DK147535B - DIGITAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT WITH CODING AND DECODING EQUIPMENT - Google Patents

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT WITH CODING AND DECODING EQUIPMENT Download PDF

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DK147535B
DK147535B DK243679A DK243679A DK147535B DK 147535 B DK147535 B DK 147535B DK 243679 A DK243679 A DK 243679A DK 243679 A DK243679 A DK 243679A DK 147535 B DK147535 B DK 147535B
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bit
telegram
equipment
synchronization
word
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DK243679A
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Danish (da)
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DK147535C (en
DK243679A (en
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Ove Rohmann
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Storno As
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Priority to DK243679A priority Critical patent/DK147535C/en
Priority to SE8004301A priority patent/SE448139B/en
Priority to FR8012936A priority patent/FR2458958A1/en
Priority to DE19803022047 priority patent/DE3022047A1/en
Priority to GB8019256A priority patent/GB2052217B/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/08Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by repeating transmission, e.g. Verdan system
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L7/00Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
    • H04L7/04Speed or phase control by synchronisation signals
    • H04L7/041Speed or phase control by synchronisation signals using special codes as synchronising signal
    • H04L7/042Detectors therefor, e.g. correlators, state machines

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
  • Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)

Description

i 147535in 147535

Opfindelsen angår udstyr til transmission af telegrammer (informationsstrenge) af digitale data via transmissionsstrækninger med bitfejl, der navnlig optræder i byger, såsom datatransmission via mobil radio, hvilket udstyr på sendersiden omfatter kodningsudstyr til 5 dannelse af telegrammer (informationsstrenge) bestående af to eller flere gange gentagne ord, der hver består af et bestemt antal (f.eks.The invention relates to equipment for transmitting telegrams (information strings) of digital data via transmission lines with bit errors, which occur especially in bursts, such as data transmission via mobile radio, which equipment on the transmitter side comprises coding equipment for forming telegrams (information strings) consisting of two or more times. repeating words, each consisting of a certain number (e.g.

d) bit, samt til forsyning af telegrammet (informationsstrengen) med synkroniseringsinformation, og som på modtagersiden omfatter dekodningsudstyr til detektering af det afsendte telegram 10 (informationsstreng).d) bits, as well as for providing the telegram (information string) with synchronization information, which includes on the receiver side decoding equipment for detecting the transmitted telegram 10 (information string).

1 forbindelse med datatransmission forekommer der ofte bitfejl, der enten kan optræde tilfældigt fordelt tidsmæssigt eller gruppere sig mere eller mindre tæt. I sidstnævnte tilfælde taler man om, at 15 bitfejlene optræder i byger (eng. bursts), hvilket er et udtalt fænomen ved datatransmission med mobilt radioudstyr, hvor bitfejlene først og fremmest afstedkommes af fading, og i mindre grad af støj fremkaldt i elektriske maskiner, bilers tændingsstøj, etc.In connection with data transmission, there are often bit errors that can either occur randomly over time or cluster more or less closely. In the latter case, it is mentioned that the 15 bit errors occur in bursts, which is a pronounced phenomenon of data transmission with mobile radio equipment, where the bit errors are mainly caused by fading, and to a lesser extent by noise caused by electric machines, car ignition noise, etc.

20 Bitfejl i almindelighed kan detekteres og korrigeres ved en hensigtsmæssig indretning af telekoromunikationsudstyret. En meget almindelig metode til detektering af bitfejl er at generere kontrolbit, som frembringes og detekteres efter en bestemt algoritme, der kan fastlægges i afhængighed af støjens karakter, dvs. bl.a. i afhængighed 25 af, om bitfejlene optræder tilfældigt spredt eller forekommer i byger, jvnf. artiklen "Using polynomial codes" i Electronic Engineering, juli 1976, pp. 46-49.Bit errors in general can be detected and corrected by an appropriate arrangement of the telecommunications equipment. A very common method for detecting bit errors is to generate control bits which are generated and detected by a particular algorithm that can be determined depending on the nature of the noise, ie. Among other things, in dependence 25 on whether the bit errors occur randomly scattered or occur in bursts, cf. the article "Using polynomial codes" in Electronic Engineering, July 1976, pp. 46-49.

Det er også kendt fra ovennævnte artikel at benytte sig af 30 bitgentagelse som led i fejlkorrigeringsproceduren. Dekodningen kan f.eks. ske ved at sammenligne ordene og deres gentagelser bit for bit, således at den hyppigst optrædende bit anses for at være den korrekte.It is also known from the above article to use 30 bit repetition as part of the error correction procedure. The decoding can e.g. happen by comparing the words and their repetitions bit by bit so that the most frequently occurring bit is considered to be the correct one.

