EP0065430B1 - Writing tip for a fountain pen - Google Patents
Writing tip for a fountain pen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0065430B1 EP0065430B1 EP82400644A EP82400644A EP0065430B1 EP 0065430 B1 EP0065430 B1 EP 0065430B1 EP 82400644 A EP82400644 A EP 82400644A EP 82400644 A EP82400644 A EP 82400644A EP 0065430 B1 EP0065430 B1 EP 0065430B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nib
- slit
- lips
- ink
- pen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
- B43K—IMPLEMENTS FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
- B43K1/00—Nibs; Writing-points
- B43K1/02—Split nibs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a writing device for a pen stylus.
- the writing feathers having at their end two beaks separated by a slit.
- This slot has a double function, on the one hand, to give the pen the flexibility desired, on the other hand, to ensure the supply in still of the writing tip.
- the pen is applied against a power supply unit comprising several channels connected to the ink tank and arranged opposite the pen slot (FR-A-983 957).
- This slot is generally formed by cutting the pen, using, for example, a grinding wheel or any other instrument of this type, then the beaks of the writing tip are brought into contact with one of the other.
- the grinding wheels used in this technique are particularly fine, it is not possible, for mechanical reasons, to lower the thickness of the grinding wheels below a certain threshold, corresponding to a width of slot minimum.
- the object of the present invention is to propose a writing device for a pen stylographer in which the pen itself comprises a slot of usual dimensions, which can thus be produced by known techniques, but which is equipped with a simple and inexpensive to implement, in order to limit soiling by spraying ink when the stylograph is subjected to an impact or a sudden impulse.
- the subject of the invention is a writing device for a stylographer comprising an ink supply unit and a pen with two nozzles, these two nozzles being separated by a slot, the ink supply of the pen being provided by at least one channel of the power supply unit in communication with an ink tank, on the one hand, and with said slot, on the other hand, the internal and / or external faces of the two nibs of the pen comprise, over a part of their length, a film of a material compatible with the ink and capable of being wetted by it, this device being characterized in that the films form two lips, these lips extending under and / or on the slot and being contiguous in the pen rest position. In FR-A-983 957 there are no lips, contiguous in the rest position.
- Said films can be placed both on the outer face of the pen and on its inner face, between the latter and the feed channel.
- the lips will extend to the writing tip of the pen.
- They may be made of any material compatible with the ink and suitable for being wetted by it, possibly after a surface treatment.
- liquid varnishes which one coats the beaks of the feather and which adhere to them while drying. Mention will in particular be made of varnishes based on cellulose acetate or acetobutyrate.
- plastics in particular of the type of A B S (acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymers) or polytetrafluoroethylene, which is optionally treated at the surface in order to increase their wettability.
- the thickness of the film covering the beaks of the feather is not critical. It is generally of the order of a few hundredths to a few tenths of a millimeter.
- the film can be deposited on each of the beaks in continuous form by completely covering the slit of the feather, the film obtained being then cut in line with the slit, either by a tear, following a simple separation of the beaks of the feather, or using means known in the art such as laser beam, etc. so as to form two lips, contiguous in the rest position.
- a manufacturing process also falls within the scope of the present invention.
- the feathers forming part of the writing device described above constitute another object of the invention.
- the writing device shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 comprises, in itself, a pen 1 supported by an ink supply unit 2, comprising a supply channel 3, which communicates with an ink tank (not shown) and whose free surface is turned towards the internal face of the pen 1.
- the pen 1 comprises two beaks 4a, 4b, separated by a slot 5 and ending with a writing tip 6a, 6b.
- the two points 6a, 6b are substantially in contact with one another, and can deviate, when the pen is supported on the paper in the writing position (FIG. 3, on which the spacing of the points has however been exaggerated for greater clarity).
- the stylographer equipped with this writing device receives a shock, the pen 1 vibrates and repeatedly strikes the ink contained in the channel 3, and projects it through the slot 5 with the effect of dirtying the outer side of the feather.
