EP0076321A1 - Procede et appareil d'ultra-filtration de rendement eleve d'un fluide complexe - Google Patents

Procede et appareil d'ultra-filtration de rendement eleve d'un fluide complexe

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Publication number
EP0076321A1
EP0076321A1 EP82901650A EP82901650A EP0076321A1 EP 0076321 A1 EP0076321 A1 EP 0076321A1 EP 82901650 A EP82901650 A EP 82901650A EP 82901650 A EP82901650 A EP 82901650A EP 0076321 A1 EP0076321 A1 EP 0076321A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fraction
filtration
fluid
molecular weight
convective
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP82901650A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
William John Dorson, Jr.
Vincent Beato Pizziconi
Meyer Markovitz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Inc
Original Assignee
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Inc filed Critical BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Inc
Publication of EP0076321A1 publication Critical patent/EP0076321A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/06—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies from serum
    • C07K16/065—Purification, fragmentation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/18—Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • C07K14/555—Interferons [IFN]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
    • B01D2315/10—Cross-flow filtration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates general ly to improved efficiency ultrafiltration of a fluid having a broad range of component size distribution and, in addition, to removal of an intermediate-size component from a fluid having a complex composi tion with components which impede filtration.
  • filtration comprehended removal of the larger particles or compounds from a feed fluid by its passage through a porous f i lter element.
  • the process is called batch filtration, and the filter eventually clogs due to accumulation of large particles or compounds in or near the pores.
  • the filtration becomes inefficient in the sense that either substantially greater pressure drops are required to maintain a given fi ltrate rate or the initial filtrate rate cannot be approached.
  • Inefficiency can also result from osmotieally-derived back pressures in cases where the feedstock fluid comprises a solution of low to moderate molecular weight compounds, some of which are rejected by the filter membrane (i .e. concentration polarization).
  • a known alternative to batch filtration is to pass at least a portion of the feed fluid parallel to the local plane of the filter. This technique is useful, for example, where the fluid is a mixture of two substances consisting of molecules of different sizes (size being approximately proportional to the molecular weight, MW) the larger of which is substantially rejected by the filter membrane.
  • Molecular size is collected through A circulation path parallel to the filter membrane while the filtrate comprising the fluid of smal ler melecular size is col lected after passage through the membrane under the influence of a transmembrane pressure di f ference.
  • a second exampl e i a feed fluid containing cells such as bacteria, white blood cells, red blood cel ls, platel ets, foodstuffs, etc. (not necessari ly in combination) in a solution or solvent where a process requires the separation of the cel l s f rom sol ution or solvent .
  • Subsequent steps may include the further separation of the compounds i n solution as di scussed therein before and hereinafter.
  • blood comprises an extremely brosd molecular weight (MW) distribution of components alone with a distribution of cell sizes.
  • MW molecular weight
  • treatment of a kidney patient requires accurate removal of a minor fraction low and middle molecular weight species at relatively low filtration pressures.
  • other common fluids have filtration problems which may be ameliorated by the methods and appraratus described in this application.
  • efficient ultraf ⁇ ltration is achieved by passing the feed fluid through a first convective filter having an intermediate cutoff characteristic and then passing the fi ltrate from the first convective fi lter through a second convective filter having a smaller cutoff characteristic, whereby a heavy fraction i s obtained from the convective output of the f irst f i lter, an intermediate fraction is obtained from the convective output of the second filter, and the l ight fractin is obtained in the filtrate of the second filter.
  • spectra and pressure-efficient f iltration is achieved in convection filters by geometrical and operational augmentation techniques.
  • At least one of the convective filters has a spiral geometry to help prevent clogging of the filter.
  • Figure 1 shows the rejection characteristics of exemplary filters for use in this application.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically a portion of a filter system for removal, as an example, of middle molecular weight material from a feed fluid.
  • Figure 3 shows the f i ltrate rate versus pressure characteristics of a filter suitable for removal of low and middle molecular weight materials from a fluid.
  • Figure 4 shows the clearance or removal rate versus the molecular weight of disolved species as a function of the quantity of rejected materials (e.g. very high molecular weight proteins and/or cells) present on the filter membrane surface.
  • rejected materials e.g. very high molecular weight proteins and/or cells
  • Figure 5 is a schematic representation of an ultrafiltration system suitable for fluids having a broad range of component distribution.
