EP0050166B1 - Ground retaining wall - Google Patents

Ground retaining wall Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0050166B1
EP0050166B1 EP80200982A EP80200982A EP0050166B1 EP 0050166 B1 EP0050166 B1 EP 0050166B1 EP 80200982 A EP80200982 A EP 80200982A EP 80200982 A EP80200982 A EP 80200982A EP 0050166 B1 EP0050166 B1 EP 0050166B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ground
screen
wall
retaining wall
standing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80200982A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0050166A1 (en
Inventor
Gerrit Jan Hendrik Zwoferink
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ballast Nedam NV
Original Assignee
Ballast Nedam Groep NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ballast Nedam Groep NV filed Critical Ballast Nedam Groep NV
Priority to AT80200982T priority Critical patent/ATE6280T1/en
Priority to EP80200982A priority patent/EP0050166B1/en
Priority to DE8080200982T priority patent/DE3066623D1/en
Publication of EP0050166A1 publication Critical patent/EP0050166A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0050166B1 publication Critical patent/EP0050166B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E02B3/066—Quays
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0233—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being anchors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ground retaining wall as described in the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a ground retaining wall is known from NL-B-6514655 or the article of Travaux no. 512, October 1977, particularly page 42, Fig. 13.
  • the screen is formed by a series of adjacent dam wall profiles.
  • dam wall profiles are of a heavy structure, because the level of the ground anchors is frequently high, for example, because the ground anchors have to be arranged above a high-tide level or else above an obstruction present in the ground.
  • the screen may, as an alternative, consist of a concrete retaining wall, which has then to be resistant to high bending load.
  • the invention provides a ground retaining wall having a less heavy and hence cheaper screen.
  • the ground retaining wall according to the invention is characterized according to at least one ground retaining wall standing at a distance from the screen at the back side thereof, that an at least partly ground-free space is left between the standing wall and the screen such that the groundspace is left between the standing wall and the screen such that the ground level at the side of the wall facing the screen is at a substantially lower level than that its other side, and that the ground level difference acting on the wall is transmitted as a force acting against the top end of the screen by the aid of pressure transmitting means interposed between the top end of the screen and the wall.
  • a retaining wall prestressed by a bending moment is disclosed in DE-B-1209067, wherein a weight of ground and is supported by a support element arranged at the front side of the retaining wall. This support element pulls at the top end of the retaining wall in the direction towards the front side and pressed backwards against the retaining wall at lower level.
  • the screen of this retaining wall is loaded by a great vertical load. The combination of vertical load with bending load results in the requirement of strong profiles at the screen.
  • the above mentioned article also discloses a ground retaining wall in which is provided a second screen bearing at its top an element bridging the two screens. As the second screen is not considerably loaded by a ground level difference said bridging element does not transmit a pressure from the second screen onto the first. No ground anchors are provided in this prior art construction.
  • Fig. 22 and 23 of said article a ground-free space is provided at the back side of the screen which ground-free space is bridged by a horizontal construction element.
  • Fig. 23 teaches that the horizontal ground pressure in the direction of the screen should be prevented e.g. by inclined piles.
  • the teaching of said Fig. 23 is also given in FR-A-380 552 and FR-A-737124.
  • the supporting means When the supporting means are formed by concrete cover plates, they may, in addition, serve as a road pavement or a quay.
  • the ground 2 exerts a pressure on the screen 4 opposite the pressure of the water 8, whereas the screen is retained by ground anchors 6 having a tractive force P.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the line of moments due to the forces exerted on the screen 4, the line of moments being designated at the area of the anchor heads 51 by M a , the maximum potential moment being designated by M max .
  • the weight of the dam wall profiles 3 is a function of M max .
  • ground retaining wall according to the invention is distinguished from the known ground retaining wall described above as follows.
  • a wall 54 is standing at a distance b from the screen 4, said wall bearing on the part of the screen 4 located above the level A with the aid of pressure- transmitting supporting means 60.
  • the space 14 between the standing wall 54 and the screen 4 is substantially free of ground and only contains air.
  • the supporting means 60 may consist of a plurality of pressure bars of a framework, but preferably they are formed by reinforced concrete cover plates 10 having longitudinal ribs 57 engaging the top edges 58 and 59 of the dam wall profiles 3 and of the wall 54 respectively.
  • the wall 54 is standing on a concrete foundation 13 and retains the top layer 55 of the ground 2.
  • the pressure q exerted by the top layer 55 on the wall 54 is balanced out by the pressure force K of the supporting means 60 and the tensile force S of the anchor cables 9, which connect anchor heads 61 with the ground anchors 6. Owing to the application of the force K the line of moments of Fig. 4 is obtained, where M max is considerably lower than that of Fig. 3. Moreover, owing to the ground-free space 14 the overall pressure of the ground 2 to be retained is appreciably reduced. As a result the dam wall profiles 3 of the screen 4 in Fig. 3 may be of considerably lighter weight than those of Fig. 1.
  • the ground retaining wall 15 of Fig. 5 is distinguished from that of Fig. 3 in that the standing wall 63, the cover plates 64 as well as the foundation slabs 65 of the wall 63 form part of reinforced concrete longitudinal profiles 66, which are deposited on the dam wall profiles 3 and engage by a rib 67 the top edges 58.
  • the cover slabs 64 are located in this example at a lower level than the top surface 68 of the ground 2, so that the dam wall profiles are shorter.
  • the ground retaining wall 17 of Fig. 7 is distinguished from the ground retaining wall 15 in that the longitudinal profiles 18 are substantially L-shaped and the foundation of the standing wall 70 is formed by piles 20.
  • the ground retaining wall 19 of Fig. 9 is distinguished from that of Fig. 7 in that the ground-free space 14 is enlarged by leaving out ground in a space 71 below the water level 72, as a result of which the ground pressure to be retained is further reduced.
  • anchor means 51, 5 and 6 are arranged above the level of the water 8, which is usually required for these anchor means.
  • the screen 4 may, as an alternative, consist of a reinforced concrete wall or concrete wall elements.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

