EP0059171B1 - Dowel and sleeve for the absorption and transfer of a shearing force - Google Patents

Dowel and sleeve for the absorption and transfer of a shearing force Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0059171B1
EP0059171B1 EP82810082A EP82810082A EP0059171B1 EP 0059171 B1 EP0059171 B1 EP 0059171B1 EP 82810082 A EP82810082 A EP 82810082A EP 82810082 A EP82810082 A EP 82810082A EP 0059171 B1 EP0059171 B1 EP 0059171B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mandrel
sleeve
reinforcement
transverse force
following application
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EP82810082A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0059171A1 (en
Inventor
Ulisse C. Aschwanden
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to AT82810082T priority Critical patent/ATE23589T1/en
Publication of EP0059171A1 publication Critical patent/EP0059171A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C11/00—Details of pavings
    • E01C11/02—Arrangement or construction of joints; Methods of making joints; Packing for joints
    • E01C11/04—Arrangement or construction of joints; Methods of making joints; Packing for joints for cement concrete paving
    • E01C11/14—Dowel assembly ; Design or construction of reinforcements in the area of joints
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
    • E04B1/48—Dowels, i.e. members adapted to penetrate the surfaces of two parts and to take the shear stresses
    • E04B1/483—Shear dowels to be embedded in concrete

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mandrel and a sleeve for receiving and transmitting a transverse force only in one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the transverse direction perpendicular thereto and in the longitudinal direction, for connecting structural and civil engineering components such as roof panels, Floor slabs, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof with each other or with other components, for which the sleeve in one of the components to be connected, the mandrel in the other is to be inserted and fastened in such a way that the mandrel and / or the sleeve from the projecting component and the mandrel penetrates the sleeve.
  • the application primarily concerns components made of concrete, but is also possible for other components.
  • the mandrel and sleeve serve to fix components to one another in their plane, for which the mandrel and sleeve must be able to absorb considerable transverse forces in the direction perpendicular to this plane, while on the other hand the mandrel in the sleeve must be freely displaceable and remain longitudinally so that the components can expand and contract in their plane under the influence of changing temperatures. Therefore, the mandrel and sleeve must be corrosion-resistant and remain so for the long service life required by buildings, which is why they mostly consist of stainless steel.
  • the invention provides that the mandrel groove in the transverse direction perpendicular to the transverse force to be received or transmitted in the sleeve has a mutual freedom of movement which is at least as large as the mutual occurrence due to different expansion and contraction between the two components to be connected Displacements transversely to the axis of the mandrel and the sleeve, that the mandrel and / or the sleeve is provided on the outside in the region of the part to be let in and at least over a section adjacent to its outer end with a reinforcement which is at least in the plane perpendicular to the absorbed or transmitted transverse force has a larger surface than the section of the mandrel or sleeve covered by the reinforcement, and that the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or sleeve itself under the action of the transverse force.
  • the elements previously referred to as “reinforcement” in the subject matter of the invention are inserted between the mandrel or sleeve and the component, and they should expediently not be given such a degree in view of the completely different task of fixing the components in their plane and reducing the specific concrete load be flexible; otherwise they would transmit almost no forces to the component in their area and concentrate them on the remaining installation length of mandrel and sleeve.
  • the lateral freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve which therefore extends after its installation in the component plane in the direction of the adjacent component edges to be connected, in the direction in which mutual displacements can occur due to different expansion of the components, can be on each side, for . B. 10 to 15 mm to take into account most practical conditions.
  • correspondingly large mutual displacements can be avoided by fixing them against each other in the middle, e.g. B. by known mandrels and sleeves without such freedom of movement, while from there towards the ends mandrels and sleeves of the new type with mutual freedom of movement in this direction.
  • the range of motion preferably extends over the entire length of the mandrel section immersed in the sleeve: in addition, a variant of this would still be considered, in which the mandrel has the freedom of movement in the outer part of the sleeve but not at its end in the sleeve and in its direction - at least near its end in the sleeve - has a considerably smaller section modulus than perpendicular to it, ie when the components are mutually displaced, it is bent there, the bend expediently remaining in the elastic range.
  • the realization could a. consist in that the mandrel carries at its end a leaf spring with which it is hung at the end of the sleeve.
  • the reinforcement is only parallel to the component plane, i. H. extends perpendicular to the direction in which the mandrel and the sleeve can absorb or transmit transverse forces; but it does not mean a disadvantage if the gain z. B. has a certain extent in other directions for manufacturing reasons.
  • the reinforcement need not be made of the same expensive material as the mandrel and sleeve; it is protected against corrosion by concreting in, and there is no requirement for permanent lubricity as with the mandrel and sleeve in the reinforcement.
  • the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or the sleeve itself. This is the only way to significantly reduce the maximum specific load on the concrete in the critical area adjacent to the component edge, even far more than the increase in surface area, and in particular to completely reduce the load peak directly at the component edge, while also reducing the difference between reinforcement and Mandrel or sleeve occurring load is substantially evened out and reduced, so that the strength properties of the material to be used for the reinforcement do not have to be particularly high requirements and even some plastics are sufficient, which are already in some selection with different ones for the present Valuable properties are available for the purpose and can be easily attached to or cast around the mandrel or sleeve.
  • Suitable shaping can also make reinforcements made of a metallic material sufficiently flexible.
  • the invention also includes the possibility of providing the reinforcement only on the mandrel or only on the sleeve. This is considered when the two components in question consist of substances with very different strength properties; the reinforcement will then be arranged in the component with a lower specific load capacity of its material.
  • the freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve transverse to the direction of force means that the bore of the sleeve in this direction must be limited on both sides by flat surfaces. If this is also provided for the mandrel, there is a minimum of the specific load (surface pressure) between the mandrel and the sleeve. It is therefore advantageous if the interior of the sleeve has a rectangular cross-section that is constant over its length and the mandrel has a rectangular or a cross-section inscribed at least where it protrudes into the sleeve, and it should be noted that a square is also used Is rectangle.
  • a cross-section inscribed in a rectangle is found e.g. B. in the double-T profile.
  • the mandrel thus has a greater section modulus in the direction in which it has to absorb or transmit the transverse force than perpendicular to it.
  • Such a shape for the mandrel is of course also considered if there is no lateral freedom of movement in the sleeve, but transverse forces which are far predominant in one direction are provided.
  • the mandrel has only a small amount of play in the sleeve in the direction of force, so that it can only tilt slightly in it, the slightest tilt was sufficient during installation so that the force is no longer distributed over the entire surface. but only acts on the adjacent edge.
  • the mandrel - if it is installed in a second position, otherwise this applies to the sleeve - thanks to its weight will fit snugly with the force-transmitting surface in the sleeve bore, but this only applies if this Surface is horizontal instead of vertical; furthermore, influences from the mortar during hardening may not be completely excluded because it does not represent a homogeneous mass.
  • the mandrel If you want to address concerns of this kind, you can surround the mandrel as far as it can be inserted with a housing in which it is rotatably mounted; the reinforcement is then attached to the housing. The mandrel then rotates later, after installation, under the action of the transverse force without further ado in the position corresponding to the tight contact in the sleeve.
  • the reinforcement which only has to extend transversely to the direction of force given here with regard to the direction of force clearly specified here, so that the advantage of only minimal weakening of the component is given, in the simplest case consists of a wing on either side of the mandrel or on the sleeve or from a plate above or below. In the latter case, the attachment is easier to accomplish if the reinforcement consists of a metallic material, e.g. B. by spot welding. Two wings on each side or one plate above and below are also possible and distribute the power over the same area with the same projection.
  • the reinforcement can also be cubic, cylindrical, frustoconical, truncated pyramid or provided with ribs on the outside and completely or partially surround the mandrel or sleeve section covered by it. Truncated cone and truncated pyramid-shaped reinforcements are arranged with regard to the maximum load at the component edge in such a way that their greatest projection is there, provided that the material is used optimally.
  • the reinforcement can be made of metal or an elastic material such. B. in the form of plastic with or without filler or cement-based mortar with or without plastic or made of various such materials, for. B. by the mandrel or the sleeve carries a metallic reinforcement, which is covered with the elastic material, or by having a thickening under a reinforcement made of elastic material, which then does not need to be particularly flexible.
  • various known technologies including gluing, and plastics such as epoxy resin with hardener and filler can also be cast around the mandrel or sleeve.
  • the transverse load is generally greatest at the outer end of the recessed part of the mandrel and sleeve and then decreases sharply further to the rear, there would be no purpose in inserting the mandrel and sleeve disproportionately deep and making them correspondingly long; the load would then no longer be distributed over a greater length, and there would be unnecessary expenditure of expensive material.
  • the length of the part of the mandrel and sleeve to be let in is optimally dimensioned when it is approximately equal to seven times the mandrel diameter.
  • the optimal length of the reinforcement cannot simply be stated in relation to the mandrel diameter, because the other dimensions, the shape and the material properties of the reinforcement itself play a role in this; with conventional mandrel diameters and various suitable reinforcements, tests have shown an optimal length of 5 to 11 cm, which, moreover, the less critical the better the feature of compliance is fulfilled.
  • the smaller values relate to the sleeves and their reinforcements, which should be connected with the fact that the sleeves according to the invention are themselves considerably wider than the mandrels transverse to the direction of force.
  • a fastening flange can be attached to the outer end of the part to be let in, which is called "nail plate" in construction.
  • nail plate the outer end of the part to be let in
  • the formwork of the first component is produced, the sleeves are nailed to the intended positions with their fastening flanges from the inside against the formwork, if necessary the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar are inserted and the formwork is removed after it has set. Then you insert the associated mandrels into the concreted-in sleeves, create joint insulation and formwork for the second component, if necessary bring in the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar and remove the formwork after it has set. If a further component to be connected with mandrels and sleeves is connected to the second component, the sleeves provided are attached to the adjacent formwork side of the second component as described above, and the installation process continues accordingly.
  • the rule can be given here that the concrete layer thickness around the mandrel or sleeve should be at least four times as large as the mandrel diameter. If this value has to be fallen short of, it is advisable to install a support reinforcement to distribute the concrete stress over a larger section, as a precaution against splitting and breaking out of the component on its edge.
  • the outer opening of the sleeve or of the fastening flange has a cover which can be easily removed after installation, for. B. a glued film, and when the sleeve bore is closed at the other end.
  • the possibility of fixing the mandrel at its end in the sleeve is also within the scope of the inventive concept.
  • the mandrel is then elastically flexible within its range of motion and counteracts mutual displacements of the components in this direction with a force proportional to the displacements.
  • FIGS. 1 to 30 Some exemplary embodiments of the subject matter of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, FIGS. 1 to 30.
  • a first embodiment is shown in Fig. 1 to 6, with Fig. 1, 2 and 5 for the sleeve in side, front and perspective view, and with Fig. 3, 4 and 6 accordingly for the mandrel.
  • a sleeve 21, closed at the rear with a cover 21 ' carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 61 and 61', which are identical to one another, at the top and bottom, and a two-part fastening flange 17, 17 '; K indicates the position of the component edge for installation, and 19 denotes foam inserts for centering the mandrel during installation.
  • An associated mandrel 1 of square cross section carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 41 and 41 'at the top and bottom, which are identical to one another.
  • edges of the reinforcements 41, 41 ', 61, 61' could also be rounded or chamfered so that the transition from loaded to unloaded cross-section takes place more gently in the concrete and that at on the other hand, concrete that has penetrated between the plate-shaped reinforcements is exposed to less stress due to shearing.
  • 6a and 6b illustrate alternatives to the mandrel shown in Fig. With regard to the formation of its reinforcements.
  • the reinforcements 41b, 41b ' are wider at the component edge where the maximum load occurs.
  • the widening of the reinforcements 41a, 41a 'at the opposite end may theoretically be less good; after all, this widening also contributes somewhat to the relief of concrete on the edge of the component.
  • Parts embedded in concrete do not always have to be anchored so that they cannot be pulled out. However, due to the hardening shrinkage of the concrete, embedded parts are clamped very tight all around.
  • Fig. 7 differs from Fig. 5 only in that reinforcements and fastening flange parts are combined to form units 62, 62 'and each consist of a piece of angular profile on a sleeve 22; 8 shows the corresponding with angle profiles 42, 42 'on an associated mandrel 2.
  • mandrels 3 to 10 and associated sleeves 23 to 30 are shown one above the other in a front view for further embodiments, the primary concern being differently designed reinforcements.
  • reinforcements 43, 43 ', 63, 63' are beveled inward too much, which offers the concrete located therebetween a larger transition cross-section and thus less stress on shearing.
  • reinforcements 44, 44 ', 64, 64' consist of angled metal sheets and are therefore somewhat more flexible, and from FIGS. 13 and 14, where reinforcements 45, 45 ', 65, 65 'are corrugated on the outside.
  • the reinforcements consist of less flexible plates 47, 47 ', 67, 67', surrounded by flexible pads 47a, 47a '. 67, 67a 'z. B. made of plastic.
  • 21 and 22 show a particularly simple embodiment with a wing 49, 49 ', 69, 69' on both sides as reinforcement; 23 and 24 illustrate the corresponding with wings 50, 50 ', 70, 70' as reinforcement with greater flexibility.
  • mandrels 6 and 10 in FIGS. 15 and 23 require special mention. Both mandrels have a greater section modulus in the load direction, which is assumed in the vertical direction in all the figures, than transversely thereto; this can be used to save material by reducing the section modulus in the other direction, where it is not required to the extent, or to increase the section modulus in the load direction without too much material consumption z. B. in the event that one has to bridge larger distances between the components.
  • a cubic reinforcement 51, 71 which is held transversely to the load direction, is applied to a sleeve 31 and to a mandrel 11, for. B. by casting with a synthetic resin, which holds fastening flange parts 18, 18 'at the same time in the sleeve.
  • a synthetic resin which holds fastening flange parts 18, 18 'at the same time in the sleeve.
  • the mandrel 11 it is shown in section in FIG. 27 that it can carry a thickening 16 which, in the vicinity of the component edge K, reduces the specific load on the inner surface of the reinforcement 51.
  • the sleeve 31 could also be provided with a corresponding thickening, but since the sleeve is anyway wider and thus larger across the load direction, this will usually not be necessary for it.
  • a mandrel 13 is cylindrical in its part to be let in and rotatably supported in a housing 14, which is closed at the end with a cover 14 '.
  • the protruding part 13 'of the mandrel has a square cross section. So that the mandrel does not slip out of the housing, it is provided with a recess in which a bolt 15 attached to the housing engages.
  • a gain 53 z. B. of the type shown in Fig. 26 is attached to the housing 14.
  • Figs. 29 and 30 tie in with Figs. 7 and 8; Reinforcements 52, 52 ', 72, 72', multi-ribbed and at the same time forming fastening flanges, are mounted on a sleeve 32 or on a mandrel 12 and consist simply of U-profile sections.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)

