DE4124507C1 - Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel - Google Patents

Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel

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Publication number
DE4124507C1
DE4124507C1 DE19914124507 DE4124507A DE4124507C1 DE 4124507 C1 DE4124507 C1 DE 4124507C1 DE 19914124507 DE19914124507 DE 19914124507 DE 4124507 A DE4124507 A DE 4124507A DE 4124507 C1 DE4124507 C1 DE 4124507C1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
heating
heat
pipe
duct
panel radiator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE19914124507
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German (de)
Inventor
Michael Dipl.-Ing. 7046 Gaeufelden De Lueders
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Mercedes Benz Group AG
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Mercedes Benz AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mercedes Benz AG filed Critical Mercedes Benz AG
Priority to DE19914124507 priority Critical patent/DE4124507C1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE4124507C1 publication Critical patent/DE4124507C1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/0226Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with an intermediate heat-transfer medium, e.g. thermosiphon radiators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0266Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with separate evaporating and condensing chambers connected by at least one conduit; Loop-type heat pipes; with multiple or common evaporating or condensing chambers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The radiator uses a partly filled closed heating circuit on the hot pipe principle, and is made up of tp and bottom flues linked by parallel vertical channels at right angles to the two headers. A heating channel is also flowable with externally heated hot water pipe conductively joined to the bottom radiator flue. The system channels (11-13) are of copper, heat conductively joined to an aluminium radiation heating surface (17). Water serves as a heating medium and the bottom flue (12) is formed from the outside pipe (14a) of a double pipe (18) whose inner pipe (14b) forms the hot water channel (15). USE/ADVANTAGE - Omnibuses. Water heating medium flows through noncorroding copper pipes so only heat passes from these to aluminium radiation surface in low cost environmentally acceptable design.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Flächenheizkörper, insbesondere für Omnibusse, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a panel radiator, in particular for buses, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Solche Flächenheizkörper dienen dazu, die über den fremd­ beheizbaren Heizkanal herbeigeschaffte Wärme auf eine große abstrahlende Fläche zu verteilen, wozu das Prinzip des sog. Wärmerohrs ausgenutzt wird.Such panel radiators are used to pass over the alien heatable heating duct created heat to a large distribute radiating surface, for which the principle of the so-called Heat pipe is used.

Wärmerohre sind bekannt. Hierunter wird ein evakuierter, hermetisch verschlossener Hohlraum aus gut wärmeleitendem Material verstanden, der mit einem verdampf- und kondensierbaren Wärmeträgermedium zu einem Bruchteil gefüllt ist. An der heißen Stelle des Wärmerohrs, an der über den Heizkanal Wärmeenergie zugeführt wird, verdampft das Wärmeträgermedium und breitet sich rasch im Innern des Wärmerohrs aus. An den wärmeabgebenden Stellen des Wärmerohrs schlägt sich das verdampfende Medium nieder und kondensiert unter Abgabe seiner Wärme an die Wandung des Wärmerohrs. Das Kondensat kriecht durch Kapillarwirkung und Schwerkrafteinfluß zu den Wärmezufuhrstellen des Wärmerohrs zurück. Heat pipes are known. Below is an evacuated, hermetically sealed cavity of good heat-conducting Understood material with an evaporative and condensable heat transfer medium filled to a fraction is. At the hot point of the heat pipe, at the over the Heating channel is supplied with thermal energy, this evaporates Heat transfer medium and spreads quickly inside the Heat pipe. At the heat emitting points of the heat pipe the evaporating medium condenses and condenses releasing its heat to the wall of the heat pipe. The Condensate creeps through capillary action and gravity back to the heat supply points of the heat pipe.  

