EP0038938B1 - Survoltage arrester with spark gap - Google Patents

Survoltage arrester with spark gap Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0038938B1
EP0038938B1 EP81102313A EP81102313A EP0038938B1 EP 0038938 B1 EP0038938 B1 EP 0038938B1 EP 81102313 A EP81102313 A EP 81102313A EP 81102313 A EP81102313 A EP 81102313A EP 0038938 B1 EP0038938 B1 EP 0038938B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
end faces
electrodes
insulating
spark gap
surge voltage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81102313A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0038938A1 (en
Inventor
Peter Dr.-Ing. Hasse
Johannes Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wiesinger
Erich Dr.-Ing. Pivit
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Bosch Telecom GmbH
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ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH
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Application filed by ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH filed Critical ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH
Publication of EP0038938A1 publication Critical patent/EP0038938A1/en
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Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T1/00—Details of spark gaps
    • H01T1/02—Means for extinguishing arc
    • H01T1/08—Means for extinguishing arc using flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01T1/10—Means for extinguishing arc using flow of arc-extinguishing fluid with extinguishing fluid evolved from solid material by heat of arc

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a surge arrester, in particular for the limitation of overvoltages in low sap systems and for the lightning-proof coupling of galvanically isolated circuits, with at least one spark gap, consisting of zeei front and side surfaces electrodes, the mutually opposite first end faces by means of an intermediate insulating piece at a distance from each other are held and which at a location spatially distant from the first end faces have a diameter jump in the sense of an expansion, as a result of which opposing wide end faces are formed which are separated from one another by a distance which is greater than the distance through the insulating piece between the aforementioned first end faces is determined, and the circumference of which projects on all sides beyond the circumference of the insulating piece.
  • Such surge arresters are known, for example, from DE-OS 23 37 743 and 26 27 648, the overturning point in the outer region either between the jacket surfaces of the preferably planar, disk-shaped electrodes, the end faces of which are kept at a distance by an insulation layer, or between the Forms outer surface of one and the end face of the other electrode.
  • the insulating piece emitting extinguishing gas when exposed to heat projects beyond the entire circumference of at least one of the electrodes and the ignition of the spark gap takes place as a sliding arc discharge on a curved path along the protruding surface of the insulating piece, the sliding arc being released laterally after the discharge has been ignited emigrates and the discharge continues to burn between the second end faces.
  • the surge arrester according to the invention has the advantages that the arc is ignited, following the shortest field lines of the air gap in a curved way, namely around the insulation piece.
  • This curved arc is not stable since it does not correspond to the field line course, in particular in the area around the insulation piece. He will therefore look for a location in which the charge carriers can follow the field lines running completely in the air on their way between the electrodes. The arc will therefore move away from the ignition point and build up between electrode surfaces that are at a greater distance from one another. This protects the sensitive ignition area from erosion of the electrodes and also the insulating material. This gives the spark gap a longer service life. Because the sheet is forced into a zone that is not disturbed by the insulating piece, but which is also of greater length, the sheet is firstly more easily extinguished and, secondly, is cooled better.
  • FIG. 1 shows a surge arrester according to the invention with a spark gap, the flat disk electrodes 2, 3 of which are kept at a distance by a likewise flat disk insulating piece 6.
  • the two electrodes have a jump in diameter at a greater distance from one another.
  • the insulating piece 6 is on all sides beyond the edge of the electrode end faces 21 and 31, so that an ignition between the electrode side faces 22 and 32 takes place as a curved arc 1, which, however, as described above, soon migrates outward into the region 1 '. The migration is supported by magnetic forces from the arc current.
  • the insulating piece consists of hard gas, which is known to emit extinguishing gas when exposed to heat.
  • the internal gas pressure of the ignition arc is additionally increased, which supports the migration of the arc outwards. Pushed to the edge of the electrode, the sheet is easier to cool and blow (extinguish). Burning on the outer zones of the electrodes does not affect the function of the spark gap, there is enough material in these zones. On the other hand, the inner zones of the two electrodes between which the arc is ignited and which are very sensitive to erosion are protected due to the rapid migration of the arc after ignition, which results in a significantly longer service life.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention with a double spark gap which is formed from flat disk electrodes 2, 3, 4 with insulating pieces 6 lying in between.
  • the electrodes have the same diameter, only the two outer electrodes have a jump in diameter at a greater distance from one another.
  • the insulating pieces protrude beyond the adjacent end faces of the electrodes, in that they have a diameter which is larger by about two insulating piece thicknesses.
  • a chamber 10 Arranged around the electrode arrangement is a chamber 10, the walls of which are formed from a hollow cylinder 20 which is connected to the upper outer electrode 2, a flat disk made of insulating material 6f and the lower electrode extension 40 of the outer lower electrode 3.
  • the lower insulating material disk 6f which is attached to the hollow cylinder 20, has openings 8a through which the gases generated during the arc discharge can escape from the chamber 10.
  • the inside of the hollow cylinder 20 is partially lined with insulating material 6b, which advantageously contains hard gas.
  • This surge arrester arrangement according to the invention is particularly advantageous since the two arcs 1 ignited between the electrodes 3 and 4 or 2 and 4, each of which extends in a strongly curved manner around the outer beads of the insulating pieces, immediately after ignition by electrical forces into a common one Combine the arc, which, however, as described above, is pushed outwards and burns mainly between the outer edges of the jumps in diameter of the two outer electrodes.
  • this surge arrester has a long service life, with good extinguishing behavior in a less complex manner is made possible. The service life is increased even further if electrode material is selected from metal alloys with high resistance to erosion.