Abstract

1. Mandrel (1-13) and sleeve (21-32) for holding and transmission of a transverse force in only one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the hereof vertical situated cross direction as well as in longitudinal direction, for the connecting of construction units in building and below grade construction like roof purlins, base plates, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof together or with other construction units, for which the sleeve (21-32) in one of the construction units to be connected, the mandrel (1-13) in the other one have to be connected and fixed in such a manner, that the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) protrudes of the construction unit referred to on the mandrel (1-13) penetrates the sleeve (21-32) at which the mandrel (1-13) has on both sides a movement clearance only in the for holding or transmitting transverse force vertically standing cross direction in the sleeve (21-32), which is at least as big as by the different extensions and contractions between both of the construction units to be connected, occurring mutual displacements accross of mandrel and sleeve, and the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) outside in the area of the connecting part and at least over one of its external end neighbouring section is equipped with a reinforcement (41-53, 61-72), which at least in the plane vertical to the received or transmitted transverse force has a bigger surface than the section of the mandrel or the sleeve, covered by the reinforcement, and at which the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) under the effect of the transverse force is at least partly more elastic than the mandrel resp. the sleeve itself.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Dorn und eine Hülse für die Aufnahme und Übertragung einer Querkraft nur in einer Richtung und ihrer Gegenrichtung und für den Ausgleich von Schub in der hierzu senkrecht stehenden Querrichtung sowie in Längsrichtung, zur Verbindung von Bauteilen des Hoch- und Tiefbaues wie Dachplatten, Bodenplatten, Decken, Wänden, Stützen, Stützmauern oder von Teilen hiervon miteinander oder mit anderen Bauteilen, wofür die Hülse im einen der zu verbindenden Bauteile, der Dorn im anderen derart einzulassen und zu befestigen ist, daß der Dorn und/oder die Hülse aus dem betreffenden Bauteil vorsteht und der Dorn die Hülse durchdringt. Die Anwendung betrifft in erster Linie Bauteile aus Beton, ist aber auch bei anderen Bauteilen möglich.The invention relates to a mandrel and a sleeve for receiving and transmitting a transverse force only in one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the transverse direction perpendicular thereto and in the longitudinal direction, for connecting structural and civil engineering components such as roof panels, Floor slabs, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof with each other or with other components, for which the sleeve in one of the components to be connected, the mandrel in the other is to be inserted and fastened in such a way that the mandrel and / or the sleeve from the projecting component and the mandrel penetrates the sleeve. The application primarily concerns components made of concrete, but is also possible for other components.

