EP0000616A1 - Matrix-adressierbare elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung - Google Patents

Matrix-adressierbare elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0000616A1
EP0000616A1 EP78300063A EP78300063A EP0000616A1 EP 0000616 A1 EP0000616 A1 EP 0000616A1 EP 78300063 A EP78300063 A EP 78300063A EP 78300063 A EP78300063 A EP 78300063A EP 0000616 A1 EP0000616 A1 EP 0000616A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
display
electrodes
row
electrochromic
mole
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP78300063A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0000616B1 (de
Inventor
Angel Garcia Arellano
Peter John Melz
Clayton Vance Wilbur
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Publication of EP0000616A1 publication Critical patent/EP0000616A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0000616B1 publication Critical patent/EP0000616B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/38—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using electrochromic devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
    • C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1503—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect caused by oxidation-reduction reactions in organic liquid solutions, e.g. viologen solutions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/163—Operation of electrochromic cells, e.g. electrodeposition cells; Circuit arrangements therefor

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an electrochromic display device comprising a pair of dielectric plates, at least one of which is transparent, sealed together to enclose an electrochromic redox composition, electrodes disposed on the inner faces of the plates so as to define display sites at each of which current may flow from an electrode on one face to an electrode on the other face, and drive means arranged to supply drive voltages selectively to individual electrodes.
  • Electrochromism is reviewed in the paper, Performance Characteristics of Electrochromic Displays, by Chang and Howard, published in the IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol ED-22, No. 9, September 1975 at pp 749 to 758. The type of display device with which this invention is concerned is described in this paper as employing electro- chemichromic materials.
  • a coloured display cell in general has a different electrochemical potential difference across it than a clear cell. When these cells are connected together the coloured cell tends to drive or colour the clear cell. While eliminating the conductivity between cells, the Schoot et al arrangement still suffers from communication between the cells via the electrodes.
  • an electrochromic display device of the kind to which the invention relates is characterised in that, the inner faces of the dielectric plates are flat and each carry a set of display electrodes, the respective sets defining a matrix of display sites, the drive means is such as to supply to the display electrodes a voltage signal such that the potential difference between the electrodes at selected display sites only is at a level in excess of a given threshold, dependent on the electrochromic composition, and the drive means is of such low impedance and the electrodes of such low resistance that the voltage levels at display sites are independent of whether or not a display is being effected at a display site.
  • the electrochromic composition is such that the display effect at a display site fades in the absence of a potential difference exceeding the given potential, and the drive means is arranged to supply cyclic pulse signals to selected display electrodes such that the display effect is regularly regenerated.
  • the invention is further characterised in that, the drive means is arranged to supply voltage signals to electrodes such that the time average of the potential difference across unselected display sites is zero.
  • the preferred electrochomic composition includes a pyrazoline.
  • the colouration decays spontaneously at each display element when the cross-point is not being held at a potential difference exceeding the threshold potential.
  • the display is therefore driven in a periodic refreshed mode in which desired display elements are periodically refreshed to maintain colour and display elements which are not refreshed rapidly discolour.
  • the spontaneous decay characteristic limits the diffusion to a distance comparable to the thickness of the cell. Since the cell can be thin compared to the width of a display element, there is no loss of image resolution due to diffusion.
  • the spontaneous decay rate of the chrominance depends on the voltage across the cell when the cell is not selected or driven above threshold. This voltage will vary in general with the information being displayed and causes chrominance variations. By using a special column and row drive technique in which the time average voltages appearing at display elements in unselected rows is always zero, this variation is eliminated.
  • an electrochromic display device 10 in accordance with the invention includes a display panel 12 and drive circuitry 14 coupled to drive the panel 12 in a matrix refresh mode of operation.