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  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Überspannungsableiter, insbesondere für die Begrenzung von überspannungen in Niedersappungsanlagen und für die blitzchutzmäßige Kopplung galvanisch getrennter Kreise, mit mindestens einer Funkenstrecke, bestehend aus zeei Stirn- und Seitenflächen aufweisenden Elektroden, deren einander gegenüberliegende erste Stirnflächen mittels eines dazwischenliegenden Isolierstückes auf Abstand voneinander gehalten sind und welche an einer in Entladungsrichtung räumlich von den ersten Stirnflächen entfernten Stelle einen Durchmessersprung im Sinne einer Erweiterung aufweisen, wodurch einander gegenüberliegende sweite Stirnflächen entstehen, die durch einen Abstand voneinander getrennt sind, der größer ist als der Abstand, der durch das Isolierstück zwischen den genannten ersten Stirnflächen bestimmt ist, und deren Umfang allseitig über den Umfang des Isolierstückes hinausragt.The invention relates to a surge arrester, in particular for the limitation of overvoltages in low sap systems and for the lightning-proof coupling of galvanically isolated circuits, with at least one spark gap, consisting of zeei front and side surfaces electrodes, the mutually opposite first end faces by means of an intermediate insulating piece at a distance from each other are held and which at a location spatially distant from the first end faces have a diameter jump in the sense of an expansion, as a result of which opposing wide end faces are formed which are separated from one another by a distance which is greater than the distance through the insulating piece between the aforementioned first end faces is determined, and the circumference of which projects on all sides beyond the circumference of the insulating piece.

Solche Überspannungsableiter sind beispielsweise durch die DE-OS 23 37 743 bzw. 26 27 648 bekannt geworden, wobei sich die Überschlagstelle im Außenbereich entweder zwischen den Mantelflächen der bevorzugt planen, scheibenförmigen Elektroden, deren Stirnflächen durch eine Isolationsschicht auf Abstand gehalten werden, oder zwischen der Mantelfläche der einen und der Stirnfläche der anderen Elektrode ausbildet.Such surge arresters are known, for example, from DE-OS 23 37 743 and 26 27 648, the overturning point in the outer region either between the jacket surfaces of the preferably planar, disk-shaped electrodes, the end faces of which are kept at a distance by an insulation layer, or between the Forms outer surface of one and the end face of the other electrode.