Dorn und Hülse dienen bekanntlich dazu, Bauteile gegenseitig in ihrer Ebene zu fixieren, wozu Dorn und Hülse imstande sein müssen, in der zu dieser Ebene senkrechten Richtung erhebliche Querkräfte aufzunehmen, während andererseits der Dorn in der Hülse längs frei verschiebbar sein und bleiben muß, damit sich die Bauteile unter dem Einfluß wechselnder Temperaturen zwanglos in ihrer Ebene ausdehnen und zusammenziehen können. Daher müssen Dorn und Hülse korrosionsbeständig sein und es über die von Bauten geforderte lange Lebensdauer bleiben, weshalb sie meistens aus rostfreiem Stahl bestehen. Dessen sehr hohe spezifische Belastbarkeit wird vom umgebenden Beton bei weitem nicht erreicht, weshalb man bisher gezwungen war, Dorn und Hülse in unverhältnismäßig großer Anzahl einzulassen, um hierdurch die Betonbelastung in der Grenzschicht um die Dorne und Hülsen herum in zulässigen Grenzen zu halten. Dies bedeutet aber gleichzeitig mangelhafte Ausnutzung und Vergeudung des kostbaren, rar werdenden Materials, aus dem die Dorne und Hülsen bestehen, und Verschwendung von Arbeitszeit.As is well known, the mandrel and sleeve serve to fix components to one another in their plane, for which the mandrel and sleeve must be able to absorb considerable transverse forces in the direction perpendicular to this plane, while on the other hand the mandrel in the sleeve must be freely displaceable and remain longitudinally so that the components can expand and contract in their plane under the influence of changing temperatures. Therefore, the mandrel and sleeve must be corrosion-resistant and remain so for the long service life required by buildings, which is why they mostly consist of stainless steel. Its very high specific load-bearing capacity is far from being achieved by the surrounding concrete, which is why it has previously been forced to insert a disproportionate number of mandrels and sleeves in order to keep the concrete load in the boundary layer around the mandrels and sleeves within permissible limits. At the same time, however, this means inadequate use and waste of the precious, increasingly rare material from which the mandrels and sleeves are made, and waste of working time.

Damit benachbarte Bauteile hinreichend genau in ihrer Ebene fixiert werden und andererseits der Dorn in seiner Hülse längs frei verschiebbar ist, wählt man für den Dorn in der Hülse bekanntlich einen losen Schiebesitz mit weniger als 1 mm Gesamtspiel ringsum. Für ihre Verwendung mußte deshalb bisher vorausgesetzt werden, daß sich hiermit zu verbindende Bauteile in ihrer Ebene längs benachbarten Kanten nicht merklich verschieden ausdehnen und zusammenziehen ; wo dies mißachtet wurde, kam es zum Klemmen einiger der Dorne in ihren Hülsen und schließlich zum Ausbrechen des Betons zumindest auf einige Tiefe an der Bauteilkante. Verschieden große Ausdehnung längs benachbarten Kanten kann eintreten durch unterschiedliche Temperaturen oder unterschiedliches Material benachbarter Bauteile, insbesondere wenn deren Länge groß ist, ferner bei ihrer Herstellung, wenn diese nicht gleichzeitig oder unmittelbar nacheinander erfolgt, weil die Betonmörtelmischungen bei ihrem Abbinden und Aushärten einem Schrumpfungsprozeß unterliegen. Auf diese Umstände Rücksicht nehmen zu müssen, hat bisher eine Behinderung der Baukonstruktion mit sich gebracht und Kosten verursacht.So that neighboring components are fixed sufficiently precisely in their plane and, on the other hand, the mandrel in its sleeve can be freely moved longitudinally, it is known to choose a loose sliding seat with less than 1 mm total play all around for the mandrel in the sleeve. For their use, therefore, it had previously been assumed that components to be connected hereby did not expand and contract noticeably differently in their plane along adjacent edges; where this was disregarded, some of the mandrels were clamped in their sleeves and the concrete finally broke out to at least some depth on the edge of the component. Different degrees of expansion along adjacent edges can occur due to different temperatures or different material of adjacent components, especially if their length is long, and also during their manufacture, if this does not take place simultaneously or immediately after one another, because the concrete mortar mixtures are subject to a shrinking process when they set and harden. So far, having to take these circumstances into account has hindered the construction of the building and caused costs.

Zur Abhilfe sieht die Erfindung vor, daß der Dorn nut in der zur aufzunehmenden oder zu übertragenden Querkraft senkrecht stehenden Querrichtung in der Hülse einen beiderseitigen Bewegungsspielraum besitzt, welcher mindestens so groß ist wie die durch unterschiedliche Ausdehnung und Schrumpfung zwischen den beiden zu verbindenden Bauteilen auftretenden gegenseitigen Verschiebungen quer zur Achse des Dornes und der Hülse, daß der Dorn und/oder die Hülse außen im Bereich des einzulassenden Teils und mindestens über einen dessen äußerem Ende benachbarten Abschnitt mit einer Verstärkung versehen ist, welche mindestens in der zur aufgenommenen oder übertragenen Querkraft senkrechten Ebene eine größere Oberfläche aufweist als der durch die Verstärkung überdeckte Abschnitt des Dornes bzw. der Hülse, und daß die Verstärkung unter der Wirkung der Querkraft mindestens teilweise elastisch nachgiebiger ist als der Dorn bzw. die Hülse selber.To remedy this, the invention provides that the mandrel groove in the transverse direction perpendicular to the transverse force to be received or transmitted in the sleeve has a mutual freedom of movement which is at least as large as the mutual occurrence due to different expansion and contraction between the two components to be connected Displacements transversely to the axis of the mandrel and the sleeve, that the mandrel and / or the sleeve is provided on the outside in the region of the part to be let in and at least over a section adjacent to its outer end with a reinforcement which is at least in the plane perpendicular to the absorbed or transmitted transverse force has a larger surface than the section of the mandrel or sleeve covered by the reinforcement, and that the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or sleeve itself under the action of the transverse force.

Während es hier darum geht, zwei Bauteile, z. B. mit ihren Kanten aneinander angrenzende Betonplatten, mittels dort eingefügten Dornen und Hülsen in ihrer Ebene gegenseitig zu fixieren, dient der Gegenstand der Schweizer Patentschrift 596397 einer grundsätzlich anderen Aufgabe, nämlich aufeinanderliegende Bauteile wie z. B. Untergrund und Belagsplatten derart zu verbinden, daß letztere auf dem Untergrund in allen Querrichtungen elastisch verschieblich sind, wozu dort zwischen den verbindenden Dornen und Hülsen weichelastische Elemente aus Gummi od. dgl. mit Aussparungen eingefügt sind ; dies soll die Übertragung von Erschütterungen und Schall auf den Untergrund vermindern. Im Gegensatz hierzu sind die beim Gegenstand der Erfindung zuvor « Verstärkung » genannten Elemente zwischen Dorn bzw. Hülse und Bauteil eingefügt, und sie sollten im Hinblick auf die ganz andere Aufgabe der Fixierung der Bauteile in ihrer Ebene sowie der Verminderung der spezifischen Betonbelastung zweckmäßigerweise nicht dermaßen weichelastisch sein ; sonst würden sie in ihrem Bereich fast keine Kräfte auf den Bauteil übertragen und diese auf die restliche Einbaulänge von Dorn und Hülse konzentrieren.While this is about two components, e.g. B. with their edges adjacent concrete slabs to fix each other in their plane by means of thorns and sleeves inserted there, the subject of Swiss Patent 596397 serves a fundamentally different task, namely superimposed components such. B. to connect the substrate and covering plates in such a way that the latter are elastically displaceable in all transverse directions on the substrate, for which purpose elastic elements made of rubber or the like are inserted between the connecting spikes and sleeves. this is to reduce the transmission of vibrations and sound to the ground. In contrast to this, the elements previously referred to as “reinforcement” in the subject matter of the invention are inserted between the mandrel or sleeve and the component, and they should expediently not be given such a degree in view of the completely different task of fixing the components in their plane and reducing the specific concrete load be flexible; otherwise they would transmit almost no forces to the component in their area and concentrate them on the remaining installation length of mandrel and sleeve.

Derartige Verstärkungen sind auch in der europäischen Patentanmeldung 0 032 105 - dieses Dokument bildet den einschlägigen Stand der Technik, fällt jedoch unter Artikel 54(3) EPÜ - beschrieben, wo jedoch der Dorn in der Hülse in keiner Querrichtung einen Bewegungsspielraum besitzt. Sind die Bauteile nicht anderweitig, z. B. durch Stehen auf einem gemeinsamen Fundament, gegenseitig schon festgelegt, so wird man solche Dorne und Hülsen zweckmäßigerweise zwischen zwei ausgedehnten Bauteilen in deren Mitte vorsehen, nach deren Enden hin jedoch Dorne und Hülsen gemäß der Erfindung ; dies macht die Mitten der Bauteile längs ihrer Trennfuge gegenseitig unverschieblich und berücksichtigt zugleich unterschiedliche Wärmeausdehnungen.Such reinforcements are also described in European patent application 0 032 105 - this document constitutes the relevant prior art, but falls under Article 54 (3) EPC - where, however, the mandrel in the sleeve has no freedom of movement in any transverse direction. Are the components not otherwise, e.g. B. by standing on a common foundation, mutually determined, so one becomes provide such mandrels and sleeves expediently between two extended components in the middle, but towards the ends of mandrels and sleeves according to the invention; this makes the centers of the components mutually immovable along their parting line and at the same time takes into account different thermal expansions.

