EP0103950B1

EP0103950B1 - Method of protecting a thyristor switch of a pulse generator for an electrostatic precipitator

Info

Publication number: EP0103950B1
Application number: EP83304133A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Henrik C/O Nea Lindberg A/S Henriksen; Claus Ebbe Taarning
Original assignee: FLSmidth and Co AS
Current assignee: FLSmidth and Co AS
Priority date: 1982-07-28
Filing date: 1983-07-15
Publication date: 1986-07-09
Also published as: DK328683D0; ES8501250A1; ZA835218B; CA1211783A; EP0103950A2; DK328683A; ES524473A0; EP0103950A3; BR8304022A; JPS5981919A; DE3364432D1; NO832711L; AU1714083A

Description

The invention relates to a method of and apparatus for controlling an electrostatic precipitator wherein spark-overs are induced by high voltage pulses superimposed on an operating D.C. voltage.
It is a documented fact that the performance of conventional two-electrode precipitators can be improved by pulse energization where high voltage pulses of suitable duration and repetition rate are superimposed on an operating DC-voltage. Earlier pulse energization work was hampered by the lack of reliable high power switch elements capable of transferring the considerable charge, necessary to charge the precipitator capacitance to the required high pulse voltage level, a large number of times per second. The use of thyristors in the switch elements has overcome this problem.
However, at a spark-over when the thyristor is in its "on" state, the thyristor is exposed to a spark-over current, the peak value of which might exceed the normal peak on-state current by a factor 5 to 10. Normally, a thyristor can withstand such an occasional overload of short duration, but as the overload gives rise to a temperature increase the thyristor might be destroyed if such short duration overloads occur at too small intervals.
US-A-3374609 shows an apparatus for stabilizing the operating conditions of an electrostatic precipitator in which a DC-voltage between the electrodes is controlled to its spark-over limit.
In an electrostatic precipitator, energized with a DC-voltage with superimposed high voltage pulses, the DC-voltage should be kept at the corona extinction voltage, and consequently spark-overs will mainly occur during a pulse. Therefore the pulse height and pulse frequency should preferably be regulated on if the spark-over rate is too high, although it may in severe cases be necessary also to lower the DC-voltage.
According to the invention and in order to protect the thyristor switch by controlling the spark-over rate in the precipitator, a first spark-over starts a measurement of the difference between the number of spark-overs and the number of times a preselected cooling period has passed after the first spark-over, the measurement being stopped when the difference becomes 0 and being started again the next time a spark-over occurs, one or more relevant running parameters of the precipitator being influenced in such a way as to diminish the probability of a further spark-over when the difference exceeds a given number.
A series of figures for the difference value can be stipulated, each figure corresponding to a different or modified influence on the running parameters. The influence on the running parameters of the precipitator can be dependent on the figure exceeded such that a higher figure corresponds to an influence making a spark-over more improbable.
The invention may utilize a spark-over rate control device having a pulse detector and a spark-over detector which may be of any known kind, detecting the occurrence of pulses and spark-overs by measuring variations in the precipitator voltage or in the pulse current.
The spark-over rate control may be achieved by means of a control voltage which is increased by a preset step voltage each time a spark-over occurs and which is decreased linearly with time at a preset rate corresponding to the necessary or desired cooling period, a signal triggering an influence on the running parameters of the precipitator being given when the control voltage exceeds a preset level or one of a number of preset levels.
The influence performed when exceeding a first level may for example be a transient reduction of the pulse height (by say 10%). After this reduction the pulse height may increase either of itself to its previous size within a preset time or be governed by a pulse height control as described in EP-A--0054378.
When a second level is exceeded, the pulse height reduction may be made twice the reduction at the first level (say 20%) and thereafter the pulses may be brought back to their original or their regulated size.
The exceeding of a third level may result in blocking of the trigger signals for the thyristor of the pulse circuit until the control voltage has decreased below this third level.
Finally, exceeding a fourth level may cause not only the pulses but also the circuit feeding the underlying DC-voltage to be blocked until the control voltage has decreased below the fourth level, the trigger signals for the thyristor remaining blocked until the control voltage iras-de- . creased below the third level.
A spark-rate control of the kind described may also be used for controlling the spark-rate in a conventional electrostatic precipitator energized with a simple DC-voltage. In such a precipitator the DC-voltage is raised slowly until a spark-over occurs at which time the voltage is immediately lowered by a certain amount and then raised slowly again. The rate of rise and the amount by which the voltage is lowered can, through the use of a spark-rate control of the kind described, be made dependent on the numbers of spark-overs and the time between such spark-overs.
One example of a method according to the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-

