EP0021461B1 - Verfahren und Brenner zum Vergasen festen Brennstoffs - Google Patents

Verfahren und Brenner zum Vergasen festen Brennstoffs Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0021461B1
EP0021461B1 EP80200355A EP80200355A EP0021461B1 EP 0021461 B1 EP0021461 B1 EP 0021461B1 EP 80200355 A EP80200355 A EP 80200355A EP 80200355 A EP80200355 A EP 80200355A EP 0021461 B1 EP0021461 B1 EP 0021461B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
burner
gas
oxygen
wall
fuel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80200355A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0021461A1 (de
EP0021461B2 (de
Inventor
Hsi Lin Wu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Publication date
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Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Publication of EP0021461B2 publication Critical patent/EP0021461B2/de
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/50—Fuel charging devices
    • C10J3/506—Fuel charging devices for entrained flow gasifiers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
    • C10J3/76—Water jackets; Steam boiler-jackets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/78—High-pressure apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
    • C10J2300/092—Wood, cellulose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/093—Coal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C10J2300/0976—Water as steam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1846—Partial oxidation, i.e. injection of air or oxygen only

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the gasification of finely divided solid fuel.
  • the fuel contains as useful components mainly carbon and hydrogen, which react with the oxygen-and possibly with steam and carbon dioxide- to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Depending on the temperature, the formation of methane is also possible.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is usally air or oxygen or a mixture thereof.
  • coal particles are contacted with the oxygen-containing gas in a reactor in a fixed or fluidized bed at temperatures below 1000°C.
  • the residence time of the coal particles is relatively long (certainly more than one minute).
  • a drawback of said processes is that not all types of solid fuel can be gasified in this manner, which limits the flexibility of said processes.
  • Highly swelling coal, for example, is unsuitable because it sinters together and clogs the reactor. In some cases the high yield of methane of said processes is a disadvantage.
  • the fuel is usually passed in a carrier gas to the reactor through the burner, while the oxygen-containing gas is also passed to the reactor through the burner. Since the solid fuel, even if it is finely divided, is usually less reactive than liquid or gaseous fuel (it cannot be atomized by the burner) great care is bestowed on the manner in which the fuel and oxygen are mixed. When the mixing in the reactor is insufficient, zones of underheating occur in the reactor next to zones of overheating, since part of the fuel does not receive enough oxygen and an other part of the fuel receives too much oxygen. Part of the fuel is then not fully gasified and another part is converted completely into carbon dioxide and water vapour. A drawback of locally high temperatures in the reactor is that damage is caused to the refractory lining which is usually provided therein.
  • a water vapour-containing moderator gas is often supplied to the reactor in order to check the temperature in the reactor.
  • the water vapour reacts with part of the fuel, with the formation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
  • the reaction in question is endothermic.
  • the moderator gas can be supplied to the reactor through the burner or otherwise.
  • the fuel is supplied in a carrier gas
  • that the fuel load of the carrier gas must be high to ensure that the carrier gas does not constitute an excessive thermal ballast and that the quantity of oxygen to be supplied is related to the quantity of fuel supplied, but that in spite of all these limiting factors it should be possible to operate the reactor at a variable production rate, that is to supply fuel in alternately large and small quantities through one and the same burner. It will be obvious that when supplying a small quantity of fuel (carrier gas) together with a small quantity of oxygen-containing gas the velocity in the burner will be low, so that the above-mentioned induction time is reached or exceeded.
  • the object of the present invention is to remove these drawbacks and provide a process in which on the one hand the fuel and the oxygen-containing gas are only mixed near the end of the burner and on the other hand an intensive mixing is reached in an early stage, i.e. at the entrance of the fuel and the oxygen-containing gas into the reactor-without causing overheating of the reactor wall near the burner.
  • the invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of a gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide by the partial combustion of a finely divided solid fuel with an oxygen-containing gas using a moderator gas, in which process said three components are each separately supplied to an empty reactor space through a burner, through which the solid fuel is passed in a carrier gas centrally, leaving the burner with an exactly axial moment, the oxygen-containing gas being passed concentrically around and separately from the fuel stream, leaving the burner with an axially and an inwardly directed radial moment, and the moderator gas being passed concentrically around and separately from the oxygen-containing gas, leaving the burner with an axial and an inwardly directed radial moment, characterized in that use is made of a burner, which is provided with a wall having a front face normal to the burner axis, along the inside of said wall a passage for moderator gas is located which passage changes direction for cooling of this portion of said wall where said front face is located with the moderator gas.
