EP0032442A1 - Dispositif et procédé de coulée électromagnétique - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de coulée électromagnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0032442A1
EP0032442A1 EP81300093A EP81300093A EP0032442A1 EP 0032442 A1 EP0032442 A1 EP 0032442A1 EP 81300093 A EP81300093 A EP 81300093A EP 81300093 A EP81300093 A EP 81300093A EP 0032442 A1 EP0032442 A1 EP 0032442A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
molten material
inductor
signal
changes
casting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP81300093A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0032442B1 (fr
Inventor
Gary L. Ungarean
John C. Yarwood
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Olin Corp
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Olin Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Olin Corp filed Critical Olin Corp
Publication of EP0032442A1 publication Critical patent/EP0032442A1/fr
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Publication of EP0032442B1 publication Critical patent/EP0032442B1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/18—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for pouring
    • B22D11/181—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for pouring responsive to molten metal level or slag level
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/01—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces
    • B22D11/015—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces using magnetic field for conformation, i.e. the metal is not in contact with a mould

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved process and apparatus for electromagnetically casting electromagnetically castable materials, e.g. metals and alloys.
  • the electromagnetic casting process has been known and used for many years for continuously and semi-continuously casting metals and alloys.
  • the process has been employed commercially for casting aluminum and aluminum alloys.
  • the electromagnetic casting apparatus comprises a three part mould consisting of an inductor, a non-magnetic screen and a manifold for applying cooling water to the ingot.
  • a three part mould consisting of an inductor, a non-magnetic screen and a manifold for applying cooling water to the ingot.
  • Such an apparatus is exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 3,467,166 to Getselev et al. Containment of the molten metal is achieved without direct contact between the molten metal and any component of the mould. Solidification of the molten metal is achieved by direct application of water from the cooling manifold to the ingot shell.
  • the present invention is particularly related to the process and apparatus for controlling the electromagnetic casting system.
  • Various approaches have been described in the prior art for controlling the excitation of the inductor in a manner so as to provide ingots of uniform cross-section.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,014,379 to Getselev a control system is described for controlling the current flowing through the inductor responsive to deviations in the dimensions of the liquid zone (molten metal head) of the ingot from a prescribed value.
  • the inductor voltage is controlled to regulate the inductor current in response to measured variations in the level of the surface of the liquid zone of the ingot. Control of the inductor voltage is achieved by an amplified error signal applied to the field winding of a frequency changer.
  • a metal level measuring coil has a relay connected to the ingot withdrawal mechanism via a regulator. At the start of casting the withdrawal mechanism is in its initial position. The regulator is connected to an actuator which starts the feed of metal into the mould. When the metal level reaches the height of the sensing coil, a signal is transmitted to the regulator which throws the relay and operates the withdrawal mechanism to withdraw the ingot from the mould.
  • a process and apparatus for controlling the molten material head height during a casting run.
  • the system of this invention does not require actual measurement of the position of the liquid-solid interface or the top surface of the molten material. Rather, it relies upon the sensing of an electrical parameter or signal from the inductor excitation and control system which changes as the hydrostatic pressure of the molten material head changes.
  • the electrical signal which is sensed as above is applied to a controller which adjusts the flow of molten material into the mould in response thereto.
  • the present invention is directed to a process and apparatus for casting electromagnetically castable materials, e.g. metals and alloys, by electromagnetically forming the molten material into a desired casting shape.
  • the electromagnetic forming is accomplished by means of an inductor which applies a magnetic field to the molten material.
  • the magnetic field serves to define a containment or casting zone for the molten material.
  • a system is provided for controlling and applying an alternating current to the inductor to generate the magnetic field.
  • the aforenoted apparatus is improved by providing a system for controlling the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the molten material in the containment zone. This is accomplished by sensing an electrical signal derived from the system for controlling and applying the alternating current to the inductor.
  • the electrical signal which is sensed is one which changes in correspondence to changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the molten material in the containment zone.