Ein bekannter Flächenheizkörper der eingangs genannten Art (DE 31 44 089 C1) besteht aus einem zweilagig ausgebildeten Teilverbundschichtkörper, z. B. aus Aluminium, in dem das Wärmerohr-Kanalsystem durch Ausprägungen in der einen Lage realisiert ist. Der Heizkanal ist U-förmig ausgebildet und verläuft parallel zum unteren Sammelkanal. Zwischen Heizkanal und Wärmerohr-Kanalsystem ist im Schichtkörper ein breiter Streifen belassen, der bis zur gegenseitigen Flachlage des Heizkanals auf der Rückseite des Wärmerohr-Kanalsystems umgebogen und an den Kontaktseiten dauerhaft und wärmeleitend verbunden wird, z. B. durch Ofenlötung oder wärmeleitende Verklebung. Das Wärmerohr-Kanalsystem ist üblicherweise mit FCKW zu einem Bruchteil gefüllt.A known panel radiator of the type mentioned (DE 31 44 089 C1) consists of a two-layer design Part composite laminate, e.g. B. made of aluminum, in which Heat pipe duct system through characteristics in one layer is realized. The heating duct is U-shaped and runs parallel to the lower collecting duct. Between the heating duct and heat pipe duct system is a wider one in the laminate Leave the stripes up to the mutual flat position of the Heating duct on the back of the heat pipe duct system bent over and permanent and heat-conducting on the contact sides is connected, e.g. B. by furnace soldering or heat conductive Bonding. The heat pipe duct system is usually included CFCs filled to a fraction.

Die allgemein bekannte Umweltunverträglichkeit von FCKW bedingt ein Umstellen auf ein umweltfreundlicheres Wärmeträgermedium im Wärmerohr-Kanalsystem, wobei sich in erster Linie Wasser anbietet. Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß bei Wasserfüllung und entsprechendem Evakuierungsgrad des Kanalsystems Lochfraß an den Aluminiumflächen auftritt. Durch entsprechende Umstellung des Fertigungsmaterials für den Flächenheizkörper, z. B. auf Edelstahl, lassen sich diese Korrosionserscheinungen vermeiden, doch steigen die Herstellungskosten in einer nicht vertretbaren Weise an.The generally known environmental intolerance of CFCs a switch to a more environmentally friendly heat transfer medium in the Heat pipe duct system, primarily water offers. However, it has been shown that with water filling and corresponding degree of evacuation of the channel system pitting the aluminum surfaces occurs. By appropriate changeover the manufacturing material for the panel radiator, for. B. on Stainless steel, these corrosion phenomena can be avoided, but the manufacturing costs increase in an unacceptable Way.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Flächenheizkörper der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, der umweltfreundlich mit dem Wärmeträgermedium Wasser betrieben wird und kostengünstig herstellbar ist.The invention has for its object a To create panel radiators of the type mentioned, the operated in an environmentally friendly manner with the heat transfer medium water is and is inexpensive to manufacture.

Die Aufgabe ist bei einem Flächenheizkörper der im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 definierten Gattung erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale im Kennzeichenteil des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. The task for a panel radiator is the one in the preamble of claim 1 defined genus according to the invention by the Features solved in the characterizing part of claim 1.  

Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Flächenheizkörper wird das Wärmeübertragungsmedium Wasser in Kupferrohren geführt, die gegenüber Wasser nicht korrosionsanfällig sind, und die Wärme des Wärmeträgermediums Wasser wird über die Kupferrohre durch Wärmeleitung auf die nach wie vor aus Aluminium bestehende Wärmeabstrahlfläche des Flächenheizkörpers übertragen. Das Wasser kommt somit nicht mehr mit der gut wärmeleitenden Aluminiumfläche des Flächenheizkörpers in Berührung. Im Vergleich zu der Herstellung des Flächenheizkörpers aus Edelstahl sind die Fertigungskosten für den erfindungsgemäßen Flächenheizkörper wesentlich niedriger. Durch die Ausbildung des unteren Sammelkanals als Doppelrohr mit innenliegendem Heizrohr wird das Bauvolumen des Flächenheizkörpers gering gehalten und ist nicht größer als das der bekannten Flächenheizkörper.In the panel radiator according to the invention Heat transfer medium water conducted in copper pipes, the are not susceptible to corrosion by water, and the heat of the heat transfer medium water is through the copper pipes Heat conduction on the still existing aluminum Transfer heat radiation surface of the panel radiator. The Water no longer comes with the good thermal conductivity Aluminum surface of the panel radiator in contact. in the Comparison to the manufacture of the panel radiator Stainless steel is the manufacturing cost for the invention Panel radiators much lower. Through training of the lower collecting duct as a double pipe with an internal one Heating tube, the construction volume of the panel radiator becomes small held and is not larger than that of the known Panel radiators.

