EP0046803A1 - Verfahren zum erzeugen elektrischer energie während perioden mit spitzenverbrauch - Google Patents
Verfahren zum erzeugen elektrischer energie während perioden mit spitzenverbrauchInfo
- Publication number
- EP0046803A1 EP0046803A1 EP81900886A EP81900886A EP0046803A1 EP 0046803 A1 EP0046803 A1 EP 0046803A1 EP 81900886 A EP81900886 A EP 81900886A EP 81900886 A EP81900886 A EP 81900886A EP 0046803 A1 EP0046803 A1 EP 0046803A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- air
- electric power
- fuel
- steam
- compressed air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/14—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads
- F02C6/16—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads for storing compressed air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
- F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2260/00—Function
- F05D2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
- F05D2260/211—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling by intercooling, e.g. during a compression cycle
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
Definitions
- OF PEAK POWER DEMAND This invention relates to an improved process for the provision of electric power during periods of peak demand therefor.
- electric power is utilized in diverse ways in the economy and demand remains high at all times, the demand for electric power nevertheless fluctuates markedly during the course of a day.
- Business demand is high throughout daylight hours in the operation of stores and offices but diminishes significantly thereafter.
- Residential demand is highest in the evening hours.
- Industrial demand is relatively steady and high at all times.
- all such demands would be complementary and thus provide a substantially constant power requirement which could be served readily by the various sources of electric power in a readily predictable manner.
- An attractive installation of peak power generation facilities generally will be based on the prior storing of energy in a form readily convertible to electrical energy when the need therefor arises. For example, water may be pumped to elevated storage areas for subsequent generation of hydroelectric power. Similarly, air may be compressed and stored against its need in turbo-generation of electric power. Such storage of energy is effected by the consumption of power during off-peak demand periods so that the costs of such storage are substantial.
- An attractive means for storing energy in the form of compressed air involves storage in underground reservoirs.
- Such reservoirs are available wherever a geological formation provides a caprock impermeable to gas, a rock dome tlierebelow, and artesian water filling the voids in an intermediate aquifer formation.
- Other suitable reservoirs exist in mined-out areas, particularly areas where coal or salt has been removed.
- Introduction of a compressed gas, such as air, is accommodated by the displacement of the water which still provides a seal effective at the hydrostatic pressure prevailing in the particular formation.
- Such formations and their use in electric power generation are described, for example, in United States patent number 3,523,192.
- the cited patent describes a system for employing line power to compress air which is then piped to underground storage. Upon demand, compressed air is withdrawn from storage and sent through a turbine generator to generate needed line power. All operations are essentially adiabatic. There exists a continuing need for more economic and technologically improved methods for providing electric power in response to the demand for such power during periods of maximum demand.
- This invention generally provides a process for the generation of electric power, particularly during periods of peak power demand, employing a fuelpowered generation facility, turbine expander means, and an associated under-ground air storage reservoir, comprising the steps of: (a) compressing ambient air, by passage through, at least one compressor stage, to a pressure greater than that maintained in the air storage reservoir, the compressor system of at least one compressor stage being driven at least in part by engagement with at least one turbine expander powered by a hot gas mixture;
- the fuel-powered generator system can comprise a steam boiler system or a fuel gasifier system, the former heating the compressed air by indirect or, preferably, direct heat exchange and the latter heating the air by combustion of synthetic gases in admixture therewith.
- the entire operation above ground is maintained substantially isothermal throughout by effective conservation of heat, thus avoiding significant ecological damage to the underground air storage reservoir.
- the power generator system may comprise any turbine expander system suitable for use with hot gases.
- any steam or gasifier facility may be employed, conditioned upon its adaptability to the site selected for the power generation process.
- Figure 1 represents a particular embodiment of process equipment and storage facilities when employing a steam boiler in the fuel-powered generator system
- Figure 2 represents a similar arrangement adapted to the use of a gasifier in the fuel-powered generator system
- FIG. 3 provides a simplified cross-sectional view of an air storage reservoir formation.
- atmospheric air is drawn through line 1, filter 10 and line 11 into air compressor 20.