  • the flow rate of molten material into the containment zone is controlled.
  • the electrical signal which is sensed may comprise any of a number of possible signals including but not limited to: the error signal which is applied to the power supply to control the inductor excitation; or any of the voltage frequency or current signals applied to the inductor; or internal signals applied within the power supply such as bus voltage control signals.
  • the sole criteria for selecting the appropriate signal is that it be one which varies in correspondence with a variation in the hydrostatic pressure of the molten material head.
  • the electromagnetic casting mould 10 is comprised of an inductor 11 which is water cooled; a cooling manifold 12 for applying cooling water to the peripheral surface 13 of the material being cast C; and a non-magnetic screen 14.
  • Molten metal, or other electromagnetically castable material is continuously introduced into the mould 10 during a casting run using a trough 15 and down spout 16 and molten metal head control I in accordance with this invention.
  • the inductor 11 is excited by an alternating current from a power source 17 and control system 18 which preferably is of the type described in the aforenoted Yarwood et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,161, 20 6.
  • the alternating current in the inductor 11 produces a magnetic field which interacts with the molten metal head 12 to produce eddy currents therein. These eddy currents in turn interact with the magnetic field and produce forces which apply a magnetic pressure to the molten metal head 12 to contain it in the zone defined by the magnetic field so that it solidifies in a desired ingot C cross-section.
  • An air gap d exists during casting, between the molten metal head 19 and the inductor 11.
  • the molten metal head 19 is formed or moulded into the same general shape as the inductor 11 thereby providing the desired ingot cross-section.
  • the inductor may have any desired shape including circular or rectangular as required to obtain the desired ingot C cross-section.
  • the purpose of the non-magnetic screen 14 is to fine tune and balance the magnetic pressure with the hydrostatic pressure of the molten metal head 19.
  • the non-magnetic screen 14 may comprise a separate element as shown or may, if desired, be incorporated as a unitary part of the manifold for applying the coolant.
  • a conventional ram 21 and bottom block 22 is held in the magnetic containment zone of the mould 10 to allow the molten metal to be poured into the mould at the start of the casting run.
  • the ram 21 and bottom block 22 are then uniformly withdrawn at a desired casting rate.
  • Solidification of the molten metal which is magnetically contained in the mould 10 is achieved by direct application of water from the cooling manifold 12 to the ingot surface 13.
  • the water is applied to the ingot surface 13 within the confines of the inductor 11.
  • the water may be applied to the ingot surface 13 above, within or below the inductor 11 as desired.
  • the present invention is concerned with the control of the casting process and apparatus in order to provide cast ingots C, which have a substantially uniform cross-section over the length of the ingot and which are formed of metals and alloys such as copper and copper base alloys. This is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by controlling the molten metal head in the casting zone so as to maintain a substantially uniform hydrostatic pressure.
  • the molten metal head 19 corresponds to the pool of molten metal arranged above the solidifying ingot C which exerts the aforenoted hydrostatic pressure in the magnetic containment zone.
  • the molten metal head 19 extends from the top surface 12 of the molten metal pool to the solid/liquid interface or solidification front 24 and further includes a limited contribution associated with the molten metal in and above the down spout 16.
  • the present invention is directed to an integrated approach. Instead of sensing head height of the molten metal head 19, an electrical parameter is sensed which is derived from the control and/or current application system 17, 18 of the apparatus 10.
  • the means for controlling and exciting the inductor 11 can comprise a separate power supply 17 and electrical control system 18 as shown, or they could be combined in a single unit.
  • the signal which is sensed can be derived from either the control portion 18 or the power source portion 17 of the control and current application means.
  • the electrical signal which is sensed is one which varies generally proportionally with changes in hydrostatic pressure of the molten ⁇ metal head 19. Therefore, changes in the signal correspond to changes in the hydrostatic pressure.
  • control system 18 is effective for providing a cast ingot of substantially uniform diameter.