In order to reduce the bending load of a ground retaining screen (4), a wall (54, 63, 70) is arranged behind this screen (4), which wall (54, 63, 70) is connected to this screen by means of supporting (18, 60, 66, 73) whereas a ground-free space (14) is present between the screen (4) and the wall.

Description

  • The invention relates to a ground retaining wall as described in the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a ground retaining wall is known from NL-B-6514655 or the article of Travaux no. 512, October 1977, particularly page 42, Fig. 13. In each of these known ground retaining walls the screen is formed by a series of adjacent dam wall profiles. These dam wall profiles are of a heavy structure, because the level of the ground anchors is frequently high, for example, because the ground anchors have to be arranged above a high-tide level or else above an obstruction present in the ground. The screen may, as an alternative, consist of a concrete retaining wall, which has then to be resistant to high bending load.
  • The invention provides a ground retaining wall having a less heavy and hence cheaper screen. For this purpose the ground retaining wall according to the invention is characterized according to at least one ground retaining wall standing at a distance from the screen at the back side thereof, that an at least partly ground-free space is left between the standing wall and the screen such that the groundspace is left between the standing wall and the screen such that the ground level at the side of the wall facing the screen is at a substantially lower level than that its other side, and that the ground level difference acting on the wall is transmitted as a force acting against the top end of the screen by the aid of pressure transmitting means interposed between the top end of the screen and the wall.
  • Thus the bulging moment below the level of application of the ground anchors is reduced owing to the exertion of a horizontal effort on the top part of the screen located above the level of engagement of the anchors.
  • It is noted that a retaining wall prestressed by a bending moment is disclosed in DE-B-1209067, wherein a weight of ground and is supported by a support element arranged at the front side of the retaining wall. This support element pulls at the top end of the retaining wall in the direction towards the front side and pressed backwards against the retaining wall at lower level. The screen of this retaining wall is loaded by a great vertical load. The combination of vertical load with bending load results in the requirement of strong profiles at the screen.
  • The above mentioned article also discloses a ground retaining wall in which is provided a second screen bearing at its top an element bridging the two screens. As the second screen is not considerably loaded by a ground level difference said bridging element does not transmit a pressure from the second screen onto the first. No ground anchors are provided in this prior art construction.
  • It is noted that in Fig. 22 and 23 of said article a ground-free space is provided at the back side of the screen which ground-free space is bridged by a horizontal construction element. Particularly Fig. 23 teaches that the horizontal ground pressure in the direction of the screen should be prevented e.g. by inclined piles. The teaching of said Fig. 23 is also given in FR-A-380 552 and FR-A-737124.
  • When the space between the standing wall and the screen is substantially free of ground, the pressure of the ground bearing on the screen is reduced, which permits of using a still lighter screen.
  • When the supporting means are formed by concrete cover plates, they may, in addition, serve as a road pavement or a quay.
  • A simple construction is obtained when the supporting means together with the standing wall are formed by concrete angular profiles.
  • The invention will be described more fully with reference to some embodiments shown in the drawing.
  • The drawing shows schematically in:
    • Fig. 1 a cross-sectional view of a known ground retaining wall,
    • Fig. 2 the line of moments of this known ground retaining wall,
    • Figs. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 each a sectional view of specific ground retaining walls in accordance with the invention,
    • Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 the lines of moments associated with Figs. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 respectively.
    • Fig. 15 is a perspective view of the ground retaining wall of Fig. 7.
    • Fig. 1 shows a ground retaining wall 1 comprising a screen 4 formed by a series of contiguous dam wall profiles 3 standing in the ground 2 and a plurality of ground anchors 6 fixed in the ground, which engage the screen 4 at the level A by means of anchor heads 51 and which are connected with the anchor heads 51 by means of anchor cables 5.
  • The ground 2 exerts a pressure on the screen 4 opposite the pressure of the water 8, whereas the screen is retained by ground anchors 6 having a tractive force P.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the line of moments due to the forces exerted on the screen 4, the line of moments being designated at the area of the anchor heads 51 by Ma, the maximum potential moment being designated by Mmax. The weight of the dam wall profiles 3 is a function of Mmax.
  • The ground retaining wall according to the invention is distinguished from the known ground retaining wall described above as follows.
  • In the ground retaining wall 53 shown in Fig. 3 according to the invention a wall 54 is standing at a distance b from the screen 4, said wall bearing on the part of the screen 4 located above the level A with the aid of pressure- transmitting supporting means 60. The space 14 between the standing wall 54 and the screen 4 is substantially free of ground and only contains air. The supporting means 60 may consist of a plurality of pressure bars of a framework, but preferably they are formed by reinforced concrete cover plates 10 having longitudinal ribs 57 engaging the top edges 58 and 59 of the dam wall profiles 3 and of the wall 54 respectively. The wall 54 is standing on a concrete foundation 13 and retains the top layer 55 of the ground 2. The pressure q exerted by the top layer 55 on the wall 54 is balanced out by the pressure force K of the supporting means 60 and the tensile force S of the anchor cables 9, which connect anchor heads 61 with the ground anchors 6. Owing to the application of the force K the line of moments of Fig. 4 is obtained, where Mmax is considerably lower than that of Fig. 3. Moreover, owing to the ground-free space 14 the overall pressure of the ground 2 to be retained is appreciably reduced. As a result the dam wall profiles 3 of the screen 4 in Fig. 3 may be of considerably lighter weight than those of Fig. 1.
  • The ground retaining wall 15 of Fig. 5 is distinguished from that of Fig. 3 in that the standing wall 63, the cover plates 64 as well as the foundation slabs 65 of the wall 63 form part of reinforced concrete longitudinal profiles 66, which are deposited on the dam wall profiles 3 and engage by a rib 67 the top edges 58. The cover slabs 64 are located in this example at a lower level than the top surface 68 of the ground 2, so that the dam wall profiles are shorter.
  • The ground retaining wall 17 of Fig. 7 is distinguished from the ground retaining wall 15 in that the longitudinal profiles 18 are substantially L-shaped and the foundation of the standing wall 70 is formed by piles 20.
  • The ground retaining wall 19 of Fig. 9 is distinguished from that of Fig. 7 in that the ground-free space 14 is enlarged by leaving out ground in a space 71 below the water level 72, as a result of which the ground pressure to be retained is further reduced.
  • The same effect - but to an even higher extent - is obtained with the ground retaining wall 22 of Fig. 11, in which the distance b of the standing wall 70 from the screen 4 is chosen to be additionally large, whilst the long cover slabs 73 are supported inter alia by piles 74.
  • The ground retaining wall 30 of Fig. 13, which is not the most preferable embodiment of the ground retaining wall according to the invention, has a small ground-free space 31 for the standing wall 32 consisting of short, lightweight dam wall profiles driven into the ground 2. Again the pressure q of the retained top layer 34 is absorbed by the screen 4 through supporting means 35.
  • In all embodiments shown the anchor means 51, 5 and 6 are arranged above the level of the water 8, which is usually required for these anchor means.
  • Instead of consisting of steel dam wall profiles the screen 4 may, as an alternative, consist of a reinforced concrete wall or concrete wall elements.