- the tips 4a and 4b of the pen are coated, on one of their faces - their internal face, in the case of FIGS. 1 to 5 - with a film forming two lips, respectively 7a, 7b, of a material compatible with the ink, that is to say chemically inert with respect to it, and wettable by the latter.
- These films extend over at least part of the length of the spouts and are in mutual contact over this entire length, thus covering the slot 5, as seen for example in FIGS. 2 and 4.
- the lips 7a and 7b which cover the slit 5 in the rest position prevent ink splashes through that, without opposing the ink supply to the pen, and more particularly , writing tips 6a, 6b.
- the lips 7a, 7b can favor the ink supply, when the points 6a and 6b are spaced apart from one another, when the pen is pressed against the paper (FIG. 3). Indeed, while this spacing normally has the effect of reducing the ink film, which then no longer comes into contact with the tips 6a, 6b, it suffices, to remedy this drawback, to extend the lips 7a, 7b up to at the end of the pen (see Figure 5, where the bodies already described retain the same reference numbers), to minimize their separation and thus promote the accessibility of the tips 6a, 6b, to the ink film.
- lips 7a or 7b can be indifferently arranged on the internal face or on the external face of the feather (see FIG. 6, on which the organs described above retain the same references assigned to the index '), while performing the same function.
- the invention therefore provides a simple and easy-to-use means for opposing ink splashes, under the effect of a shock, through the slit of a pen of a stylographer, and thus to avoid the dirt on the outside of the feather which usually results.
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- Pens And Brushes (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Image Generation (AREA)
- Digital Computer Display Output (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un dispositif d'ecriture pour stylographe à plume.The present invention relates to a writing device for a pen stylus.
Les plumes d'ecriture comportant à leur extrémité deux becs séparés par une fente. Cette fente possède une double fonction, d'une part, conférer à la plume la souplesse dédirée, d'autre part, assurer l'alimentation en encore de la pointe d'écriture. A cet effet, la plume est appliquée contre un bloc d'alimentation comportant plusieurs canaux reliés au réservoir d'encre et disposés en regard de la fente de la plume (FR-A-983 957).The writing feathers having at their end two beaks separated by a slit. This slot has a double function, on the one hand, to give the pen the flexibility desired, on the other hand, to ensure the supply in still of the writing tip. To this end, the pen is applied against a power supply unit comprising several channels connected to the ink tank and arranged opposite the pen slot (FR-A-983 957).
Cette fente est généralement formée par tronçonnage de la plume, à l'aide, par exemple, d'une meule ou de tout instrument de ce type, puis les becs de la pointe d'ecriture sont amenes au contact l'un de l'autre. Bien que les meules utilisees dans cette technique soient particulièrement fines, il n'est pas possible, pour des raisons d'ordre mécanique, d'abaisser l'épaisseur des meules au-dessous d'un certain seuil, correspondant à une largeur de fente minimum.This slot is generally formed by cutting the pen, using, for example, a grinding wheel or any other instrument of this type, then the beaks of the writing tip are brought into contact with one of the other. Although the grinding wheels used in this technique are particularly fine, it is not possible, for mechanical reasons, to lower the thickness of the grinding wheels below a certain threshold, corresponding to a width of slot minimum.
Or une largeur trop importante de cette fente présente un grave inconvénient, lorsque le stylographe est soumis à un choc ou à une impulsion brutale, car, sous l'effet de ce choc, la plume entre en vibration et vient frapper la couche d'encre amenée du réservoir par les canaux d'alimentation. L'encre est ainsi projetée au travers de la rainure de la plume, ce qui a pour conséquence de provoquer de multiples salissures de la face externe de celle-ci.However, an excessively large width of this slot has a serious drawback when the stylographer is subjected to a shock or a sudden impulse, because, under the effect of this shock, the pen enters into vibration and strikes the ink layer brought from the tank through the supply channels. The ink is thus projected through the groove of the pen, which has the consequence of causing multiple soiling of the external face thereof.