Die Erfindung ist anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels im folgenden näher beschrieben. Es zeigen:The invention is based on one shown in the drawing Embodiment described in more detail below. Show it:

Fig. 1 eine Seitenansicht eines im oberen Bereich abgeschnittenen Flächenheizkörpers, Fig. 1 is a side view of a cut-off at the top of the heating panel,

Fig. 2 eine Draufsicht des Flächenheizkörpers gemäß Pfeil II in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 is a plan view of the heating panel according to the arrow II in Fig. 1,

Fig. 3 einen Schnitt längs der Linie III-III in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 is a section along the line III-III in Fig. 2,

Fig. 4 einen Schnitt längs der Linie IV-IV in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV in Fig. 2.

Der in Fig. 1 in Seitenansicht und in Fig. 2 in Draufsicht zu sehende Flächenheizkörper für den Fahrgastraum von Omnibussen weist ein hermetisch geschlossenes Kanalsystem 10 auf, das aus jeweils einem oben liegenden Sammelkanal 11 und einem unten liegenden Sammelkanal 12 und aus einer Vielzahl von dazu quer verlaufenden, zueinander parallelen Vertikalkanälen 13 besteht, die endseitig mit den beiden Sammelkanälen 11, 12 verbunden sind. Die einzelnen Kanäle 11-13 des Kanalsystems 10 sind aus Kupferrohren gefertigt, wobei der untere Sammelkanal 12 von dem Außenrohr 14a eines Kupfer-Doppelrohres 14 gebildet wird, dessen Innenrohr 14b einen Heizwasserkanal 15 darstellt, der an das Kühlwassersystem des Motors des Omnibusses anschließbar ist. Das Außenrohr 14a ist an seinen beiden Stirnseiten zur Außenwand des Innenrohrs 14b hin dichtgelötet, während das Innenrohr 14b stirnseitig offen ist und hier Anschlußmuffen 16 trägt, über welche die Heizwasserkanäle 15 von mehreren Flächenheizkörpern in Hintereinanderreihung miteinander verbunden werden können.The panel radiator for the passenger compartment of buses and coaches, which can be seen in side view in FIG. 1 and in plan view in FIG. 2, has a hermetically sealed duct system 10 , which consists of an overhead collecting duct 11 and a bottom collecting duct 12 and a large number of them there are transverse vertical channels 13 which are parallel to one another and which are connected at the ends to the two collecting channels 11 , 12 . The individual channels 11-13 of the duct system 10 are made of copper tubes, with the lower collecting channel 12 is formed by the outer tube 14 a of a copper double tube 14, the inner tube 14 b a Heizwasserkanal 15 is coupled to the cooling water system of the engine of the bus connectable is. The outer tube 14 a, b at both of its end faces to the outer wall of the inner tube 14 toward dichtgelötet while the inner tube 14 b is open at the front and here connecting bushes 16 supports, via which the Heizwasserkanäle 15 can be connected to each of a plurality of surface heaters in one behind the other stringing.