Bei diesem Überspannungsableiter ist es von Vorteil, daß die beim Überschlag entstehende Energie rasch abgeführt und somit eine Explosionsgefahr gebannt werden kann. Nachteilig ist jedoch das nicht ganz optimale Löschverhalten für Netz-Nachströme.With this surge arrester, it is advantageous that the energy generated in the event of a flashover can be dissipated quickly, thus eliminating the risk of explosion. The disadvantage, however, is the less than optimal extinguishing behavior for network after-streams.

Es ist auch schon vorgeschlagen worden (DE-A1-29 34 236), an den Bereich der Bogenentladung eine Kammer anzuschliessen, deren Wände Isolierstoff enthalten, der unter Wärmeeinwirkung Löschgas abgibt (Hartgas), und die eine Austrittsöffnung aufweist, durch welche die bei der Bogenentladung entstehenden Gase entweichen können. Dieser überspannungsableiter ist zwar wesentlich verbessert gegenüber dem erstgenannten, seine Lebensdauer ist jedoch begrenzt durch Abbrand derjenigen Elektrodenteile, welche die Überschlagstelle bei der Zündung bilden, bzw. durch Abbrand des Hartgasisolierkörpers.It has also already been proposed (DE-A1-29 34 236) to connect a chamber to the area of the arc discharge, the walls of which contain insulating material which emits extinguishing gas under the action of heat (hard gas), and which has an outlet opening through which the at Arcing gases can escape. Although this surge arrester is significantly improved compared to the former, its service life is limited by the erosion of those electrode parts which form the flashover point when the ignition or by erosion of the hard gas insulating body.

Weitherhin ist vorgeschlagen worden (DE-A1-29 34 238), bei einer Funkenstrecke, deren Überschlagstelle außerhalb einer die Elektrodenstirnflächen auf Abstand haltenden Isolationsschicht durch die Elektrodenseitenflächen gebildet wird, als Material für die Isolationsschicht Hartgas zu wählen. Auch diese Konstruktion hat sich bewährt, es gilt jedoch ebenfalls das zuvor Gesagte.Furthermore, it has been proposed (DE-A1-29 34 238) to choose hard gas as the material for the insulation layer in the case of a spark gap whose flashover point is formed outside of an insulation layer that keeps the electrode end faces at a distance by the electrode side surfaces. This construction has also proven itself, but what has been said before also applies.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, einen unaufwendigen überspannungsableiter mit verbessertem Löschverhalten für Netz-Nachströme und mit größerer Lebensdauer anzugeben.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive surge arrester with improved extinguishing behavior for mains after-currents and with a longer service life.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt dadurch, daß das bei Wärmeeinwirkung Löschgas abgebende isolierstück den ganzen Umfang wenigstens einer der Elektroden überragt und die Zündung der Funkenstrecke als Gleitbogenentladung auf einem gekrümmten Weg entlang der überstehenden Oberfläche des Isolierstückes erfolgt, wobei nach dem Zünden der Entladung der Gleitbogen seitlich auswandert und die Entladung zwischen den zweiten Stirnflächen weiter brennt.This object is achieved in that the insulating piece emitting extinguishing gas when exposed to heat projects beyond the entire circumference of at least one of the electrodes and the ignition of the spark gap takes place as a sliding arc discharge on a curved path along the protruding surface of the insulating piece, the sliding arc being released laterally after the discharge has been ignited emigrates and the discharge continues to burn between the second end faces.

Durch die französische Patentschrift
FR-A-2.149.599 ist eine Funkenstrecke
bekanntgeworden, bei der das zwischen denElektroden liegende Isolierstück die
Elektrodenränder überragt. Das Isolierstück ist einseitig mit einer Metallfläche bedampft, die mit einer Hilfselektrode verbunden ist, und wird bei der Zündung durchschlagen.Through the French patent
FR-A-2.149.599 is a spark gap
have become known, in which the insulating piece lying between the electrodes
Electrode edges protrude. The insulating piece is vapor-coated on one side with a metal surface, which is connected to an auxiliary electrode, and is broken through on ignition.