Ordlængden kan være forskellig, men i almindelighed transmitteres de digitale data i grupper på 4, 8 eller 16 ja helt op til 32 bit, hvor 35 hver gruppe repræsenterer en karakter, dvs. et tal eller et bogstav, 147535The word length may be different, but in general the digital data is transmitted in groups of 4, 8 or 16 yes up to 32 bits, with 35 each group representing a character, ie. a number or letter, 147535

OISLAND

eller en anden veldefineret information.or any other well-defined information.

Andre gruppeinddelinger kan naturligvis også tænkes.Other group divisions can, of course, also be conceived.

For at kunne modtage en sekvens af digitale data, altså ovennævnte 5 telegram eller infomationsstreng, korrekt, er det nødvendigt at vide, hvornår sekvensen begynder og hvornår den slutter. Ved asynkron datatransmission detekteres gruppeinddelingen ved hjælp af en startbit og en stopbit, medens der ved synkron datatransmission, hvor transmissionshastigheden er stor, benyttes gruppeinddelinger, der følger 10 bestemte protokoller eller formater, som indeholder fejldetekteringsprocedurer.In order to receive a sequence of digital data, ie the above telegram or information string, correctly, it is necessary to know when the sequence begins and when it ends. In asynchronous data transmission, the grouping is detected by a start bit and a stop bit, while in synchronous data transmission where the transmission speed is large, group divisions following 10 specific protocols or formats containing error detection procedures are used.

Gruppeinddelingen består i, at telegrammet eller informationsstrengen indledes med et antal synkroniseringsbit, som danner et på forhånd aftalt synkroniseringsmønster, hvorefter følger de egentlige informa-15 tionsbærende databit afsluttende med redundante bit. I modtageren ledes efter synkroniseringsbitmønsteret, der kan akcepteres også selv om det er ramt af et mindre antal bitfejl.The grouping consists of the telegram or information string being preceded by a number of synchronization bits which form a predetermined synchronization pattern, followed by the actual information-carrying data bits ending with redundant bits. In the receiver, the synchronization bit pattern is searched for, which can be accepted even if it is affected by a small number of bit errors.

Det er imidlertid klart, at telegrammets synkroniseringsdel på trausmi s s ions s trækninger, hvor bitfejlene oftest optræder i byger, også 20 vil blive ramt af byger af bitfejl. Ønsket om en acceptabel telegram-akceptans, hvorved forstås forholdet mellem antallet af korrekt modtagne telegrammer og antallet af afsendte telegrammer, dikterer imidlertid et kompromis mellem en kort synkroniseringsdel, hvor resultatet er en hyppig optræden af falske synkroniseringer, og en lang 25 synkroniseringsdel, hvor sandsynligheden for at blive ramt af bygefejl er stor. Denne afvejning med henblik på at maksimere telegraraacceptansen medfører i reglen en synkroniseringsdel, som udgør en forholdsvis stor del af telegramlængden.However, it is clear that the synchronization portion of the telegram on trausm s sions, where the bit errors are most often found in bursts, will also be affected by bursts of bit errors. However, the desire for acceptable telegram acceptance, which means the relationship between the number of telegrams correctly received and the number of telegrams sent, dictates a compromise between a short synchronization portion, the result being a frequent occurrence of false synchronizations, and a long synchronization portion, where the probability to be hit by building failure is great. This trade-off, in order to maximize the telegram acceptance, usually results in a synchronization part which constitutes a relatively large part of the telegram length.

