DK3457653T3 - Ofdm modtagende apparat og fremgangsmåde deraf - Google Patents

Ofdm modtagende apparat og fremgangsmåde deraf Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DK3457653T3
DK3457653T3 DK18197343.9T DK18197343T DK3457653T3 DK 3457653 T3 DK3457653 T3 DK 3457653T3 DK 18197343 T DK18197343 T DK 18197343T DK 3457653 T3 DK3457653 T3 DK 3457653T3
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
procedure
receiving apparatus
ofdm receiving
ofdm
receiving
Prior art date
Application number
DK18197343.9T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Kyo-Shin Choo
June-Hee Lee
Original Assignee
Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Samsung Electronics Co Ltd filed Critical Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK3457653T3 publication Critical patent/DK3457653T3/da

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2614Peak power aspects
    • H04L27/2618Reduction thereof using auxiliary subcarriers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2614Peak power aspects
    • H04L27/2615Reduction thereof using coding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2614Peak power aspects
    • H04L27/262Reduction thereof by selection of pilot symbols
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
    • H04L27/2627Modulators
    • H04L27/2628Inverse Fourier transform modulators, e.g. inverse fast Fourier transform [IFFT] or inverse discrete Fourier transform [IDFT] modulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
    • H04L27/2646Arrangements specific to the transmitter only using feedback from receiver for adjusting OFDM transmission parameters, e.g. transmission timing or guard interval length
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2649Demodulators
    • H04L27/265Fourier transform demodulators, e.g. fast Fourier transform [FFT] or discrete Fourier transform [DFT] demodulators
    • H04L27/2651Modification of fast Fourier transform [FFT] or discrete Fourier transform [DFT] demodulators for performance improvement
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2662Symbol synchronisation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/0215Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on user or device properties, e.g. MTC-capable devices
    • H04W28/0221Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on user or device properties, e.g. MTC-capable devices power availability or consumption

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Discrete Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
  • Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
DK18197343.9T 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 Ofdm modtagende apparat og fremgangsmåde deraf DK3457653T3 (da)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020070016824A KR101314254B1 (ko) 2007-02-16 2007-02-16 Ofdm 송수신 시스템 및 그 방법
EP16200113.5A EP3151499B1 (en) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 Ofdm transmitting system and method thereof

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK3457653T3 true DK3457653T3 (da) 2020-04-27

Family

ID=39690241

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK20158868.8T DK3675446T3 (da) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 OFDM-sende- og -modtageapparat
DK18197343.9T DK3457653T3 (da) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 Ofdm modtagende apparat og fremgangsmåde deraf
DK20158872.0T DK3675447T3 (da) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 OFDM-sende- og modtagefremgangsmåder

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK20158868.8T DK3675446T3 (da) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 OFDM-sende- og -modtageapparat

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK20158872.0T DK3675447T3 (da) 2007-02-16 2008-02-11 OFDM-sende- og modtagefremgangsmåder

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (5) US8804477B2 (da)
EP (6) EP3675447B1 (da)
KR (1) KR101314254B1 (da)
CN (1) CN101569151B (da)
CY (3) CY1122815T1 (da)
DK (3) DK3675446T3 (da)
ES (3) ES2785038T3 (da)
HR (3) HRP20200643T1 (da)
HU (3) HUE049222T2 (da)
LT (3) LT3457653T (da)
PL (3) PL3675447T3 (da)
PT (3) PT3675446T (da)
SI (3) SI3675446T1 (da)
WO (1) WO2008100047A1 (da)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030199425A1 (en) 1997-06-27 2003-10-23 Desai Neil P. Compositions and methods for treatment of hyperplasia
KR101314254B1 (ko) 2007-02-16 2013-10-02 삼성전자주식회사 Ofdm 송수신 시스템 및 그 방법
US8957032B2 (en) * 2008-05-06 2015-02-17 Alba Therapeutics Corporation Inhibition of gliadin peptides
KR100958322B1 (ko) * 2008-10-22 2010-05-17 뮤텔테크놀러지 주식회사 직교 주파수 분할 다중 통신 방법
US8483296B2 (en) 2009-11-25 2013-07-09 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals OFDM peak-to-average power ratio reduction method
KR102269498B1 (ko) 2015-01-28 2021-06-28 삼성전자 주식회사 다중 반송파 통신 시스템에서 전력을 제어하는 방법 및 장치
KR101833041B1 (ko) 2015-06-09 2018-02-27 삼성전자주식회사 예약 톤 설계 방법 및 톤 예약 방식을 이용하여 papr 저감을 수행하는 송신기
WO2016200186A1 (en) * 2015-06-09 2016-12-15 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method for determining reserved tones and transmitter for performing papr reduction using tone reservation
US11677605B2 (en) * 2020-02-24 2023-06-13 Qualcomm Incorporated Machine learning based uplink coverage enhancement using peak reduction tones
US11812453B2 (en) * 2020-05-15 2023-11-07 Qualcomm Incorporated Bandwidth-efficient utilization of peak reduction tone resource
US11695608B2 (en) * 2020-05-28 2023-07-04 Qualcomm Incorporated Peak reduction tone allocation techniques
DE102021120730B4 (de) * 2020-10-23 2022-09-29 Nokia Technologies Oy Tonreservierung zum Reduzieren von Spitze-Durchschnitt-Leistungsverhältnis
KR102526793B1 (ko) 2021-11-03 2023-04-28 주식회사 에스엔바이오사이언스 입도분포 유지 안정성이 개선된 알부민 결합 탁산 나노입자 제조방법

