the combination containing from 25% to 95% by weight of the organic nitrate ignition accelerator and from 75% to 5% by weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide component.
- the additive fluids, as well as the distillate fuel compositions of the present invention may also contain other additives such as, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, metal deactivators, detergents, cold flow improvers, inert solvents or diluents, and the like.
- a more preferred distillate fuel composition includes a hydrocarbyl amine in combination with the present additives.
- hydrocarbyl amines While a variety of hydrocarbyl amines may be used in the fuel compositions of this invention, a primary aliphatic amine, the aliphatic group of which is tertiary, e.g., an amine of the formula: wherein R is one or a mixture of tertiary aliphatic groups containing 8 to 18 or more (preferably 12-16) carbon atoms is preferred. Most preferably, these tertiary aliphatic groups are tertiary alkyl groups. It is also preferred that hydrocarbyl amine component (c) include in addition to the above-depicted amine one or more hydrocarbyl amines differing therefrom.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215 gives a description of the various hydrocarbyl amines having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens which may be employed in the fuels of this invention.
- a few additional examples of desirable amines include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-a-dimethylamino-p-cresol, N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethylamine, and N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylamines in which the alkyl group is one or a combination of alkyl groups preferably having 8 to 18 or more carbon atoms.
- a particularly preferred hydrocarbyl amine is available commercially from the Rohm and Haas Company under the designation Primene 81 R.
- the Primene 81 R is believed to be a mixture of primary aliphatic amines in which the aliphatic groups are predominantly C 12 and C 14 tertiary alkyl groups.
- the fuels of this invention should contain at least 1.5 to 40 PTB (0.00429 to 0.1143 grams/liter of component (c), the hydrocarbyl amine.
- another embodiment of the present invention is distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide, and (c) hydrocarbyl amine, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- distillate fuel additive concentrate comprising the combination of (a), (b) and (c).
- these additive fuel concentrates will contain as much as 50% by weight of the combination of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide and up to 50% of the hydrocarbyl amine or other additives when they are present.
- a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers of an indirect injection compression ignition engine which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide and (c) hydrocarbyl amine, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- Another additive which can be used to advantage in the present invention is the metal deactivator N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.
- This compound 80 weight percent active in 20 weight percent toluene solvent
- Ethyl MDA.
- the fuels of this invention should contain at least 0.2 to 5 PTB (0.00572 to 0.012 grams per liter) of component (d), N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.
- another embodiment of the present invention is distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, (c) hydrocarbyl amine, and (d) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- distillate fuel additive concentrate comprising the combination of (a), (b), (c) and (d).
- these additive fuel compositions will contain as much as 50% by weight of the combination of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide and up to 50% of the combination of hydrocarbyl amine and N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane or other additives when they are present.
- a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in an indirect injection compression ignition engine which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, (c) hydrocarbyl amine and (d) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane, said combination being present in an amount to suppress and preferably to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- the base fuel employed in these engine tests was a commercially-available diesel fuel having a nominal cetane rating of 42.
- FIA analysis indicated the fuel was composed by volume of 31.5% aromatics, 3.0% olefins and 65.5% saturates.
- Its distillation range (ASTM D-158) was as follows:
- Other inspection data on the base fuel were as follows:
- Fuel A contained a combination of (i) 506 PTB (1.447 grams/liter) of mixed octyl nitrates (a commercial product available from Ethyl Corporation under the designation DII-3 Ignition Improver), (ii) 41 PTB (0.117 gram/liter) of HITEC O E-644, a product of Edwin Cooper, Inc., believed to be a hydrocarbyl succinimide-succinamide made by reacting two moles of a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA) with one mole of a polyethylene amine mixture having an average composition corresponding to tetraethylene pentamine, (iii) 14 PTB (0.04 grams/liter) of a hydrocarbyl amine available commercially from Rohm and Haas Company under the designation Primene 81 R and (iv) 1.7 PTB (0.00486 grams/liter) of "Ethyl" Metal Deactivator
- PIBSA polyisobutenyl succin
- the Primene 81R is believed to be a mixture of primary aliphatic amines in which the aliphatic groups are predominantly C 12 and C 14 tertiary alkyl groups.
- Shell Rotella T an SAE 30, SF/CD oil was used as the crankcase lubricant.
- new Bosch DNOSD - 1510 nozzles were installed using new copper gaskets and flame rings.