30 Transmissionsudstyr af indledningsvist nævnte art er ifølge opfindelsen ejendonsneligt ved midler, som på sendersiden under kodningen bevirker, at hvert ord i telegrammet (informationsstrengen) udsættes for en Exclusive OR operation med hvert sit ord af et på forhånd aftalt bitmønster af højst samme længde som telegrammet (informations-35 strengen), og som udgør en pseudotilfældig binær sekvens med høj auto-korrelationskoefficient, og som på modtagersiden bevirker, at hvert ord 3 U75a& i det modtagne telegram (informationsstreng) under dekodningen løbende udsættes for en Exclusive OR operation med hvert sit ord af ovennævnte på forhånd aftalte og et synkroniseringsvindue udgørende bitmønster til genvinding af det oprindelige telegram (informationsstreng), og at de 5 enkelte ordgentagelser i det genvundne telegram sammenlignes indbyrdes således, at informationsstrengen akcepteres som korrekt modtaget, dersom identitet konstateres mellem mindst to gentagelser af hvert ord i det modtagne og genvundne telegram.In accordance with the invention, transmission equipment of the kind mentioned initially is characterized by means which, on the transmitter side during the coding, cause each word in the telegram (information string) to be subjected to an Exclusive OR operation with each word of a predetermined bit pattern of no more than the length of the telegram. (information string), constituting a pseudo-random binary sequence with high auto-correlation coefficient, and causing on the receiver side that each word 3 U75a & in the received telegram (information string) is continuously exposed to an Exclusive OR operation with its own words of the aforementioned agreed and a synchronization window constituting a bit pattern for recovering the original telegram (information string) and comparing the 5 single word repeats in the retrieved telegram so that the information string is accepted as correctly received if identity is found between at least two repetitions of every word in that reception ne and recycled telegrams.

10 Det er velkendt, at en Exclusive OR operation udført to gange med samme bitmønster på en binær sekvens efterlader denne sekvens uændret.It is well known that an Exclusive OR operation performed twice with the same bit pattern on a binary sequence leaves this sequence unchanged.

Ved at udføre denne operation første gang på sendersiden og anden gang på modtagersiden opnås en inqplicit telegramsynkronisering, hvor hele det synkroniseringsmønster, som hidtil har været foranstillet den Ib databærende del af telegrammet, er overflødiggjort med en øget datasignaleringshastighed til følge. Forudsætningen er, at det bitmønster, hvor ræd der foretages en Exclusive OR operation, er det samme på sender- som på modtagersiden. Dvs. det optræder som en fast bestanddel af senderudstyret såvel som af modtagerudstyret.By performing this operation for the first time on the transmitter side and the second time on the receiver side, an implicit telegram synchronization is obtained, whereby the entire synchronization pattern which has hitherto been presented to the 1b data-carrying part of the telegram is eliminated with an increased data signaling speed. The assumption is that the bit pattern in which an Exclusive OR operation is performed is the same on the transmitter as on the receiver side. Ie it acts as a fixed component of the transmitter equipment as well as of the receiver equipment.

20 Synkroniseringsfunktionen kommer i stand derved, at de enkelte ord eller bytes i telegrammet løbende udsættes for en Exclusive OR operation under modtagelsen, hvor telegrammet styret af en bestemt taktgiver forskydes gennem et sæt skifteregistre i modtageren. Efter hvert skift evalueres resultatet af Exclusive OR operationen i 25 komparatorkredsløb, hvor de enkelte byte-grupper sammenlignes parvis.20 The synchronization function enables the individual words or bytes in the telegram to be continuously exposed to an Exclusive OR operation during reception, where the telegram controlled by a particular clock sensor is displaced through a set of shift registers in the receiver. After each shift, the result of the Exclusive OR operation is evaluated in 25 comparator circuits, where the individual byte groups are compared in pairs.

Så længe det modtagne telegram så at sige ikke er på plads, vil Exclusive OR operationen ikke gendanne de oprindelige ord eller bytes, hvorfor sammenligningen mellem de enkelte ord ikke vil udvise identitet noget sted. Først i det øjeblik, det ankommende telegram, som jo i sig 30 selv medfører et latent billede af det aftalte bitmønster, under forskydningen i skifteregistrene lagres i positioner, hvor Exclusive OR operationen genskaber det oprindelige telegram, kan der ved den parvise sammenligning bytegrupperne imellem markeres identitet mellem ordgentagelserne, og den overførte meddelelse kan læses. Det aftalte 35 bitmønster udgør således et synkroniseriugsvindue.As long as the received telegram is virtually in place, the Exclusive OR operation will not restore the original words or bytes, so the comparison between the individual words will not show identity anywhere. Only when the arriving telegram, which in itself 30 produces a latent image of the agreed bit pattern, during the shift in the shift registers is stored in positions where the Exclusive OR operation recreates the original telegram, by pairwise comparison the byte groups can be highlighted. identity between the word repeats and the transmitted message can be read. The agreed 35 bit pattern thus constitutes a synchronization window.