  • Most control systems 18 operate in one way or another by generating an error signal which is applied to the power supply 17 in order to change its output in a direction which will counteract the effect of changing hydrostatic pressure of the molten metal head 19.
  • the flow rate of molten metal into the containment zone cannot be controlled so precisely so as to avoid instability or other variations in the molten metal head 19 and its resultant hydrostatic pressure.
  • the error signal A as in Figure 2 which is generated by the control system 18 for application to the power supply 11, is one signal which corresponds to changes in hydrostatic pressure of the molten metal head 19.
  • the error signal A may take any desired form, for example, it could be a current, voltage, frequency, etc.
  • the error signal A is a voltage signal which is applied to an appropriate control input of the power supply 17 to control the output thereof.
  • the power supply 17 comprises a solid state power supply as is known in the art, although a motor generator could be utilized if desired.
  • various internal signals B result from the application of the error signal A to the control input of the supply.
  • a bus voltage which is used to control the voltage output of the supply 17 is a signal B which corresponds to the error signal A and, therefore, to changes in hydrostatic pressure.
  • various other signals B could be extracted from the power supply 17 at any point from the error signal A input to the output of the supply so long as they correspond to changes associated with the error signal and, therefore, changes in hydrostatic pressure.
  • the output signals 0 of the power supply 17 which are applied to the inductor 11 and which correspond to changes in hydrostatic pressure can be used. This applies, of course, only to those output signals 0 which are varied in response to changes in the error signal A. In the apparatus of this invention one such output signal 0 would be the current in the inductor 11. Alternatively, the voltage applied to the inductor 11 or in a variable frequency supply 17 the frequency could be sensed.
  • the present apparatus 10 is preferably directed to an arrangement wherein the frequency is fixed and only the voltage and current on the inductor 11 is varied.
  • power supplies wherein the frequency is not fixed could be employed and thereby changes in frequency could be utilized as a signal 0. It is apparent from the foregoing that the signal which is sensed A, B, or 0 as desired in accordance with this invention to determine changes in hydrostatic pressure can be derived from either the control system 18 or the power supply 17 for exciting the inductor 11.
  • the inductor 11 is connected to an electrical power source or supply 17 which provides the necessary controlled current and voltage at a desired frequency.
  • a typical power supply circuit may be considered as two subcircuits 25 and 26.
  • An external circuit 25 consists essentially of a solid state generator providing an electrical potential across the load or tank circuit 26 which includes the inductor 11. This latter circuit 26 except for the inductor 11 is sometimes referred to as a heat station and includes elements such as capacitors and tranformers.
  • the generator circuit 25 is preferably a solid state inverter.
  • a solid state inverter is preferred because it is possible to provide a selectable frequency output over a range of frequencies. This in turn makes it possible to control the penetration depth of the current in the load.
  • Both the solid state inverter 25 and the tank circuit or heat station 26 may be of conventional design.
  • the power supply is provided with front end DC voltage control in order to separate the voltage and frequency functions of the supply.
  • the control system 18 may be of any desired design including any of these described in the background of this application. However, preferably it is a system in accordance with the U.S. 4,161,206, Yarwood et al patent. In that system a reactive parameter of the inductor is sensed which is a function of the gap 'd' between the molten metal 19 and the inductor 11. The sensed parameter is compared with a preset value thereof and an error signal A is generated which is a function of the difference between the magnitude of the sensed parameter and a preset value thereof. As the sensed parameter changes, so does the error signal A in correspondence thereto.
  • control system 18 is adapted to control the power supply 17 in a way so as to maintain a substantially constant inductance and thereby a substantially uniform ingot cross-section.
  • the changes in the value of the error signal are a function of changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the molten metal head 19.
  • This hydrostatic pressure increase would normally increase the diameter of the resultant ingot C.
  • the control system 18 is effective to counteract this increase in hydrostatic pressure by increasing the current applied to the inductor 11.