Pour réduire la largeur de la fente de la plume et limiter ainsi cet inconvénient, on pourrait envisager de réaliser cette fente par cisaillage de la plume, mais cette technique présente l'inconvénient de faire subir à la plume des déformations beaucoup trop importantes.To reduce the width of the pen slot and thus limit this drawback, one could consider making this slot by shearing the pen, but this technique has the disadvantage of subjecting the pen to far too large deformations.
La présente invention a pour but de proposer un dispositif d'ecriture pour stylographe à plume dans lequel la plume proprement dite comporte une fente de dimensions usuelles, qui peut ainsi être réalisée par des techniques connues, mais qui est équipés d'un moyen simple et peu coûteux à mettre en oeuvre, en vue de limiter les salissures par projection d'encre lorsque le stylographe est soumis à un choc ou à une brusque impulsion.The object of the present invention is to propose a writing device for a pen stylographer in which the pen itself comprises a slot of usual dimensions, which can thus be produced by known techniques, but which is equipped with a simple and inexpensive to implement, in order to limit soiling by spraying ink when the stylograph is subjected to an impact or a sudden impulse.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un dispositif d'ecriture pour stylographe comportant un bloc d'alimentation en encre et une plume à deux becs, ces deux becs étant séparés par une fente, l'alimentation en encre de la plume étant assurée par au moins un canal du bloc d'alimentation en communication avec un réservoir d'encre, d'une part, et avec ladite fente, d'autre part, les face internes et/ou externes des deux becs de la plume comportent, sur une partie de leur longueur, une pellicule d'une matière compatible avec l'encre et apte à être mouillée par celle-ci, ce dispositif étant caractérisé en ce que les pellicules forment deux lévres, ces lèvres s'étendant sous et/ou sur la fente et étant jointives en position de repos de la plume. Dans le FR-A-983 957 il n'y a pas de lèvres, jointives en position de repos.To this end, the subject of the invention is a writing device for a stylographer comprising an ink supply unit and a pen with two nozzles, these two nozzles being separated by a slot, the ink supply of the pen being provided by at least one channel of the power supply unit in communication with an ink tank, on the one hand, and with said slot, on the other hand, the internal and / or external faces of the two nibs of the pen comprise, over a part of their length, a film of a material compatible with the ink and capable of being wetted by it, this device being characterized in that the films form two lips, these lips extending under and / or on the slot and being contiguous in the pen rest position. In FR-A-983 957 there are no lips, contiguous in the rest position.
En effet, la demanderesse a établi qu'une plume ainsi équipée sur chacun ses becs d'une pellicule ces pellicules formant au droit de la fente deux lèvres recouvrant celle-ci en position de repos, prévient les salissures accidentelles des la surface libre de la plume, lorsque le stylo est soumis à un choc, sans pour autant s'oposer à une alimentation en encre normale de la pointe d'ecriture.Indeed, the plaintiff has established that a feather thus equipped on each of its beaks with a film these films forming at the right of the slot two lips covering the latter in the rest position, prevents accidental soiling of the free surface of the pen, when the pen is subjected to a shock, without opposing a normal ink supply of the writing tip.
Lesdites pellicules pourront être disposées aussi bien sur la face externe de la plume, que sur sa face interne, entre celle-ci et le canal d'alimentation.Said films can be placed both on the outer face of the pen and on its inner face, between the latter and the feed channel.
Avantageusement, afin de faciliter l'alimentation en encre de la plume, les lèvres s'étendront jusqu'à la pointe d'écriture de la plume.Advantageously, in order to facilitate the ink supply of the pen, the lips will extend to the writing tip of the pen.
Elles pourront être réalisées en toute matière compatible avec l'encre et apte à être mouillée par celle-ci, éventuellement après un traitement de surface.They may be made of any material compatible with the ink and suitable for being wetted by it, possibly after a surface treatment.