Durch den erfindungsgemäßen Überspannungsableiter ergeben sich die Vorteile, daß die Zündung des Bogens, etwa den kürzesten Feldlinien der Luftstrecke folgend, auf gekrümmtem Wege, nämlich um das Isolationsstück herum, erfolgt. Dieser gekrümmte Bogen ist nicht stabil, da er insbesondere in dem Bereich um das Isolationsstück herum nicht dem Feldlinienverlauf entspricht. Er wird sich daher einen Ortsverlauf suchen, bei dem die Ladungsträger auf ihrem Wege zwischen den Elektroden den ganz in der Luft verlaufenden Feldlinien folgen können. Der Bogen wird also von der Zündstelle wegwandern und sich zwischen Elektrodenflächen aufbauen, die einen größeren Abstand voneinander haben. Dadurch wird der empfindliche Zündbereich vor Abbrand der Elektroden und auch des Isolierstoffes geschützt. Die Funkenstrecke erhält dadurch eine längere Lebensdauer. Dadurch, daß der Bogen in eine Zone, die durch das Isolierstück nicht gestört ist, die aber auch eine größere Länge aufweist, abgedrängt wird, wird der Bogen erstens leichter gelöscht und zweitens besser gekühlt.The surge arrester according to the invention has the advantages that the arc is ignited, following the shortest field lines of the air gap in a curved way, namely around the insulation piece. This curved arc is not stable since it does not correspond to the field line course, in particular in the area around the insulation piece. He will therefore look for a location in which the charge carriers can follow the field lines running completely in the air on their way between the electrodes. The arc will therefore move away from the ignition point and build up between electrode surfaces that are at a greater distance from one another. This protects the sensitive ignition area from erosion of the electrodes and also the insulating material. This gives the spark gap a longer service life. Because the sheet is forced into a zone that is not disturbed by the insulating piece, but which is also of greater length, the sheet is firstly more easily extinguished and, secondly, is cooled better.

Es folgt nun die Beschreibung der Erfindung anhand der Figuren.There now follows the description of the invention with reference to the figures.

Die Figur 1 zeigt einen erfindungsgemäßen Überspannungsableiter mit einer Funkenstrecke, deren plane Scheibenelektroden 2,3 durch ein ebenfalls planes Scheibenisolierstück 6 auf Distanz gehalten sind. Die beiden Elektroden weisen in einem größeren Abstand voneinander einen Durchmessersprung auf. Das Isolierstück 6 steht allseitig über den Rand der Elektrodenstirnflächen 21 bzw. 31 hinaus, so daß eine Zündung zwischen den Elektrodenseitenflächen 22 und 32 als gekrümmter Bogen 1 erfolgt, der jedoch alsbald, wie oben geschildert, nach außen in den Bereich 1' abwandert. Das Abwandern wird unterstützt durch magnetische Kräfte des Bogenstromes. Das Isolierstück besteht aus Hartgas, das bekanntlich bei Wärmeeinwirkung Löschgas abgibt. Durch Freiwerden des Löschgases wird der Gasinnendruck des Zündbogens zusätzlich verstärkt, wodurch das Abwandern des Bogens nachaußen unterstützt wird. An den Elektrodenrand gedrängt ist der Bogen besser kühl- und blasbar (Löschung). Ein Abbrand an den äußeren Zonen der Elektroden beeinträchtigt die Funktion der Funkenstrecke nicht, an diesen Zonen ist genügend Material vorhanden. Dagegen sind die inneren Zonen der beiden Elektroden, zwischen denen der Bogen gezündet wird, und die gegen Abbrand sehr empfindlich sind, aufgrund des schnellen Abwanders des Bogens nach der Zündung geschützt, wodurch eine wesentlich längere Lebensdauer erreicht wird.FIG. 1 shows a surge arrester according to the invention with a spark gap, the flat disk electrodes 2, 3 of which are kept at a distance by a likewise flat disk insulating piece 6. The two electrodes have a jump in diameter at a greater distance from one another. The insulating piece 6 is on all sides beyond the edge of the electrode end faces 21 and 31, so that an ignition between the electrode side faces 22 and 32 takes place as a curved arc 1, which, however, as described above, soon migrates outward into the region 1 '. The migration is supported by magnetic forces from the arc current. The insulating piece consists of hard gas, which is known to emit extinguishing gas when exposed to heat. By releasing the extinguishing gas, the internal gas pressure of the ignition arc is additionally increased, which supports the migration of the arc outwards. Pushed to the edge of the electrode, the sheet is easier to cool and blow (extinguish). Burning on the outer zones of the electrodes does not affect the function of the spark gap, there is enough material in these zones. On the other hand, the inner zones of the two electrodes between which the arc is ignited and which are very sensitive to erosion are protected due to the rapid migration of the arc after ignition, which results in a significantly longer service life.