  • the moderator gas surrounds the streams of fuel and oxygen-containing gas flowing out of the burner and a degree of tolerance is formed in respect of the velocity at which and the direction in which the moderator gas and the oxygen-containing gas leave the burner, on the one hand an effective mixing of fuel and oxygen-containing gas can be ensured and, on the other hand, satisfactory cooling of the reactor wall near the burner can be effected, since the moderator gas comes into contact therewith.
  • the jacket of moderator gas which surrounds the streams of fuel-containing gas and oxygen-containing gas in the reactor immediately beside the burner prevents that the hot mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which has formed in the reactor become prematurely mixed with the stream of oxygen-containing gas (whereby a considerable degree of overheating is prevented in the vicinity of the burner mouth). The formation of a hot flame front at the burner mouth is thus prevented.
  • the fuel-containing carrier gas leaves the bumer with an exactly axial moment and that the oxygen-containing gas leaves the burner with an axial moment and an inwardly directed radial moment.
  • the stream of oxygen-containing gas is directed to the stream of fuel-containing carrier gas outside the burner.
  • mist of a gas stream is meant the product of the mass throughput and velocity (in v), the mass throughput being the number of kg of mass of the relevant stream per second leaving the burner.
  • the mass throughput is expressed in kg of mass/second and the velocity in m/sec.
  • a good mixing is usually obtained in practice when the ratio between the radial moment of the oxygen-containing gas and the axial moment of the fuel-containing carrier gas is between 0.2 and 1.0.
  • the process according to the present invention enables the use of a burner of which at the front part a wall adjoins with its front face the reactor space, said wall being cooled on the inside of the burner with the moderator gas. In this manner a satisfactory protection of the front part of the burner is obtained.
  • the moderator gas leaves the burner with an axial moment and an inwardly directed radial moment. Consequently, it is prevented that the fuel-containing gas and the oxygen-containing gas become mixed in a premature stage with hot carbon monoxide and hydrogen and come into contact with the reactor wall near the burner, so that local overheating is prevented.
  • the process according to the invention can of course also be carried out by means of two or more burners debouching into the gasification reactor.
  • the invention also relates to a burner for carrying out the present process.
  • a burner for carrying out the present process.
  • Such a burner has a central passage for fuel-containing carrier gas and concentric passages for oxygen-containing gas and moderator gas around said central passage.
  • Said burner has outlet openings for the oxygen-containing gas which are directed obliquely forward to one point and one or more outlet openings for the moderator gas running mainly parallel with the former openings.
  • the front part of said burner is provided with a wall having a front face normal to the burner axis, along the inside of said wall the passage for moderator gas is located, which passage changes direction at this point. In this manner a satisfactory cooling of the burner front is obtained.
  • the drawing shows diagrammatically an axial cross-section of the front part of a burner according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the burner is fitted in an opening of the reactor wall 1, which is shown diagrammatically and comprises an outer wall 2 and an inner double wall 3, 4. Between the outer wall 2 and the outer double wall 3 is an annular space 5 for the passage of the moderator gas. Between the double walls 3 and 4 is an annular space 6 for the passage of oxygen-containing gas and within the inner double wall 4 is an axial passage 7 for carrier gas with finely divided solid fuel.
  • the passage 7 debouches directly into the space 8 within the burner mouth.
  • the fronts of the double walls 3, 4 are connected by a connecting wall 9.
  • a number of bores 10 are provided, the centre lines 11 of which are located in a conical plane, the apex 12 of which lies in or even beyond the space 8 seen in the direction of flow 13.
  • the bores 10 form the connection between the space 6 and the space 8.
  • the front of the outer wall 2 is provided with a front face 14 which is directed normal to the centre line 15 of the burner and has also an inwardly directed end 16 which fits loosely in an annular slot 17 of the connecting wall 9.
  • the space 5 extends near the burner front along the inside of the front face 14 and said space 5 nevertheless debouches into the space 8 in a direction which is substantially parallel to the bores 10.
  • the burner injects a well- mixed stream of fuel and oxygen, surrounded by a jacket of moderator gas, into the reactor, the front part of the burner being cooled by moderator gas.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)