- the fuel line was flushed with the new test fuel composition to be tested and the fuel filter bowl and fuel return reservoir were emptied to avoid additive carry-over from test-to-test.
- the engine was operated at 1000 rpm, light load for 15 minutes. After this warm-up, the engine was subjected to the following automatic cycle: The above 20-minute cycle was repeated 60 times and the test was completed by running the engine at idle for another 30 minutes. The total elapsed time was thus 20.5 hours per test.
- Hydrocarbon exhaust emissions were measured at the start of each test (after the first 20-minute cycle), at the 6-hour test interval and at the end of the test. These measurements were made at 750, 1000, and 1400 rpm idle. Noise level readings were made at a location three feet from the engine exhaust side. The measurements were made at the start and at the end of the test while operating at three idle speds, viz., 750, 1000 and 1400 rpm.
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Description
- The invention relates to compression ignition fuel compositions and additive mixtures of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, in amounts sufficient to resist the coking tendencies of compression ignition fuel compositions when used in the operation of indirect injection diesel engines.
- Throttling diesel nozzles have recently come into widespread use in indirect injection automotive and light-duty diesel truck engines, i.e., compression ignition engines in which the fuel is injected into and ignited in a prechamber or swirl chamber. In this way, the flame front proceeds from the prechamber into the larger compression chamber where the combustion is completed. Engines designed in this manner allow for quieter and smoother operation. The Figure of the Drawing illustrates the geometry of the typical throttling diesel nozzle (often referred to as the "pintle nozzle").
- Unfortunately, the advent of such engines has given rise to a new problem, that of excessive coking on the critical surfaces of the injectors that inject fuel into the prechamber or swirl chamber of the engine. In particular, and with reference to the accompanying Figure, the carbon tends to fill in all of the available corners and surfaces of the
obturator 10 and theform 12 until a smooth profile is achieved. The carbon also tends to block the drilledorifice 14 in theinjector.body 16 and fill up to theseat 18. In severe cases, carbon builds up on theform 12 and theobturator 10 to such an extent,that it interferes with the spray pattern of the fuel issuing from around the perimeter oforifice 14. Such carbon build up or coking often results in such undesirable consequences as delayed fuel injection, increased rate of fuel injection, increased rate of combustion chamber pressure rise, and increased engine noise, and can also result in an excessive increase in emission from the engine of unburned hydrocarbons. - While low fuel cetane number is believed to be a major contributing factor to the coking problem, it is not the only relevant factor. Thermal and oxidative stability (lacquering tendencies), fuel aromaticity, and such fuel characteristics as viscosity, surface tension and relative density have also been indicated to play a role in the coking problem.
- An important contribution to the art would be a fuel composition which has enhanced resistance to coking tendencies when employed in the operation of indirect injection diesel engines.
- This invention provides distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, and (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, and optionally:
- (c) hydrocarbyl amine having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens, or
- a combination of the hydrocarbyl amine (c) and (d) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane,
- the combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking, in the prechambers or swirl chambers of indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- Included in the invention is additive fluid concentrate for use in distillate fuels and which contains a combination defined above.
- Since the invention also embodies the operation of an indirect injection compression ignition engine in a manner which results in reduced coking, a still further embodiment of the present invention is a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking, in the prechambers or swirl chambers of an indirect injection compression ignition engine, which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination as defined above, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- A feature of this invention is that the combination of additives utilized in its practice is capable of suppressing coking tendencies of fuels used to operate indirect injection compression ignition engines. Such behavior was exhibited in a series of standard engine dynamometer tests conducted as described in Examples I, II and III hereinafter.
- A wide variety of organic nitrate ignition accelerators, component (a), may be employed in the fuels of this invention. Preferred nitrate esters are the aliphatic or cycloaliphatic nitrates in which the aliphatic or cycloaliphatic group is saturated, contains up to about 12 carbons and, optionally, may be substituted with one or more oxygen atoms.
- Typical organic nitrates that may be used are methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, heptyl nitrate, 2-heptyl nitrate, octyl nitrate, isooctyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, nonyl nitrate, decyl nitrate, undecyl nitrate, dodecyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methylcyclohexyl nitrate, cyclododecyl nitrate, 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate, 2-(2-ethoxy- ethoxy)ethyl nitrate, tetrahydrofuranyl nitrate, and the like. Mixtures of such materials may also be used. The preferred ignition accelerator for use in the fuels of this invention is a mixture of octyl nitrates available as an article of commerce from Ethyl Corporation under the designation DII-3 ignition improver.