- Partially compressed air is passed through line 21, heat exchanger 30 for cooling opposed to ambient air entering through, line 32, and line 22 into air compressor 20a.
- Fully compressed air is then passed through line
- the expanders rotatably engage, through axles 70 and 71, with gears 72 to drive line assembly
- the expanders may be operated as separate stages, not shown.
- exhaust air is passed through, respective trains represented by lines 62 and 63 , exchangers 64 and 65, silencers, not shown, and lines 66 and 67 to the atmosphere.
- the exhaust air enters the atmosphere at ambient temperature and steam condensate is conventionally collected and returned to steam boiler 40 by means not shown.
- final cooling of steam to provide condensate occurs in exchangers 64 and 65, thus avoiding imbalance and corrosion in the turbine expanders.
- filtered ambient air is compressed, by passage through, one or more compression stages 20, 20a from atmospheric pressure up to a pressure exceeding the hydrostatic pressure of the aquifer air storage reservoir 90. Such compression may require one, two, or several stages.
- Heat evolved as a consequence of the compression is removed from the air stream in indirect heat exchange with the air and water feed streams to the steam boiler.40.
- Moisture condensed from the compressed air upon cooling may be removed after any or all of the heat exchange steps and incorporated in the water feed steam to the boiler 40.
- the compressors 20, 20a employed herein are powered by engagement, at least in part, with the turbine expanders 60, 61 associated with the steam generation system.
- the compressed air stream is then introduced by passage through an injection well system 91 into the aquifer zone of the underground storage reservoir 90, having a suitable porosity to accommodate the requisite quantity of compressed air.
- an injection well system 91 into the aquifer zone of the underground storage reservoir 90, having a suitable porosity to accommodate the requisite quantity of compressed air.
- IS.T.P. is an abbreviation for standard temperature and pressure.] may be employed daily. In order to maintain the reservoir pressure substantially constant, a gas cushion of substantially ten times this quantity will usually be required.
- Suitable reservoir pressures may generally range from about 200 ( 14 kg/cm 2 ) to about 2,500 p.s.i.a. (175 kg/cm 2 ), preferably from about 250 (17.5 kg/cm 2 ) to about 500 p.s.i.a. (35 kg/cm 2 ).
- the aquifier may possess a porosity within the range from about 5 to about 40 percent when limestone formations are employed, and from about 5 to about 20 percent when employing a granular sand formation.
- the injection air must be compressed to a pressure greater than the natural hydrostatic pressure prevailing in the storage reservoir 90:
- the gas. from the final compressor stage 20a should be at a pressure of up to about 110% of the natural hydrostatic pressure. Where this pressure does not exceed about 350 p.s.i.a. (24.5 kg/cm 2 ), the compression of the air may be effected completely with rotary, or turbine, compressors. At higher storage pressures it may be necessary to employ reciprocating compressors, driven by the fuel-powered system, in the latter compression stages. The number of compression stages will be selected such that the heat of compression may be readily recovered from the air stream without experiencing excessive temperature gradients.
- the electric power generator 80 is located in close proximity to the reservoir site. However, compressed air may be piped to whatever distance is required by existing surface irregularities or usages.
- the steam generator system may be fired with any suitable fuel, although a preferred fuel is coal.
- a preferred fuel is coal.
- the entire process of this invention may be practiced in proximity to the fuel source such as, for example, a subterranean coal mine or a strip mine.
- the fuel-powered system is intended to run at an optimum power generation level at all times, for example, within the range from about 80% to about 90% or more of rated power capacity. During some twelve to sixteen hours of a typical commercial day, the power system will be employed in air compression.
- the power system will be employed in electric power generation by disengaging the compressors 20 and 20a from the turbine expanders 60, 61 and engaging -therewith, the generator 80 for three-phase electric power.
- the turbine expander load is augmented during periods of peak demand by bringing compressed air from storage so that peak electric power generation is realized.
- the power system may be employed solely in air compression.
- compressed air is withdrawn through the second well system 92 from the reservoir 90, filtered and heated in a manner dictated by the particular steam generation or fuel gasification facility employed.