  • the display panel 12 includes two clear glass plates 16, 18 disposed in closely spaced parallel opposed relationship and separated by a peripherally extending spacer 20 which sealingly engages the glass plates 16, 18 about their peripheries to maintain them in a desired spaced relationship and provide an interior cavity 22 between the two spaced apart plates 16, 18.
  • the cavity 22 is filled with an electrochromic fluid which has a threshold voltage characteristic for electrocolouration and preferably has a relatively high resistivity.
  • a plurality of vertically extending or column electrodes 26 are disposed in parallel spaced relationship on the facing interior surface of upper clear glass plate 16 and a plurality of row electrodes 30 are disposed on a facing interior surface 32 of glass plate 18, which may or may not be transparent.
  • the electrodes 26 and 30 extend through the display region and define a matrix of display sites, each sing beino posed at a different crosspoint of a column electrode 2b and a row electrode 30. While the number and relative spacing of the column and row electrodes 26, 30 may depend upon a particular application for which the display panel 12 is designed, in the present instance the panel is suitable for the display of four data characters each represented by a display site array of 7 x 9 crosspoints.
  • each display site is determined by the size and shape of the cross-over of the row and column electrode defining the site.
  • the electrodes 26, 30 are thus made relatively wide with respect to the spacing between adjacent electrodes.
  • each column electrode 26 has a width of 0.508 mm (20 mils) and a spacing of 0.0762 mm (3 mils) is provided between adjacent column electrodes for a single character with a spacing of 1.168 mm (46 mils) being provided between the adjacent columns for adjacent characters.
  • the row electrodes 30 have a width of 0.635 mm (25 mils) with a spacing of 0.0762 mm (3 mils) between adjacent electrodes. This results in a character height of 6.325 mm (0.249 inch) and a character width of 4.013 mm (0.158 inch).
  • the column electrodes 26 are formed by selectively etching a Nesa coating on the interior surface 28 of glass plate 16 using conventional etching techniques.
  • a fine gold conductor 34 is formed along each column electrode 26 in electrical communication therewith.
  • the high conductivity gold electrode 34 affords each of the electrodes 26 a low resistance to permit cross-talk between display elements to be essentially eliminated by allowing the voltage at all locations along each electrode 26 to be controlled by the electronic circuitry and be substantially independent of the information being displayed.
  • the gold electrode 34 is sufficiently narrow that it is almost invisible and has very little effect on the viewing of displayed information.
  • the row electrodes 30 on the surface of glass plate 18 could be constructed in the same-way as the column electrodes 26, but because they couple more display elements and thus carry more current and because they need not be optically clear, it is preferable that the row electrodes 30 be formed of a highly conductive material which is inert to the electrochromatic fluid such as gold or platinum.
  • An underlayer of chrome is used to promote adhesion of gold to the glass surface 32.
  • the specular reflection of the gold electrodes is preferably reduced by light sandblasting.
  • the display elements show a high rate of increase of colouration at the energisation voltage and a decay rate response time constant which is relatively long for purposes of best colouration but short enough that the information content of the display may be readily changed.
  • the primary effect of spacing between glass plates is on the response time of the display. As a crosspoint is driven above threshold, coloured species are created at the electrode and begin to diffuse into the cell. This process continues until an equiblibrium is reached where the rate at which coloured species are produced equals the rate at which they disappear, either through bulk processes in the volume of the electrochromic liquid or by decolouration at an electrode. The time required to reach this equilibrium or the display response time is proportional to the diffusion time of a molecule across the cell thickness. Thus for fast response the spacing should be small.
  • electrochromic fluid improves the rate of increase of colouration, but also reduces the resistance to spreading of cell energisation.
  • the spacing between the glass plates 16, 18 should be between 0.0127 mm (.0005 in.) and 0.127 mm (.005 in.) with a spacing of approximately 0.0381 mm (0.0015 in.) being optimum.
  • the decay time constant of the electrochromic fluid is preferably between 0.1 and 0.4 second and the resistivity of the electrochromic fluid is preferable between 5000 and 50 ohm-centimeters.
  • the electrochromic fluid disposed in the cavity 22 between the plates 16, 18 should consist of a redox couple which will react reversibly at the anode, a second redox couple which will react reversibly at the cathode, a salt which is electrochemically inert and provides the required electrical conductivity to the formulation, and a solvent for dissolving the other three components.
  • One or both of the redox couples should provide a change in colouration upon oxidation or reduction to facilitate the display of desired information upon electrical energisation.