Family Cites Families (55)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19635813A1 (de) * 1996-09-04 1998-03-05 Johannes Prof Dr Ing Huber Verfahren zur Reduktion des Spitzenwertfaktors bei digitalen Übertragungsverfahren
US5852630A (en) * 1997-07-17 1998-12-22 Globespan Semiconductor, Inc. Method and apparatus for a RADSL transceiver warm start activation procedure with precoding
US6424681B1 (en) * 1998-04-20 2002-07-23 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Peak to average power ratio reduction
US6314146B1 (en) * 1998-06-05 2001-11-06 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Peak to average power ratio reduction
US6757299B1 (en) * 1998-09-24 2004-06-29 Silicon Automation Systems Limited Peak power to average power ratio reduction in multicarrier communication systems using error-correcting code
US6853632B1 (en) * 1998-09-24 2005-02-08 Amit Verma Technique for peak power to average power ratio reduction in multicarrier communication systems
US6785258B1 (en) * 1999-06-23 2004-08-31 At&T Wireless Services, Inc. System and method for data scrambling to reduce the crest factor in an OFDM waveform
US6449246B1 (en) * 1999-09-15 2002-09-10 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. Multicarrier personal access communication system
CA2291493A1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2001-06-03 Catena Technologies Canada, Inc. Peak to average power ratio reduction in communication systems
US6928084B2 (en) * 2000-03-28 2005-08-09 At & T Corp. OFDM communication system and method having a reduced peak-to-average power ratio
US6386894B2 (en) * 2000-04-28 2002-05-14 Texas Instruments Incorporated Versatile interconnection scheme for beverage quality and control sensors
US7295509B2 (en) * 2000-09-13 2007-11-13 Qualcomm, Incorporated Signaling method in an OFDM multiple access system
US6985533B2 (en) * 2001-02-07 2006-01-10 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Method and apparatus for reducing peak to average power ratio in a multi-carrier modulation communication system
US20030086363A1 (en) * 2001-05-31 2003-05-08 David Hernandez System and apparatus for block segmentation procedure for reduction of peak-to- average power ratio effects in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation
US20030063556A1 (en) * 2001-05-31 2003-04-03 David Hernandez Block segmentation procedure for reduction of peak-to-average power ratio effecs in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation
JP3548148B2 (ja) * 2001-09-27 2004-07-28 松下電器産業株式会社 Ofdm送信装置及びofdm送信方法
US7224742B2 (en) * 2001-12-14 2007-05-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM/OFDMA signals
CN1260697C (zh) * 2002-07-23 2006-06-21 日本电信电话株式会社 广告***及广告牌
KR100866181B1 (ko) * 2002-07-30 2008-10-30 삼성전자주식회사 통신 시스템에서 신호 송수신 방법 및 장치
US6925128B2 (en) * 2002-10-31 2005-08-02 Motorola, Inc. Method and apparatus for reducing a peak-to-average power ratio in an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal
JP3990974B2 (ja) * 2002-11-26 2007-10-17 株式会社日立コミュニケーションテクノロジー ピークファクタ低減装置
ATE358381T1 (de) * 2003-03-11 2007-04-15 Cit Alcatel Verfahren und vorrichtung zur verringerung des verhältnisses von spitzen- zu durchschnittsleistung
DE10320917A1 (de) * 2003-05-09 2004-12-09 Infineon Technologies Ag Verfahren und Schaltung zur Crestfaktor-Reduzierung
DE10325836B4 (de) * 2003-06-06 2011-03-03 Infineon Technologies Ag Verfahren zur Crestfaktor-Reduzierung
US7023273B2 (en) * 2003-10-06 2006-04-04 Andrew Corporation Architecture and implementation methods of digital predistortion circuitry
KR20050040055A (ko) * 2003-10-27 2005-05-03 삼성전자주식회사 직교 주파수 분할 다중 통신 시스템에서 톤 위치를결정하기 위한 장치 및 방법
US7542517B2 (en) * 2004-02-02 2009-06-02 Ibiquity Digital Corporation Peak-to-average power reduction for FM OFDM transmission
US7519123B1 (en) * 2004-04-08 2009-04-14 Staccato Communications, Inc. Spectral shaping for multiband OFDM transmitters with time spreading