Claims (2)

1. Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gases, das Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid enthält, durch die teilweise Verbrennung eines fein verteilten Festbrennstoffs mit einem Sauerstoff enthaltenden Gas unter Verwendung eines Moderatorgases, bei dem die genannten dfei Komponenten jeweils getrannt durch einen Brenner einem leeren Reaktorraum zugeführt werden, wobei der Festbrennstoff in einem Trägergas zentral durch jf Brenner geleitet wird und den Brenner mit einem exakt axialen Bewegungsmoment verläßt, und das Sauerstoff enthaltende Gas getrennt von dem Brennstoffstrom und diesen konzentrisch umgebend geleitet wird und den Brenner mit einem axial und nach innen gerichteten radialen Bewegungsmoment verläßt, und wobei das Moderatorgas getrennt von dem Sauerstoff enthaltenden Gas und dieses konzentrisch umgebend geleitet wird und den Brenner mit einem axial und nach innen gerichteten radialen Bewegungsmoment verläßt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Brenner verwendet wird, der mit einer Wand versehen ist, die eine zur Brennerachse senkrechte Stirnseite aufweist, und daß sich entlang der Innenseite der Wand eine Durchführung für Moderatorgas befindet, die ihre Richtung änders, um denjenigen Bereich der Wand, wo sich die Stirnseite befindet, mit dem Moderatorgas zu kühlen.
2. Ein Brenner zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, der mit einer zentralen Durchführung (7) für ein Brennstoff enthaltendes Trägergas und mit konzentrischen Durchfühfungen für Sauerstoff enthaltendes Gas (6) und Moderatorgas (5) versehen ist, die sich um die zentrale Durchführung herum erstrecken, wobei Auslaßöffnungen (10) für das Sauerstoff enthaltende Gas schräg nach vorne auf einen Punkt gerichtet sind und sich eine Auslaßöffnung oder mehrere Auslaßöffnungen (17) für das Moderatorgas im wesentlichen parallel zu den vorgenannten Öffnungen erstreckt bzw. erstrecken, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Brenner außerdem mit einer Wand (2) versehen ist, die eine zur Brennerachse senkrechte Stirnseite (14) aufweist, und daß sich entlang der Innenseite der Wand die Durchführung (17) für Moderatorgas befindet, die zur Kühlung desjenigen Bereichs der Wand, wo sich die Stirnseite befindet, ihre Richtung ändert.
EP80200355A 1979-06-13 1980-04-17 Verfahren und Brenner zum Vergasen festen Brennstoffs Expired - Lifetime EP0021461B2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7904625 1979-06-13
NLAANVRAGE7904625,A NL183096C (nl) 1979-06-13 1979-06-13 Brander voor de partiele verbranding van een fijnverdeelde vaste brandstof met zuurstof en een moderatorgas.