  • Figures 6A, 6B and 6C are various views of a filter configuration suitable for use with the present invention.
  • Figure 7 depicts important components of human blood. including waste materials, as a function of their molecular weight or cell size, as an example of a complex feed fluid.
  • batch filtration In the so-called batch filtration process, the feed fluid is passed essentially normal to the plane of the filter.
  • batch filtration is feasible as a semi-continuous process because the water can continue to flow through the sand which builds up on the uostream side of the filter and filtration continues with only moderate increases in pressure.
  • Batch filtration is not suitable for continuous use with a eomolex fluid such as whole blood because the larger constituents effectively clog the Miter and engender large pressure increases for a given filtrate rate.
  • Filtration of such a complex fluid can be made more efficient and continuous by the use of a convective filter where the feed fluid flows approximately parallel to the filter membrane and thus tends to carry off those constituents of the fluid which decrease the filtrate rate.
  • the required flow of filtrate perpendicular to the filter membrane can still cause problems of clogging.
  • the clogging referred to herein can be two types: surface clogging and membrane pore clogging.
  • Surface clogging is caused by rejected materials which accumulate on the surface (feed fluid side) of the filter membrane.
  • the amount and/or density of this type can be controlled by the methods, devices, and procedures described or referenced in this disclosure.
  • the second type of clogging refers to fluid constituents becoming immeshed within the membrane ultrastrueture. This type is, in general, less affected by convective events within the feed channel although there is still possible minor contribution from events within the feed channel.
  • the basic membrane filtration characteristics would be altered in the latter case wherein a different straight line buffered saline limit could be encountered (e.g. the straight line of Figure 3 would be rotated clockwise).
  • FIG. 3 shows how surface clogging affects the efficiency of filtration through its influence on the filtrate rate versus transmembrane pressure relationship.
  • filtrate rate is linearly proportional to pressure for a "buffered saline" solution.
  • efficiency is the ratio of the filtrate rate, N B, on
  • Figures 3 and 4 typify the problems of maintaining efficiency and spectral integrity in a convective filter for separation of a fluid into two fractions. It is often the case that the end product of the filtration is an intermediate fraction, which then requires a second filter having different characteristics. lt is one of the major features of the present invention to use two or more convective ultrafilters to achieve separation of the intermediate fractions, whereby the intermediate fraction may be removed in a continuous process. Referring now to Figure 1, there is shown the generalized rejection characteristics of two different filter membranes. The type II membrane rejects the heaviest (or largest) particles while passing the intermediate and light fractions, while the type I membrane rejects both the intermediate and largest components and passes the l ightest components.
  • the light and intermediate fractions are the filtrate of the primary filter (containing the type II membrane); these fractions are then separated in the secondary filter (containing the type I membrane).
  • all these fractions are available separately as the outputs of a continuous process.
  • Various augmentation techniques presented in more detail hereinafter can ameliorate these problems in one or both of these filters.
  • a complex feed fluid such as blood FF passes through the length L of the filter between the membranes 90.
  • Elements 200 schematically represent a screen which serves to separate the membranes elements 90 by an appropriate distance, to introduce some resistance to flow into the feed fluid path (whereby uniform flow is obtained) and to induce secondary flows which help keep the membrane clean.
  • the model shown contains the membrane cast on a backing 400 sufficiently porous to allow easy flow of the filtrate towards the permeate collecting tub (500).
  • the total area of the membrane 9 on Figure 5 is desirably on the order of 0.7m 2 for average adult intermittent applications.
  • the height H of the feed fluid flow path is desirably in the range 0.25 to 1 mm; too small a value introduces excessive resistance into the feed fluid flow path while too large a value results in ineff icient fi ltration conditions and an impractically large filter.
  • any impediments in the convective path do not appreciably reduce the effective width of the channel (i.e. active membrane) below its nominal value W.
  • the f ilter consists of multiple hol low fiber membranes in a parallel arrangement, each with a bore diameter U, rapid plugging of a substantial number of the fibers can occur due to feed fluid concentration , and the effective area is unacceptable diminished.
  • the feed fluid must be able to continue to flow both upstream and downstream of the impediment.
  • a rough geometrical criterion for such a condition is that W should be at least as large as L. This requi rement is most easi ly met by spiral filters, which are al so compact and relatively easy to fabricate.
  • FIG. 6C there is shown a cross-section of a spiral f i l ter.
  • the membrane 9 ( Figure 5) comprises an envelope with the backing 400 from two opposing membrane elements 90 in contact 99 and glued together at the outer edges 66.