Die Figur 2 zeigt eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung mit einer Doppelfunkenstrecke, die aus ebenen Scheibenelektroden 2, 3, 4 mit dazwischenliegenden Isolierstücken 6 gebildet wird. Die Elektroden weisen den gleichen Durchmesser auf, nur die beiden äußeren Elektroden haben in einem entfernteren Abstand zueinander einen Durchmessersprung. Erfindungsgemäß ragen die Isolierstücke über die angrenzenden Stirnflächen der Elektroden hinaus, indem sie einen um etwa zwei Isolierstückdicken größeren Durchmesser aufweisen. Um die Elektrodenanordnung ist eine Kammer 10 angeordnet, deren Wände aus einem Hohlzylinder 20, der mit der oberen äußeren Elektrode 2 verbunden ist, einer flachen Scheibe aus Isolierstoff 6f und aus dem unteren Elektrodenfortsatz 40 der äußeren unteren Elektrode 3 gebildet wird. Die untere Isolierstoffscheibe 6f, die an dem Hohlzylinder 20 befestligt ist, weist Öffnungen 8a auf, durch die die bei der Bogenentladung entstehenden Gase aus der Kammer 10 entweichen können. Die Innenseite des Hohlzylinders 20 ist teilweise mit Isolierstoff 6b, der vorteilhafterweise Hartgas enthält, ausgekleidet. Diese erfindungsgemäße üerspannungsableiteranordnung ist besonders vorteilhaft, da die beiden zwischen den Elektroden 3 und 4 bzw. 2 und 4 gezündeten Bögen 1, die sich jeweils um die äußeren Wülste der Isolierstücke herum stark gekrümmt erstrecken, sich sofort nach der Zündung durch elektrische Kräfte zu einem gemeinsamen Bogen vereinigen, der jedoch wie weiter oben geschildert, nach außen abgedrängt wird und vorwiegend zwischen den äußeren Rändern der Durchmessersprünge der beiden äußeren Elektroden brennt. Dadurch, daß ein Abbrand an diesen Randzonen die Funktion der Funkenstrecke nicht beeinträchtigt und daß der empfindliche Zündbereich gegen Abbrand geschützt ist, weil der Bogen nur in der Zündphase hier verweilt, weist dieser Überspannungsableiter eine lange Lebensdauer auf, wobei in wenig aufwendiger Weise ein gutes Löschverhalten ermöglicht wird. Die Lebensdauer wird noch weiter erhöht, wenn Elektrodenmaterial Metallegierungen mit hoher Widerstandsföhigkeit gegen Abbrand gewählt wird.FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention with a double spark gap which is formed from flat disk electrodes 2, 3, 4 with insulating pieces 6 lying in between. The electrodes have the same diameter, only the two outer electrodes have a jump in diameter at a greater distance from one another. According to the invention, the insulating pieces protrude beyond the adjacent end faces of the electrodes, in that they have a diameter which is larger by about two insulating piece thicknesses. Arranged around the electrode arrangement is a chamber 10, the walls of which are formed from a hollow cylinder 20 which is connected to the upper outer electrode 2, a flat disk made of insulating material 6f and the lower electrode extension 40 of the outer lower electrode 3. The lower insulating material disk 6f, which is attached to the hollow cylinder 20, has openings 8a through which the gases generated during the arc discharge can escape from the chamber 10. The inside of the hollow cylinder 20 is partially lined with insulating material 6b, which advantageously contains hard gas. This surge arrester arrangement according to the invention is particularly advantageous since the two arcs 1 ignited between the electrodes 3 and 4 or 2 and 4, each of which extends in a strongly curved manner around the outer beads of the insulating pieces, immediately after ignition by electrical forces into a common one Combine the arc, which, however, as described above, is pushed outwards and burns mainly between the outer edges of the jumps in diameter of the two outer electrodes. Because a burn-up at these edge zones does not impair the function of the spark gap and that the sensitive ignition area is protected against burn-off, because the arc only stays here in the ignition phase, this surge arrester has a long service life, with good extinguishing behavior in a less complex manner is made possible. The service life is increased even further if electrode material is selected from metal alloys with high resistance to erosion.