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At det aftalte bitmønster har en høj autokorrelationskoefficient betyder, at korrelationsforskellen mellem bitmønsteret selv og dets permutationer er stor. I den engelsksprogede litteratur benævnes autokorrelationskoefficienten "index of discriminarion" (ID). Jvf.The fact that the agreed bit pattern has a high autocorrelation coefficient means that the correlation difference between the bit pattern itself and its permutations is large. In the English-language literature, the autocorrelation coefficient is referred to as the "index of discrimination" (ID). Cf.

5 iøvrigt R.C. Dixon "Spread Spectrum Systems", New York 1976, pp. 64-72.5 R.C. Dixon "Spread Spectrum Systems", New York 1976, pp. 64-72.

Fra beskrivelsen til USA patent nr. 3.466.601 kendes ganske vist en teknik til automatisk retablering af synkronismen ved transmission af fejlkorrigerende cykliske koder, hvor hvert ord, der skal 10 transmitteres, udsættes for en Exclusive OR operation på sender- såvel som på modtagersiden. Exclusive OR operationen tjener her et andet formål end ifølge opfindelsen, idet den i det kendte system på modtagersiden tjener til detektering af, om der er et slip i synkronismen, hvor stort dette slip er, og om man er forud eller bagud 15 i forhold til tidsreferencen. Det er altså en forudsætning, at der benyttes synkron transmission, således at der på modtagersiden er visse forventninger med hensyn til telegrammets ankomsttidspunkt. Det er endvidere en forudsætning for brugen af Exclusive OR teknikken, at der benyttes cykliske koder indeholdende informationsbit og kontrolbit 20 (CRC), idet der på grundlag af de cykliske koders specielle egenskaber kombineret med Exclusive OR operationerne kan tilvejebringes information om, hvorvidt konstaterede bitfejl er forårsaget af manglende synkronisme eller af transmissionsstøj, og i tilfælde af manglende synkronisme information om slippets størrelse og retning, 25 således at synkronismen kan blive retableret.From the disclosure of US Patent No. 3,466,601, a technique for automatically restoring the synchronization of transmission of error-correcting cyclic codes is known, in which each word to be transmitted is subjected to an Exclusive OR operation on the transmitter as well as on the receiver side. Here, the Exclusive OR operation serves a different purpose than that of the invention in that in the known system on the receiver side it serves to detect whether there is a slip in the synchronism, how large this slip is, and whether one is ahead or backward in relation to time reference. Thus, it is a prerequisite that synchronous transmission is used, so that on the recipient side there are certain expectations regarding the time of arrival of the telegram. Furthermore, it is a prerequisite for the use of the Exclusive OR technique that cyclic codes containing information bit and control bit 20 (CRC) are used, because on the basis of the special characteristics of the cyclical codes combined with the Exclusive OR operations information can be provided about whether bit errors detected are caused by a lack of synchronism or of transmission noise, and in the case of a lack of synchronism, information about the size and direction of the slip, 25 so that the synchronism can be restored.

Denne kendte teknik egner sig således kun til synkron datatransmission af cykliske koder. Desuden er den bitsekvens, hvormed der udføres en Exclusive OR operation ikke altid den samme på sender- og modtagersiden og afhænger iøvrigt af, hvilken dekodningsalgoritme, der i den givne 30 situation benyttes, hvilket igen afhænger af, om der benyttes en fuld cyklisk kode eller en afkortet cyklisk kode. Endelig giver den kendte teknik i nogle tilfælde kun mulighed for retablering af synkronismen, dersom denne kun er en enkelt bit forud eller bagud.Thus, this prior art is only suitable for synchronous data transmission of cyclic codes. In addition, the bit sequence by which an Exclusive OR operation is performed is not always the same on the transmitter and receiver side and, moreover, depends on the decoding algorithm used in the given situation, which in turn depends on whether a full cyclic code is used or a truncated cyclic code. Finally, in some instances, the prior art only allows the synchronization to be restored if it is only a single bit forward or backward.

35 I modsætning hertil benyttes udstyret ifølge opfindelsen til asynkron transmission og forudsætter blot, at hvert ord i informationsstrengen 147535 5 gentages et antal gange, at telegrammet udsættes såvel på sendersiden som på modtagersiden for en Exclusive OR operation med den samme pseudotilfældige binære sekvens, og at denne sekvens har høj autokorrelationskoefficient. Herved kombineres på en ny og enkel måde 5 en implicit telegramsynkronisering med en flertalsafstemning på byte-niveau, hvor synkronismen først etableres i det øjeblik, der konstateres identitet mellem parvist sammenlignede ord (bytes).In contrast, the equipment of the invention is used for asynchronous transmission and merely assumes that each word in the information string 147535 is repeated a number of times that the telegram is subjected, both on the transmitter side and on the receiver side, to an Exclusive OR operation with the same pseudo-random binary sequence. this sequence has high autocorrelation coefficient. Hereby, in a new and simple way 5, an implicit telegram synchronization is combined with a byte-level majority vote, where the synchronism is established only when the identity of paired-compared words (bytes) is established.