Das Kanalsystem 10 ist zu einem Bruchteil mit Wasser unter entsprechendem Evakuierungsgrad gefüllt und zur Abstrahlung der aus dem Heizwasser entzogenen Wärmeenergie mit einer großflächigen Abstrahlfläche 17 aus Aluminium wärmeleitend verbunden, welche die Vorderseite des Heizkörpers bildet. Die mechanische Befestigung des Kanalsystems 10 und die Wärmeankopplung des Kanalsystems 10 an die Abstrahlfläche 17 erfolgt im wesentlichen durch im Querschnitt U-förmige Rohrschellen 18, welche die Vertikalrohre 13 nahezu über deren gesamte Länge formschlüssig umgreifen und mit rechtwinklig wegstehenden Laschen 19 auf der Rückseite der Abstrahlfläche 17 befestigt sind. Die Vertikalrohre 13 liegen dabei unmittelbar an der Abstrahlfläche 17 an, und über diese Anlagestelle und über die formschlüssigen Rohrschellen 18 besteht ein guter Wärmekontakt zwischen den Vertikalrohren 13 und der Abstrahlfläche 17. Zusätzlich ist das Doppelrohr 14 mittels zweier im Abstand voneinander angeordneter Rohrschellen 20 ebenfalls auf der Rückseite der Abstrahlfläche 17 befestigt. Die Rohrschellen 20 sind ähnlich den Rohrschellen 18 ausgebildet, weisen aber entsprechend dem größeren Außendurchmesser des Doppelrohrs 14 einen größeren Innendurchmesser im U-förmigen Teil und eine wesentlich geringere Axiallänge auf. Die Befestigung der Rohrschellen 18, 20 an der Abstrahlfläche 17 erfolgt durch Nieten, Punktschweißen, Löten, Kleben oder ähnliches. Die Verbindung wird dabei so vorgenommen, daß ein guter Wärmeübergang von der Rohrschelle 18 bzw. 20 zu der Abstrahlfläche 17 gegeben ist. Die Verbindung der einzelnen Kupferrohre untereinander erfolgt durch Löten.The channel system 10 is filled to a fraction with water with a corresponding degree of evacuation and is connected in a heat-conducting manner to a large-area radiation surface 17 made of aluminum, which forms the front of the radiator, in order to radiate the heat energy extracted from the heating water. The mechanical fastening of the duct system 10 and the heat coupling of the duct system 10 to the radiation surface 17 takes place essentially by means of pipe clips 18 which are U-shaped in cross section and which grip the vertical tubes 13 in a form-fitting manner almost over their entire length and with brackets 19 protruding at right angles on the back of the radiation surface 17 are attached. The vertical tubes 13 lie directly on the radiating surface 17, and this contact point and the interlocking clamps 18, there is a good thermal contact between the vertical pipes 13 and the radiating 17th In addition, the double pipe 14 is also fastened to the back of the radiation surface 17 by means of two pipe clamps 20 arranged at a distance from one another. The pipe clamps 20 are designed similarly to the pipe clamps 18 , but have a larger inner diameter in the U-shaped part and a significantly smaller axial length in accordance with the larger outer diameter of the double pipe 14 . The pipe clamps 18 , 20 are fastened to the radiation surface 17 by riveting, spot welding, soldering, gluing or the like. The connection is made so that there is good heat transfer from the pipe clamp 18 or 20 to the radiation surface 17 . The individual copper pipes are connected to each other by soldering.

Claims (4)