On peuit utiliser, par exemple, des vernis liquides, dont on enduit les becs de la plume et qui adhèrent à ceux-ci en séchant. On mentionnera notamment des vernis à base d'acétate de cellulose ou d'acétobutyrate.One can use, for example, liquid varnishes, which one coats the beaks of the feather and which adhere to them while drying. Mention will in particular be made of varnishes based on cellulose acetate or acetobutyrate.
On peut également employer des matières plastiques, notamment du type des A B S (copolymères acrylonitrilebutadiène-styrène) ou du polytétrafluoréthylène, que l'on traite éventuellement en surface en vue d'accroître leur mouillabilité.It is also possible to use plastics, in particular of the type of A B S (acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymers) or polytetrafluoroethylene, which is optionally treated at the surface in order to increase their wettability.
On peut aussi déposer sur les becs une pellicule métallique, notamment d'or, le métal déposé pouvant être identique ou non à celui de la plume.It is also possible to deposit a metallic film, in particular gold, on the spouts, the deposited metal possibly being identical to that of the feather.
L'épaisseur de la pellicule recouvrant les becs de la plume n'a pas de caractère critique. Elle est généralement de l'ordre de quelques centièmes à quelques dixième de millimètre.The thickness of the film covering the beaks of the feather is not critical. It is generally of the order of a few hundredths to a few tenths of a millimeter.
La pellicule peut être déposée sur chacun des becs sous forme continue en recourant complètement la fente de la plume, le film obtenu étant ensuite découpé au droit de la fente, soit par une déchirure, consécutive à un simple écartement des becs de la plume, soit en employant des moyens connus dans la technique tels que faisceau laser etc ... de façon à former deux lèvres, jointives en position de repos. Un tel procédé de fabrication entre également dans le cadre de la présente invention. Enfin, les plumes entrant dans la constitution du dispositif d'écriture décrit ci-dessus constituent un aute objet de l'invention.The film can be deposited on each of the beaks in continuous form by completely covering the slit of the feather, the film obtained being then cut in line with the slit, either by a tear, following a simple separation of the beaks of the feather, or using means known in the art such as laser beam, etc. so as to form two lips, contiguous in the rest position. Such a manufacturing process also falls within the scope of the present invention. Finally, the feathers forming part of the writing device described above constitute another object of the invention.
Les dessins annexés, qui n'ont pas de caractère limitatif, illustrent la mise en oeuvre de l'invention. Sur ces dessins:
- La figure 1 est une coupe longitudinale de l'extrémité d'un dispositif d'écriture conforme à l'invention, suivant la ligne 1-1 de la figure 2;
- La figure 2 est une vue de dessus de l'extrémité du dispositif d'écriture de la figure 1, avec la plume en position de repos;
- La figure 3 est une vue analogue à la figure 2, avec les deux becs de la plume écartés l'un de l'autre;
- La figure 4 est une coupe transversale de ce même dispositif, suivant la ligne IV-IV de la figure 1;
- La figure 5 est une coupe de détail d'une variante du dispositif de la figure 1 ;
- La figure 6 est une coupe analogue à la figure 5 d'une autre forme de réalisation de l'invention.
- Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of the end of a writing device according to the invention, along line 1-1 of Figure 2;
- Figure 2 is a top view of the end mite the writing device of Figure 1, with the pen in the rest position;
- Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2, with the two tips of the pen apart from one another;
- Figure 4 is a cross section of the same device, along the line IV-IV of Figure 1;
- Figure 5 is a detail section of a variant of the device of Figure 1;
- Figure 6 is a section similar to Figure 5 of another embodiment of the invention.