Der seitliche Bewegungsspielraum des Dornes in der Hülse, der sich nach ihrem Einbau demnach in der Bauteilebene in der Richtung der zu verbindenden benachbarten Bauteilkanten erstreckt, in der Richtung also, in der gegenseitige Verschiebungen durch unterschiedliche Ausdehnung der Bauteile vorkommen können, kann auf jeder Seite z. B. 10 bis 15 mm betragen, um den meisten praktisch vorkommenden Verhältnissen Rechnung zu tragen. Bei sehr ausgedehnten Bauteilen kann man entsprechend große gegenseitige Verschiebungen dadurch vermeiden, daß man sie gegeneinander unverschiebbar in ihrer Mitte festlegt, z. B. durch bekannte Dorne und Hülsen ohne derartigen Bewegungsspielraum, während man von da aus nach den Enden hin Dorne und Hülsen der neuen Art mit gegenseitigem Bewegungsspielraum in dieser Richtung vorsieht.The lateral freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve, which therefore extends after its installation in the component plane in the direction of the adjacent component edges to be connected, in the direction in which mutual displacements can occur due to different expansion of the components, can be on each side, for . B. 10 to 15 mm to take into account most practical conditions. In the case of very large components, correspondingly large mutual displacements can be avoided by fixing them against each other in the middle, e.g. B. by known mandrels and sleeves without such freedom of movement, while from there towards the ends mandrels and sleeves of the new type with mutual freedom of movement in this direction.

Der Bewegungsspielraum erstreckt sich vorzugsweise über die gesamte Länge des in die Hülse eintauchenden Dornabschnittes : Daneben wäre eine Variante hiervon immerhin in Erwägung zu ziehen, bei welcher der Dorn zwar im äußeren Teil der Hülse, nicht jedoch an seinem Ende in der Hülse den Bewegungsspielraum hat und in dessen Richtung - zumindest nahe seinem Ende in der Hülse - ein erheblich kleineres Widerstandsmoment als senkrecht hierzu aufweist, bei gegenseitiger Verschiebung der Bauteile dort also gebogen wird, wobei die Biegung zweckmäßigerweise im elastischen Bereich bleibt. Die Verwirklichung könnte u. a. darin bestehen, daß der Dorn an seinem Ende eine Blattfeder trägt, mit der er am Ende der Hülse eingehängt wird.The range of motion preferably extends over the entire length of the mandrel section immersed in the sleeve: in addition, a variant of this would still be considered, in which the mandrel has the freedom of movement in the outer part of the sleeve but not at its end in the sleeve and in its direction - at least near its end in the sleeve - has a considerably smaller section modulus than perpendicular to it, ie when the components are mutually displaced, it is bent there, the bend expediently remaining in the elastic range. The realization could a. consist in that the mandrel carries at its end a leaf spring with which it is hung at the end of the sleeve.

Wirkt eine Querkraft senkrecht zur Ebene der Bauteile auf den vorstehenden Teil des Dornes, so verteilt sich die Beton-Belastung nicht etwa gleichmäßig über seinen eingelassenen Teil ; nahe dem inneren Ende ist sie gering, nahe der Bauteilkante steigt sie stark an mit einer steilen Spitze an der Bauteilkante, während sie dazwischen sogar negativ ist, also in der Gegenrichtung auftritt. Bei der Hülse tritt eine ähnliche Belastungsverteilung auf, nur ist der negative Abschnitt nicht so ausgeprägt, weil die Querkraft nicht außerhalb, sondern in der Hülse noch im Bereich des umgebenden Betons angreift. Diese Belastungsverteilungen sind ausgesprochen ungünstig, denn sie streben danach, die Bauteile zu spalten, und vor allem bewirkt die steile Belastungsspitze an der Bauteilkante, daß dort sehr leicht die zulässige Beanspruchung des Betons überschritten wird und er dort dann ausbricht, bzw. mit Rücksicht hierauf mußte bisher eine unverhältnismäßig große Anzahl von Dornen und Hülsen eingelassen werden, während man längst erkannt hatte, daß eine Vergrößerung des Durchmessers von Dorn und Hülse zu noch schlechterer Materialausnutzung führen würde und sich zudem meistens im Hinblick auf die begrenzte Dicke der Bauteile verbietet, die im Kantenbereich durch allzu dicke Dorne und Hülsen unzulässig geschwächt würden.If a transverse force acts perpendicular to the level of the components on the protruding part of the mandrel, the concrete load is not distributed evenly over its embedded part; near the inner end it is small, near the component edge it rises sharply with a steep peak at the component edge, while in between it is even negative, i.e. occurs in the opposite direction. A similar load distribution occurs with the sleeve, only the negative section is not so pronounced because the transverse force does not act outside but in the area of the surrounding concrete in the sleeve. These load distributions are extremely unfavorable because they strive to split the components, and above all the steep load peak at the component edge means that the permissible stress on the concrete is very easily exceeded there and it then breaks out, or had to be considered So far, a disproportionately large number of mandrels and sleeves have been let in, while it had long been recognized that an increase in the diameter of the mandrel and sleeve would lead to even poorer material utilization and, moreover, is mostly forbidden in view of the limited thickness of the components in the edge area would be unduly weakened by excessively thick mandrels and sleeves.

Die naheliegendste, aber nicht die einzige Wirkung der Verstärkung gemäß der Erfindung besteht nun darin, daß sie gerade dort, wo die größte Belastung auftritt, die die Kraft übertragende Fläche erheblich vergrößert, also die spezifische Belastung des Betons vermindert, wozu sie nur den Bereich des Belastungsanstieges nahe der Bauteilkante, also nur einen relativ kurzen Abschnitt des Dornes oder der Hülse zu überdecken braucht.The most obvious, but not the only, effect of the reinforcement according to the invention is that it increases the force-transmitting area precisely where the greatest load occurs, thus reducing the specific load on the concrete, which is why it only affects the area of the concrete Load increase near the component edge, so only needs to cover a relatively short section of the mandrel or the sleeve.

Bei dem Dorn und der Hülse gemäß der Erfindung genügt es, wenn sich die Verstärkung nur parallel der Bauteilebene, d. h. senkrecht zu der Richtung erstreckt, in welcher der Dorn und die Hülse Querkräfte aufzunehmen oder zu übertragen vermögen ; aber es bedeutet keinen Nachteil, wenn die Verstärkung z. B. aus fabrikatorischen Gründen auch in anderen Richtungen eine gewisse Ausdehnung besitzt.In the mandrel and the sleeve according to the invention it is sufficient if the reinforcement is only parallel to the component plane, i. H. extends perpendicular to the direction in which the mandrel and the sleeve can absorb or transmit transverse forces; but it does not mean a disadvantage if the gain z. B. has a certain extent in other directions for manufacturing reasons.

Die Verstärkung. braucht nicht aus dem gleichen kostspieligen Material wie Dorn und Hülse zu bestehen ; vor Korrosion wird sie durch Einbetonieren geschützt, und eine Forderung bleibender Gleitfähigkeit wie bei Dorn und Hülse besteht bei der Verstärkung nicht.The reinforcement. need not be made of the same expensive material as the mandrel and sleeve; it is protected against corrosion by concreting in, and there is no requirement for permanent lubricity as with the mandrel and sleeve in the reinforcement.

Wesentlich für Wert und Bedeutung der Erfindung ist die Kombination mit dem weiteren Merkmal, wonach die Verstärkung mindestens teilweise elastisch nachgiebiger als der Dorn bzw. die Hülse selber ist. Erst hierdurch wird es möglich, die maximale spezifische Belastung des Betons im kritischen, der Bauteilkante benachbarten Bereich wesentlich zu vermindern, sogar weit mehr als der Oberflächenvergrößerung entsprechend, und insbesondere die Belastungsspitze unmittelbar an der Bauteilkante gänzlich abzubauen, während andererseits hierdurch auch die zwischen Verstärkung und Dorn bzw. Hülse auftretende Belastung wesentlich vergleichmäßigt und vermindert wird, so daß an die Festigkeitseigenschaften des für die Verstärkung zu verwendenden Materials keine besonders hohen Anforderungen gestellt werden müssen und sogar manche Kunststoffe dem genügen, die heute bereits in einiger Auswahl mit verschiedenen, für den vorliegenden Zweck wertvollen Eigenschaften verfügbar sind und sich auf einfache Weise auf dem Dorn oder auf der Hülse befestigen oder um diese gießen lassen. Geeignete Formgebung vermag aber auch Verstärkungen aus einem metallischen Werkstoff hinreichend nachgiebig zu gestalten.What is essential for the value and importance of the invention is the combination with the further feature that the reinforcement is at least partially elastically more flexible than the mandrel or the sleeve itself. This is the only way to significantly reduce the maximum specific load on the concrete in the critical area adjacent to the component edge, even far more than the increase in surface area, and in particular to completely reduce the load peak directly at the component edge, while also reducing the difference between reinforcement and Mandrel or sleeve occurring load is substantially evened out and reduced, so that the strength properties of the material to be used for the reinforcement do not have to be particularly high requirements and even some plastics are sufficient, which are already in some selection with different ones for the present Valuable properties are available for the purpose and can be easily attached to or cast around the mandrel or sleeve. Suitable shaping can also make reinforcements made of a metallic material sufficiently flexible.