- the compressed air is- substantially dry as injected into aquifer storage, the withdrawn air may approach saturation with moisture. Such saturation can be beneficial to the practice of this process.
- the withdrawn compressed air may be heated indirectly with steam, or may preferably be mixed directly with steam in a suitable mixing zone.
- the hot steam and air, or steam-air mixture at a temperature of from about 300 (149°C) to about 1,000 °F. (538°C) preferably from about 450 (232°C) to about 950°F (510°C), is then passed into at least one turbine expander 60, 61. With expansion, whether in one or a plurality of stages, the gas mixture is cooled so that the air is discharged at substantially ambient conditions. Steam is brought close to the dew point during expansion, passed finally through the heat exchanger 64 ,.65, and steam condensate is collected and recycled to the steam generation facility 40. During peaking periods each turbine expander 70, 71 engages the electric power generator 80 from which generated three-phase power is fed to an adjacent electric transmission system.
- synthesis gas is passed directly through combustors 150 and 151, for combustion with air entering through lines 159, 155 and 156, and respective lines 157 and 158 to turbine expanders 160 and 161.
- the expanders rotatably engage, through axles 170 and 171, with gears 172 to drive line assembly 173, clutch 174, and line assemblies 175 and 175a which are respectively coupled to compressors 120 and 120a.
- the compression assemblies are disengaged and combustion gas is similarly passed through the turbine expanders, now rotatably engaged through axles 170 and 176 with clutch 177 and line assembly 178 to electric power generator 180.
- Three-phase electric power is passed to a convenient transmission system through power line 181.
- compressed air is drawn from reservoir structure 190 through well 192, line 152, valve 153 and lines 154, 155, and 156 to respective combustors 150 and 151.
- Compressed air mixes with the synthesis gas and combustion occurs in combustors 150 and 151.
- the hot gaseous mixture passes through lines 157 and 158 into respective turbine expanders 160 and 161.
- exhaust air is passed through respective trains represented by lines 162 and 163, exchangers 164 and 165, silencers, not shown, and lines 166 and 167 to the atmosphere.
- the exhaust combustion gases enter the atmosphere at substantially ambient temperature.
- the withdrawn compressed air is introduced into a combustion zone tog / ether with the gasifier effluent to provide a hot gas combustion mixture at a temperature within the range from about 600 (315°C) to about 1,000°F C538°C), preferably from about 800 (427°C) to about 950°F (510°C).
- the hot gases are then passed into the turbine expander system 160, 161 now in engagement with the electric power generator 180, and the expanded, cooled gases are discharged to the atmosphere at substantially ambient conditions.
- a suitable reservoir structure 90 includes adome formation 95 and a caprock structure 94, both lo cated a substantial distance below the ground surface 93.
- a water-bearing stratum 96 wherein water may be displaced by air, entering through injection well 91 under sufficient pressure to overcome the natural hydrostatic pressure prevailing in the stratum 96.
- the dome feature effectively sealably traps the compressed air 97 within the stratum 96 so that it may be withdrawn upon demand through withdrawal well 92.
- a cushioning of the natural hydrostatic pressure and the volume of air that may be stored is limited only by the physical dimensions of the geological structure and the magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure.
- the injection of compressed air under such conditions will not create a significant temperature different and certainly will not have the seriously unsettling effects of the continuous pumping of hot compressed air which can in short order upset temperature, salt solubility and other equilibria.
- the injection of compressed air at ambient temperature minimizes the possibility of spontaneous combustion of any organic matter present in the reservoir.
- the compressed air is filtered and heated, either by steam or by combustion of snythetic gases in admixture therewith, sufficiently to compensate for the heat absorbed during expansion so that an optimized energy conversion whether as expanded air or gas or as electric power, prevails.
- the fuel-powered generator whether a steam boiler or a fuel gasifier, is sized to provide the necessary compression work load as well as at least the work load for heating compressed air during the electric power generation cycle.
- additional work load will usually be available during the peak power demand cycle to further augment the power generation.
