DE3516917A1 - ELECTROMAGNETIC, INTERMITTENT INJECTION VALVE - Google Patents
ELECTROMAGNETIC, INTERMITTENT INJECTION VALVEInfo
- Publication number
- DE3516917A1 DE3516917A1 DE19853516917 DE3516917A DE3516917A1 DE 3516917 A1 DE3516917 A1 DE 3516917A1 DE 19853516917 DE19853516917 DE 19853516917 DE 3516917 A DE3516917 A DE 3516917A DE 3516917 A1 DE3516917 A1 DE 3516917A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- armature
- injection valve
- magnetic field
- fuel
- coil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
- F02M51/0689—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means and permanent magnets
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
- F02M51/0614—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of electromagnets or fixed armature
- F02M51/0617—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of electromagnets or fixed armature having two or more electromagnets
- F02M51/0621—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of electromagnets or fixed armature having two or more electromagnets acting on one mobile armature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
- F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
- F02M51/0635—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a plate-shaped or undulated armature not entering the winding
- F02M51/0639—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a plate-shaped or undulated armature not entering the winding the armature acting as a valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/08—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle specially for low-pressure fuel-injection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/16—Rectilinearly-movable armatures
- H01F7/1638—Armatures not entering the winding
- H01F7/1646—Armatures or stationary parts of magnetic circuit having permanent magnet
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/121—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position
- H01F7/122—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position by permanent magnets
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein elektromagnetisches, intermittierendes Einspritzventil für die Abgabe von Brennstoff in das Saugrohr von Verbrennungsmotoren mit einem zwischen Brennstoffzulauf und Brennstoffrücklauf befindlichen Brennstoffaustritt, der von einem als Permanentmagnet ausgebildeten Ventilschließkörper beherrscht wird, der von einem aus einer elektrischen Spule und einem Weicheisenkern mit Gehäuserückschluß gebildeten Magnetfeld in erregtem Zustand angezogen wird und den Brennstoffaustritt freigibt.The invention relates to an electromagnetic, intermittent injection valve for the delivery of fuel into the intake manifold of internal combustion engines with one between the fuel inlet and the fuel return located fuel outlet, formed by a permanent magnet Valve closing body is dominated by one from one electric coil and a soft iron core with housing yoke formed magnetic field is attracted in the excited state and the fuel outlet releases.
Ein derartiges Einspritzventil ist aus der nicht vorveröffentlichten Anmeldung P 34 30 868.7 des gleichen Anmelders bekannt.Such an injection valve is from the not previously published Registration P 34 30 868.7 known by the same applicant.
Die Erfindung hat sich zur Aufgabe gestellt, gegenüber diesem Ventil die Schaltzeiten weiter zu verkürzen.The invention has set itself the task of this valve Shorten switching times further.
Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Einspritzventil eingangs genannter Art erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der ersten Spule gegenüberliegend im Düsenkopf eine zweite Spule angeordnet ist, die mit dem Anker zusammenwirkt, der zwischen zwei Magnetkernen angeordnet ist.This object is achieved according to the invention in the case of an injection valve of the type mentioned at the beginning solved in that the first coil opposite in the Nozzle head a second coil is arranged, which interacts with the armature, which is arranged between two magnetic cores.
An sich ist die Anordnung von zwei Magnetspulen bei Einspritzventilen aus der DE-OS 22 37 746 bekannt. Hier wirkt jedoch jede Spule auf einen dieser Spule zugeordneten Anker, wobei diese beiden Anker miteinander mechanisch verbunden sind. Das Bauvolumen einer derartigen Anordnung ist zu groß.In itself, the arrangement of two solenoid coils in injection valves from DE-OS 22 37 746 known. Here, however, each coil acts on one armature associated with this coil, these two armatures being mechanically connected to one another. The overall volume of such an arrangement is too large.
Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in den weiteren Ansprüchen angegeben. Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung schematisch dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben. Das Einspritzventil weist einen Weicheisenkern 1 auf, auf dem eine Spule 2, die elektrisch erregbar ist, angeordnet ist. Einer Anschlagfläche 3 des Weicheisenkerns liegt ein als Anker ausgebildeter Ventilschließkörper 4 gegenüber. Dieser ist ein Permanentmagnet, der eine nicht-magnetische Beschichtung 5 aufweist, die z. B. aus Kunststoff oder Wolfram ausgebildet sein kann. Auf der anderen Seite des Ankers ist ein zweiter Magnetkern 6 vorgesehen, der eine durch elektrischen Strom erregbareRefinements of the invention are given in the further claims. An embodiment of the invention is shown schematically in the drawing and is described in more detail below. The injection valve has a soft iron core 1 on which a coil 2, which is electrically excitable, is arranged. A valve closing body designed as an armature lies on a stop surface 3 of the soft iron core 4 opposite. This is a permanent magnet, which is a non-magnetic one Has coating 5, the z. B. can be made of plastic or tungsten. On the other side of the anchor is a second one Magnetic core 6 is provided, which can be excited by an electric current
8529/1 Fi.8529/1 Fi.
Spule 7 trägt. Der Magnetkern 6 kann einen Einsatz 8 aus nicht-magnetischem Material aufweisen, der den Ventilsitz 9 und die Brennstoffaustrittsdüse 10 aufweist. Die beschriebene Anordnung ist in einem als Rückschluß ausgebildeten Gehäuse 11 angeordnet, das eine Brennstoffzu!auföffnung 12 aufweist. Der Brennstoff gelangt über eine Kammer 13, in der sich der Anker befindet, als Teilstrom bei geöffnetem Ventil zu der Brennstoffaustrittsdüse 10. Der andere TeiIstrom bzw. die Gesamtbrennstoffmenge bei geschlossenem Ventil wird nach Umspülung der Spulen 2 und 7 durch Kanäle dem Brennstoffrücklauf 14 zugeführt, so daß eine Wärmeabfuhr an den Spulen bewirkt wird. Das als Rückschluß ausgebildete Gehäuse 11 kann durch eine Einlage aus nicht-magnetischem Material derart zweigeteilt, daß sich die unterschiedlichen Magnetfelder ungestört aufbauen können. Es ist auch möglich, das Gehäuse aus nichtmagnetischem Material auszubilden, und dann den erforderlichen Rück- Schluß für jede Magnetspulenanordnung separat durch entsprechende Beilagen innerhalb des Ventils auszubilden.Coil 7 carries. The magnetic core 6 can have an insert 8 made of non-magnetic Have material which has the valve seat 9 and the fuel outlet nozzle 10. The arrangement described is in one arranged as a yoke housing 11, which has a fuel supply opening 12 has. The fuel passes through a chamber 13 in which the armature is located as a partial flow when the valve is open to the fuel outlet nozzle 10. The other partial flow or the total amount of fuel when the valve is closed is after flushing around the Coils 2 and 7 are fed to the fuel return 14 through channels, so that heat is dissipated from the coils. That trained as an inference Housing 11 can by an insert made of non-magnetic material Divided into two parts in such a way that the different magnetic fields can build up undisturbed. It is also possible to make the housing from non-magnetic material, and then the required return To form the end of each solenoid arrangement separately by means of appropriate enclosures within the valve.
Die Strombeaufschlagung der Spulen 2 und 7 erfolgt unter Berücksichtigung der Polanordnung des Ankers 4 derart, daß bei gleichzeitiger Beaufschlagung der beiden Spulen die obere Spulenanordnung 2 den Anker 4 anzieht und die untere Spulenanordnung 7 den Anker im Öffnungssinn abstößt. Hierbei wirken die Magnetkräfte gegen eine Schraubenrückstellfeder 15, die mittels einer Einstellvorrichtung 16 justiert werden kann. Bei einer anderen Ausführungsform kann diese Einstellmöglichkeit und die Schraubenfeder 15 entfallen, wenn vorgesehen ist, daß bei laufendem Motor für Betriebsbereiche, bei denen keine Brennstoffabgabe erfolgen soll, z. B. beim Schubbetrieb, die Strombeaufschlagung mindestens einer Spule unter Berücksichtigung der Pol anordnung des als Anker 4 ausgebildeten Permanentmagneten mit einem Haltestrom erfolgt, der ein Magnetfeld erzeugt, das den Anker in Kontakt mit dem Ventilsitz 9 hält.The application of current to the coils 2 and 7 takes place under consideration the pole arrangement of the armature 4 in such a way that when the two coils are acted upon at the same time, the upper coil arrangement 2, the armature 4 attracts and the lower coil arrangement 7 repels the armature in the opening direction. The magnetic forces act against a helical return spring 15, which can be adjusted by means of an adjusting device 16. In another embodiment, this setting option and the helical spring 15 is omitted if it is provided that, with the engine running, for operating areas in which there is no fuel delivery should, e.g. B. when overrun, the application of current at least one Coil taking into account the pole arrangement of the permanent magnet designed as armature 4 is carried out with a holding current that creates a magnetic field generated, which holds the armature in contact with the valve seat 9.