  • the electrochromic fluid should also have a threshold voltage characteristic.
  • the electrochromic solution is in physical contact with a given row and column electrode for the entire length of these electrodes in the active display area of the panel, yet when a potential difference is applied across the electrodes by the drive circuitry to properly display the desired information, the current flow which produces the colouration should be localised to the area where the two electrodes overlap. This can be accomplished if the lateral resistance of the electrochromic solution is high compared to the resistance along an electrode. The current will thus be confined to the electrodes except when it must pass through the solution to cross between electrodes where they are most nearly in contact.
  • One electrochromic fluid formulation which has been found to be particularly useful is 0.09 mole of 1-p-methoxyphenyl-3-p-diethylamino styryl-5-diethylamino phenyl-A - pyrazoline, 0.2 mole phenyl-p-benzoquinone, and 0.4 mole tetrabutylammonium fluoroborate in methylethyl ketone.
  • a second formulation which has been found to be particularly suitable is 0.2 mole l-p-methoxy-phenyl-3-p-dipropylamino styryl-5-dipropylamino phenyl- ⁇ 2 -pyrazoline, 0.4 mole phenyl-p-benzoquinone, and 0.8 mole tetrabutyl-ammonium fluoroborate in methylethyl ketone.
  • the individual energised electrochromic cells discharge through the electrodes.
  • the cell decay is thus dependent upon the voltage across the electrodes and there is a tendency for the cells along a given column electrode for which a large number of the cells are energised for a particular display to experience a much greater average voltage potential and thus decay much more slowly than for example a cell along a column electrode for which only a single cell is energised for a given display.
  • the cells along a column electrode having multiple energised cells would present an apparent increased chrominance compared to a cell energised along a column electrode for which only one cell is energised.
  • the uprights of an H pattern would display an increased chrominance relative to the crossbar.
  • the drive circuitry 14 eliminates this pattern sensitive chrominance intensity problem by driving the electrodes in a special mode such that the time average voltage applied to all display elements is identical.
  • the display is refreshed at a rate of 30 refreshes per second which is sufficiently rapid that the human eye integrates the light emanating from the display and does not see the results of individual refreshes.
  • the drive circuitry 14 is shown in somewhat simplified form in Fig. 1 and includes a clock generator 38 and a diving- by-two counter 52 which generate a 540 hertz clock signal and a 270 hertz clock signal respectively, row select circuitry 54, 56 and 58 which sequentially select the row electrodes for energisation, in response to the 270 hertz clock signal, a display input source 42 which may be a microprocessor or any other source of characters to be displayed, a recirculating character display memory 44 which stores the characters which are to be displayed and sequentially presents them to a character generator 46, an Exclusive-OR gate 48 and a 28 bit shift and store circuit 50.
  • a clock generator 38 and a diving- by-two counter 52 which generate a 540 hertz clock signal and a 270 hertz clock signal respectively
  • row select circuitry 54, 56 and 58 which sequentially select the row electrodes for energisation, in response to the 270 hertz clock signal
  • a display input source 42 which may be a
  • the row select circuitry 40 includes a divide-by-two counter 52 which is responsive to the 540 hertz clock pulse, a divide-by-nine row counter 54 which is responsive to the 270 nertz output of divide-by-two counter 52, a one of nine decoder 56 which decodes the output of row counter 54, and row drivers 58 which drive the individual row electrodes of the display panel 12 in response to the outputs from decoder 56 and divide-by-two counter 52.
  • each row electrode communicates with 28 individual display elements or cells, each of which may produce a current load of 1 milliamp, the maximum current load is 28 milliamps.
  • a larger 16 character display may produce a current load as high a 112 milliamps for the row driver 60.
  • a totem pole inverter circuit 60 shown in Fig. 2 is capable of handling this current load and providing the required low impedance output which is preferably less than 300 ohms to each of the row electrodes.
  • the row drivers 58 thus might include nine of the inverter circuits 60 each being responsive to a different output from the decoder 56. Decoder 56 is enabled during only a second half of each row period by the 50% duty cycle signal the divide-by-two counter 52.. Thus during the first half of each row period all row electrodes 26 are coupled to ground and during a second half of each row period a selected one of the nine row electrodes is driven at a voltage of +1 volt while the other eight remain at ground potential.
  • the display input device 42 provides data information to the recirculating character display memory 44 which sequentially outputs the four display characters at a rate of 2160 characters per second. At this speed, all four display characters are output for each half of a row update period.