Der Effekt läßt sich durch den folgenden Vergleich veranschaulichen : Auf einem Lattenrost oder auf einem Drahtgitter zu schlafen, ist nicht besonders komfortabel, weil die spezifische Belastung stellenweise zu groß ist ; Zwischenfügen einer elastisch nachgiebigen Schicht namens Matratze vermag diesen Übelstand zu beheben. Der Vergleich hinkt aber, weil, im Gegensatz zum Beton, die Körperoberfläche selber elastisch nachgiebig ist. Beim Beton genügt ein Einfedern der Verstärkungen um einen kleinen Millimeterbruchteil, um die Belastung zu vergleichmäßigen und Belastungsspitzen abzubauen, und dies ist auch mit metallischen Verstärkungen erreichbar, die also nicht etwa dermaßen elastisch sein müssen, daß sie auf Druck zwischen zwei Fingern durchfedern. Eine geeignete Dimensionierung läßt sich anhand bekannter Ansätze leicht berechnen oder durch Versuche ermitteln.The effect can be illustrated by the following comparison: Sleeping on a slatted frame or on a wire mesh is not particularly comfortable because the specific load is sometimes too great; Interpose an elastic layer called Mattress can solve this problem. The comparison, however, limps because, in contrast to concrete, the body surface itself is flexible. In the case of concrete, compression of the reinforcements by a small fraction of a millimeter is sufficient to equalize the load and reduce stress peaks, and this can also be achieved with metallic reinforcements, which do not have to be so elastic that they spring under pressure between two fingers. A suitable dimensioning can easily be calculated using known approaches or determined by experiments.

Die Erfindung schließt auch die Möglichkeit ein, die Verstärkung nur auf dem Dorn oder nur auf der Hülse vorzusehen. Dies kommt dann in Betracht, wenn die beiden betreffenden Bauteile aus Stoffen mit sehr verschiedenen Festigkeitseigenschaften bestehen ; die Verstärkung wird man dann in dem Bauteil mit geringerer spezifischer Belastbarkeit seines Materials anordnen.The invention also includes the possibility of providing the reinforcement only on the mandrel or only on the sleeve. This is considered when the two components in question consist of substances with very different strength properties; the reinforcement will then be arranged in the component with a lower specific load capacity of its material.

Der Bewegungsspielraum des Dornes in der Hülse quer zur Kraftrichtung bedingt, daß die Bohrung der Hülse in dieser Richtung beiderseits von ebenen Flächen begrenzt sein muß. Sieht man dies auch für den Dorn vor, so ergibt sich ein Minimum der spezifischen Belastung (Flächenpressung) zwischen Dorn und Hülse. Es ist daher vorteilhaft, wenn der Innenraum der Hülse einen über ihre Länge gleichbleibenden rechteckigen Querschnitt besitzt und der Dorn wenigstens dort, wo er in die Hülse hineinragt, einen rechteckigen oder einen einem Rechteck einbeschriebenen Querschnitt besitzt, wozu anzumerken ist, daß auch ein Quadrat ein Rechteck ist.The freedom of movement of the mandrel in the sleeve transverse to the direction of force means that the bore of the sleeve in this direction must be limited on both sides by flat surfaces. If this is also provided for the mandrel, there is a minimum of the specific load (surface pressure) between the mandrel and the sleeve. It is therefore advantageous if the interior of the sleeve has a rectangular cross-section that is constant over its length and the mandrel has a rectangular or a cross-section inscribed at least where it protrudes into the sleeve, and it should be noted that a square is also used Is rectangle.

Ein einem Rechteck einbeschriebener Querschnitt findet sich z. B. beim Doppel-T-Profil. Der Dorn besitzt hiermit in der Richtung, in der er die Querkraft aufzunehmen oder zu übertragen hat, ein größeres Widerstandsmoment als senkrecht hierzu. Auch ein Dorn mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, dessen längere Seiten in Kraftrichtung verlaufen, besitzt diese das Material besser ausnutzende Eigenschaft. Man kann hierdurch Material sparen oder ohne erheblichen Materialaufwand Dorne mit sehr großem Widerstandsmoment in der Kraftrichtung erzielen, wie sie vor allem dann von Bedeutung sind, wenn sie einen relativ großen Abstand zwischen den Bauteilen überbrücken müssen. Dies kommt z. B. bei der Befestigung von Balkons vor, wenn an der Hauswand zwischen Mauerwerk und Verputz eine etwa 10cm dicke Isolierschicht eingefügt ist. Eine solche Formgebung für den Dorn kommt natürlich ebenso auch dann in Betracht, wenn für ihn kein seitlicher Bewegungsspielraum in der Hülse, wohl aber in der einen Richtung weit überwiegende Querkräfte vorgesehen sind.A cross-section inscribed in a rectangle is found e.g. B. in the double-T profile. The mandrel thus has a greater section modulus in the direction in which it has to absorb or transmit the transverse force than perpendicular to it. A mandrel with a rectangular cross-section, the longer sides of which extend in the direction of the force, also has a better use of the material. In this way, material can be saved or mandrels with a very high section modulus in the direction of force can be obtained without considerable material expenditure, as are particularly important if they have to bridge a relatively large distance between the components. This comes e.g. B. when fixing balconies, if an approximately 10cm thick insulating layer is inserted on the house wall between masonry and plaster. Such a shape for the mandrel is of course also considered if there is no lateral freedom of movement in the sleeve, but transverse forces which are far predominant in one direction are provided.

Damit der Dorn in der Hülse trotz seines seitlichen Bewegungsspielraumes in dieser beim Einbau sich zentriert und bis zum Erhärten des Mörtels zentriert bleibt, ist es zweckmäßig, den beiderseitigen Bewegungsspielraum mit Beilagen aus Schaumstoff auszufüllen. Hierzu kann man Schaumstoffstreifen in die Hülse einkleben oder Streifen aus Hartschaum in sie einschieben. Geeignete Schaumstoffe und Hartschäume lassen sich auf ein sehr kleines Restvolumen zusammendrücken und bewirken daher praktisch keine Verminderung des Bewegungsspielraumes.So that the mandrel in the sleeve, despite its lateral freedom of movement, is centered during installation and remains centered until the mortar has hardened, it is advisable to fill the mutual freedom of movement with foam inserts. To do this, you can glue foam strips into the sleeve or insert strips of hard foam into them. Suitable foams and rigid foams can be compressed to a very small residual volume and therefore practically do not reduce the freedom of movement.

Zwar besitzt der Dorn in der Kraftrichtung ein nur geringes Spiel in der Hülse, so daß er sich darin nur wenig verkanten kann, doch genügte die kleinste Verkantung beim Einbau, damit sich die Kraft nicht mehr auf die ganze Fläche verteilt. sondern nur noch auf die anliegende Kante wirkt. Zwar ist zu erwarten, daß sich der Dorn - sofern er an zweiter Stelle eingebaut wird, sonst gilt dies für die Hülse - dank seines Gewichts mit der die Kraft übertragenden Fläche in der Hülsenbohrung satt anlegen wird, aber dies trifft nur dann zu, wenn diese Fläche horizontal anstatt vertikal verläuft ; ferner sind Einwirkungen seitens des Mörtels beim Erhärten evtl. nicht ganz auszuschließen, weil dieser keine homogene Masse darstellt. Will man Bedenken dieser Art begegnen, so kann man den Dorn so weit, wie er einzulassen ist, mit einem Gehäuse umgeben, in dem er drehbar gelagert ist ; die Verstärkung wird dann auf dem Gehäuse angebracht. Der Dorn dreht sich dann auch später, nach dem Einbau, unter der Wirkung der Querkraft ohne weiteres in die Lage entsprechend sattem Anliegen in der Hülse.Although the mandrel has only a small amount of play in the sleeve in the direction of force, so that it can only tilt slightly in it, the slightest tilt was sufficient during installation so that the force is no longer distributed over the entire surface. but only acts on the adjacent edge. Although it can be expected that the mandrel - if it is installed in a second position, otherwise this applies to the sleeve - thanks to its weight will fit snugly with the force-transmitting surface in the sleeve bore, but this only applies if this Surface is horizontal instead of vertical; furthermore, influences from the mortar during hardening may not be completely excluded because it does not represent a homogeneous mass. If you want to address concerns of this kind, you can surround the mandrel as far as it can be inserted with a housing in which it is rotatably mounted; the reinforcement is then attached to the housing. The mandrel then rotates later, after installation, under the action of the transverse force without further ado in the position corresponding to the tight contact in the sleeve.

Die Verstärkung, die sich im Hinblick auf die hier eindeutig vorgegebene Kraftrichtung nur quer zu dieser zu erstrecken braucht, so daß der Vorteil einer nur minimalen Schwächung des Bauteils gegeben ist, besteht im einfachsten Falle aus je einem Flügel beiderseits am Dorn oder an der Hülse oder aus einer Platte darüber oder darunter. Im letzteren Falle ist die Befestigung einfacher zu bewerkstelligen, wenn die Verstärkung aus einem metallischen Werkstoff besteht, z. B. durch Punktschweißen. Auch zwei Flügel auf jeder Seite oder je eine Platte darüber und darunter kommen in Betracht und verteilen die Kraft bei gleicher Ausladung auf mehr Fläche. Die Verstärkung kann aber auch außen kubisch, zylindrisch, kegelstumpfförmig, pyramidenstumpfförmig oder mit Rippen versehen sein und den von ihr überdeckten Dorn- oder Hülsenabschnitt ganz oder teilweise umgeben. Kegelstumpf- und pyramidenstumpfförmige Verstärkungen ordnet man im Hinblick auf das Belastungsmaximum an der Bauteilkante so an, daß sich dort ihre größte Ausladung befindet, sofern man optimale Materialausnutzung anstrebt.The reinforcement, which only has to extend transversely to the direction of force given here with regard to the direction of force clearly specified here, so that the advantage of only minimal weakening of the component is given, in the simplest case consists of a wing on either side of the mandrel or on the sleeve or from a plate above or below. In the latter case, the attachment is easier to accomplish if the reinforcement consists of a metallic material, e.g. B. by spot welding. Two wings on each side or one plate above and below are also possible and distribute the power over the same area with the same projection. The reinforcement can also be cubic, cylindrical, frustoconical, truncated pyramid or provided with ribs on the outside and completely or partially surround the mandrel or sleeve section covered by it. Truncated cone and truncated pyramid-shaped reinforcements are arranged with regard to the maximum load at the component edge in such a way that their greatest projection is there, provided that the material is used optimally.