  • the molten metal flowing into the containment zone is controlled manually by a suitable valve which in copper alloy casting practice is located at the top of the down spout 15.
  • the valve may be located in any desired location.
  • the valve is normally located toward the bottom of the down spout.
  • the particular position of the flow control valve may be selected as desired.
  • Conventionally manual control of flow rate is performed in response to sensing the height of the molten metal in the containment zone either visually or through electrical or electroptical means as are known in the art.
  • a flow control valve 27 somewhere in the molten metal distribution system which leads to the mould. Preferably, it is in the down spout 16.
  • the flow control valve 27 shown comprises a pin 28 having a conical end 29 which is arranged to control the flow rate of metal from the trough 15 into the down spout 16.
  • the pin 28 is arranged coaxially above the down spout 16. Raising the pin 28 increases the flow rate. Lowering the pin 28 decreases the flow rate. Lowering the pin 28 into contact with the end corners of the down spout 16 cuts off flow entirely.
  • the actuator 30 shown in Figures 1 and 2 comprises a pneumatic actuator.
  • the pneumatic actuator 30 includes a housing 31 internally of which is supported a flexible diaphragm 32.
  • the diaphragm 32 in turn is connected to the valve pin 28 by means of a rod 33.
  • the valve pin 28 is normally biased to its closed position by means of a spring 34 extending between the pin 28 and the housing 31 of the pneumatic actuator 30.
  • Air is introduced or withdrawn from the housing 31 by a voltage to pressure transducer 35. The magnitude of the air pressure applied by the transducer 35.
  • a suitable transducer 35 comprises a Model T5100 series manufactured by Fairchild, Inc. of North Carolina.
  • the air pressure from the transdcuer 35 deflects the diaphragm 32 as shown in phantom in proportion to the magnitude of the air pressure. This causes the pin 28 to be raised from its fully-closed position. The position of the pin 28 is, therefore, a function of the pressure on the lower side of the diaphragm 32. As the pressure increases, the deflection of the diaphragm 32 increases and, therefore, the flow opening into the casting zone is increased. Similarly, as the pressure decreases, the flow opening is decreased.
  • the transducer 35 receives the input control signal from the flow control system 37 which is connected to the power source 17 and control system 18 of the casting apparatus 10.
  • the flow control system 37 is best shown in Figure 2. It comprises a set point control amplifier 38, one input 39 of which is connected to a variable voltage source 40 which is utilized to set the control point of the amplifier 38.
  • the other input 41 to the amplifier is connected to receive the desired signal A, B, or 0 as described above, which is sensed from within the control and excitation system 17, 18 of the inductor 11.
  • the sensed signal A, B, or 0, which is applied to the control input 41 of the amplifier is compared by the amplifier to the variable voltage source set point signal P to generate the output signal V which is proportional to the difference therebetween.
  • the output signal V from the amplifier 38 causes the transducer 35 to increase or decrease the deflection of the diaphragm 32 to correspondingly increase or decrease the flow rate of metal from the trough 15 into the down spout 16.
  • the flow control system 37 preferably is of the proportional type wherein the differential between the set point signal P and the input signal A, B, or 0 from the control system and power source 17 and 18 is measured and amplified by a desired factor.
  • the controller 37 preferably includes a reset function which serves to long term average the sensed signal A, B, or 0.
  • the flow control system 37 will comprise an integrating control arrangement wherein the flow rate change cycles are from 2 to 10 times the cycle time associated with the power supply-control system 18. For example, the flow rate change cycles will range in time in seconds rather than in fractions of a second, preferably 2 to 10 seconds.
  • the controller 37 preferably also includes a rate function which is particularly useful at start- up.
  • the rate function of the controller 37 adds a factor to the control output signal V which would be a function of the rate of change in the input error signal A, B, or 0.
  • controller 37 which is adapted to receive the sensed hydrostatic pressure error signal A, B, or 0 and compare it with a predetermined value thereof to generate an error signal for controlling the transducer 35 could be used.