- The hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides, component (b) of the fuels of this invention, are well known. They are readily made by first reacting an olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon of the desired molecular weight with maleic anhydride to form a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride. Reaction temperatures of 100-250°C are used. With higher boiling olefinically-unsaturated hydrocarbons, good results are obtained at 200-250°C. This reaction can be promoted by the addition of chlorine. Typical olefins include cracked wax olefins, linear alpha olefins, branched chain alpha olefins, polymers and copolymers of lower olefins. These include polymers of ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-hexene, 1- decene and the like. Useful copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-isobutylene copolymers, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-1-decene copolymers and the like.
- Hydrocarbyl substituents have also been made from olefin terpolymers. Very useful products have been made from ethylene-C3-12 alpha olefin - CS-12 non-conjugated diene terpolymers; such as ethylene-propylene-1,4-hexadiene terpolymer; ethylene-propylene-1,5-cyclooctadiene terpolymer; ethylene-propylene-norbornene terpolymers and the like.
- Of the foregoing, by far the most useful hydrocarbyl substituents are derived from butene polymers, especially polymers of isobutylene.
- The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituent can vary over a wide range. It is desirable that the hydrocarbyl group have a molecular weight of at least 500. Although there is no critical upper limit, a preferred range is 500-500,000 number average molecular weight. The more preferred average molecular weight is 700-5,000 and most preferably 900-3,000.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides and succinamides are made by reaction of the desired hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with an amine having at least one reactive hydrogen atom bonded to an amine nitrogen atom. Examples of these are methyl amine, dimethyl amine, n-butyl amine, di-(n-dodecyl) amine, N-(aminoethyl) piperidine, piperazine, N-(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, and the like.
- Preferably, the amine has at least one reactive primary amine group capable of reacting to form the preferred succinimides. Examples of such primary amines are n-octyl amine, N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propane diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, 1,6-hexane diamine, and the like.
- Hydroxyalkyl amines can also be used to make the succinimide-succinamide components of the invention which contain some ester groups. These amines include ethanol amine, diethanol amine, 2-hydroxypropyl amine, N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine and the like. Such hydroxyalkyl amines can be made by reacting a lower alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylenepentamine and the like.
- A more preferred class of primary amines used to make the succinimide, succinamide or mixtures thereof are the polyalkylene amines. These are polyamines and mixtures of polyamines which have the general formula
- In a highly preferred embodiment, the polyalkylene amine is a polyethyleneamine containing 2-6 ethyleneamine units. These are represented by the above formula in which R is the group ―CHCH― and n has a value of 2-6.
- The amine used to make the succinimide, succinamide or mixture thereof need not be all amine. A mono or poly-hydroxyalcohol may be included in the reaction. Such alcohols can be reacted concurrently with the amine or the two alcohol and amine may be reacted sequentially. Useful alcohols are methanol, ethanol, n-dodecanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, trimethylol propane pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and the like.
- Useful amine-alcohol products are described in U.S. 3,184,474; U.S. 3,576,743; U.S. 3,632,511; U.S. 3,804,763; U.S. 3,836,471; U.S. 3,936,480; U.S. 3,948,800; U.S. 3,950,341; U.S. 3,957,854; U.S. 3,957,855; U.S. 3,991,098; U.S. 4,071,548 and U.S. 4,173,540.
- The reaction between the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and the amine can be carried out by mixing the components and heating the mixture to a temperature high enough to cause a reaction to occur but not so high as to cause decomposition of the reactants or products or the anhydride may be heated to reaction temperature and the amine added over an extended period. A useful temperature is 100-250°C. Best results are obtained by conducting the reaction at a temperature high enough to distill out water formed in the reaction.
- A preferred succinimide-succinamide component is available as an article of commerce from the Edwin Cooper Company under the designation HITECO E-644. This product comprises a mixture of active ingredients and solvent. Thus, when HITECO E-644 is used as component (b) in formulating the fuels of this invention, the product as received should be used at a concentration of at least about 40 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) - 0.11436 grams per liter - to insure that the finished blend contains an adequate quantity of the foregoing succinimide-succinamide ingredient although smaller amounts may be successfully employed.