Bei stehendem Motor und abgeschalteter Brennstoffpumpe reichen die Kräfte des Permanentmagneten aus, den Anker auf dem Sitz 9 zu halten. Nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform ist es möglich, das Einspritzventil derart auszubilden, daß die Strombeaufschlagung der Spulen 2, 7 unter Berücksichtigung der Polanordnung des als Anker ausgebildeten Permanentmagneten abwechselnd derart erfolgt, daß ein Magnetfeld im Öffnungssinn und ein Magnetfeld im Schließsinn auf den Anker 4 wirkt.With the engine stopped and the fuel pump switched off, these are sufficient Forces of the permanent magnet to hold the armature on the seat 9. According to a further embodiment, it is possible for the injection valve to be designed in such a way that the current is applied to the coils 2, 7, taking into account the pole arrangement of the permanent magnet designed as an armature takes place alternately in such a way that a magnetic field acts on the armature 4 in the opening direction and a magnetic field in the closing direction.
8529/1 Fi.8529/1 Fi.
Claims (6)
15taking into account the pole arrangement of the permanent magnet designed as armature (4) takes place alternately in such a way that a magnetic field in the opening direction and a magnetic field in the closing direction acts on the armature (4).
15th
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853516917 DE3516917A1 (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1985-05-10 | ELECTROMAGNETIC, INTERMITTENT INJECTION VALVE |
FR8602741A FR2581705A1 (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1986-02-27 | ELECTROMAGNETIC INJECTION VALVE WITH INTERMITTENT ACTION |
IT47758/86A IT1191282B (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1986-03-12 | IMPROVEMENT IN INTERMITTENT ELECTROMAGNETIC INJECTION VALVES |
GB08610223A GB2175452B (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1986-04-25 | Electromagnetic intermittent fuel-injection valve |
JP61105058A JPS61261655A (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1986-05-09 | Electromagnetic type fuel injection valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853516917 DE3516917A1 (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1985-05-10 | ELECTROMAGNETIC, INTERMITTENT INJECTION VALVE |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3516917A1 true DE3516917A1 (en) | 1986-11-13 |
Family
ID=6270412
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853516917 Withdrawn DE3516917A1 (en) | 1985-05-10 | 1985-05-10 | ELECTROMAGNETIC, INTERMITTENT INJECTION VALVE |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS61261655A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3516917A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2581705A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2175452B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1191282B (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3703615A1 (en) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-18 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | FUEL INJECTION VALVE |
EP2733401A1 (en) * | 2011-06-14 | 2014-05-21 | Sentec Ltd | Solenoid actuator |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5022629A (en) * | 1988-01-04 | 1991-06-11 | Interface, Inc. | Valve construction |
US4848725A (en) * | 1988-01-04 | 1989-07-18 | Interface, Inc. | Valve construction |
GB8822239D0 (en) * | 1988-09-21 | 1988-10-26 | Caradon Mira Ltd | Flow control device |
US5190223A (en) * | 1988-10-10 | 1993-03-02 | Siemens Automotive L.P. | Electromagnetic fuel injector with cartridge embodiment |
DE3834446A1 (en) * | 1988-10-10 | 1990-04-12 | Mesenich Gerhard | ELECTROMAGNETIC INJECTION VALVE IN CARTRIDGE DESIGN |
DE3834444A1 (en) * | 1988-10-10 | 1990-04-12 | Mesenich Gerhard | ELECTROMAGNETIC INJECTION VALVE WITH DIAPHRAGM SPRING |
GB2228831A (en) * | 1989-03-03 | 1990-09-05 | Ped Ltd | Bistable actuator and fluid control valve incorporating said actuator |
US5170144A (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1992-12-08 | Solatrol, Inc. | High efficiency, flux-path-switching, electromagnetic actuator |
DE3942542A1 (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-06-27 | Lungu Cornelius | BISTABLE MAGNETIC DRIVE WITH PERMANENT MAGNETIC HUBANKER |