  • a pneumatic actuator 30 It is not necessary in accordance with this invention to utilize a pneumatic actuator 30. It would be fully appropriate to use in place thereof either a stepping motor or a servo control motor 42 as in Figure 3 and in place of the transducer 35, an appropriate servo amplifier 43 which would receive the error signal V from the set point amplifier 38.
  • the pin type flow control valve 27 is arranged for movement in a frame not shown vertically and axially of the down spout 16.
  • a rack 44 is connected to the pin 28 and is associated with a pinion gear 45 which is driven by the servo motor 42 which in accordance with this embodiment could be either a servo motor or a stepping motor.
  • the servo motor 42 is actuated by the output signal V I from the servo amplifier 43 in response to the error signal V from the set point amplifier which is applied at the input 46 to the servo amplifier.
  • a hydrostatic pressure change signal A, B, or 0 from the control and excitation system 17 and 18 for the inductor 11 is utilized to control the flow rate of the molten metal into the containment zone of the casting machine 10'.
  • the signals A, B, or 0 which are sensed in accordance with this invention can be sensed in any desired conventional fashion.
  • the error signal A from the control system 18 can be sensed by a parallel connection 47 to the output 48 of the control system 18 so that the output 48 thereof is applied to both the power supply 17 and the flow rate controller by suitably connecting terminal 49 to terminal 50 as by a wire 59 shown in phantom.
  • the voltage or frequency across the inductor could be sensed by means of a differential amplifier 53, filter 54 and frequency to voltage converter 55 as described in U.S. Patent 4,161,206.
  • the differential amplifier 53 is utilized to provide a voltage across the inductor 11 signal at terminal 56.
  • the output of the differential amplifier 53 alternatively is fed to a filter circuit 54 for extracting the fundamental frequency.
  • the output of the filter 54 is fed to a frequency to voltage converter 55.
  • the output signal of the frequency to voltage converter 55 at terminal 57 comprises a signal proportional to the frequency of the applied current.
  • Hydrostatic pressure control signals B from within the power source 17 such as the control bus voltage are provided at terminal 58.
  • control signals A, B, or 0 are connected to terminal 50 as by a wire connecting that terminal to any of the signal terminals 49, 56, 57, and 58.
  • a suitable wire ) connection 59 is shown in phantom connecting terminals 49 and 50 as an example.
  • the means for sensing the signals A, B, or 0 referred to above can be any desired means including a volt meter, a current meter or any other suitable instrument.
  • the apparatus 10 of the present invention will sense changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the molten metal head 19. If the magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure change signal A, B, or 0 increases or decreases with time, depending on whether the hydrostatic pressure is increasing or decreasing, then the set point control amplifier 38 will provide an appropriate control signal V for controlling the actuator 30 of the flow control valve 27. If for example there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure associated with an increased flow of molten metal into the containment zone, the effect on the control system 18 for the inductor 11 would be to increase the current to overcome the higher hydrostatic pressure.
  • This current increase would be sensed at any of the points as described above, either as the current output signal 0 itself or some other corresponding signal which could be traced all the way back to the change signal A which caused the increased current.
  • the change signal A, B, or 0 is applied to the set point control amplifier 38 to generate an output signal V from the amplifier which would cause the flow control valve 37 to reduce the flow of molten metal into the mould. This in turn would reduce the hydrostatic pressure and cause the control system 18 for the power supply 17 to reduce the current in the inductor. This would result in a change signal A, B, or 0 which would be fed back to the flow control system 37 and the two systems 18 and 37 will interact until a quiescent or near quiescent condition is obtained. If some change in the flow of molten metal into the mould destroys this quiescence, then the same control interaction will occur again until a more quiescent condition is achieved.
  • control system 18 for the power supply 17 is reacting or cycling in fractions of a second whereas the control system 37 for the molten metal flow rate is reacting or cycling in seconds.
  • control system 37 for the molten metal flow rate is reacting or cycling in seconds.