Figure 1 shows the spark-over control voltage as a function of time; and,
Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a corresponding control system.

Normally, the spark-over control voltage V_c is 0, but at the time T_1' a spark-over occurs during a pulse in the precipitator. This starts an observation of the difference between the number of spark-overs, the starting spark-over included, and the number of times a fixed cooling period elapses. This is done by increasing the control voltage by a step voltage V_s and let it decrease linearly with the step - V_s/t_k where t_k is a predetermined cooling period. When no further spark-over occurs before the cooling period has lapsed the control voltage becomes 0, which indicates that the above-mentioned difference has become 0 and the observation of the differences will start from the beginning when a new spark-over occurs.
Another course of observation is shown starting at the moment T₂. Before the cooling period has lapsed a new spark-over occurs at the moment T₃, and causes the control voltage to be increased by the step voltage V_s. A still further spark-over occurs after the cooling period has lapsed after the last spark-over (T₃), but before the difference between the number of spark-overs and the number of times the cooling period has passed during the observation has become zero and a new step voltage V,, is added to the control voltage and the observation is not ended until the control votage becomes 0 at the moment T₅, which indicates that the difference has become 0.
At the moment T₆ a spark-over during a pulse starts a new observation sequence. As shown, a series of spark-overs causes a stepwise increase of the control voltage so that this voltage at the moment T₇ exceeds a level "a". This is taken as a signal that precautions must be taken to reduce the probability of further spark-overs during pulses. Such a precaution may be to lower the pulse voltage by, say 10%. Regulated down, the pulse voltage will increase to its preset value or to a value governed by an automatic pulse height control.
In the example shown a new spark-over occurs at the moment T₈ in spite of the above precaution. This new spark-over makes the control voltage exceed the level "b". This will call for a precaution having a greater effect than the one taken when level "a" was exceeded. This could, for example, be a 20% lowering of the pulse voltage. Again the pulse height is brought back to its preset or governed value.
In the present example not even this second precaution stops the spark-overs and whenever such a spark-overtakes place, the control voltage is increased by V_s, and although its actual value constantly decreases with the slope defined by the preselected cooling period, the control voltage exceeds the level "c" at the moment Tg. This may give rise to a still more severe precaution, for example blocking the pulses by blocking the trigger signal to the thyristor which controls the pulses.
This is shown to stop the spark-overs, and at the moment T1₀ the control voltage has fallen below the level "c", which is taken as an indication that the block on trigger pulses to the thyristor may be released again.
However, at the moment T_n a new blocking of the trigger signals is made necessary, and even when the trigger signal is blocked, spark-overs, during pulses which may be triggered by noise signals or for other reasons, make it necessary to take a very radical precaution which is indicated by the control voltage exceeding the level "d" at T₁₂. Such a last emergency precaution may, for example, be to block the regulator for the underlying DC voltage, or a similar precaution which inevitably stops the spark-overs.
As soon as the control voltage has again fallen below the level "d" at T₁₃ such an emergency precaution can be cancelled, but the blocking of the trigger pulses to the thyristor may be maintained until the level "c" is passed at T₁₄ by the falling control voltage.
As shown in the diagram the control voltage continues to fall after passage of the level "c". Nothing happens when the control voltage passes the level "b" from above, but when a spark-over at the moment T₁₅ brings it to pass level "b" from below, the level "b" precaution (designed in this example as a 20% decrease of the pulse voltage) is taken. Thereafter the control voltage is shown to drop to 0, and after that a further spark-over will start a new observation sequence.
The block diagram of Figure 2 is described as used for the method mentioned above in connection with an electrostatic precipitator energized by pulses superimposed on a high DC-voltage. The power supply for the precipitator has controllable units for providing the high DC-voltage and the pulse voltage and a thyristor for operating the pulse switching. Further, a spark-over detector is provided.
On line 9 the spark-rate control receives a signal from the spark over detector whenever a spark over occurs. This signal is transformed at 1 into a pulse of predetermined duration on the line 10. ' This signal is carried to element 2 wherein an output voltage is produced through integration of the signal producing step voltages and through built-in fixed integrations causing the output voltage to decrease at the rate - V_r/t_k- When the output signal on line 11 reaches 0 the integration is stopped.
In the elements 3-6 the voltage on the output line 11 is compared with set voltages corresponding to the aforementioned levels a, b, c and d. The respective output signals from the elements 3-6 are used for controlling the power supply units of the precipitator as described above. E.g. the DC-supply of the precipitator may be blocked for as long as a signal is present on line d. Similarly the trigger signals to the thyristor may be blocked when a signal occurs on line c.
Whereas the precautions taken when the levels c and d are exceeded are maintained as long as the level is exceeded the precautions adopted when levels a or b are exceeded are taken one for each time the level is passed from below. Such signals for controlling the pulse voltage unit to cause a momentary lowering of the pulse voltage can be obtained by letting the output signals on a and b trigger a respective one shot multivibrator giving a signal pulse when a signal starts on the line a or b. Such one shot multivibrators are indicated by the elements 7 and 8.
As can be seen, the precautions taken may be of two kinds, namely a temporary kind where the precaution is temporary and is cancelled as soon as the control voltage falls below the level initiating that precaution, and a long-term kind having the character of a precaution taken when the control voltage exceeds the triggering level, but not cancelled when the control voltage drops below the triggering level.
The number of levels and the kinds of precautions described should not be taken as any limitation to the invention. Of course more levels or fewer levels could be chosen just as the kinds of precaution taken at the different levels may be chosen freely to suit particular circumstances.