Opfindelsen forklares nærmere nedenfor under henvisning til tegningen, XO hvor fig. 1 viser et blokdiagram for en udførelsesform for en radiostation til et transmissionsudstyr ifølge opfindelsen, og fig. 2a - 2f et antal telegrammer sendt med transmissionsudstyret ifølge opfindelsen.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, XO in which fig. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a radio station for a transmission equipment according to the invention; and FIG. 2a-2f are a number of telegrams sent with the transmission equipment according to the invention.

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Den i fig. 1 viste radiostation omfatter en antenne 1, som over en antenneledning 2 er forbundet til en antenneomskifter 3, som har et elektronisk styret relæ 4, som kan forbinde antennen 1 enten til en sender 5 eller til en modtager 6. Et ligeledes elektronisk styret relæ 20 7 liar omskifterkontakter 8, som kan forbinde senderen enten til en modulator 9 eller til en raikrofonforstærker 10 med en mikrofon 11, og omskifterkontakter 12, som kan forbinde modtageren 6 enten til en demodulator 13 eller til en forstærker med et lydgengivelsesapparat 15.The FIG. 1, an antenna 1 which is connected over an antenna line 2 to an antenna switch 3 having an electronically controlled relay 4 which can connect the antenna 1 either to a transmitter 5 or to a receiver 6. An electronically controlled relay 20 7 are switch switches 8 which can connect the transmitter either to a modulator 9 or to a microphone amplifier 10 with a microphone 11, and switch contacts 12 which can connect the receiver 6 either to a demodulator 13 or to an amplifier with an audio reproduction apparatus 15.

25 Relæerne 4, 7 og 12, senderen 5, modtageren 6, modulatoren 9 og demodulatoren 13 er over ledninger forbundet til input- outputenheden 16 i en mikrodatamat, baseret på en mikroprocessor 17, der på i og for sig kendt måde er forbundet med en timer 18, med ROM'er og/eller PROM’er 19, med en RAM 20 og med en taktgiver 21. Denne mikrodatamat 30 kan yderligere over ikke nærmere viste ledninger 22 være forbundet med forskelligt betjeningsudstyr, såsom lamper, klokker, displays, trykknapper, omskiftere, tastaturer, skrivere eller lignende.The relays 4, 7 and 12, the transmitter 5, the receiver 6, the modulator 9 and the demodulator 13 are connected over wires to the input-output unit 16 of a microcomputer, based on a microprocessor 17 which is known in a manner known per se. hours 18, with ROMs and / or PROMs 19, with a RAM 20 and with a clock sensor 21. This microcomputer 30 may further be connected to various operating equipment, such as lamps, clocks, displays, pushbuttons, not shown, not shown. , switches, keyboards, printers or the like.

Den foran beskrevne sender/modtager vil forstås at være indrettet til 35 kommunikation af såvel binære telegrammer, som af analoge signaler, f.eks i fona af tale, og er en udførelsesform med skift mellem digital 147535 6 og analog transmission.The transmitter / receiver described above will be understood to be adapted for communication of both binary telegrams and of analog signals, for example in speech phonics, and is an embodiment of switching between digital and analogue transmission.

KOM'en 19 har indlæst information om, hvorledes de telegrammer skal formuleres, som via modulator 9 og sender 5 skal sendes til en fremmed 5 modtager, og om hvorledes telegrammer, der modtages fra en fremmed sender, skal dekodes.The COM 19 has loaded information on how to formulate the telegrams, which must be sent to a foreign 5 receiver via modulator 9 and transmitter 5, and how to decode telegrams received from a foreign transmitter.

Telegrammernes informative indhold er vilkårligt, men kan være information til selektivt opkald af en ønsket anden abonnent, eller 10 information, f.eks. om en tilstand, som registreres lokalt, og som indgår analogt eller digitalt over en af ledningerne 22.The informative content of the telegrams is arbitrary, but may be information for selective calling by a desired other subscriber, or information, e.g. about a state which is recorded locally and which is analogous or digital over one of the lines 22.