  • the envelope and the blood screen 200 are both wound around a central hollow mandrel 500 which serves as a conduit for the filtrate stream.
  • the porous backing 400 from envelope 9 opens only onto holes 300 leading to the hollow portion of the mandrel 500; the filtrate stream passes from the filter unit through the filter perpendicular to the drawing. More details of the construction of a spiral filter may be found in the Westmoreland U.S. Patent 3,367,504, which describes its use for the desalinization of sea water.
  • the substrate materials have been Dacron tricot or sailcloth stiffened with a melamine resin, while other materials, such as the DuPont Peemay, have also been used with success.
  • Two types of membranes have been developed for this purpose with, apparently, equivalent results.
  • the first type is an asymmetric cellulose acetate somewhat similar to the reverse osmosis membranes developed for desalinization. Unlike the reserve osmosis application, it may be necessary to allow free passage of electrolytes while rejecting the heavy fraction.
  • the membrane may be suitably modified either by formulation and annealing conditions or just by the annealing conditions. Exemplary formulations have been the glycerin perchlorate cellulose acetate formulation with altered annealing and the cellulose acetate annealed for short periods of time at less than or equal to 80. centigrade. The exact annealing conditions will change with different cellulose acetate formulations and still produce an acceptable membrane.
  • the second type of membrane that can be used in hemofiltration is a modification of the newer, thin film composite reverse osmosis technology.
  • the thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes are, typically, a backing similar to the one described above (substate), a polysulfone intermediate membrane, and a thin top film (200-500 Angstroms) on the top of the polysulfone.
  • One top film for reverse osmosis has been a polyamid formulation.
  • the modifications of hemofiltration can be either one of two types. The first is to cast a sufficiently thick polysulfone film with pore sizes to yield the rejection characteristics similar to curve A on Figure 4. Note that these rejection characteristics given as curve A on Figure would represent an acceptable transmission of larger molecules for hemofiltration purposes with the intent for artificial kidney purposes to transmit molecules normally present in urine. A concomitant membrane criteria would be insignificant passage of molecules at and above
  • the feed fluid side spacer 200 In order to achieve efficient hemofiltration, the feed fluid side spacer 200 must have certain characteristics. Many thick commercial screens will not work due to their ineffectiveness in promoting removal of rejected material away from the membrane surface. Conversely, extremely thin screens can result in too much pressure drop, which detracts from the transmembrane pressure differential.
  • One spacer that has worked is the Vexar, made by DuPont (polyethylene), with 12 strands to the inch and measuring a total thickness of approximately 25 mils. (0.025 inches). The preferred orientation is to have the mesh lines at
  • a preferred casting material to encase the spiral filter and direct the feed fluid and filtrate streams is polycarbonate or an equivalent biocompatible material. The same material has been used for the filtrate collection tube onto which the rolled spiral assembly is wound. The wound assembly is sufficiently smaller than the inside diameter of the polycarbonate housing, to enable potting of the wound assembly into the polycarbonate shell using silicon adhesive.
  • Filters in accordance with the foregoing description may still not operate efficiently, i.e. without clogging, unless one or more fluid feedback paths are used.
  • the fluid is blood
  • R must be substantially larger than 2 with a nominal FF of 200 to 250 c/min.; values on the order of 3-8 are required to assure high efficiency with the filter membranes and devices used hitherto and described hereinbefore.
  • the filter input flow rate is in the range 1000-1250 cc/minute so that withdrawal of 80-100 cc/minute of water results in a much lower percentage change in blood composition down the length L of the filter.
  • the increased rate of flow through the filter with recirculation apparently results in an increased scrubbing action on the filter membrane whereby its clogging proclivity is reduced.
  • the value of R can be decreased and still achieve high efficiencies.
  • either or both the intermediate and light fractions may be recirculated through either or both the convective filters 1 and 11 in order to enhance their efficiency.
  • additive components may be introduced into the feed fluid stream at the input of the convective filter to promote the scrubbing action.
  • Spherical particles will help achieve high efficiency, but may not be as good as non-spherical particles, or particles which are non-uniform in density, or particles which are flexible, such as the cellular components of blood.
  • other ef f i ciency-promot ing techniques may be employed.
  • Surface perturbations in narrow flow channels can be achieved in several ways. One is to have the membrane exposed to the feed channel containing surface irregularities which may, as an example, be achieved by easting the membrane over an underlying matrix which would promote the formation of the perturbations in the final membrane product.
  • Another method is to have the membrane supported by an irregular plastic insert with the transmembrane pressure sufficient to deform the membrane over the perturbation which is typically molded into the plastic support.