Claims

1. A method of controlling an electrostatic precipitator wherein spark-overs are induced by high voltage pulses superimposed on an operating D.C. voltage, characterized in that a first spark-over starts a measurement of the difference between the number of spark-overs and the number of times a preselected cooling period has passed after the first spark-over, the measurement being stopped when the difference becomes 0 and being started again the next time a spark-over occurs, one or more relevant running parameters of the precipitator being influenced in such a way as to diminish the probability of a further spark-over when the difference exceeds a given reference value.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein a series of figures for the reference value are set, each figure corresponding to a different or modified influence on the running parameters, the influence on the running parameters of the precipitator being dependant on the figure exceeded such that a higher figure corresponds to an influence making spark-over more improbable.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, in which one of the parameters influenced is the pulse height.

4. A method according to any of claims 1 to 3, in which one of the parameters which is influenced is the pulse superposition itself.

5. A method according to any of claims 1 to 4, in which one of the parameters influenced is the operating DC-voltage of the precipitator.

6. Apparatus for controlling an electrostatic precipitator wherein spark-overs are induced by high voltage pulses superimposed on an operating D.C. voltage, characterized by a spark-over detector and means depending on the spark-over detector providing a control voltage which is increased by a preset step voltage (Vs) each time a spark-over occurs and which is decreased linearly with time at a preset rate corresponding to a desired cooling period, means for forming a signal to trigger an influence on one or more of the running parameters of the precipitator when the control voltage exceeds a preset level or one of a number of preset levels.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6, in which the pulse height is transiently reduced by a predetermined amount or percentage when the control voltage exceeds a first level.

8. Apparatus according to claim 7, in which the pulse height is transiently reduced by a further predetermined amount or percentage when the control voltage exceeds a second level.

9. Apparatus according to any of claims 6 to 8, in which the trigger signals for the thyristor of the pulse-circuit are blocked as long as the control voltage is higher than a third level.

10. Apparatus according to any of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the DC-voltage feeding circuit is blocked as long as the control voltage is higher than a fourth level.