En udførelsesform for en telegramkode med en telegramlsngde på 96 bits udført med et transmissionsudstyr ifølge opfindelsen er vist på fig.An embodiment of a telegram code having a 96 bit telegram length performed with a transmission equipment according to the invention is shown in FIG.

15 2a. Her betegner Bl, B2, B3 og B4 henholdsvis databyte nr. 1, 2, 3 og 4 og det bemærkes, at 1 byte er lig med 8 bits. Her betegner databyte et "ord", og det ses, at det første ord sendes efterfulgt af to gentagelser, hvorefter det samme mønster gentages for de tre næste ord i telegrammet. Dekodningen sker ved, at der foretages en sammenligning 20 af hvert ord i telegrammet med hver gentagelse af samme ord, indtil sammenligningen udviser identitet. Det ses, at en byte i hver af fire grupper af tre bytes kan være fejlbehæftet uden at detekteringen generes, og heraf fremgår fejlkorrigeringen. Hvis mere end een af tre bytes i en gruppe er fejlbehæftet, vil ingen af sammenligningerne 25 udvise identitet, og dermed må telegrammet afvises og heraf fremgår fejldetekteringen. Byte flertalsafstemning giver dermed også fejldetektering, i modsætning til bit flertalsafstemning, der kun er en fejlkorrektion, idet der skal være mindst 2 ud af 3 bytes identiske, mens mindst 2 ud af 3 bits skal være identiske ved bit 30 flertalsafstemning, og dette vil naturligvis altid være opfyldt.2a. Here, B1, B2, B3 and B4 denote data bytes Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and it is noted that 1 byte is equal to 8 bits. Here the data byte denotes a "word" and it is seen that the first word is sent followed by two repetitions, after which the same pattern is repeated for the next three words in the telegram. The decoding is done by comparing 20 of each word in the telegram with each repetition of the same word until the comparison shows identity. It is seen that one byte in each of four groups of three bytes can be flawed without the detection being bothered, and this shows the error correction. If more than one of three bytes in a group is flawed, none of the comparisons 25 will show identity, and thus the telegram must be rejected and the error detection will appear. Byte majority tuning thus also provides error detection, as opposed to bit majority tuning which is only an error correction in that there must be at least 2 out of 3 bytes identical, while at least 2 out of 3 bits must be identical at bit 30 majority tuning, and this will of course always be fulfilled.

Specielt giver byte flertalsafstemning en fordel, når indgangssignalet til dekoderen er tilfældigt (støj). Her vil en bit flertalsafstemning altid give en fejlagtig meddelelse, mens de enkelte bit i mindst to 35 bytes skal stemme overens ved byte flertalsafstemning. Der kan dog ske det, at to bytes i en gruppe begge rammes af fejl i to ens placerede 7 147535 bits. Herved er der mulighed for en falsk detektering. Denne mulighed består i en hvilken som helst kodning. Hvis man vil sikre sig mere, end det her er implicit givet, kan telegrammet udvides med yderligere en byte, der fungerer som cyklisk redundans kontrol (CRC). Denne byte skal 5 da gentages ligesom de fire databytes og dekodes på samme måde.In particular, byte majority tuning provides an advantage when the input signal to the decoder is random (noise). Here, one bit majority voting will always give an erroneous message, while the individual bits for at least two 35 bytes must match by byte majority vote. However, it may happen that two bytes in a group are both hit by errors in two equally placed 7 147535 bits. This allows for false detection. This option consists of any coding. To ensure more than is implicitly given, the telegram can be extended by another byte, which acts as the Cyclic Redundancy Control (CRC). This byte must then be repeated like the four data bytes and decoded in the same way.

I det ovenfor beskrevne er telegramsynkroniseringen af tydelighedshensyn ikke medtaget. Det faktisk udsendte bitmønster er derfor ikke det i fig 2a viste, men det i fig. 2b viste. Det skal her 10 indskydes, at det i en cirkel indføjede plus-tegn symboliserer enFor the sake of clarity, the telegram synchronization for clarity is not included. The actual transmitted bit pattern is therefore not the one shown in FIG. 2a, but the one shown in FIG. 2b. It must be inserted here that the plus sign inserted in a circle symbolizes one

Exclusive OR operation. Der kendes flere måder for udførelse af denne operation. Bytene Cl - C12 repræsenterer 12 bytes, der er aftalt som synkroniseringstegn og er valgt fra et bitmønster med høj autokorrelationskoefficient, det vil sige, at bitmønstret udgør en 15 pseudo tilfældig binær sekvens med lige mange O-bits og 1-bits, f.eks. genereret i et skifteregister med en eller flere tilbagekoblinger.Exclusive OR operation. There are several ways of performing this operation. The bytes C1 - C12 represent 12 bytes agreed upon as a synchronization character and selected from a bit pattern with high autocorrelation coefficient, that is, the bit pattern constitutes a 15 pseudo random binary sequence of equal number of O-bits and 1-bit, e.g. . generated in a shift register with one or more feedbacks.