  • Character generator 46 responds to the data characters indicated by memory 44 and to the row update information from row counter 54 to provide that pattern refresh data at a serial data rate of 15,120 display elements per second. This data rate enables the refresh dot display data for a given row position to be provided to shift and store circuit 50 during each half of a row refresh time period.
  • Exclusive-OR gate 48 responds to the output of the divide-by-two counter 52 and to the serial data output of character generator 46 to pass to shift and store circuit 50 the required dot pattern update data during the first half of a row period and the complement of the dot pattern update data during the second half of the row period.
  • Shift and store circuit 50 is a combination 28 bit serial in parallel out shift register and 28 latches which receive and latch the parallel outputs of the shift register. It may be similar to a series combination of four RCA C-Mos CD 4094 8 bit shift and store integrated circuits.
  • the shift and store circuit requires output drivers such as the C-Mos output driver 62 shown in Fig. 3 to maintain the column outputs at either +0.5 volts or 0.5 volts.
  • Each output of driver 62 preferably has an impedence less than 300 ohe-During the first half of a row refresh period, the uncomplemented dot display refresh pattern for a given row is shifted into shift and store circuit 50.
  • the dot pattern information is loaded into the output latches to drive the column electrodes while the decoder 56 is enabled to cause a selected row electrode to be energised to provide a coincident selection dot display element energisation for one row of display cells in the display panel 12.
  • the output of divide-by-two counter 52 drives Exclusive-OR gate 48 with a logic one input to cause the complement of the dot refresh pattern data for the next row refresh period to be loaded into shift and store circuit 50.
  • the complement refresh dot pattern data for the next period is loaded into the latches of shift and store circuit 50 to drive the column electrodes with complement refresh data during the first half of the next row refresh period while uncomplemented dot refresh data corresponding thereto is serially shifted into shift and store circuit 50.
  • the sinf-and store circuit drives the column electrodes with the complement of the dot refresh pattern data for the row refresh operation.
  • the row decoder 56 is not enabled during this first half of a row refresh peroog, the complement data does not exceed the threshold volvage at any column position in the display panel 12 and caruct cause the energisation of a display cell.
  • each column electrode is necessarily driven diternatel, with +V threshold for 1/2 row period and -V threshold for another 1/2 row period to provide a time average of 0 volts during the non-select time. Therefore, the discharge rate and hence apparent colouration of the cell is independent of the information being displayed.
  • Row energisation period states A represents a condition corresponding to full selection with the row selected and the write waveform of the column.
  • a given selected cell receives a total voltage thereacross of 1.5 volts. This is three times the threshold voltage of 0.5 volts and causes the cell to rapidly recharge and display a chrominance differential from non-charged display cells.
  • the selected cell experiences a voltage thereacross of -0.5 volts.
  • State B represents a partial selection condition in which a given cell is row selected but is not column selected.
  • the given cell experiences a total voltage of +0.5 volts. This is equal to the voltage threshold of the cell and is insufficient to charge the cell. The cell thus remains in its uncharged nonchrominant state.
  • the electrodes are energised with -0.5 volts on the column electrodes and 0 volts on the row electrode to provide a total voltage across the cell of +0.5 volts.
  • the select waveform is applied to the row electrode, the crosspoint voltage does not exceed the threshold at any time during the period and no colouration occurs.
  • a cell will remain unselected by the row electrode with either the write waveform on the column electrode as shown for state C or with the clear waveform on the column electrode as shown for state D.
  • the given cell experiences either + or -0.5 volts during the first half of the row refresh period and the complement - or +0.5 volts during the second half of the row refresh period.
  • the cell thus experiences a time average 0 volts during eight out of nine of the row refresh periods without regard to the data information being displayed.
  • the non-selected row waveform is zero, this condition only depends on using symmetrical column waveforms and is independent of the ratio of the row to column voltages.
  • the display decay rate and hence chrominance for energised cells is thus independent of the particular display pattern and the chrominance remains uniform and constant for all energised cells.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
EP78300063A 1977-06-29 1978-06-21 Matrix-adressierbare elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung Expired EP0000616B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US811328 1977-06-29
US05/811,328 US4146876A (en) 1977-06-29 1977-06-29 Matrix addressed electrochromic display