DE4012832C2 (en) * | 1990-04-23 | 1995-03-09 | Festo Kg | magnetic valve |
DE4111886C2 (en) * | 1991-04-09 | 1993-10-28 | Mannesmann Ag | magnetic valve |
JP2582212Y2 (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1998-09-30 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Electromagnetic fuel injection device |
AUPO964897A0 (en) * | 1997-10-07 | 1997-10-30 | Gas Injection Technologies Pty Limited | Vapour fuel injection valve |
DE29722781U1 (en) * | 1997-12-23 | 1999-04-22 | Buerkert Werke Gmbh & Co | Electromagnetic drive |
ITPC20020007A1 (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2003-08-18 | Poliauto Di P Parietti & C S N | ELECTROINJECTOR FOR GASEOUS FUEL |
ITPR20060053A1 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2007-12-10 | Aeb Srl | FUEL INJECTOR |
DE102008060483A1 (en) * | 2008-12-05 | 2010-06-10 | Honeywell Technologies S.A.R.L. | Servo valve of a gas regulator |
EP2339681B1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2013-09-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Electromagnetic actuator |
FR3026777B1 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-11-25 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | ELECTROMAGNETIC COOLING ACTUATOR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VALVE |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE410444C (en) * | 1923-01-17 | 1925-03-09 | Louis Renault | Electromagnetic control for the injection device of internal combustion engines |
GB949603A (en) * | 1959-01-02 | 1964-02-12 | Dowty Electrics Ltd | Improvements in magnetic locking devices |
DE2150099A1 (en) * | 1970-10-07 | 1972-05-25 | Hitachi Ltd | Fuel injection system |
US3738578A (en) * | 1971-10-04 | 1973-06-12 | Gen Motors Corp | Permanent magnet armature valve |
GB1391955A (en) * | 1972-07-12 | 1975-04-23 | British Leyland Austin Morris | Actuating internal combustion engine poppet valves |
CA1150384A (en) * | 1980-02-26 | 1983-07-19 | Charles F. Lloyd | Remotely controlled servo device for controlling fluid flow |
DE3026133A1 (en) * | 1980-07-10 | 1982-02-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | ELECTROMAGNETIC VALVE |
JPS57124089A (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-08-02 | Hitachi Ltd | Pump operation control method |
DE3307070C2 (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1985-11-28 | FEV Forschungsgesellschaft für Energietechnik und Verbrennungsmotoren mbH, 5100 Aachen | Setting device for a switching element that can be adjusted between two end positions |
DE3307683C1 (en) * | 1983-03-04 | 1984-07-26 | Klöckner, Wolfgang, Dr., 8033 Krailling | Method for activating an electromagnetic actuator and device for carrying out the method |
FR2548329B1 (en) * | 1983-06-30 | 1986-06-20 | Bosteels Michel | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING CALIBRATED FLOW RATES |
-
1985
- 1985-05-10 DE DE19853516917 patent/DE3516917A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-02-27 FR FR8602741A patent/FR2581705A1/en active Pending
- 1986-03-12 IT IT47758/86A patent/IT1191282B/en active
- 1986-04-25 GB GB08610223A patent/GB2175452B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-05-09 JP JP61105058A patent/JPS61261655A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3703615A1 (en) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-18 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | FUEL INJECTION VALVE |
EP2733401A1 (en) * | 2011-06-14 | 2014-05-21 | Sentec Ltd | Solenoid actuator |
US9689361B2 (en) | 2011-06-14 | 2017-06-27 | Sentec Ltd. | Method of operating a fuel injector, a control unit that performs the method, and a system that includes the control unit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IT1191282B (en) | 1988-02-24 |
JPS61261655A (en) | 1986-11-19 |
FR2581705A1 (en) | 1986-11-14 |
IT8647758A0 (en) | 1986-03-12 |
GB2175452A (en) | 1986-11-26 |
GB8610223D0 (en) | 1986-05-29 |
GB2175452B (en) | 1988-07-06 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8127 | New person/name/address of the applicant |
Owner name: PIERBURG GMBH, 4040 NEUSS, DE |
|
8139 | Disposal/non-payment of the annual fee |