US7808940B2 (en) * 2004-05-10 2010-10-05 Alcatel-Lucent Usa Inc. Peak-to-average power ratio control
US7376202B2 (en) * 2004-11-12 2008-05-20 New Jersey Institute Of Technology OFDM peak-to-average power ratio reduction by combined symbol rotation and inversion with limited complexity
KR20090086139A (ko) * 2004-12-02 2009-08-10 뉴저지 인스티튜트 오브 테크놀로지 Papr의 감소를 위한 방법 및/또는 시스템
US7535950B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2009-05-19 Georgia Tech Research Corp. Blind selected mapping techniques for crest factor reduction of forward link CDMA signals
US7787546B2 (en) * 2005-04-06 2010-08-31 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for FT pre-coding of data to reduce PAPR in a multi-carrier wireless network
EP1713224B1 (en) * 2005-04-14 2012-08-08 Sequans Communications Peak power reduction method for wireless communication systems and corresponding transmitter
KR100882529B1 (ko) * 2005-04-20 2009-02-06 삼성전자주식회사 광대역 무선통신시스템에서 피크 전력 대 평균 전력비를감소하기 위한 장치 및 방법
US7627046B1 (en) * 2005-04-29 2009-12-01 Xilinx, Inc. Waveform generation for improved peak-to-average amplitude ratio
US7769093B2 (en) * 2005-07-18 2010-08-03 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Blind selected mapping for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM with PSK input
US7660360B2 (en) * 2005-11-02 2010-02-09 Nec Laboratories America, Inc. Peak-to-average power ratio reduction with threshold limited selection for coded OFDM systems
US7675982B2 (en) * 2005-11-28 2010-03-09 Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. Method and system for reducing peak-to-average power for OFDM signals
US7583583B2 (en) * 2005-12-15 2009-09-01 Nortel Networks Limited System and method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals using reserved spectrum
KR20070077622A (ko) * 2006-01-24 2007-07-27 엘지전자 주식회사 톤 예약 방식을 적용한 직교 주파수 분할 다중화 송신 장치및 방법
CN101502069B (zh) * 2006-02-09 2012-10-17 阿尔戴尔半导体有限公司 频分多址***中的低峰均功率比传输
US7961591B2 (en) * 2006-03-20 2011-06-14 Fujitsu Limited OFDM communication systems, transmitters and methods
DE602006007545D1 (de) * 2006-04-06 2009-08-13 Alcatel Lucent Verfahren zur Verringerung des Verhältnisses von Spitzenleistung zu Durchschnittsleistung eines modulierten Signals
US7602697B2 (en) * 2006-04-12 2009-10-13 Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. Systems and methods for reducing the peak-to-average-power ratio in an OFDM-based system
US7746766B2 (en) * 2006-09-21 2010-06-29 Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. Systems and methods for obtaining an optimum transmission format of reference signals to maximize capacity and minimize peak to average power ratio
CA2668759A1 (en) * 2006-11-13 2008-05-22 Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) A method for limiting local bandwidth impairment using tone reservation
US7822131B2 (en) * 2007-01-03 2010-10-26 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Reducing a peak-to-average ratio of a signal
CN101237262B (zh) * 2007-01-30 2016-07-06 世意法(北京)半导体研发有限责任公司 通过保留音调实现峰均功率比减小的改造的有效集方法
KR101314254B1 (ko) * 2007-02-16 2013-10-02 삼성전자주식회사 Ofdm 송수신 시스템 및 그 방법
US7795602B2 (en) * 2007-03-16 2010-09-14 Polaris Industries Inc. Vehicle
WO2009043172A1 (en) * 2007-10-04 2009-04-09 Nortel Networks Limited Method and system for adaptive peak to average power ratio reduction in ofdm communication networks
US8275067B2 (en) * 2008-06-13 2012-09-25 Ikanos Communications, Inc. Adaptive turbo peak mitigation for peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction using reserved tones
US8885736B2 (en) * 2008-06-13 2014-11-11 Ikanos Communications, Inc. Systems and methods for positioning and messaging of reserved tones for peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction in DSL systems
US8416675B2 (en) * 2008-09-30 2013-04-09 Intel Corporation Tone reservation techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratios

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
LT3675447T (lt) 2021-05-25
CY1124347T1 (el) 2022-07-22
ES2869554T3 (es) 2021-10-25
HRP20210711T1 (hr) 2021-06-11
CY1122815T1 (el) 2021-05-05
EP2704386A2 (en) 2014-03-05
EP3457653A1 (en) 2019-03-20
SI3457653T1 (sl) 2020-06-30
EP3675446B1 (en) 2021-05-05
KR101314254B1 (ko) 2013-10-02
HUE049222T2 (hu) 2020-09-28
PL3675446T3 (pl) 2021-08-09
PT3457653T (pt) 2020-04-23
EP3151499A1 (en) 2017-04-05
KR20080076634A (ko) 2008-08-20
US9813272B2 (en) 2017-11-07
ES2869555T3 (es) 2021-10-25
EP2704386B1 (en) 2017-01-18
EP3675446A1 (en) 2020-07-01
DK3675446T3 (da) 2021-05-10
WO2008100047A1 (en) 2008-08-21
PL3675447T3 (pl) 2021-08-02
EP3675447B1 (en) 2021-05-05
EP2704386A3 (en) 2014-09-24
EP3675447A1 (en) 2020-07-01
LT3675446T (lt) 2021-05-25
EP3457653B1 (en) 2020-04-15
CN101569151A (zh) 2009-10-28
US20180041368A1 (en) 2018-02-08
HUE054759T2 (hu) 2021-09-28
CY1124365T1 (el) 2022-07-22
US8804477B2 (en) 2014-08-12
SI3675447T1 (sl) 2021-06-30
US9584352B2 (en) 2017-02-28
EP2119162A1 (en) 2009-11-18
US10193730B2 (en) 2019-01-29
PT3675447T (pt) 2021-06-01
DK3675447T3 (da) 2021-05-10
PT3675446T (pt) 2021-06-01
US20190222452A1 (en) 2019-07-18
HUE054758T2 (hu) 2021-09-28
HRP20210710T1 (hr) 2021-06-11
EP3151499B1 (en) 2018-11-28
HRP20200643T1 (hr) 2020-07-10
US20140334562A1 (en) 2014-11-13
US10630521B2 (en) 2020-04-21
SI3675446T1 (sl) 2021-06-30
PL3457653T3 (pl) 2020-06-15
CN101569151B (zh) 2013-01-23
EP2119162A4 (en) 2012-10-03
EP2119162B1 (en) 2014-01-08
US20170118057A1 (en) 2017-04-27
US20100002802A1 (en) 2010-01-07
LT3457653T (lt) 2020-05-11
ES2785038T3 (es) 2020-10-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK3457653T3 (da) Ofdm modtagende apparat og fremgangsmåde deraf
DK2191675T3 (da) Offentlig advarselsfremgangsmåde og tilsvarende apparat
DK2474092T3 (da) Variabelt spolekonfigurationssystem, apparat og fremgangsmåde
DK2162402T3 (da) Membranbåret biofilmanordning og fremgangsmåde
GB0719946D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0717150D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0720420D0 (en) Method and apparatus
EP2140889A4 (en) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HEMODIALFILTRATION
DK2152373T3 (da) En forbedret tågefrembringende anordning og fremgangsmåde
EP2118442A4 (en) BRIDGE TESTING DEVICE AND METHOD
FI20060955A0 (fi) Sakeutuslaite ja -menetelmä
GB0711979D0 (en) Method and apparatus
GB0717433D0 (en) Apparatus and method
DK2313175T3 (da) Afsaltningsapparat og fremgangsmåde
GB0719460D0 (en) Measurement apparatus and method
DK2566198T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde og apparat til opnåelse af lokaliseringstjenester
GB0715846D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0712430D0 (en) Wirelaying apparatus and wirelaying method
NO345044B1 (no) Fremgangsmåte og apparat for formasjonstesting
DK2162208T3 (da) Fastfasereaktionsmetode og apparat
GB2455384B (en) Receiving apparatus and receiving method
NO344966B1 (no) Apparat og fremgangsmåte for formasjonstesting
GB0712528D0 (en) Apparatus and method
GB0711996D0 (en) Fixing apparatus and method
GB0716554D0 (en) Apparatus and method