1. Flächenheizkörper, insbesondere für Omnibusse, mit einem nach dem Wärmerohrprinzip arbeitenden, hermetisch verschlossenen und zu einem Bruchteil mit einem Wärmeträgermedium gefüllten Kanalsystem, bestehend aus jeweils einem oberen und unteren Sammelkanal und aus einer Vielzahl von dazu quer verlaufenden, zueinander parallelen Vertikalkanälen, die endseitig mit den beiden Sammelkanälen verbunden sind, und mit einem mit dem unteren Sammelkanal in wärmeleitender Verbindung stehenden, von fremdbeheiztem Heizwasser durchströmbaren Heizkanal, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kanäle (11-13) des Kanalsystems (10) von Kupferrohren gebildet sind, die mit einer Abstrahlfläche (17) aus Aluminium wärmeleitend verbunden sind, daß als Wärmeträgermedium Wasser Verwendet wird und daß der untere Sammelkanal (12) von dem Außenrohr (14a) eines aus koaxialen Rohren (14a, 14b) bestehenden Doppelrohrs (18) gebildet ist, dessen Innenrohr (14b) den Heizwasserkanal (15) darstellt.1. Flat panel radiators, in particular for buses, with a duct system that works according to the heat pipe principle, hermetically sealed and filled to a fraction with a heat transfer medium, each consisting of an upper and lower collecting duct and a plurality of transverse ducts running parallel to one another and parallel to one another at the ends are connected to the two collecting ducts, and to a heating duct which is in heat-conducting connection with the lower collecting duct and through which externally heated heating water can flow, characterized in that the ducts ( 11-13 ) of the duct system ( 10 ) are formed by copper pipes which have a radiation surface ( 17 ) made of heat-conducting aluminum, that water is used as the heat transfer medium and that the lower collecting duct ( 12 ) is formed by the outer tube ( 14 a) of a double tube ( 18 ) consisting of coaxial tubes ( 14 a, 14 b), the Inner tube ( 14 b) the heating water duct ( 15 ) represents. 2. Flächenheizkörper nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die wärmeleitende Verbindung zwischen den Kupferrohren (11-13) des Kanalsystems (10) und der Abstrahlfläche (17) durch Andrücken, Nieten, Punktschweißen, Löten, Kleben oder ähnliches hergestellt ist.2. Panel radiator according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermally conductive connection between the copper pipes ( 11-13 ) of the channel system ( 10 ) and the radiating surface ( 17 ) is made by pressing, riveting, spot welding, soldering, gluing or the like. 3. Flächenheizkörper nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vertikal-Kupferrohre (13) in jeweils einer nahezu über die gesamte axiale Länge des Kupferrohrs (13) sich erstreckenden, im Querschnitt U-förmigen Rohrschelle (18) im wesentlichen formschlüssig aufgenommen und die Rohrschellen (18) unter Anlage der Vertikal-Kupferrohre (13) an der Abstrahlfläche (17) auf deren vom Fahrgastraum abgekehrten Rückseite wärmeleitend befestigt sind.3. Panel radiator according to claim 2, characterized in that the vertical copper pipes ( 13 ) in each case in an almost over the entire axial length of the copper pipe ( 13 ) extending, in cross-section U-shaped pipe clamp ( 18 ) substantially positively received and the Pipe clamps ( 18 ) are attached in a heat-conducting manner under the vertical copper pipes ( 13 ) to the radiation surface ( 17 ) on the rear side thereof facing away from the passenger compartment. 4. Flächenheizkörper nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Doppelrohr (14) mittels mindestens einer im Querschnitt U-förmigen, das Doppelrohr (14) formschlüssig umschließenden Rohrschelle (20) an der Abstrahlfläche (17) auf deren vom Fahrgastraum abgekehrten Rückseite wärmeleitend befestigt ist.4. Panel radiator according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the double tube ( 14 ) by means of at least one U-shaped cross-section, the double tube ( 14 ) positively enclosing pipe clamp ( 20 ) on the radiating surface ( 17 ) on its rear side facing away from the passenger compartment is attached thermally.
DE19914124507 1991-07-24 1991-07-24 Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel Expired - Lifetime DE4124507C1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19914124507 DE4124507C1 (en) 1991-07-24 1991-07-24 Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19914124507 DE4124507C1 (en) 1991-07-24 1991-07-24 Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel

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DE4124507C1 true DE4124507C1 (en) 1992-12-10

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DE19914124507 Expired - Lifetime DE4124507C1 (en) 1991-07-24 1991-07-24 Panel radiator for heating public transport vehicles - comprises top and bottom flues and parallel vertical channels and uses externally heated water flowing in heating channel

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0668479A1 (en) * 1994-02-22 1995-08-23 British Gas plc Thermosyphon radiators
EP0834715A3 (en) * 1996-10-02 1999-02-03 Caradon Heating Europe B.V. A thermosiphon radiator
DE4332578C2 (en) * 1993-09-24 2000-11-30 Valeo Klimatech Gmbh & Co Kg Combined warm air and surface heating of a bus
WO2013104885A1 (en) * 2012-01-12 2013-07-18 Econotherm Uk Limited Heat transfer unit and a heat exchanger

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3113504A1 (en) * 1981-04-03 1982-12-09 Deutsche Alwa GmbH, 5760 Arnsberg Prefabricated copper tube, preferably for a floor heating system

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3113504A1 (en) * 1981-04-03 1982-12-09 Deutsche Alwa GmbH, 5760 Arnsberg Prefabricated copper tube, preferably for a floor heating system

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4332578C2 (en) * 1993-09-24 2000-11-30 Valeo Klimatech Gmbh & Co Kg Combined warm air and surface heating of a bus
EP0668479A1 (en) * 1994-02-22 1995-08-23 British Gas plc Thermosyphon radiators
EP0834715A3 (en) * 1996-10-02 1999-02-03 Caradon Heating Europe B.V. A thermosiphon radiator
WO2013104885A1 (en) * 2012-01-12 2013-07-18 Econotherm Uk Limited Heat transfer unit and a heat exchanger

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