- The nitrate ignition accelerator-component (a) - should be present in an amount of at least 100 to 1000 PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) - 0.2859 to 2.859 grams per liter - of the base fuel. Preferably, the concentration of the ignition accelerator is 400 to 600 PTB (1.1436 to 1.7154 grams per liter).
- It is not believed that there is anything critical as regards the maximum amount of components (a) and (b) used in the fuel. Thus, the maximum amount of these components will probably be governed in any given situation by matters of choice and economics.
- The coking-inhibiting components (a) and (b) of the invention can be added to the fuels by any means known in the art for incorporating small quantities of additives into distillate fuels. Components (a) and (b) can be added separately or they can be combined and added together. It is convenient to utilize additive fluid mixtures which consist of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide agents. These additive fluid mixtures are added to distillateJuels. In other words, part of the present invention are coking inhibiting fluids which comprise organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide.
- Such fluids in addition to resulting in great convenience in storage, handling, transportation, blending with fuels, and so forth, also are potent concentrates which serve the function of inhibiting or minimizing the coking characteristics of compression ignition distillate fuels used to operate indirect compression ignition engines.
- In these fluid compositions, the amount of components (a) and (b) can vary widely. In general, the fluid compositions contain 5 to 95% by weight of the organic nitrate ignition accelerator component and 5 to 95% by weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide component. Typically, from .01 % by weight up to 1.0% by weight of the combination will be sufficient to provide good coking-inhibiting properties to the distillate fuel. A preferred distillate fuel composition contains from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of the combination containing from 25% to 95% by weight of the organic nitrate ignition accelerator and from 75% to 5% by weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide component.
- The additive fluids, as well as the distillate fuel compositions of the present invention may also contain other additives such as, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, metal deactivators, detergents, cold flow improvers, inert solvents or diluents, and the like.
- Accordingly, a more preferred distillate fuel composition includes a hydrocarbyl amine in combination with the present additives.
- While a variety of hydrocarbyl amines may be used in the fuel compositions of this invention, a primary aliphatic amine, the aliphatic group of which is tertiary, e.g., an amine of the formula:
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215 gives a description of the various hydrocarbyl amines having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens which may be employed in the fuels of this invention. A few additional examples of desirable amines include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-a-dimethylamino-p-cresol, N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethylamine, and N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylamines in which the alkyl group is one or a combination of alkyl groups preferably having 8 to 18 or more carbon atoms.
- A particularly preferred hydrocarbyl amine is available commercially from the Rohm and Haas Company under the designation Primene 81 R. The Primene 81 R is believed to be a mixture of primary aliphatic amines in which the aliphatic groups are predominantly C12 and C14 tertiary alkyl groups.
- The fuels of this invention should contain at least 1.5 to 40 PTB (0.00429 to 0.1143 grams/liter of component (c), the hydrocarbyl amine.
- Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention is distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition acelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide, and (c) hydrocarbyl amine, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- Also included as a further embodiment of the invention is a distillate fuel additive concentrate comprising the combination of (a), (b) and (c).
- In general, these additive fuel concentrates will contain as much as 50% by weight of the combination of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide and up to 50% of the hydrocarbyl amine or other additives when they are present.
- In a still further embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers of an indirect injection compression ignition engine which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide and (c) hydrocarbyl amine, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- Another additive which can be used to advantage in the present invention is the metal deactivator N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane. This compound (80 weight percent active in 20 weight percent toluene solvent) is available as an article of commerce from Ethyl Corporation under the designation "Ethyl" MDA.
- The fuels of this invention should contain at least 0.2 to 5 PTB (0.00572 to 0.012 grams per liter) of component (d), N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.
- Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention is distillate fuel for indirect injection compression ignition engines containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, (c) hydrocarbyl amine, and (d) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane, said combination being present in an amount sufficient to suppress and preferably to minimize coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in indirect injection compression ignition engines operated on such fuel.
- Also included as a further embodiment of the invention is a distillate fuel additive concentrate comprising the combination of (a), (b), (c) and (d).
- In general, these additive fuel compositions will contain as much as 50% by weight of the combination of organic nitrate ignition accelerator and hydocarbyl-substituted succinimide-succinamide and up to 50% of the combination of hydrocarbyl amine and N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane or other additives when they are present.