Die Verstärkung kann einheitlich aus Metall oder aus einem elastischen Material z. B. in Form von Kunststoff mit oder ohne Füllmittel oder von Mörtel auf Zementbasis mit oder ohne Kunststoff bestehen oder aus verschiedenen solchen Werkstoffen aufgebaut sein, z. B. indem der Dorn bzw. die Hülse eine metallische Verstärkung trägt, die mit dem elastischen Material belegt ist, oder indem sie unter einer Verstärkung aus elastischem Material eine Verdickung aufweisen, die dann nicht besonders nachgiebig zu sein braucht. Zur Befestigung der Verstärkung auf dem Dorn oder der Hülse kommen, neben dem Schweißen bei Metallen, verschiedene bekannte Technologien in Betracht, u. a. das Kleben, und Kunststoffe wie Epoxydharz mit Härter und Füllmittel kann man um den Dorn oder die Hülse auch gießen.The reinforcement can be made of metal or an elastic material such. B. in the form of plastic with or without filler or cement-based mortar with or without plastic or made of various such materials, for. B. by the mandrel or the sleeve carries a metallic reinforcement, which is covered with the elastic material, or by having a thickening under a reinforcement made of elastic material, which then does not need to be particularly flexible. To attach the reinforcement to the mandrel or sleeve come next to the Welding with metals, various known technologies, including gluing, and plastics such as epoxy resin with hardener and filler can also be cast around the mandrel or sleeve.

Weil die Querbelastung grundsätzlich anschließend ans äußere Ende des eingelassenen Teils von Dorn und Hülse am größten ist und dann weiter hinten stark abnimmt, hätte es keinen Zweck, Dorn und Hülse unverhältnismäßig tief einzulassen und entsprechend lang auszuführen ; die Belastung würde dann nicht mehr über eine größere Länge verteilt, und es entstünde unnützer Aufwand an teurem Material. Versuche unter den verschiedensten Bedingungen haben gezeigt, daß die Länge des einzulassenden Teils von Dorn und Hülse dann optimal bemessen ist, wenn sie ungefähr gleich dem Siebenfachen des Dorndurchmessers ist. Die optimale Länge der Verstärkung läßt sich nicht einfach im Verhältnis zum Dorndurchmesser angeben, weil hierfür auch die übrigen Abmessungen, die Form und die Materialeigenschaften der Verstärkung selber eine Rolle spielen ; bei üblichen Dorndurchmessern und verschiedenen geeigneten Verstärkungen ergaben Versuche eine optimale Länge von 5 bis 11 cm, was im übrigen um so weniger kritisch ist, je besser das Merkmal der Nachgiebigkeit erfüllt ist. Bei diesen Angaben beziehen sich die kleineren Werte auf die Hülsen und ihre Verstärkungen, was damit zusammenhängen dürfte, daß die Hülsen gemäß der Erfindung quer zur Kraftrichtung selber schon erheblich breiter sind als die Dorne.Because the transverse load is generally greatest at the outer end of the recessed part of the mandrel and sleeve and then decreases sharply further to the rear, there would be no purpose in inserting the mandrel and sleeve disproportionately deep and making them correspondingly long; the load would then no longer be distributed over a greater length, and there would be unnecessary expenditure of expensive material. Experiments under the most varied conditions have shown that the length of the part of the mandrel and sleeve to be let in is optimally dimensioned when it is approximately equal to seven times the mandrel diameter. The optimal length of the reinforcement cannot simply be stated in relation to the mandrel diameter, because the other dimensions, the shape and the material properties of the reinforcement itself play a role in this; with conventional mandrel diameters and various suitable reinforcements, tests have shown an optimal length of 5 to 11 cm, which, moreover, the less critical the better the feature of compliance is fulfilled. With this information, the smaller values relate to the sleeves and their reinforcements, which should be connected with the fact that the sleeves according to the invention are themselves considerably wider than the mandrels transverse to the direction of force.

Auf der Verstärkung des Dornes oder auf der Hülse kann am äußeren Ende des einzulassenden Teils ein Befestigungsflansch angebracht sein, der im Baufach « Nagelplatte » genannt wird. In diesem Zusammenhang erscheint es angebracht, auf den Einbau des Dornes und der Hülse einzugehen, zumal deren Gestaltung hierdurch mitbestimmt ist ; hierfür sei angenommen, daß die in einem ersten Bauteil an seiner Kante einzulassenden Hülsen je einen Befestigungsflansch tragen, und daß in einem zweiten, benachbarten Bauteil die entsprechenden Dorne einzulassen sind. Man stellt die Verschalung des ersten Bauteils her, nagelt die Hülsen an den vorgesehenen Stellen mit ihren Befestigungsflanschen von innen gegen die Verschalung, bringt ggf. die Armierung und sodann den Betonmörtel ein und entfernt nach dessen Abbinden die Verschalung. Dann steckt man die zugehörigen Dorne in die einbetonierten Hülsen, stellt Fugenisolation und Verschalung für den zweiten Bauteil her, bringt ggf. die Armierung und sodann den Betonmörtel ein und entfernt nach dessen Abbinden die Verschalung. Schließt sich an den zweiten Bauteil ein weiterer, mit Dornen und Hülsen zu verbindender Bauteil an, so bringt man in der diesem benachbarten Verschalungsseite des zweiten Bauteils die vorgesehenen Hülsen wie zuvor beschrieben an, und das Einbauverfahren setzt sich entsprechend fort.On the reinforcement of the mandrel or on the sleeve, a fastening flange can be attached to the outer end of the part to be let in, which is called "nail plate" in construction. In this context, it seems appropriate to go into the installation of the mandrel and the sleeve, especially since their design is thereby determined; for this it is assumed that the sleeves to be let in at the edge in a first component each carry a fastening flange and that the corresponding mandrels are to be let in in a second, adjacent component. The formwork of the first component is produced, the sleeves are nailed to the intended positions with their fastening flanges from the inside against the formwork, if necessary the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar are inserted and the formwork is removed after it has set. Then you insert the associated mandrels into the concreted-in sleeves, create joint insulation and formwork for the second component, if necessary bring in the reinforcement and then the concrete mortar and remove the formwork after it has set. If a further component to be connected with mandrels and sleeves is connected to the second component, the sleeves provided are attached to the adjacent formwork side of the second component as described above, and the installation process continues accordingly.

Wieviele Dorne und Hülsen einzubauen bzw. in welchen Abständen sie anzuordnen sind, dies anhand der Belastung und des Fugenspiels jeweils zu entscheiden, ist Sache der Baustatiker. Dagegen kann hier die Regel angegeben werden, daß die Betonschicht-Dicke rings um den Dorn oder die Hülse mindestens viermal so groß wie der Dorndurchmesser sein soll. Muß dieser Wert unterschritten werden, so empfiehlt es sich, zur Verteilung der Beton-Beanspruchung über einen größeren Abschnitt, vorbeugend gegen Aufspalten und Ausbrechen des Bauteils an seiner Kante, eine Stützarmierung einzubauen.How many mandrels and sleeves to install or at what intervals they should be arranged to decide this based on the load and the gap play is a matter for the structural engineer. On the other hand, the rule can be given here that the concrete layer thickness around the mandrel or sleeve should be at least four times as large as the mandrel diameter. If this value has to be fallen short of, it is advisable to install a support reinforcement to distribute the concrete stress over a larger section, as a precaution against splitting and breaking out of the component on its edge.

Damit Zementmilch und andere Fremdkörper nicht eindringen können, ist es zweckmäßig, wenn die äußere Öffnung der Hülse oder des Befestigungsflansches eine nach dem Einbau leicht entfernbare Abdeckung aufweist, z. B. eine aufgeklebte Folie, und wenn die Hülsenbohrung am anderen Ende verschlossen ist.So that cement milk and other foreign bodies cannot penetrate, it is expedient if the outer opening of the sleeve or of the fastening flange has a cover which can be easily removed after installation, for. B. a glued film, and when the sleeve bore is closed at the other end.