  • the flow control 2I could be similar to the Model 7355 three mode proportioning controllers manufactured by Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • valve 27 could be located in the trough 12 though this is deemed less desirable.
  • the pour rate of the furnace which provides the molten metal can be controlled by any desired means. For example, if a conventional tilt type furnace is utilized the rate at which the furnace is tilted could be controlled in a manner similar to the way the valve 27 in the embodiments described above is controlled. This approach again is not preferred because it is too far upstream of the mould.
  • the valve should be located as far downstream in the distribution system as possible in order to reduce the time interval necessary to change the rate of flow of molten metal into the mould.
  • molten metal flow or flow rate refer to the volumetric flow rate of the molten metal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
EP81300093A 1980-01-10 1981-01-09 Dispositif et procédé de coulée électromagnétique Expired EP0032442B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11089380A 1980-01-10 1980-01-10
US110893 1980-01-10

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EP0032442A1 true EP0032442A1 (fr) 1981-07-22
EP0032442B1 EP0032442B1 (fr) 1984-03-21

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EP81300093A Expired EP0032442B1 (fr) 1980-01-10 1981-01-09 Dispositif et procédé de coulée électromagnétique

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EP (1) EP0032442B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS56141943A (fr)
CA (1) CA1170017A (fr)
DE (1) DE3162710D1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0068827A1 (fr) * 1981-06-26 1983-01-05 Olin Corporation Commande de l'interface liquide-solide en coulée électromagnétique
EP0084090B1 (fr) * 1981-12-07 1986-03-19 PREH, Elektrofeinmechanische Werke Jakob Preh Nachf. GmbH & Co. Installation à charger des lingots pour une machine à couler sous pression à chambre chaude
CN102398008A (zh) * 2011-11-28 2012-04-04 苏州有色金属研究院有限公司 铝合金复合圆锭坯的制备方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4446909A (en) * 1981-02-20 1984-05-08 Olin Corporation Process and apparatus for electromagnetic casting of multiple strands having individual head control
US4450890A (en) * 1981-02-20 1984-05-29 Olin Corporation Process and apparatus for electromagnetic casting of multiple strands having individual head control
US4498521A (en) * 1981-05-26 1985-02-12 Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Molten metal level control in continuous casting
EP0296443A3 (fr) * 1987-06-22 1989-11-08 Zimmermann & Jansen GmbH Procédé et dispositif pour le remplissage automatique d'une lingotière de coulée continue

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4161978A (en) * 1978-07-19 1979-07-24 Reynolds Metals Company Ingot casting

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2686864A (en) * 1951-01-17 1954-08-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic levitation and heating of conductive materials
US3467166A (en) * 1967-03-01 1969-09-16 Getselev Zinovy N Method of continuous and semicontinuous casting of metals and a plant for same
DE2757785C3 (de) * 1977-12-23 1981-01-29 Reinhard W. Dr.-Ing. Zuerich Theiler (Schweiz) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen der Niveauhöhe einer elektrisch leitenden Flüssigkeit, insbesondere einer metallischen Schmelze

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4161978A (en) * 1978-07-19 1979-07-24 Reynolds Metals Company Ingot casting

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0068827A1 (fr) * 1981-06-26 1983-01-05 Olin Corporation Commande de l'interface liquide-solide en coulée électromagnétique
EP0084090B1 (fr) * 1981-12-07 1986-03-19 PREH, Elektrofeinmechanische Werke Jakob Preh Nachf. GmbH & Co. Installation à charger des lingots pour une machine à couler sous pression à chambre chaude
CN102398008A (zh) * 2011-11-28 2012-04-04 苏州有色金属研究院有限公司 铝合金复合圆锭坯的制备方法

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CA1170017A (fr) 1984-07-03
DE3162710D1 (en) 1984-04-26
JPS56141943A (en) 1981-11-05
EP0032442B1 (fr) 1984-03-21

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