Le dispositif d'écriture représenté sur les figures 1 à 4 comprend, de façon conne en soi, une plume 1 supportée par un bloc d'alimentation en encre 2, comportant un canal d'alimentation 3, qui communique avec un réservoir d'encre (non représenté) et dont la surface libre est tournée vers la face interne de la plume 1.The writing device shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 comprises, in itself, a
La plume 1 comprend deux becs 4a, 4b, séparés par une fente 5 et se terminant par une pointe d'écriture 6a, 6b. En position de repos (figure 2), les deux pointes 6a, 6b sont sensiblement au contact l'une de l'autre, et peuvent s'écarter, lorsque la plume prend appui sur le papier en position d'écriture (figure 3, sur laquelle l'écartement des pointes a cependant été exagéré pour plus de clarté). Lorsque le stylographe équipé de ce dispositif d'écriture reçoit un choc, la plume 1 entre en vibration et vient frapper de façon répétée l'encre contenue dans le canal 3, et projeter celle-ci à travers la fente 5 avec pour effet de salir la face externe de la plume.The
Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, conformément à l'invention, les becs 4a et 4b de la plume sont revêtus, sur l'une de leurs faces - leur face interne, dans le cas des figures 1 à 5 -, d'une pellicule formant deux lèvres, respectivement 7a, 7b, en un matériau compatible avec l'encre, c'est-à-dire chimiquement inerte par rapport à elle, et mouillable par celle-ci. Ces pellicules s'étendent sur une partie au moins de la longueur des becs et sont en contact mutuel sur toute cette longueur en recouvrant ainsi la fente 5, comme on le voit par exemple sur les figures 2 et 4.To remedy this drawback, in accordance with the invention, the
De cette manière, les lèvres 7a et 7b qui recouvrent la fente 5 en position de repos préviennent les projections d'encre à travers celle.ci, sans s'opposer pour autant à l'alimentation en encre de la plume, et, plus particulièrement, des pointes d'écriture 6a, 6b.In this way, the
Bien contraire, les lèvres 7a, 7b, peuvent favoriser l'alimentation en encre, lorsque les pointes 6a et 6b sont écartées l'une de l'autre, lorsque l'on appuie la plume contre le papier (figure 3). En effet, alors que cet écartement a normalement pour effet un recul du film d'encre, qui ne vient plus alors au contact des pointes 6a, 6b, il suffit, pour remédier à cet inconvénient, de prolonger les lèvres 7a, 7b jusqu'à l'extrémité de la plume (voir figure 5, où les organes déjà décrits conservent les mêmes chiffres de référence), pour minimiser leur écartement et favoriser ainsi l'accessibilité des pointes 6a, 6b, au film d'encre.Quite the contrary, the
Il est clair que les lèvres 7a ou 7b peuvent être indifféremment disposées sur la face interne ou sur la face externe de la plume (voir figure 6, sur laquelle les organes décrits ci-dessus conservent les mêmes références affectées de l'indice'), tout en remplissant la même fonction.It is clear that the
L'invention fournit donc un moyen simple et facile à mettre en oeuvre pour s'opposer aux projections d'encre, sous l'effet d'un choc, à travers la fente d'une plume d'un stylographe, et pour éviter ainsi les salissures de la face externe de la plume qui en résultent habituellement.The invention therefore provides a simple and easy-to-use means for opposing ink splashes, under the effect of a shock, through the slit of a pen of a stylographer, and thus to avoid the dirt on the outside of the feather which usually results.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT82400644T ATE12371T1 (en) | 1981-04-10 | 1982-04-08 | WRITING PEN FOR FOUNTAIN PEN. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8107227A FR2503637A1 (en) | 1981-04-10 | 1981-04-10 | WRITING DEVICE FOR PLUME STYLOGRAPH |
FR8107227 | 1981-04-10 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0065430A1 EP0065430A1 (en) | 1982-11-24 |
EP0065430B1 true EP0065430B1 (en) | 1985-03-27 |
Family
ID=9257243