Im Rahmen des Erfindungsgedankens besteht auch die Möglichkeit, in beiden zu verbindenden Bauteilen je eine Hülse von der neuen Art einzulassen und den Dorn dazwischen einzustecken. Er hat dann in jeder der beiden Hülsen einen seitlichen Bewegungsspielraum senkrecht zur Querkraftrichtung, was diesen gegenüber der vorstehend beschriebenen Anordnung mit dem Dorn im einen und der Hülse im anderen Bauteil ungefähr verdoppelt, wenn die Bohrungen der Hülsen dieselbe Breite besitzen. Man kann die Anordnung mit zwei Hülsen aber auch dazu benutzen, sie senkrecht zur Querkraftrichtung schmaler auszuführen und damit denselben Bewegungsspielraum des Dornes zu erzielen wie mit einer breiten Hülse.Within the scope of the inventive concept, there is also the possibility of inserting a sleeve of the new type in each of the components to be connected and inserting the mandrel in between. He then has in each of the two sleeves a lateral range of motion perpendicular to the transverse force direction, which roughly doubles this compared to the arrangement described above with the mandrel in one and the sleeve in the other component if the holes of the sleeves have the same width. However, the arrangement with two sleeves can also be used to make it narrower perpendicular to the transverse force direction and thus to achieve the same freedom of movement of the mandrel as with a wide sleeve.

Auch die Möglichkeit, den Dorn an seinem Ende in der Hülse festzulegen, liegt im Rahmen des Erfindungsgedankens. Der Dorn ist dann innerhalb seines Bewegungsspielraumes elastisch nachgiebig und wirkt gegenseitigen Verschiebungen der Bauteile in dieser Richtung mit einer den Verschiebungen proportionalen Kraft entgegen.The possibility of fixing the mandrel at its end in the sleeve is also within the scope of the inventive concept. The mandrel is then elastically flexible within its range of motion and counteracts mutual displacements of the components in this direction with a force proportional to the displacements.

Anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen, Fig. 1 bis 30, werden nun einige Ausführungsbeispiele des Erfindungsgegenstandes beschrieben.Some exemplary embodiments of the subject matter of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, FIGS. 1 to 30.

Ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel ist in Fig. 1 bis 6 dargestellt, mit Fig. 1, 2 und 5 für die Hülse in Seiten-, Front- und perspektivischer Ansicht, und mit Fig.3, 4 und 6 entsprechend für den Dorn. Eine Hülse 21, hinten verschlossen mit einem Deckel 21', trägt oben und unten je eine plattenförmige Verstärkung 61 und 61', die einander gleichen, sowie einen zweiteiligen Befestigungsflansch 17, 17'; mit K ist die Lage der Bauteilkante für den Einbau angedeutet, und 19 bezeichnet Schaumstoffbeilagen zur Zentrierung des Dornes beim Einbau. Ein zugehöriger Dorn 1 von quadratischem Querschnitt trägt oben und unten je eine plattenförmige Verstärkung 41 und 41', die einander gleichen. Die Kanten der Verstärkungen 41, 41', 61, 61' könnten auch abgerundet oder abgeschrägt ausgeführt sein, damit im Beton der Übergang von belastetem zu unbelastetem Querschnitt sanfter erfolgt und der beiderseits zwischen die plattenförmigen Verstärkungen eingedrungene Beton geringerer Beanspruchung auf Abscheren ausgesetzt ist.A first embodiment is shown in Fig. 1 to 6, with Fig. 1, 2 and 5 for the sleeve in side, front and perspective view, and with Fig. 3, 4 and 6 accordingly for the mandrel. A sleeve 21, closed at the rear with a cover 21 ', carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 61 and 61', which are identical to one another, at the top and bottom, and a two-part fastening flange 17, 17 '; K indicates the position of the component edge for installation, and 19 denotes foam inserts for centering the mandrel during installation. An associated mandrel 1 of square cross section carries a plate-shaped reinforcement 41 and 41 'at the top and bottom, which are identical to one another. The edges of the reinforcements 41, 41 ', 61, 61' could also be rounded or chamfered so that the transition from loaded to unloaded cross-section takes place more gently in the concrete and that at on the other hand, concrete that has penetrated between the plate-shaped reinforcements is exposed to less stress due to shearing.

Fig. 6a und 6b veranschaulichen Alternativen zu dem in Fig. dargestellten Dorn hinsichtlich Ausbildung seiner Verstärkungen. Die Verstärkungen 41 b, 41 b' sind an der Bauteilkante, wo das Belastungsmaximum auftritt, breiter. Theoretisch weniger gut mag die Verbreiterung der Verstärkungen 41a, 41a' am entgegengesetzten Ende sein ; immerhin trägt diese Verbreiterung auch noch etwas zur Beton-Entlastung an der Bauteilkante bei. Im Beton eingelassene Teile müssen nicht immer mit einer Verankerung versehen sein, damit sie sich nicht herausziehen lassen. Wegen der Härtungsschrumpfung des Betons werden eingelassene Teile jedoch ringsum sehr fest eingespannt.6a and 6b illustrate alternatives to the mandrel shown in Fig. With regard to the formation of its reinforcements. The reinforcements 41b, 41b 'are wider at the component edge where the maximum load occurs. The widening of the reinforcements 41a, 41a 'at the opposite end may theoretically be less good; after all, this widening also contributes somewhat to the relief of concrete on the edge of the component. Parts embedded in concrete do not always have to be anchored so that they cannot be pulled out. However, due to the hardening shrinkage of the concrete, embedded parts are clamped very tight all around.

Fig. 7 unterscheidet sich von Fig. 5 nur dadurch, daß Verstärkungen und Befestigungsflanschteile zu Einheiten 62, 62' zusammengefaßt sind und aus je einem Stück Winkelprofil an einer Hülse 22 bestehen ; Fig. 8 zeigt das Entsprechende mit Winkelprofilen 42, 42' an einem zugehörigen Dorn 2.Fig. 7 differs from Fig. 5 only in that reinforcements and fastening flange parts are combined to form units 62, 62 'and each consist of a piece of angular profile on a sleeve 22; 8 shows the corresponding with angle profiles 42, 42 'on an associated mandrel 2.

Auf dem zweiten Zeichnungsblatt sind jeweils Dorne 3 bis 10 und zugehörige Hülsen 23 bis 30 übereinander in Frontansicht für weitere Ausführungsformen dargestellt, wobei es in erster Linie um verschieden ausgebildete Verstärkungen geht.On the second drawing sheet, mandrels 3 to 10 and associated sleeves 23 to 30 are shown one above the other in a front view for further embodiments, the primary concern being differently designed reinforcements.

In Fig. 9 und 10 sind Verstärkungen 43, 43', 63, 63' nach innen zu stark abgeschrägt, was dem nach dem Einbau dazwischen befindlichen Beton einen größeren Übergangsquerschnitt und damit weniger Beanspruchung auf Abscheren bietet. Dies ist ebenso aus Fig. 11 und 12 ersichtlich, wo Verstärkungen 44, 44', 64, 64' aus abgewinkelten Blechen bestehen und daher noch etwas nachgiebiger sind, sowie aus Fig. 13 und 14, wo Verstärkungen 45, 45', 65, 65' außen geriffelt sind.9 and 10, reinforcements 43, 43 ', 63, 63' are beveled inward too much, which offers the concrete located therebetween a larger transition cross-section and thus less stress on shearing. This can also be seen from FIGS. 11 and 12, where reinforcements 44, 44 ', 64, 64' consist of angled metal sheets and are therefore somewhat more flexible, and from FIGS. 13 and 14, where reinforcements 45, 45 ', 65, 65 'are corrugated on the outside.

Bei der Ausführung gemäß Fig. 15 und 16 bilden an den Enden eingebogene und dort befestigte Bleche 46, 46', 66, 66' Verstärkungen, die am meisten nachgiebig in der Mitte sind, wo die größte Belastung auftritt, so daß sie gerade dort den Beton am meisten entlasten. Dies ist zwar nicht der Fall bei ebenfalls an den Enden eingebogenen Blechen 48, 48', 68, 68' als Verstärkungen gemäß Fig. 19 und 20, aber sie lassen sich leichter befestigen, z. B. durch Punktschweißen, und ihre besonders große Nachgiebigkeit gegenüber dem nach dem Einbau zwischen den eingebogenen Enden befindlichen Beton ist ein weiterer Vorteil.15 and 16 form at the ends bent and attached sheets 46, 46 ', 66, 66' reinforcements that are most compliant in the middle, where the greatest load occurs, so that they are there Relieve concrete the most. Although this is not the case with sheets 48, 48 ', 68, 68' which are also bent at the ends as reinforcements according to FIGS. 19 and 20, they can be attached more easily, for. B. by spot welding, and their particularly great flexibility compared to the concrete located after installation between the bent ends is a further advantage.

Nach Fig. 17 und 18 bestehen die Verstärkungen aus wenig nachgiebigen Platten 47, 47', 67, 67', umgeben von nachgiebigen Polstern 47a, 47a'. 67, 67a' z. B. aus Kunststoff.17 and 18, the reinforcements consist of less flexible plates 47, 47 ', 67, 67', surrounded by flexible pads 47a, 47a '. 67, 67a 'z. B. made of plastic.

Fig. 21 und 22 zeigen eine besonders einfache Ausführungsform mit beiderseits je einem Flügel 49, 49', 69, 69' als Verstärkung ; Fig. 23 und 24 stellen das Entsprechende dar mit Flügeln 50, 50', 70, 70' als Verstärkung mit größerer Nachgiebigkeit.21 and 22 show a particularly simple embodiment with a wing 49, 49 ', 69, 69' on both sides as reinforcement; 23 and 24 illustrate the corresponding with wings 50, 50 ', 70, 70' as reinforcement with greater flexibility.

Besonderer Erwähnung bedürfen die Dorne 6 und 10 in Fig. 15 bzw. 23. Beide Dorne weisen in der Lastrichtung, die bei allen Figuren in vertikaler Richtung angenommen ist, ein größeres Widerstandsmoment als quer dazu auf ; dies kann man zum Materialsparen unter Verringerung des Widerstandsmoments in der anderen Richtung ausnutzen, wo es nicht in dem Maße benötigt wird, oder zur Erhöhung des Widerstandsmoments in Lastrichtung ohne allzu viel Material-Mehrverbrauch z. B. für den Fall, daß man größere Abstände zwischen den Bauteilen überbrücken muß.The mandrels 6 and 10 in FIGS. 15 and 23 require special mention. Both mandrels have a greater section modulus in the load direction, which is assumed in the vertical direction in all the figures, than transversely thereto; this can be used to save material by reducing the section modulus in the other direction, where it is not required to the extent, or to increase the section modulus in the load direction without too much material consumption z. B. in the event that one has to bridge larger distances between the components.

In der Ausführung nach Fig. 25 bis 27 ist auf eine Hülse 31 und auf einen Dorn 11 je eine kubische, quer zur Lastrichtung breiter gehaltene Verstärkung 51, 71 aufgebracht, z. B. durch Umgießen mit einem Kunstharz, das bei der Hülse gleichzeitig Befestigungsflanschteile 18, 18' festhält. Am Beispiel des Dornes 11 ist in Fig. 27 in Schnittdarstellung gezeigt, daß er eine Verdickung 16 tragen kann, welche in der Nachbarschaft der Bauteilkante K die spezifische Belastung an der Innenfläche der Verstärkung 51 vermindert. Auch die Hülse 31 könnte man mit einer entsprechenden Verdickung versehen, aber weil die Hülse quer zur Lastrichtung ohnehin breiter und damit großflächiger ist, wird sich dies bei ihr meistens erübrigen.25 to 27, a cubic reinforcement 51, 71, which is held transversely to the load direction, is applied to a sleeve 31 and to a mandrel 11, for. B. by casting with a synthetic resin, which holds fastening flange parts 18, 18 'at the same time in the sleeve. Using the example of the mandrel 11, it is shown in section in FIG. 27 that it can carry a thickening 16 which, in the vicinity of the component edge K, reduces the specific load on the inner surface of the reinforcement 51. The sleeve 31 could also be provided with a corresponding thickening, but since the sleeve is anyway wider and thus larger across the load direction, this will usually not be necessary for it.

Gemäß Fig. 28 ist zu dem zuvor beschriebenen Zwecke ein Dorn 13 in seinem einzulassenden Teil zylindrisch gestaltet und in einem Gehäuse 14 drehbar gelagert, das am Ende mit einem Deckel 14' verschlossen ist. Der herausragende Teil 13' des Dornes besitzt dagegen quadratischen Querschnitt. Damit der Dorn nicht aus dem Gehäuse herausrutscht, ist er mit einem Einstich versehen, in welchen ein am Gehäuse befestigter Bolzen 15 eingreift. Eine Verstärkung 53 z. B. von der in Fig. 26 dargestellten Art ist am Gehäuse 14 befestigt.28, for the purposes described above, a mandrel 13 is cylindrical in its part to be let in and rotatably supported in a housing 14, which is closed at the end with a cover 14 '. The protruding part 13 'of the mandrel, however, has a square cross section. So that the mandrel does not slip out of the housing, it is provided with a recess in which a bolt 15 attached to the housing engages. A gain 53 z. B. of the type shown in Fig. 26 is attached to the housing 14.

Fig. 29 und 30 knüpfen an Fig. 7 und 8 an ; Verstärkungen 52, 52', 72, 72', mehrfach verrippt und gleichzeitig Befestigungsflansche bildend, sind auf einer Hülse 32 bzw. auf einem Dorn 12 angebracht und bestehen einfach aus U-Profilabschnitten.Figs. 29 and 30 tie in with Figs. 7 and 8; Reinforcements 52, 52 ', 72, 72', multi-ribbed and at the same time forming fastening flanges, are mounted on a sleeve 32 or on a mandrel 12 and consist simply of U-profile sections.

Claims (10)

1. Mandrel (1-13) and sleeve (21-32) for holding and transmission of a transverse force in only one direction and its opposite direction and for the compensation of thrust in the hereof vertical situated cross direction as well as in longitudinal direction, for the connecting of construction units in building and below grade construction like roof purlins, base plates, ceilings, walls, supports, retaining walls or parts thereof together or with other construction units, for which the sleeve (21-32) in one of the construction units to be connected, the mandrel (1-13) in the other one have to be connected and fixed in such a manner, that the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) protrudes of the construction unit referred to on the mandrel (1-13) penetrates the sleeve (21-32) at which the mandrel (1-13) has on both sides a movement clearance only in the for holding or transmitting transverse force vertically standing cross direction in the sleeve (21-32), which is at least as big as by the different extensions and contractions between both of the construction units to be connected, occurring mutual displacements across of mandrel and sleeve, and the mandrel (1-13) and/or the sleeve (21-32) outside in the area of the connecting part and at least over one of its external end neighbouring section is equipped with a reinforcement (41-53, 61-72), which at least in the plane vertical to the received or transmitted transverse force has a bigger surface than the section of the mandrel or the sleeve, covered by the reinforcement, and at which the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) under the effect of the transverse force is at least partly more elastic than the mandrel resp. the sleeve itself.
2. Mandrel and sleeve following application 1, characterized through that the interior of the sleeve (21-32) dispose of a rectangled section, constant over the whole length and that the mandrel (1-12) at least where it is put into the sleeve, has a rectangled or quadratic section or a section which is inscribed in rectangle or a square.
3. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1 or 2, characterized through that the mandrel (6, 10) in the direction in which it has to receive or transmit the transverse force has a bigger moment of resistance than in the hereto vertical standing cross direction.
4. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the movement clearance on both sides of the mandrel (1-12) in the sleeve (21-32) is filled with enclosures of aerated plastic material.
5. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1 or 2, characterized through that the mandrel (13) as far as it is to be connected or fixed, is surrounded by a housing (14) in which it is pivoted and that the reinforcement (53) is fitted on the housing.
6. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the reinforcement disposes of the form of at least ever one wing (49, 50, 69, 70) on both sides or at least on flat or otherwise formed plate (41-48, 61-68) in the direction of the transverse force to be received or transmitted.
7. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that the reinforcement (51, 52, 71, 72) is outside cubic, cylindrical, in form of a truncated cone or a truncated pyramid or equipped with fins and surrounds the segment overlapped of it completely or partly.
8. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, 6 or 7, characterized through that the reinforcement (41-46,48-53,61-66,68-72) consists uniformly of a metal or an elastic material in form of synthetic resin with or without filler or of mortar on cement basis with or without plastic or that the reinforcement (47, 47a, 67, 67a) is composed of different such construction materials.
9. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 8, characterized through that the mandrel (7) and/or the sleeve (27) carry a metallic reinforcement (47, 67) which is coated with a layer (47a, 67a) of that elastic material or that they have a thickening (16) of the elastic material under a reinforcement (51).
10. Mandrel and sleeve, following application 1, characterized through that its connecting part has a length, which is approximately the sevenfold of the mandrel diameter and that the reinforcement (41-53, 61-72) has a length of 5 to 11 cm in the direction parallel to the axis of the mandrel resp. the sleeve.
EP82810082A 1981-02-23 1982-02-22 Dowel and sleeve for the absorption and transfer of a shearing force Expired EP0059171B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82810082T ATE23589T1 (en) 1981-02-23 1982-02-22 MANDLE AND SLEEVE FOR ACCEPTANCE AND TRANSMISSION OF A SHEAR FORCE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH116981 1981-02-23
CH1169/81 1981-02-23

Publications (2)

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EP0059171A1 EP0059171A1 (en) 1982-09-01
EP0059171B1 true EP0059171B1 (en) 1986-11-12

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AT (1) ATE23589T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3274271D1 (en)

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US3045565A (en) * 1957-06-25 1962-07-24 Felix L Nettleton Expansion joint kit
CH596397A5 (en) * 1976-09-24 1978-03-15 Traugott Schoop Car park building slabs shearing force absorption
CH651090A5 (en) * 1980-01-04 1985-08-30 Ulisse Claudio Aschwanden THORN AND SLEEVE FOR CONNECTING COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURAL AND ENGINEERING.
DD152821A1 (en) * 1980-09-11 1981-12-09 Adolf Barsch METHOD FOR CONTROLLING MONOLITHIC CONCRETE AND STEEL CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2743415A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-06-18 SPAETER Zug AG Expansion joint construction element

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3274271D1 (en) 1987-01-02
EP0059171A1 (en) 1982-09-01
ATE23589T1 (en) 1986-11-15

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