Claims (5)

1. Surge voltage arrester with spark gap and consisting of two electrodes (2, 3), which display end faces and side faces and the mutually opposite first end faces (21,31) of which are held at a spacing each from the other by means of an insultating piece (6) lying therebetween and which display a diameter step in the sense of a widening at a place spatially remote from the first end faces in discharge direction, whereby mutually opposite second end faces arise, which are separated each from the other by a spacing (a2), which isgreater than the spacing (a1), which is determined by the insulating piece between the named first end faces, and the circumference of which protrudes at all sides beyond the circumference of the insulating piece, characterised thereby, that the insulating piece (6), which under the effect of heat gives off quenching gas, protrudes beyond the entire circumference of at least one of the elctrodes (2, 3) and the ignition of the spark gap takes place as slididng arc discharge over a curved path (1) along the protruding surface of the insulating piece, wherein the sliding arc shifts out laterally after the ignition of the discharge and the discharge burns further between the second end faces (1') (Fig. 1).
2. Surge voltage arrester according to claim 1, characterised thereby, that the electrodes (2, 3) and the insulating piece (6) are discshaped.
3. Surge voltage arrester according to claim 2, characterised thereby, that for the formation of a double spark gap, a further electrode disc (4) is arranged between both the disc electrodes with the widening (2, 3)and spaced by two protruding insulating discs (6) from both the disc electordes (2, 3) (Fig. 2).
4. Surge voltage arrester according to claim 2 or 3, characterised thereby, that the electrode discs and the insulating discs are arranged rotationally symmetrically.
5. Surge voltage arrester according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterised thereby, that the electrodes are arranged in a chamber (10), which displays walls of insulating material (6), which under the effect of heat gives off quenching gas, and which displays an exit opening (8a), through which the gases arising during the discharge escape (Fig. 2).
EP81102313A 1980-04-26 1981-03-27 Survoltage arrester with spark gap Expired EP0038938B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3016265 1980-04-26
DE3016265A DE3016265C2 (en) 1980-04-26 1980-04-26 Surge arrester with spark gap

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0038938A1 EP0038938A1 (en) 1981-11-04
EP0038938B1 true EP0038938B1 (en) 1986-02-26

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US (1) US4366523A (en)
EP (1) EP0038938B1 (en)
CA (1) CA1156305A (en)
DE (1) DE3016265C2 (en)
DK (1) DK159032C (en)

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FR2451628A1 (en) * 1979-03-16 1980-10-10 Tubes Lampes Elect Cie Indle Voltage arrester gap filled with gas mixture - comprising inert and reducing gas, closed by metal halide that lowers breakdown voltage
DE2934238C2 (en) * 1979-08-24 1982-02-18 Dehn + Söhne GmbH + Co KG, 8500 Nürnberg Spark gap
DE2934236C2 (en) * 1979-08-24 1983-02-24 Aeg-Telefunken Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 6000 Frankfurt Surge arrester with spark gap

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2773778C1 (en) * 2021-10-21 2022-06-09 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") Device for forming a multi-channel electric breakdown of a solid state insulator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4366523A (en) 1982-12-28
DK164181A (en) 1981-10-27
CA1156305A (en) 1983-11-01
EP0038938A1 (en) 1981-11-04
DE3016265C2 (en) 1984-05-17
DK159032C (en) 1991-01-28
DE3016265A1 (en) 1981-11-05
DK159032B (en) 1990-08-20

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