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0021461A1 EP0021461A1 (de) 1981-01-07
EP0021461B1 true EP0021461B1 (de) 1983-08-17
EP0021461B2 EP0021461B2 (de) 1990-12-27

Family

ID=19833350

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80200355A Expired - Lifetime EP0021461B2 (de) 1979-06-13 1980-04-17 Verfahren und Brenner zum Vergasen festen Brennstoffs

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0021461B2 (de)
JP (1) JPS56907A (de)
AU (1) AU533204B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1153206A (de)
DE (1) DE3064565D1 (de)
IN (1) IN152671B (de)
NL (1) NL183096C (de)
ZA (1) ZA802014B (de)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4282010A (en) * 1979-07-17 1981-08-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Fluidized bed injection assembly for coal gasification
GB2060158A (en) * 1979-10-02 1981-04-29 Shell Int Research Solid fuel combustion
US4391611A (en) * 1981-03-05 1983-07-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Gasification system
EP0101213B1 (de) * 1982-08-12 1987-09-30 Texaco Development Corporation Kohlevergasungsbrenner und Vorrichtung
DE3371405D1 (en) * 1982-08-23 1987-06-11 Shell Int Research Burner for the partial combustion of finely divided solid fuel
CA1218903A (en) * 1982-10-19 1987-03-10 Ian Poll Process and burner for the partial combustion of solid fuel
GB8307519D0 (en) * 1983-03-18 1983-04-27 Shell Int Research Burner
GB8317251D0 (en) * 1983-06-24 1983-07-27 Shell Int Research Burner for gasification of solid fuel
JPS6138313A (ja) * 1984-07-30 1986-02-24 Babcock Hitachi Kk 噴流層石炭ガス化炉用バ−ナ
DE3440088A1 (de) * 1984-11-02 1986-05-07 Veba Oel Entwicklungs-Gesellschaft mbH, 4650 Gelsenkirchen Brenner
JPS63142095A (ja) * 1986-12-05 1988-06-14 Babcock Hitachi Kk 噴流層石炭ガス化炉
JPH086102B2 (ja) * 1989-10-20 1996-01-24 バブコツク日立株式会社 噴流層ガス化装置
JP4936817B2 (ja) * 2006-08-07 2012-05-23 大陽日酸株式会社 合成ガス製造用燃焼装置及び合成ガス製造方法

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU35569A1 (de) *
FR978135A (fr) * 1947-12-29 1951-04-10 Koppers Co Inc Appareil pour la production continue de gaz combustibles
GB737070A (en) * 1952-12-11 1955-09-21 Basf Ag Improvements in the gasification of pulverulent to granular fuels
FR1203262A (fr) * 1957-09-13 1960-01-18 Bataafsche Petroleum Procédé de préparation de mélanges de gaz contenant de l'hydrogène et de l'oxyde de carbone et appareil de mise en oeuvre du procédé
DE1076868B (de) * 1958-04-30 1960-03-03 Koppers Gmbh Heinrich Einrichtung zur Brenngaserzeugung durch Vergasung feinverteilter Brennstoffe
US3847564A (en) * 1970-01-23 1974-11-12 Texaco Development Corp Apparatus and process for burning liquid hydrocarbons in a synthesis gas generator
US3929429A (en) * 1974-09-26 1975-12-30 Texaco Inc Fuel gas from solid carbonaceous fuels
DE2520883B2 (de) * 1975-05-10 1979-07-05 Eisenwerk-Gesellschaft Maximilianshuette Mbh, 8458 Sulzbach-Rosenberg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Vergasung von Kohle oder kohlenstoffhaltigen Brennstoffen in einem Eisenbadreaktor
JPS5333601A (en) * 1976-09-10 1978-03-29 Pioneer Electronic Corp Stereophonic system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL183096C (nl) 1988-07-18
EP0021461A1 (de) 1981-01-07
AU5705280A (en) 1980-12-18
EP0021461B2 (de) 1990-12-27
NL7904625A (nl) 1980-12-16
NL183096B (nl) 1988-02-16
AU533204B2 (en) 1983-11-10
DE3064565D1 (en) 1983-09-22
ZA802014B (en) 1981-04-29
CA1153206A (en) 1983-09-06
JPH0240716B2 (de) 1990-09-12
JPS56907A (en) 1981-01-08
IN152671B (de) 1984-03-10

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