- the compression cycle will often occupy at least about sixteen hours of a day, so that electric power generation is often confined to a period of no more than about eight hours per day, the compressor may be of a smaller capacity than would otherwise be required.
- the presence of the fuel-powered system, as a-part of the air compression expansion system greatly enhances the energy efficiency of the system and minimizes both the capital cost and operating costs for peak power generation.
- ambient air at 75° F. (24°C) and 14.7 p.s.i.a. (1.03 kg/cm 2 ) is filtered and passed into a first notary compression stage where it is compressed to 73 p.s.i.a. (5.11 kg/cm 2 ) while the liberated heat of expansion raises the temperature of the exhaust gas to 310° F. (154°C) .
- the exhaust, compressed air is cooled back to 75° F (24°C) by heat exchange with air and passed into a second compression stage.
- Exhaust gas from this second stage, at 330 p.s.i.a. (23.1 kg/cm 2 ), and 310° F. (154°C) is cooled to ambient temperature by heat exchange with water and sent to underground storage where aquifer pressure is maintained substantially constant at about 315 p.s.i.a. (22 kg/cm 2 ).
- Heat recovery in the intercooling and aftercooling heat exchangers conserves at least about 10 percent of the total compression work load and reuses this energy either in further compression or in heating air prior to subsequent expansion.
- compressed air is withdrawn from the storage reservoir at about 305 p.s.i.a. (21.4 kg/cm 2 ), preheated at 300°F (149°C) and passed into a first expansion stage where the pressure is dropped to 70 p.s.i.a. (4.9 kg/cm 2 ). Subsequently the air is reheated to 300° F. (149°C) and finally expanded. Where sufficient steam is present in the gas stream the second expansion is effected so that exhaust gas leaves the expander at substantially ambient pressure and at about 225° F (107°C). Final heat exchange with incoming air and/or water drops the condensate temperature to 75° F (24°C) for return to the system.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US125239 | 1980-02-27 | ||
US06/125,239 US4275310A (en) | 1980-02-27 | 1980-02-27 | Peak power generation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0046803A1 true EP0046803A1 (de) | 1982-03-10 |
EP0046803A4 EP0046803A4 (de) | 1982-07-12 |
Family
ID=22418792
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19810900886 Withdrawn EP0046803A4 (de) | 1980-02-27 | 1981-02-25 | Verfahren zum erzeugen elektrischer energie während perioden mit spitzenverbrauch. |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4275310A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0046803A4 (de) |
CA (1) | CA1151434A (de) |
WO (1) | WO1981002443A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (75)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4347706A (en) * | 1981-01-07 | 1982-09-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Electric power generating plant having direct coupled steam and compressed air cycles |
US4593202A (en) * | 1981-05-06 | 1986-06-03 | Dipac Associates | Combination of supercritical wet combustion and compressed air energy storage |
AU8798782A (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1983-03-24 | Bbc Brown Boveri A.G | Reducing nox in gas turbine exhaust |
US4479355A (en) * | 1983-02-25 | 1984-10-30 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Power plant integrating coal-fired steam boiler with air turbine |
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US4885912A (en) * | 1987-05-13 | 1989-12-12 | Gibbs & Hill, Inc. | Compressed air turbomachinery cycle with reheat and high pressure air preheating in recuperator |
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IL108559A (en) * | 1988-09-19 | 1998-03-10 | Ormat | Method of and apparatus for producing power using compressed air |
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EP2280841A2 (de) | 2008-04-09 | 2011-02-09 | Sustainx, Inc. | Systeme und verfahren zur energiespeicherung und & 8209;rückgewinnung unter verwendung von druckgas |
US20100307156A1 (en) | 2009-06-04 | 2010-12-09 | Bollinger Benjamin R | Systems and Methods for Improving Drivetrain Efficiency for Compressed Gas Energy Storage and Recovery Systems |
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- 1981-02-25 WO PCT/US1981/000226 patent/WO1981002443A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0046803A4 (de) | 1982-07-12 |
CA1151434A (en) | 1983-08-09 |
US4275310A (en) | 1981-06-23 |
WO1981002443A1 (en) | 1981-09-03 |
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