1 dekoderen underkastes de 12 modtagne bytes en Exclusive OR operation med det valgte synkroniseringsbitmønster, hvorved de oprindelige ord 20 fremkommer, da et ord, som to gange underkastes en Exclusive ORIn the decoder, the 12 received bytes are subjected to an Exclusive OR operation with the selected synchronization bit pattern, whereby the original words 20 appear, since a word twice subjected to an Exclusive OR

operation med det samme ord, genopstår uforandret. Herved Opnås, at hvis dekoderen i sit lager ikke har det rette "vindue" af bits, vil der være meget lille sandsynlighed for, at nogen af sammenligningerne viser identitet. Heraf fremgår telegramsynkroniseringen. De 12 bytes C1-C12 25 indrammer på denne måde meddelelsen, der skal dekodes, d.v.s. dekoderen kender begyndelse og slutning. Telegransynkronisering ifølge opfindelsen bevirker dermed, at det ikke er nødvendigt med et telegrarasynkroniseringsmønster foran meddelelserne således som nævnt i indledningen.operation with the same word, resumes unchanged. Hereby it is achieved that if the decoder in its repository does not have the proper "window" of bits, there will be very little probability that any of the comparisons will show identity. This shows the telegram synchronization. The 12 bytes C1-C12 25 thus frame the message to be decoded, i.e. the decoder knows the beginning and end. Telegraph synchronization according to the invention thus means that a telegraph synchronization pattern is not required in front of the messages as mentioned in the introduction.

• 30• 30

Ved at vælge forskellige bitmønstre C1-C12, der hver især har en høj autokorrelationskoefficient men indbyrdes er orthogonale, kan telegramkoden ifølge opfindelsen umiddelbart benyttes til selektive opkald. Der kan dermed foretages opkald til forskellige enheder ved 35 blot at ændre synkroniseringsmønsteret, d.v.s. uden at benytte bit fra selve meddelelsen.By selecting different bit patterns C1-C12, each having a high autocorrelation coefficient but mutually orthogonal, the telegram code according to the invention can be used immediately for selective calls. Thus, calls can be made to different devices by simply changing the synchronization pattern, i.e. without using bits from the message itself.

& 147535 8& 147535 8

Det vides, at bitfejlene ved datatransmission via mobil radio ofte vil optræde med et antal bitfejl på stribe. Det kan derfor være fordelagtigt i stedet for bitmønstret i fig. 2a at vælge det i fig, 2c viste bitmønster, som modstår op til 16 bitfejl på stribe forekommende 5 op til to gange. To bitfejlgrupper, hver på 9 bitfejl med 39 bits afstand vil med sikkerhed blive rettet.It is known that the bit errors in data transmission via mobile radio will often occur with a number of bit errors on the strip. Therefore, it may be advantageous instead of the bit pattern of FIG. 2a to select the bit pattern shown in Fig. 2c, which resists up to 16 bit errors on strip 5 occurring up to twice. Two bit error groups, each of 9 bit errors with 39 bit spacing, will surely be fixed.

En anden mulighed vil være at vælge den i fig. 2d viste sekvens, som er i stand til at modstå op til 32 bitfejl på stribe forekommende een 10 gang. Bitfejlgrupper med 25 bitfejl rettes med sikkerhed.Another option would be to select the one shown in FIG. 2d, which is capable of withstanding up to 32 bit errors in stripe occurring once in 10 times. Bit error groups with 25 bit errors are corrected with certainty.

Om man vil vælge formaterne vist i fig. 2a, 2c eller 2d afhænger af en afvejning af ønskerne til fejlkorrigeringsegenskabeme. Ulempen ved en forøget modstandsevne overfor bitfejl på stribe er en ringere 15 modstandsevne overfor jævnt fordelte bitfejl.To select the formats shown in FIG. 2a, 2c or 2d depend on a balancing of the desires of the error correction properties. The disadvantage of an increased resistance to bit errors on stripe is a poorer resistance to evenly distributed bit errors.