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0000616A1 true EP0000616A1 (de) 1979-02-07
EP0000616B1 EP0000616B1 (de) 1981-11-25

Family

ID=25206247

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP78300063A Expired EP0000616B1 (de) 1977-06-29 1978-06-21 Matrix-adressierbare elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4146876A (de)
EP (1) EP0000616B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5431297A (de)
BR (1) BR7804156A (de)
CA (1) CA1085525A (de)
DE (1) DE2861344D1 (de)
IT (1) IT1108959B (de)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0084604A1 (de) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 American Cyanamid Company Dünnschicht-Transistor-Ansteuerung für eine elektrochrome Anzeigeeinrichtung
EP0084603A1 (de) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 American Cyanamid Company Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Ansteuern einer elektrochromen Anzeigevorrichtung im Multiplexbetrieb
EP0301513A2 (de) * 1987-07-29 1989-02-01 Sony Corporation Elektrochrome Anzeige

Families Citing this family (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4225861A (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-09-30 International Business Machines Corporation Method and means for texture display in raster scanned color graphic
FR2499744B1 (fr) * 1981-01-05 1986-07-04 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif d'affichage matriciel comprenant deux familles d'electrodes lignes et son procede de commande
US4456337A (en) * 1981-12-07 1984-06-26 Rockwell International Corporation Chemically coupled color-changing display
JPS58137879A (ja) * 1982-02-10 1983-08-16 株式会社デンソー エレクトロクロミツク表示器
US4653859A (en) * 1983-03-04 1987-03-31 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal optical modulating element having particular capacitance between lines and method for driving the same
NL8502663A (nl) * 1985-09-30 1987-04-16 Philips Nv Weergeefinrichting met verbeterde aansturing.
US4902108A (en) 1986-03-31 1990-02-20 Gentex Corporation Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions for use therein, and uses thereof
NL8601373A (nl) * 1986-05-29 1987-12-16 Philips Nv Weergeefinrichting met verbeterde aansturing.
US5179467A (en) * 1989-12-05 1993-01-12 International Business Machines Corporation Charge transfer salts and uses thereof
DE69214849T2 (de) * 1991-01-16 1997-03-27 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk Optische Vorrichtung und Gerät, welches diese benutzt
GB9722766D0 (en) 1997-10-28 1997-12-24 British Telecomm Portable computers
AU2002252426B2 (en) * 2001-03-19 2007-08-23 Aveso, Inc. Matrix addressable electrochromic display device
JP2005500682A (ja) * 2001-08-13 2005-01-06 アドバンスト・マイクロ・ディバイシズ・インコーポレイテッド メモリセル
US6806526B2 (en) * 2001-08-13 2004-10-19 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Memory device
US6744549B2 (en) * 2002-03-19 2004-06-01 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Electrochromic display device
WO2006051056A1 (de) * 2004-11-12 2006-05-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Elektrochrome anzeigevorrichtung mit passiv matrix
JP5200344B2 (ja) * 2006-08-02 2013-06-05 富士ゼロックス株式会社 画像表示媒体、画像書込み装置、および画像形成装置
US20120013981A1 (en) * 2010-07-19 2012-01-19 Sol-Grid, Llc Photochromic optical elements
KR20160022030A (ko) * 2014-08-19 2016-02-29 현대자동차주식회사 투명도 가변 글래스 및 글래스 투명도 제어 장치
CN104834103B (zh) * 2015-05-25 2017-04-12 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 3d光栅、彩膜基板、显示装置及其控制方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3736043A (en) * 1971-03-29 1973-05-29 Ibm Electrochemical molecular display and writing
US3828547A (en) * 1971-02-18 1974-08-13 Suwa Seikosha Kk Quartz crystal timepiece
DE2500251A1 (de) * 1974-01-08 1975-07-17 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Elektronische uhr
US3987433A (en) * 1975-09-02 1976-10-19 Timex Corporation Electrochromic display driver having interleaved write and erase operations
DE2654267A1 (de) * 1975-12-01 1977-06-02 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Verbesserte erregerstromkreise fuer elektro-optische anzeigegeraete

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3451741A (en) * 1966-06-15 1969-06-24 Du Pont Electrochromic device
JPS5236656B2 (de) * 1973-01-10 1977-09-17
JPS5092046A (de) * 1973-12-13 1975-07-23
US4041481A (en) * 1974-10-05 1977-08-09 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Scanning apparatus for an electrophoretic matrix display panel
JPS5218197A (en) * 1975-08-01 1977-02-10 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Drive circuit for electrochromism display
JPS5227399A (en) * 1975-08-27 1977-03-01 Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd Driving system of electrochemical luminous element

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3828547A (en) * 1971-02-18 1974-08-13 Suwa Seikosha Kk Quartz crystal timepiece
US3736043A (en) * 1971-03-29 1973-05-29 Ibm Electrochemical molecular display and writing
DE2500251A1 (de) * 1974-01-08 1975-07-17 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Elektronische uhr
US3987433A (en) * 1975-09-02 1976-10-19 Timex Corporation Electrochromic display driver having interleaved write and erase operations
DE2654267A1 (de) * 1975-12-01 1977-06-02 Citizen Watch Co Ltd Verbesserte erregerstromkreise fuer elektro-optische anzeigegeraete