Claims (4)

1. A ground retaining wall (53, 15, 17, 19, 22, 30) comprising a screen (4) retaining ground as the ground level is higher at its back side than at its front side, said screen (4) standing in the ground (2), and a series of ground-anchored anchors (6) engaging the screen (4) at an anchorage level lying lower than the top end (58) of the screen (4) characterized by at least one ground retaining wall (54, 63, 70) standing at a distance (b) from the screen (4) at the back side thereof, that an at least partly ground-free space (14, 31) is left between the standing wall (54, 63, 70) and the screen (4) such that the ground level at the side of the wall facing the screen (4) is at a substantially lower level than at its other side, and that the ground level difference acting on the wall is transmitted as a force acting against the top end (58) of the screen (4) by the aid of pressure transmitting means (60) interposed between the top end (58) of the screen (4) and the wall (54, 63, 70).
2. A ground retaining wall (53, 15, 17, 19, 22) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the space (14) between the standing wall (54) and the screen (4) is substantially free of ground (2).
3. A ground retaining wall (53, 15, 11, 19, 22, 30) as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pressure transmitting means (60) are formed by concrete cover slabs (10, 64, 18, 73, 35).
4. A ground retaining wall as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the pressure transmitting means (60) together with the standing wall (63, 70) are formed by a concrete angular profile (66,18, 73).
EP80200982A 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 Ground retaining wall Expired EP0050166B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80200982T ATE6280T1 (en) 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 RETAINING WALL.
EP80200982A EP0050166B1 (en) 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 Ground retaining wall
DE8080200982T DE3066623D1 (en) 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 Ground retaining wall

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP80200982A EP0050166B1 (en) 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 Ground retaining wall

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0050166A1 EP0050166A1 (en) 1982-04-28
EP0050166B1 true EP0050166B1 (en) 1984-02-15

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ID=8187042

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EP80200982A Expired EP0050166B1 (en) 1980-10-16 1980-10-16 Ground retaining wall

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EP (1) EP0050166B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE6280T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3066623D1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2091704B1 (en) * 1993-07-23 1998-04-16 Fospas S L PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL, ANCHORED, WITH CONTROLLED TENSION.
DE10252452B4 (en) 2002-11-12 2006-07-06 Clariant Gmbh Styrene oxide-containing copolymers and their use as emulsifiers and dispersants

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE414100A (en) *
BE380552A (en) *
DE561822C (en) * 1930-05-24 1932-10-19 Alfons Schroeter Support wall for earth and other backfill material
FR737124A (en) * 1932-12-06
DE1209067B (en) * 1962-08-18 1966-01-13 Hoerder Huettenunion Ag Sheet pile wall anchored at the rear serving to support a jump in the terrain

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR339355A (en) * 1903-01-06 1904-06-08 Jean Henri Delleur Improvements in the construction of quay walls, retaining walls, embankment coverings and other similar walls

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE414100A (en) *
BE380552A (en) *
FR737124A (en) * 1932-12-06
DE561822C (en) * 1930-05-24 1932-10-19 Alfons Schroeter Support wall for earth and other backfill material
DE1209067B (en) * 1962-08-18 1966-01-13 Hoerder Huettenunion Ag Sheet pile wall anchored at the rear serving to support a jump in the terrain

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3066623D1 (en) 1984-03-22
EP0050166A1 (en) 1982-04-28
ATE6280T1 (en) 1984-03-15

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