  • An example of irregular but controlled channel geometries would include tight coiling of the feed, channel, periodic or asymmetric surface waviness parallel to the low, or folding of the flow channel , al l in a manner to induce flow diversion in the direction of flow.
  • the membrane can be constructed to contain fixed repellant charges.
  • a tubular blood channel can benefit by using a ribbon to produce spiral flow (secondary flows) in addition to axial flow through the tube.
  • external ly applied forces can include, but are not restricted to, the application of surface charge (in the absence of signi f icant membrane charge) electrically induced by the insertion of electrodes in either the membrane or support structure.
  • a polarization parallel to the filtrate flow aids in repel l ing the rejected materials away from the membrane surface.
  • Electrodes have been formed by using metallized screens to support the membrane along with a metallized flow channel bounding surface opposite from the surface of the membrane. Another augmentation technique is the use of ultrasound for improving filtration efficiency.
  • the material In lieu of the metallization, the material must have, as an example, piezoelectric properties. To achieve effective ultrasonic agitation, discrete crystals integral with the filter would be required rather than single continous sound drivers (e.g., reeds or electromagnetically driven diaphragms) which would produce only low frequencies in the feed channel. Ultrasound may be implemented in several ways, including crystals directly exposed to the feed channel. This is the most electrically efficient way of transmitting ultrasound frequency. It is also the least efficient in promoting filtration efficiency while posing the possibility of "heat" damage to the blood. A less electrically efficient way of producing ultrasound is to have the transducer faces placed parallel to the direction of the feed flow, either in or underneath the membrane structure.
  • Ultrasound reacts with any and all acoustic interfaces, one such important interface being the membrane/fluid junction.
  • Ultrasound techniques include the use of a single frequency, frequency spectra, and combination of frequencies dependent upon the application. Examples of physical movement include a "washing machine” agitation, continuous rotation wit special rotating seals or connectors, or l inear vibration, all applied to the entire f iltering module. Staging of devices includes the use of more than one device arranged in a parallel and/or sequential manner. This allows direct introduction of cleansed filtrate into the feed flow between each module.
  • Staging may be of the macrostage variety, in which selected reintroduction of f iltrate can be achieved by design along an otherwise continuous flow channel . Staging is also meant to imply any method intermittently "mixing up" the feed stream to eliminate any component polarization within the feed stream.
  • staging also found to be effective is the alternating of active and inative filtering areas.
  • the more direct example herein is the use of spiral hemofilter modules with screens capable of inducing high efficiency in combination with recirculation of the exiting fluid back to the inlet. Since the hematoerit affects the production of optimum eff iciency, variation of the reintroduction of filtrate between the module Inlet and exit ; also a method of improving the filtering efficiency, considered to be one of the biophysical condition embodiments.
  • independent control of biochemical and biophysical conditions includes the pH in the feed channel (more importantly at the membrane surface), control over the charge at the membrane surface, and the fractional filtrate to feed fluid return ratio.
  • complex fluids in this category comprise human and animal blood or lymph fluids, microbial or cellular suspensions (e.g. bacterial, plant cells, animal blood or lymph fluids, microbial or cellular suspensions
  • anti-cancersubstances may be produced by stimulating cellular activity.
  • the interferon molecule is sufficiently large to be amenable to isolation by the schematic process shown in Figure 2, where the feed fluid may comprise cell cultures in a broth medium.
  • Interferon is a large, fragi le mol ecule sufficiently bigger in size than the normal nutrients and much smaller than the cells that produce it that it may fit into the strategy of Figure 2 and be removed as an intermediate fraction.
  • the feed fluid in Figure 2 would comprise the live cells or dead cell fragments, the interferon and the nutrient of broth materials.
  • the first filter module in Figure 2 (containing the Type II membrane) would contain, for example, a Nuclepore membrane with a pore size preferably between 0.1 and 0.9 microns.
  • debris accumulation on or near the membrane surface could be reduced and high efficiency filtration conditions established.
  • pulsating flow or pressures may be sl ightly better than constant f low recirculation.
  • Pores of approximately 0.4 microns and above provide for easy transmission of the interferon and nutrient fluid (broth) while the cellular material is rejected.
  • the filtrate stream from the type II membrane would then be processed by a second filtrate module where the type I membrane could be exceedingly similar to that shown as curve A in figure 4.
  • the filtrate stream through the type I membrane would contain only the nutrient materials (the broth in a water solution) and could be returned to the cell growth or interferon producing process as part of the overal l process (not shown).