- In a still further embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of inhibiting coking, especially throttling nozzle coking in the prechambers or swirl chambers in an indirect injection compression ignition engine which comprises supplying said engine with a distillate fuel containing a combination of (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, (b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide, (c) hydrocarbyl amine and (d) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane, said combination being present in an amount to suppress and preferably to minimize such coking in an engine operated on such fuel.
- The practice and advantages of this invention will become still further apparent from the following illustrative Example.
- In order to determine the effect of the fuel compositions of the present invention on the coking tendency of diesel injectors in indirect injection compression ignition engines, use was made of a commercial diesel engine operated on a coking test cycle developed by Institute Francais Petrole and as practiced by Peugeot S. A. The amount of coking together with a quantitative indication of the adverse consequences of such coking was determined by means of (i) injector air flow performance, (ii) emission of unburned hydrocarbons, (iii) engine noise, and (iv) injector deposit ratings. The engine employed in the tests was a 1982 Peugeot 2.3 liter, 4-cylinder, turbo-charged XD2S diesel engine connected to a Midwest dynamometer through an engine clutch. This engine is equipped with Bosch injectors positioned within prechambers, and is deemed representative of the indirect injection compression ignition engines widely used in automobiles and light-duty trucks.
- The base fuel employed in these engine tests was a commercially-available diesel fuel having a nominal cetane rating of 42. FIA analysis indicated the fuel was composed by volume of 31.5% aromatics, 3.0% olefins and 65.5% saturates. Its distillation range (ASTM D-158) was as follows:
- A test blend was prepared from this base fuel (Fuel A). Fuel A contained a combination of (i) 506 PTB (1.447 grams/liter) of mixed octyl nitrates (a commercial product available from Ethyl Corporation under the designation DII-3 Ignition Improver), (ii) 41 PTB (0.117 gram/liter) of HITECO E-644, a product of Edwin Cooper, Inc., believed to be a hydrocarbyl succinimide-succinamide made by reacting two moles of a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA) with one mole of a polyethylene amine mixture having an average composition corresponding to tetraethylene pentamine, (iii) 14 PTB (0.04 grams/liter) of a hydrocarbyl amine available commercially from Rohm and Haas Company under the designation Primene 81 R and (iv) 1.7 PTB (0.00486 grams/liter) of "Ethyl" Metal Deactivator, a product of Ethyl Corporation, the active ingredient of which is N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane. The manufacturer gives the following typical properties for its HITEC@ E-644 product:
- The Primene 81R is believed to be a mixture of primary aliphatic amines in which the aliphatic groups are predominantly C12 and C14 tertiary alkyl groups.
-
- Shell Rotella T, an SAE 30, SF/CD oil was used as the crankcase lubricant.
- Before starting each test, new Bosch DNOSD - 1510 nozzles were installed using new copper gaskets and flame rings. The fuel line was flushed with the new test fuel composition to be tested and the fuel filter bowl and fuel return reservoir were emptied to avoid additive carry-over from test-to-test.
- At the start of each test, the engine was operated at 1000 rpm, light load for 15 minutes. After this warm-up, the engine was subjected to the following automatic cycle:
-
- Hydrocarbon exhaust emissions were measured at the start of each test (after the first 20-minute cycle), at the 6-hour test interval and at the end of the test. These measurements were made at 750, 1000, and 1400 rpm idle. Noise level readings were made at a location three feet from the engine exhaust side. The measurements were made at the start and at the end of the test while operating at three idle speds, viz., 750, 1000 and 1400 rpm.
- After the test operation, the injectors were carefully removed from the engine so as not to disturb the deposits formed thereon. Measurements were made of air flow through each nozzle at different pintle lifts, and pintle deposits were rated using the CRC deposit rating system.
-
- The results presented in Table I show that there were less coking deposits (higher air flow rate and fewer deposits), less engine noise and less hydrocarbon emissions with Fuel A, the fuel of the invention, as compared to the Base Fuel.
- In our European application 87 201 460.0 (EP-A-247706), divided out of the application forming the basis of the present patent, it is disclosed that coking in and around the injector nozzles of indirect injection compression ignition engines can be reduced by means of distillate fuel into which has been blended suitable concentrations of:
- (a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator,
- (b) hydrocarbyl amine having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens, and
- (c) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.