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP82400644A Expired EP0065430B1 (en) | 1981-04-10 | 1982-04-08 | Writing tip for a fountain pen |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4474487A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0065430B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS57178797A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE12371T1 (en) |
BE (1) | BE892809A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3262749D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES273476Y (en) |
FR (1) | FR2503637A1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1155502B (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0357511Y2 (en) * | 1985-07-17 | 1991-12-27 | ||
DE4412468A1 (en) * | 1994-04-13 | 1995-10-19 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Process for the production of nibs |
IL209843A (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2016-08-31 | GOZLAN Eliahou | Writing utensil |
TWM438976U (en) * | 2012-05-31 | 2012-10-11 | yi-shan Lai | Fountain pen with front and back side writing effect |
JP5952866B2 (en) * | 2014-01-28 | 2016-07-13 | 株式会社秋田研磨工業 | Fountain pen nib |
EP3168053B1 (en) | 2014-07-07 | 2020-12-16 | Akita Grind Industry Co. Ltd. | Fountain pen nib |
TWM551569U (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2017-11-11 | Yee-Shang Lai | Omnidirectional writable pen |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE18121C (en) * | C. O. SCHNAUDER in Chemnitz, Zwickauerstr. 10 | Steel spring covered with fabric or fiber on the inside | ||
FR416213A (en) * | 1910-04-23 | 1910-10-14 | Erste Prager Celluloid Kammwar | Celluloid writing nibs |
FR12663E (en) * | 1910-04-23 | 1910-10-26 | Aterste Prager Celluloid Kammw | Celluloid writing quill |
US1613812A (en) * | 1924-06-11 | 1927-01-11 | Wahl Co | Pen and nib and method of producing same |
US1869950A (en) * | 1931-08-10 | 1932-08-02 | Sheaffer W A Pen Co | Pen |
US2039326A (en) * | 1934-01-20 | 1936-05-05 | Howard Hunt Pen Company C | Pen |
FR882267A (en) * | 1942-05-22 | 1943-05-28 | A R L Etablissements Fobs Soc | Process for processing stylographic and other writing nibs |
FR983957A (en) * | 1943-09-10 | 1951-06-29 | Writing quill | |
GB597219A (en) * | 1943-10-08 | 1948-01-21 | Bristol S Instr Company Ltd | Improvements in or relating to metal pen points |
DE801196C (en) * | 1948-10-02 | 1950-12-28 | Alexander S Bernhardt | Plastic nib |
BE513137A (en) * | 1951-07-27 | |||
US3303826A (en) * | 1965-04-13 | 1967-02-14 | Union Carbide Corp | Fountain pen nib |
CH423545A (en) * | 1965-06-04 | 1966-10-31 | Engler Werner | Fountain pen nib |
JPS6028680B2 (en) * | 1977-08-26 | 1985-07-05 | 株式会社パイロット | How to make a pen |
-
1981
- 1981-04-10 FR FR8107227A patent/FR2503637A1/en active Granted
-
1982
- 1982-03-26 US US06/362,184 patent/US4474487A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1982-04-06 IT IT67455/82A patent/IT1155502B/en active
- 1982-04-07 ES ES1982273476U patent/ES273476Y/en not_active Expired
- 1982-04-08 BE BE0/207795A patent/BE892809A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-04-08 DE DE8282400644T patent/DE3262749D1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-04-08 DE DE198282400644T patent/DE65430T1/en active Pending
- 1982-04-08 AT AT82400644T patent/ATE12371T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-04-08 EP EP82400644A patent/EP0065430B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-04-09 JP JP57059459A patent/JPS57178797A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IT8267455A0 (en) | 1982-04-06 |
IT1155502B (en) | 1987-01-28 |
US4474487A (en) | 1984-10-02 |
EP0065430A1 (en) | 1982-11-24 |
FR2503637A1 (en) | 1982-10-15 |
FR2503637B1 (en) | 1984-04-13 |
DE65430T1 (en) | 1983-05-11 |
ES273476Y (en) | 1984-06-16 |
DE3262749D1 (en) | 1985-05-02 |
ES273476U (en) | 1983-12-01 |
JPS57178797A (en) | 1982-11-04 |
BE892809A (en) | 1982-10-08 |
ATE12371T1 (en) | 1985-04-15 |
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