  • the intermediate fraction removal stream from the module with the type I membrane would contain interferon in a more concentrated state than in any other portion of the process shown.
  • This stream might be subject to multi-stage processing with type I modules to gently accompl ish furthe r concentrating of the interferon.
  • a unique advantage of this schema is that the filtrate process is gentle, an absolute requirement in interferon production. Interferon production is presently done in batch systems, whereas the filtration, separation, and concentrating of interferon could be made continuous. This is another distinct advantage.
  • the type I f i lter membrane modul e for thi s application would not be particularly susceptible to the efficiency augmentation methods since neither the interferon nor the nutrient broth would contain macromolecules or particles of sufficient size and concentration to engender the high efficiency potential of the augmentation methods.
  • animals may be harvested for antibody production.
  • An antigen would be introduced into the animal (e.g., cow) and the immune system would produce antibodies to the antigen.
  • Antibodies would be either cel l mediated or in the globulin portion of the plasma protein spectra. Following the immunoglobulin example, Figure 2 is applicable when the cow is producing substantial antibodies.
  • the type II membrane would again be a microporous type for plasmapheres is purposes. There are commercial cellulosic and polysulfone membranes (made by
  • the type I membrane is a specially designed ultrafiltration type with transmission of molecules up to approximately 100,000 molecular weight.
  • a charged membrane would augment the separation or the albumin molecules from the globulin molecules while a pH change could also shift the isoelectric points of the proteins to enhance selective separation.
  • Another possible co-process would be gelation of the proteins or cryoprecipitation.
  • a perfect membrane or one employing either an electric field or cross-flow fraetionation could accomplish the selective separation of the immunglobulins from the remaining plasma proteins.
  • the unwanted plasma proteins and all lower molecular weight material would be contained in the filtrate stream from the type I membrane and could be returned to the animal.
  • the removal stream would contain concentrated immunoglobulins and could be subject to further processing or concentrating.
  • the vital step is the separation of a large molecular weight protein from huge cells which must be kept in a controlled environment.
  • the inherent advantage is that the intermediate fraction removal stream is already cncentrated in the protein (refer again to Figure 2) and the culture media and cells can be remixed by combining the heavy and light fraction removal streams.
  • the first separation step in the type II module would be subjected to the high efficiency techniques describe hereinbefore and hereinafter, while the second filtrate module containing the type I membrane would not inherently be subject to efficiency augmentation, but could have particles added to it
  • complex fluids having sufficiently large particles or cells so that all the augmentation methods are potentially applicable. Where these large particles or cells are not present, certain of the efficiency inducing techniques relating to the dynamics of the feed fluid channel flow are not very helpful. For such complex fluids, other of the augmentation techniques described are still, viable (e.g. ultrasound, charged membranes, etc.). Some complex fluids would be amenable to added particles or cells in order to enable the full range of efficiency augmentation techniques described hereinbefore. After the f i ltration, the auxiliary particles or cells could be removed if desired by additional filtration, centrifugation or other appropriate conventional techniques.
  • Another class of complex feed fluids may have molecules suf f iciently smal l or of such a geometrical configuration that even particle addition could be efficiency inefficacious. Even for this latter class, the double convective filter method and apparatus (possibly in combination with feedback or recirculation techniques, charged membranes, etc.) will provide results superior to existing membrane separation technology.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)

Abstract

Procede et appareil d'ultra-filtration continue de fluides complexes ayant des composants qui degradent les caracteristiques du filtre. L'appareil et le procede ameliores consistent a utiliser une ou plusieurs techniques pour augmenter le rendement de filtration. Le procede et l'appareil permettent la separation des composants de dimensions ou poids intermediaires du fluide complexe. En utilisant ces ameliorations, on peut effectuer la filtration continue de fluides complexes ainsi que la concentration des composants intermediaires.
EP82901650A 1981-04-13 1982-04-13 Procede et appareil d'ultra-filtration de rendement eleve d'un fluide complexe Withdrawn EP0076321A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US25279581A 1981-04-13 1981-04-13
US252795 1981-04-13

Publications (1)

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EP0076321A1 true EP0076321A1 (fr) 1983-04-13

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EP (1) EP0076321A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS58500983A (fr)
DE (1) DE3241315T1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2110112A (fr)
WO (1) WO1982003568A1 (fr)

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JPS58500983A (ja) 1983-06-23
GB2110112A (en) 1983-06-15
WO1982003568A1 (fr) 1982-10-28
DE3241315T1 (de) 1985-01-24

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