Endnu større telegramakceptans kan opnås, hvis man forøger telegramlængden til f.eks. 123 bits. Man kan da sende hvert ord fire gange, som det fremgår af fig. 2e. Denne sammenstilling modstår op til 20 16 bitfejl på stribe op til 4 gange forekommende og 4 bitfejlgrupper, hver på op til 9 bitfejl med mindst 23 bits afstand rettes med sikkerhed. Som det fremgår af fig. 2f kan ordene ombyttes, så det, der gentages, er et ord-par, og sammenligningen kan da ske mellem de enkelte ord eller mellem ord-par. Et telegram som det i fig. 2f viste 25 modstår op til 32 bitfejl på stribe for hver halvdel af telegrammet og grupper på 25 bitfejl på stribe med 39 bits afstand rettes med sikkerhed.Even greater telegram acceptance can be achieved by increasing the telegram length to e.g. 123 bits. You can then send each word four times, as shown in fig. 2e. This compilation resists up to 20 16 bit errors on stripes up to 4 times occurring and 4 bit error groups, each of up to 9 bit errors with at least 23 bits distance corrected with certainty. As shown in FIG. 2f the words can be exchanged so that what is repeated is a word-pair, and the comparison can then be made between the individual words or between word-pairs. A telegram such as that of FIG. 2f, 25 resist up to 32 bit errors on the strip for each half of the telegram, and groups of 25 bit errors on the 39-bit distance strip are corrected with certainty.

Ved at tilpasse den under dekodningen stedfindende række af 30 sammenligninger til transmissionskanalens statistiske bitfejlfordeling vil det være muligt at forbedre telegramakceptansen for den pågældende transmissionsstrækning. Selv om dekodningen foregår med en mikrodatamat, vil det forstås, at sammenligningsproceduren kan ske i kredsløb opbygget af standard integrerede komponenter af f.eks. TTL-35 eller CMOS-typen.By adapting the set of 30 comparisons during decoding to the statistical bit error distribution of the transmission channel, it will be possible to improve the telegram acceptance for that transmission line. Although decoding takes place with a microcomputer, it will be appreciated that the comparison procedure can be done in circuits made up of standard integrated components of e.g. TTL-35 or CMOS type.

DK243679A 1979-06-12 1979-06-12 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT WITH CODING AND DECODING EQUIPMENT DK147535C (en)

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DK243679A DK147535C (en) 1979-06-12 1979-06-12 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT WITH CODING AND DECODING EQUIPMENT
SE8004301A SE448139B (en) 1979-06-12 1980-06-09 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT WITH CODING AND DECODING EQUIPMENT
FR8012936A FR2458958A1 (en) 1979-06-12 1980-06-11 DIGITAL INFORMATION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF ERRORS
DE19803022047 DE3022047A1 (en) 1979-06-12 1980-06-12 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH CODING AND DECODING DEVICES
GB8019256A GB2052217B (en) 1979-06-12 1980-06-12 Data transmission system

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FR2529040B1 (en) * 1982-06-18 1986-04-11 Thomson Csf RADIOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH FREQUENCY HOPPING, WITH INTER-STAGE REDUNDANCY
FR2587571B1 (en) * 1985-09-18 1993-04-30 France Etat METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TRANSMITTING DIGITAL DATA TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF INTERSYMBOLIC DISTORTION
GB2249003A (en) * 1990-10-19 1992-04-22 Stc Plc Data transmission in burst mode
DE19833292A1 (en) * 1998-07-24 2000-01-27 Dornier Medtech Holding Int Gmbh Contactless data communications method involves sending multiple versions of information, storing each version, comparing with other versions, classifying as error-free if all agree
WO2006098498A1 (en) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-21 Nec Electronics Corporation Data transmitting apparatus, data receiving apparatus, communication system, error detection method and program
ITTO20070073A1 (en) * 2007-02-01 2008-08-02 Alenia Aeronautica Spa PROCEDURE AND SYSTEM FOR REMOTE AIRCRAFT CONTROL.

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US3305636A (en) * 1963-05-14 1967-02-21 James E Webb Phase-shift data transmission system having a pseudo-noise sync code modulated with the data in a single channel
US3842399A (en) * 1974-01-02 1974-10-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Repetitive byte recognition circuit

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GB2052217A (en) 1981-01-21
SE8004301L (en) 1980-12-13
DK243679A (en) 1980-12-13

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