- Our European application 87 201 461.8 (EP-A-251419), also divided out of the application forming the basis of the present patent, discloses that coking in and around the injector nozzles of indirect injection compression ignition engines can be reduced by means of distillate fuel into which has been blended suitable concentrations of:
- (a) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide or succinamide.
- (b) hydrocarbyl amine having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens, and
- (c) N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE8787201460T DE3478695D1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
DE8787201461T DE3478466D1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
DE8484309143T DE3477580D1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel compositions and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
AT87201461T ATE43626T1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | FUEL COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVE CONCENTRATES AND THEIR USE FOR ENGINE SLUDGE INHIBITION. |
AT84309143T ATE41951T1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | FUEL COMPOSITIONS AND ADDITIVE CONCENTRATES AND THEIR USE FOR SLUDGE INHIBITION. |
AT87201460T ATE44042T1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | FUEL COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVE CONCENTRATES AND THEIR USE FOR ENGINE SLUDGE INHIBITION. |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US567090 | 1983-12-30 | ||
US06/567,090 US4482357A (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1983-12-30 | Fuel Compositions |
US567089 | 1983-12-30 | ||
US06/567,071 US4482355A (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1983-12-30 | Diesel fuel compositions |
US567071 | 1983-12-30 | ||
US06/567,089 US4482356A (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1983-12-30 | Diesel fuel containing alkenyl succinimide |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87201461.8 Division-Into | 1987-07-31 | ||
EP87201460.0 Division-Into | 1987-07-31 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0147240A2 EP0147240A2 (en) | 1985-07-03 |
EP0147240A3 EP0147240A3 (en) | 1986-04-02 |
EP0147240B1 true EP0147240B1 (en) | 1989-04-05 |
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ID=27416008
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87201461A Expired EP0251419B1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
EP87201460A Expired EP0247706B1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
EP84309143A Expired EP0147240B1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel compositions and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP87201461A Expired EP0251419B1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
EP87201460A Expired EP0247706B1 (en) | 1983-12-30 | 1984-12-28 | Fuel composition and additive concentrates, and their use in inhibiting engine coking |
Country Status (2)
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EP (3) | EP0251419B1 (en) |
CA (3) | CA1270642A (en) |
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US20220259510A1 (en) | 2019-07-30 | 2022-08-18 | Shell Oil Company | Fuel compositions with enhanced stability and methods of making same |
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Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2768884A (en) * | 1952-11-12 | 1956-10-30 | Sun Oil Co | Corrosion prevention |
US2945749A (en) * | 1956-04-18 | 1960-07-19 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Stabilized fuel oil containing tertiary alkyl primary amines |
NL120517C (en) * | 1960-12-16 | |||
US3490882A (en) * | 1966-08-11 | 1970-01-20 | Du Pont | Stabilized distillate fuel oils and additive compositions therefor |
US3701641A (en) * | 1969-08-29 | 1972-10-31 | Cities Service Oil Co | Stabilized distillate hydrocarbon fuel oil compositions and additives therefor |
US3717446A (en) * | 1970-12-31 | 1973-02-20 | Union Oil Co | Gasoline anti-icing additives (a) |
US3709668A (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1973-01-09 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Gasoline composition providing enhanced engine operation |
US4208190A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1980-06-17 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuels having anti-wear properties |
-
1984
- 1984-12-13 CA CA000470058A patent/CA1270642A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-12-28 EP EP87201461A patent/EP0251419B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-12-28 EP EP87201460A patent/EP0247706B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-12-28 EP EP84309143A patent/EP0147240B1/en not_active Expired
-
1990
- 1990-01-19 CA CA000615608A patent/CA1284583C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-19 CA CA000615609A patent/CA1284883C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6733550B1 (en) | 1997-03-21 | 2004-05-11 | Shell Oil Company | Fuel oil composition |
US7229481B2 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2007-06-12 | Shell Oil Company | Diesel fuel compositions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0147240A2 (en) | 1985-07-03 |
CA1270642A (en) | 1990-06-26 |
CA1284583C (en) | 1991-06-04 |
EP0147240A3 (en) | 1986-04-02 |
EP0247706A3 (en) | 1988-01-13 |
EP0247706B1 (en) | 1989-06-14 |
EP0251419A1 (en) | 1988-01-07 |
EP0251419B1 (en) | 1989-05-31 |
CA1284883C (en) | 1991-06-18 |
EP0247706A2 (en) | 1987-12-02 |
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