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 28, nr. 9, 1st May 1976, New York, (US) R.V. POLE et al.: "Photoinduced electrochromic effect and its applications to displays", pages 494-497 *
IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN, vol. 19, nr. 2, July 1976, New York, (US) H. SEKI: "Photoinduced electrochromism panel", pages 653-654 *
IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN, vol. 19, nr. 4, September 1976, New York, (US) H.L. JONES et al.: "Process for a photo-induced electrochrome display", page 1416 *
IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN, vol. 20, nr. 7, December 1977, New York, (US) R.B. CHAMP et aL.: "Improved solubility pyrasoline for electrochromic formulations", page 2823 *
IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN, vol. 20, nr.9, february 1978, New York, (US) G.S. KELLER et al.: "Electrochromic formulations using dichloromethane and related solvents", page 3676 *
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, vol. ED.22, nr. 9, September 1975, New York, (US) I.F. CHANG et al.: "Performance characteristics of electrochromic displays", pages 749-758 *
SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, 1978, New York, (US) A.G. ARELLANO et al.: "A refreshed matrix adressed electrochromic display", pages 22-23 *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0084604A1 (de) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 American Cyanamid Company Dünnschicht-Transistor-Ansteuerung für eine elektrochrome Anzeigeeinrichtung
EP0084603A1 (de) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 American Cyanamid Company Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Ansteuern einer elektrochromen Anzeigevorrichtung im Multiplexbetrieb
EP0301513A2 (de) * 1987-07-29 1989-02-01 Sony Corporation Elektrochrome Anzeige
EP0301513A3 (de) * 1987-07-29 1990-08-01 Sony Corporation Elektrochrome Anzeige

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4146876A (en) 1979-03-27
CA1085525A (en) 1980-09-09
JPS5431297A (en) 1979-03-08
BR7804156A (pt) 1979-04-10
IT7825056A0 (it) 1978-06-28
DE2861344D1 (en) 1982-01-28
IT1108959B (it) 1985-12-16
EP0000616B1 (de) 1981-11-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0000616B1 (de) Matrix-adressierbare elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung
US5272472A (en) Apparatus for addressing data storage elements with an ionizable gas excited by an AC energy source
US5077553A (en) Apparatus for and methods of addressing data storage elements
US4896149A (en) Addressing structure using ionizable gaseous medium
US7193625B2 (en) Methods for driving electro-optic displays, and apparatus for use therein
US4522472A (en) Electrophoretic image display with reduced drives and leads
US4655550A (en) Ferro-electric liquid crystal display with steady state voltage on front electrode
EP1512137A2 (de) Verfahren zur ansteuerung von elektrooptischen anzeigen
US4175836A (en) Method and apparatus for forming visible images
US4297695A (en) Electrochromic display device
US4210907A (en) Uniform coloration control in an electrochromic display of the segmented type
US4228431A (en) Electrochromic display device
US4535329A (en) Constant current/constant voltage drive for an electrochromic display cell
US5400046A (en) Electrode shunt in plasma channel
US4506955A (en) Interconnection and addressing scheme for LCDs
US4644344A (en) Electrochromic matrix display
EP0685832B1 (de) Ferroelektrische Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung und Ansteuerungsverfahren zur Durchführung einer abgestufften Anzeige
WO1996018989A1 (en) Voltage driving waveforms for plasma addressed liquid crystal displays
EP0326254B1 (de) Verfahren und Anordnung zur Adressierung von Datenspeicherelementen
US4210909A (en) Complete bleaching of non-selected display electrodes in an electrochromic display drive
US4185230A (en) Gas discharge display panel having an array of discharge cavities and a self scan glow transfer device formed by cavities in the array
US4209770A (en) Driving technique for electrochromic displays of the segmented type driving uncommon segment electrodes only
US5623276A (en) Kicker pulse circuit for an addressing structure using an ionizable gaseous medium
JPH09101499A (ja) ２端子型非線形抵抗素子を用いた液晶表示装置
EP1634269A1 (de) Display-einrichtungsadressierungsverfahren

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

17P Request for examination filed
GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): DE FR GB

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 2861344

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19820128

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19840605

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19840619

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19890621

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19900228

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19900301

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT