DE1256921B - Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process - Google Patents

Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process

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Publication number
DE1256921B
DE1256921B DEC34478A DEC0034478A DE1256921B DE 1256921 B DE1256921 B DE 1256921B DE C34478 A DEC34478 A DE C34478A DE C0034478 A DEC0034478 A DE C0034478A DE 1256921 B DE1256921 B DE 1256921B
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
centrifuge
motor
potentiometer
series
centrifugal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
DEC34478A
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German (de)
Inventor
Karl-Heinz Roemer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MARTIN CHRIST FA
Original Assignee
MARTIN CHRIST FA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL252802D priority Critical patent/NL252802A/xx
Priority to NL109202D priority patent/NL109202C/xx
Priority to US705859A priority patent/US3009388A/en
Priority to US814305A priority patent/US3071316A/en
Priority to US854281A priority patent/US3050239A/en
Priority to GB19315/60A priority patent/GB889082A/en
Priority to FR830347A priority patent/FR1259932A/en
Application filed by MARTIN CHRIST FA filed Critical MARTIN CHRIST FA
Priority to DEC34478A priority patent/DE1256921B/en
Priority to US509361A priority patent/US3402883A/en
Priority to GB50115/65A priority patent/GB1119420A/en
Priority to US525771A priority patent/US3481712A/en
Priority to GB48757/66A priority patent/GB1115297A/en
Priority to DE19671598301 priority patent/DE1598301A1/en
Publication of DE1256921B publication Critical patent/DE1256921B/en
Priority to US00048386A priority patent/US3713775A/en
Priority to DE2103841A priority patent/DE2103841C3/en
Priority to GB2833172A priority patent/GB1357232A/en
Priority to CA114,539A priority patent/CA940428A/en
Priority to FR7122476A priority patent/FR2096403B1/fr
Priority to GB1828471*[A priority patent/GB1357231A/en
Priority to AU47751/72A priority patent/AU468478B2/en
Priority to CA184,119A priority patent/CA956915A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5021—Test tubes specially adapted for centrifugation purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/54—Labware with identification means
    • B01L3/545—Labware with identification means for laboratory containers
    • B01L3/5453—Labware with identification means for laboratory containers for test tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04B—CENTRIFUGES
    • B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
    • B04B5/04—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers
    • B04B5/0407—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles
    • B04B5/0414—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles comprising test tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04B—CENTRIFUGES
    • B04B5/00—Other centrifuges
    • B04B5/04—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers
    • B04B5/0407—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles
    • B04B5/0414—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles comprising test tubes
    • B04B5/0421—Radial chamber apparatus for separating predominantly liquid mixtures, e.g. butyrometers for liquids contained in receptacles comprising test tubes pivotably mounted
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04B—CENTRIFUGES
    • B04B9/00—Drives specially designed for centrifuges; Arrangement or disposition of transmission gearing; Suspending or balancing rotary bowls
    • B04B9/10—Control of the drive; Speed regulating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/07—Centrifugal type cuvettes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04B—CENTRIFUGES
    • B04B7/00—Elements of centrifuges
    • B04B7/02—Casings; Lids
    • B04B2007/025—Lids for laboratory centrifuge rotors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
    • G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
    • G01N2035/0401—Sample carriers, cuvettes or reaction vessels
    • G01N2035/0429—Sample carriers adapted for special purposes
    • G01N2035/0436—Sample carriers adapted for special purposes with pre-packaged reagents, i.e. test-packs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S215/00—Bottles and jars
    • Y10S215/90—Collapsible wall structure

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
  • Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)

Description

BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLANDFEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

DEUTSCHESGERMAN

PATENTAMTPATENT OFFICE

AUSLEGESCHRIFTEDITORIAL

Int. Cl.:Int. Cl .:

GOInGOIn

B 04bB 04b

Deutsche KL: 421 - 6/01 German KL: 421 - 6/01

Nummer: 1 256 921Number: 1 256 921

Aktenzeichen: C 34478IX b/421File number: C 34478IX b / 421

Anmeldetag: 25. November 1964Filing date: November 25, 1964

Auslegetag: 21. Dezember 1967Opened on: December 21, 1967

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Dichte gradienten-Zentrifugation in einer Ultrazentrifuge mit im Betrieb in die Horizontale geschwenkten Schleudergefäßen. Bei einem solchen Verfahren wird in das Schleudergefäß zunächst eine Flüssigkeit mit vom Boden nach oben abnehmender Dichte eingegeben. Die zu untersuchende Substanz wird dann in Form einer Flüssigkeitsschicht oben auf die Flüssigkeit mit dem Dichtegradienten gebracht. Die bei der Zentrifugation auftretenden großen Kräfte bewirken dann die bekannte Sedimentierung, deren Dauer und sonstige physikalische Eigenschaften Rückschlüsse auf die zu untersuchende Substanz zulassen.The invention relates to a method for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge with Centrifugal vessels swiveled horizontally during operation. In such a procedure, the Centrifugal vessel first of all entered a liquid with a density that decreases from the bottom upwards. The substance to be examined is then in the form of a layer of liquid on top of the liquid with brought the density gradient. The large forces occurring during centrifugation then have an effect the known sedimentation, its duration and other physical properties draw conclusions allow the substance to be examined.

Wie in der deutschen Patentschrift 1 171 178 beschrieben ist, treten bei Ultrazentrifugen eine Reihe von Problemen auf, die sich dadurch auswirken, daß man keine sehr scharfe Trennung der einzelnen Substanzen verschiedener Dichte erhält. So hat es sich z. B. herausgestellt, daß auf jeden Fall vermieden werden muß, daß das beim Anfahren und Bremsen auftretende Drehmoment der Flüssigkeit bzw. Substanz in den Schleudergefäßen mitgeteilt wird. Durch hier nicht näher interessierende technische Mittel hat man es verstanden, eine sich aus diesem Drehmoment ergebende Zirkulierung der Flüssigkeit zu verhindern. Ein weiteres Problem bei den bekannten Ultrazentrifugen konnte erst dadurch gelöst werden, daß man die Schleudergefäße mit einem sektorförmigen Sedimentationsraum ausstattete. Trotz Anwendung dieser technischen Maßnahmen hat sich aber gezeigt, daß irgendwann während eines Zentrifugiervorganges die entsprechenden Substanzen sich an ihren Grenzflächen relativ stark mischen. Dieses Mischen an den Grenzflächen zu vermeiden, hat sich die Erfindung zur Aufgabe gestellt. Die Erfindung geht von der überraschenden Erkenntnis aus, daß die unerwünschte Mischung ganz zu Anfang des Anlaufvorganges stattfindet. Da bei niedriger Drehzahl bzw. unmittelbar nach dem Start der Zentrifuge die in Achsrichtung der Flüssigkeitssäule wirkende Normalbeschleunigung noch gering ist, kann die senkrecht zur Achsrichtung der Flüssigkeitssäule wirkende, durch die Drehgeschwindigkeitszünahme hervorgerufene Beschleunigung Verschiebungen in der Flüssigkeitssäule hervorrufen. Dieses Phänomen tritt dann in den Hintergrund, wenn eine Drehzahl von einigen hundert Umdrehungen pro Minute erreicht ist und die quadratisch mit der Drehzahl anwachsende Normalbeschleunigung einen Wert erreicht hat, der groß gegenüber der Winkelbeschleunigung ist.As described in German Patent 1,171,178, there are a number of ultracentrifuges problems arise from the fact that there is no very sharp separation of the individual substances different density. So it has z. B. found that avoided in any case must be that the torque of the liquid or substance that occurs when starting and braking is communicated in the centrifugal vessels. With technical means that are not of further interest here it was understood how to prevent the liquid from circulating as a result of this torque. Another problem with the known ultracentrifuges could only be solved by equipped the centrifugal vessels with a sector-shaped sedimentation room. Despite applying this However, technical measures have shown that at some point during a centrifugation process the corresponding substances mix relatively strongly at their interfaces. This mixing at the The object of the invention is to avoid interfaces. The invention is based on the surprising finding that the undesired mixture at the very beginning of the start-up process takes place. Since at low speed or immediately after starting the centrifuge, the in The normal acceleration acting in the axial direction of the column of liquid is still low, the vertical acting to the axial direction of the liquid column, caused by the increase in rotational speed Acceleration cause displacements in the liquid column. This phenomenon occurs then in the background when the speed reaches a few hundred revolutions per minute and the normal acceleration increasing quadratically with the speed reaches a value which is large compared to the angular acceleration.

Ausgehend von dieser Erkenntnis richtet sich die Erfindung auf ein Verfahren zur Dichtegradienten-Verfahren zur Dichtegradienten-Zentrifugation in einer Ultrazentrifuge und Zentrifuge zur
Durchführung des VerfahrensOn the basis of this knowledge, the invention is directed to a method for density gradient methods for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for
Implementation of the procedure

Anmelder:Applicant:

Fa. Martin Christ,Martin Christ,

Osterode (Harz), Gipsmühlenweg 62Osterode (Harz), Gipsmühlenweg 62

Als Erfinder benannt:
Karl-Heinz Römer, Osterode (Harz)Named as inventor:
Karl-Heinz Römer, Osterode (Harz)

ao Zentrifugation in einer Ultrazentrifuge mit im Betrieb in die Horizontale geschwenkten Schleudergefäßen und besteht zur Lösung der oben beschriebenen Aufgabe im wesentlichen darin, daß zu Beginn des Anlaufens nur eine stark reduzierte Beschleunigungskraft angewendet wird. Damit wird also erreicht, daß die senkrecht zur Achsrichtung der Flüssigkeitssäule wirkende Tangentialbeschleunigung relativ klein ist und damit nicht die unerwünschte Verschiebung der einzelnen Flüssigkeitsschichten bewirken kann.ao centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge during operation centrifugal vessels pivoted horizontally and is used to solve the above-described The main task is that only a greatly reduced acceleration force at the beginning of the start-up is applied. It is thus achieved that the perpendicular to the axial direction of the The tangential acceleration acting on the liquid column is relatively small and therefore not the undesired one Can cause displacement of the individual liquid layers.

Zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist eine Zentrifuge mit Elektromotor geeignet, bei welcher dieser Elektromotor in Reihe mit einem Vorwiderstand liegt, zu welchem parallel ein Kurzschlußschalter liegt. Dieser Kurzschlußschalter kann durch ein Zeitglied derart betätigt werden, daß er nach einer einstellbaren Zeit, gerechnet von Beginn des Anlaufens, geschlossen wird.A centrifuge with an electric motor is suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention, in which this electric motor is in series with a series resistor, to which a short-circuit switch is in parallel lies. This short-circuit switch can be operated by a timer so that it is closed after an adjustable time, calculated from the start of the start-up.

Zusätzlich zu der ohnehin bekannten Regelung des Motors einer Zentrifuge, bei welcher man den zugeführten Strom im wesentlichen konstant hält, wird also durch einen solchen Widerstand erreicht, daß insbesondere am Beginn des Anlaufens die Winkelbeschleunigung möglichst klein ist, d. h. so lange, bis die Schleudergefäße durch Wirken der Zentrifugalkraft im wesentlichen horizontal sind. Wenn diese Stellung der Schleudergefäße erreicht ist, hat die dann relativ schwach werdende Tangentialbeschleunigung keine Möglichkeit mehr, den oben geschilderten Effekt hervorzurufen.In addition to the already known control of the motor of a centrifuge, in which the keeps the supplied current essentially constant, is thus achieved by such a resistance, that the angular acceleration is as small as possible, especially at the beginning of the start-up, d. H. so long until the centrifugal force causes the centrifugal force to be essentially horizontal. When this position of the centrifugal vessels is reached, the tangential acceleration then becomes relatively weak there is no longer any possibility of producing the effect described above.

Man kann den Erfindungsgedanken auch dadurch in die Tat umsetzen, daß man den zum Antrieb die-The idea of the invention can also be put into practice by using the

709 709/221709 709/221

nenden Elektromotor in Reihe mit einem Potentiometer schaltet, dessen Widerstand vom Beginn des Anlaufens an, beginnend mit dem Höchstwert, kleiner wird. Dabei hat sich als sehr zweckmäßig erwiesen, wenn das Potentiometer als Motorpotentiometer ausgebildet wird und nach Maßgabe des die Rotordrehzahl erfassenden Drehzahlgebers gesteuert wird. Derartige Drehzahlgeber sind längst bekannt und bei den meisten Hochleistungszentrifugen eingebaut. Man kann aber auch zur Verstellung des Potentiometers ein Getriebe vorsehen, das gegebenenfalls über eine Fliehkraft- oder Rutschkupplung vom Antriebsmotor angetrieben ist. Diese letztere Ausführung hat sich in der Praxis ganz besonders durch ihre kompakte und wenig zu Fehlern neigende und einfach zu bedienende Raumform bewährt.nenden electric motor switches in series with a potentiometer, the resistance of which from the beginning of the Starting with the maximum value, becomes smaller. It has proven to be very useful if the potentiometer is designed as a motor potentiometer and according to the Rotor speed sensing speed sensor is controlled. Such speed sensors have long been known and built into most high-performance centrifuges. But you can also adjust the Provide a potentiometer with a gear, which may be connected to a centrifugal or slip clutch from Drive motor is driven. This latter version has particularly proven itself in practice its compact, easy-to-use shape, which is less prone to errors.

Weitere Vorteile und Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nun folgenden Beschreibung zweier Ausführungsbeispiele unter Hinweis auf die Zeichnung. Es zeigtFurther advantages and details of the invention emerge from the description that follows two embodiments with reference to the drawing. It shows

F i g. 1 schematisch eine Zentrifuge zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens undF i g. 1 schematically shows a centrifuge for carrying out the method according to the invention and

F i g. 2 im Ausschnitt eine zweite Möglichkeit zur mechanischen Steuerung des Widerstandes, welcher in Reihe mit dem Motor liegt.F i g. 2 a second option for mechanical control of the resistance, which in series with the engine.

In F i g. 1 bedeutet 1 ein mit dem Deckel 2 verschlossenes dichtes Gehäuse, in welches von unten durch die Durchführung 3 die vom Motor M getriebene Welle 4 hineinreicht. Das Gehäuse 1 kann evakuiert werden. Die Welle 4 trägt am oberen Ende eine schematisch angedeutete Scheibe 8, an deren Rand drehbar bei 5 das Schleudergefäß 6 angehängt ist. Das Gefäß ist dabei drehbar in derjenigen Ebene, die durch den zum Aufhängepunkt 5 weisenden Radius der Scheibe 8 und die Welle 4 definiert ist. Das Schleudergefäß ist einmal bei 6 in Ruhestellung gezeigt und bei 6" in derjenigen Stellung, die es unter der Wirkung der Zentrifugalkraft bei schneller Drehung einnimmt. Mit 6' ist eine Zwischenstellung eingezeichnet, α bedeutet die Flüssigkeit mit dem Dichtegradienten und b die zu untersuchende Substanz. Bei 6" ist dargestellt, wie die Substanz b in bekannter Weise unter Wirkung der Zentrifugalkraft nach unten, d. h. in der Zeichnung nach rechts, wandert. Soweit ist die Zentrifuge längst bekannt.In Fig. 1 means 1 a sealed housing closed with the cover 2, into which the shaft 4 driven by the motor M extends from below through the passage 3. The housing 1 can be evacuated. The shaft 4 carries at the upper end a schematically indicated disc 8, on the edge of which the centrifugal vessel 6 is attached rotatably at 5. The vessel is rotatable in that plane which is defined by the radius of the disk 8 and the shaft 4 pointing towards the suspension point 5. The centrifugal vessel is shown once at 6 in the rest position and at 6 "in the position it assumes under the action of centrifugal force when rotating rapidly. An intermediate position is shown at 6 ', α means the liquid with the density gradient and b the substance to be examined At 6 ″ it is shown how the substance b migrates in a known manner under the action of centrifugal force downwards, ie to the right in the drawing. The centrifuge has long been known.

In der dargestellten Weise ist der Motor M an die Stromversorgung angeschlossen, wobei beispielsweise eine einphasige Wechselspannung oder eine Gleichspannung Anwendung finden soll. In Reihe mit dem einen Leiter liegt der Widerstand 7?, welcher durch einen Schalter S überbrückt ist. Ein Zeitgeber Z steuert in der durch den Pfeil angedeuteten Weise das Öffnen bzw. Schließen des Schalters S. In Ausführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens hat man bei Beginn des Anlaufens den Schalter S zunächst in der offenen Stellung zu halten, d. h. den Zeitgeber entsprechend einzustellen, und nach * einer vorherbestimmten und im wesentlichen von den Eigenschafen der Zentrifuge und dem zu zentrifugierenden Material bestimmten Zeit zu schließen, so daß die anliegende Gesamtspannung nicht mehr am Motor und am Widerstand R, sondern am Motor M allein abfällt. In dieser Schaltstellung erreicht die Zentrifuge dann ihre gewünschte höchste Drehzahl.In the manner shown, the motor M is connected to the power supply, a single-phase alternating voltage or a direct voltage, for example, being used. The resistor 7? Which is bridged by a switch S is in series with one conductor. A timer Z controls the opening and closing of the switch S in the manner indicated by the arrow. In executing the method according to the invention, when starting up, the switch S must first be held in the open position, ie the timer must be set accordingly, and then after * to close a predetermined time determined essentially by the properties of the centrifuge and the material to be centrifuged, so that the total voltage no longer drops across the motor and the resistor R, but rather across the motor M alone. In this switch position, the centrifuge then reaches its desired maximum speed.

In F i g. 2 ist eine zweite Möglichkeit zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens schematisch dargestellt, wobei der Einfachheit halber das Gehäuse 1 mit seinem Inhalt weggelassen wurde. Nur die Welle 4 und die Durchführung 3 sind angedeutet. Bei dieser Ausführung kann beispielsweise die Motorwelle, wie bei 7 dargestellt ist, aus dem Motor auf der unteren Seite herausgeführt werden und über eine Kupplung K ein Getriebe G antreiben. Die Kupplung K kann dabei zweckmäßig eine Fliehkraftkupplung sein, die ab einer bestimmten Drehzahl öffnet und damit das Getriebe G vom Motor M trennt, oder eine elektromagnetische Kupplung, die nach einerIn Fig. A second possibility for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown schematically in FIG. 2, the housing 1 and its contents having been omitted for the sake of simplicity. Only the shaft 4 and the implementation 3 are indicated. In this embodiment, for example, as shown at 7, the motor shaft can be led out of the motor on the lower side and drive a gear G via a clutch K. The clutch K can expediently be a centrifugal clutch, which opens from a certain speed and thus separates the transmission G from the motor M , or an electromagnetic clutch, which after a

ίο vorherbestimmten Zeit trennt oder auch einfach eine leichtgängige Rutschkupplung sein. Mit 9 ist angedeutet, daß das Getriebe nach Maßgabe der Motordrehung den beweglichen Abgriff A eines Potentiometers P betätigt. Das Potentiometer liegt dabei in Reihe mit dem Motor M. Selbstverständlich kann die Betätigung des Abgriffes A über eine Schubstange erfolgen oder über ein Schneckengetriebe oder ähnliche dem Fachmann bekannte Mittel zur Übertragung einer Kraft.ίο a predetermined time or simply be a smooth slip clutch. With 9 it is indicated that the gear actuates the movable tap A of a potentiometer P in accordance with the rotation of the motor. The potentiometer is in series with the motor M. Of course, the actuation of the tap A can take place via a push rod or via a worm gear or similar means known to the person skilled in the art for transmitting a force.

Wie bereits oben erwähnt wurde, ist es natürlich auch möglich, den in Reihe mit dem Motor liegenden Widerstand nach Maßgabe eines Drehzahlgebers bekannter Bauart kurzzuschließen bzw. durch entsprechende Bewegung des Abgriffes A auf dem Potentiometer P zu steuern.As already mentioned above, it is of course also possible to short-circuit the resistor in series with the motor in accordance with a speed sensor of known type or to control it by moving the tap A on the potentiometer P accordingly.

Der mit dem Motor in Reihe liegende Widerstand soll bei Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens und bei Benutzung der ebenfalls durch die Erfindung vorgeschlagenen Vorrichtung natürlich so groß sein, daß der Motor M beim Einschalten nur ein geringes Drehmoment entwickelt und demgemäß zunächst sehr langsam anläuft und damit natürlich auch den Rotor möglichst langsam anlaufen läßt, bis bei etwa 200 bis 400 Umdrehungen pro Minute die Normalbeschleunigung einen Wert erreicht hat, der groß gegenüber der entsprechenden Winkelbeschleunigung ist. Dann kann der Widerstand R bzw. P, elektrisch gesehen, aus der Reihenschaltung mit dem Motor M herausgenommen werden, und der Motor M arbeitet mit voller Spannung.The resistance in series with the motor should of course be so great when carrying out the method according to the invention and when using the device also proposed by the invention that the motor M develops only a low torque when switched on and accordingly starts up very slowly at first and thus of course also lets the rotor start up as slowly as possible until, at around 200 to 400 revolutions per minute, the normal acceleration has reached a value which is large compared to the corresponding angular acceleration. Then the resistor R or P, seen from an electrical point of view, can be removed from the series connection with the motor M , and the motor M works with full voltage.

Claims (5)

Patentansprüche:Patent claims: 1. Verfahren zur Dichtegradienten-Zentrifugation in einer Ultrazentrifuge mit im Betrieb in die Horizontale geschwenkten Schleudergefäßen, d a durchgekennzeichnet, daß zu Beginn des Anlaufens nur eine stark reduzierte Beschleunigungskraft angewandt wird.1. Method for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge with in operation in the Horizontal swiveled centrifugal vessels, d a marked, that at the beginning of the start-up only a greatly reduced acceleration force is applied. 2. Zentrifuge zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der die Beschleunigung des Rotors bewirkende Elektromotor (M) in Reihe mit einem Vorwiderstand (R) liegt, zu welchem parallel ein Kurz-Schlußschalter (S) liegt, der durch ein Zeitglied (Z) derart betätigbar ist, daß er nach einer einstellbaren Zeit, gerechnet vom Beginn des Anlaufens, geschlossen wird.2. Centrifuge for performing the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the acceleration of the rotor causing the electric motor (M) is in series with a series resistor (R) , to which a short-circuit switch (S) is parallel, which is through a Timing element (Z) can be actuated in such a way that it is closed after an adjustable time, calculated from the start of start-up. 3. Zentrifuge zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der die Beschleunigung des Rotors bewirkende Elektromotor (M) in Reihe mit einem Potentiometer (F) liegt, dessen mit dem Motor in Reihe liegender Widerstand vom Beginn des Anlaufens an, beginnend mit dem Höchstwert, durch einen von der Motordrehzahl gesteuerten Antrieb während des Anlaufens auf den Wert Null gebracht wird.3. Centrifuge for carrying out the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the acceleration of the rotor causing the electric motor (M) is in series with a potentiometer (F) , the resistance of which is in series with the motor from the start of starting with the maximum value, is brought to the value zero by a drive controlled by the motor speed during start-up. 5 65 6 4. Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 3, dadurch ge- 4. Centrifuge according to claim 3, characterized in that 5. Zentrifuge nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Potentiometer (P) als kennzeichnet, daß zur Verstellung des Potentio-Motorpotentiometer ausgebildet ist und nach meters (P) ein Getriebe (G) vorgesehen ist, das Maßgabe des die Rotordrehzahl erfassenden über eine Fliehkraft- oder Rutschkupplung (K) Drehzahlgebers gesteuert ist. 5 vom Antriebsmotor (M) angetrieben ist.5. Centrifuge according to claim 3, characterized in that the potentiometer (P) indicates that the potentiometer is designed to adjust the potentiometer and after meters (P) a gear (G) is provided, the provision of the rotor speed detecting via a Centrifugal or slip clutch (K) speed sensor is controlled. 5 is driven by the drive motor (M). Hierzu 1 Blatt Zeichnungen1 sheet of drawings 709 709/221 12. 67 © Bundesdruckerei Berlin709 709/221 12. 67 © Bundesdruckerei Berlin
DEC34478A 1957-12-30 1964-11-25 Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process Pending DE1256921B (en)

Priority Applications (21)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL252802D NL252802A (en) 1959-11-20
NL109202D NL109202C (en) 1959-11-20
US705859A US3009388A (en) 1957-12-30 1957-12-30 Apparatus for determining fluid fractions and sedimentataion rates
US814305A US3071316A (en) 1959-05-19 1959-05-19 Bottle support and cap assembly for centrifuge
US854281A US3050239A (en) 1959-11-20 1959-11-20 Centrifuge apparatus
GB19315/60A GB889082A (en) 1959-11-20 1960-06-01 Centrifuge apparatus
FR830347A FR1259932A (en) 1959-11-20 1960-06-17 Improvements to centrifuges
DEC34478A DE1256921B (en) 1959-11-20 1964-11-25 Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process
US509361A US3402883A (en) 1959-11-20 1965-11-23 Method for operating an ultracentrifuge and a suitable centrifuge for said method
GB50115/65A GB1119420A (en) 1959-11-20 1965-11-25 Improvements in and relating to ultracentrifuges
US525771A US3481712A (en) 1959-11-20 1966-02-07 Sediment container and cap and analysis technique
GB48757/66A GB1115297A (en) 1959-11-20 1966-10-31 Sediment container and cap
DE19671598301 DE1598301A1 (en) 1959-11-20 1967-02-01 Sediment container for centrifuges and cap for such containers
US00048386A US3713775A (en) 1959-11-20 1970-06-22 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis system
DE2103841A DE2103841C3 (en) 1959-11-20 1971-01-27 Blood testing device
GB2833172A GB1357232A (en) 1959-11-20 1971-06-01 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis
CA114,539A CA940428A (en) 1959-11-20 1971-06-01 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis system
FR7122476A FR2096403B1 (en) 1959-11-20 1971-06-21
GB1828471*[A GB1357231A (en) 1959-11-20 1971-06-22 Test apparatus for use in testing a liquid
AU47751/72A AU468478B2 (en) 1959-11-20 1972-10-13 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis system
CA184,119A CA956915A (en) 1959-11-20 1973-10-24 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis system

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US854281A US3050239A (en) 1959-11-20 1959-11-20 Centrifuge apparatus
DEC34478A DE1256921B (en) 1959-11-20 1964-11-25 Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process
US52577166A 1966-02-07 1966-02-07
US4838670A 1970-06-22 1970-06-22
GB1828471*[A GB1357231A (en) 1959-11-20 1971-06-22 Test apparatus for use in testing a liquid
AU47751/72A AU468478B2 (en) 1959-11-20 1972-10-13 Centrifuge clinical chemistry analysis system

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DE1256921B true DE1256921B (en) 1967-12-21

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DEC34478A Pending DE1256921B (en) 1957-12-30 1964-11-25 Process for density gradient centrifugation in an ultracentrifuge and centrifuge for carrying out the process
DE19671598301 Pending DE1598301A1 (en) 1959-11-20 1967-02-01 Sediment container for centrifuges and cap for such containers
DE2103841A Expired DE2103841C3 (en) 1959-11-20 1971-01-27 Blood testing device

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19671598301 Pending DE1598301A1 (en) 1959-11-20 1967-02-01 Sediment container for centrifuges and cap for such containers
DE2103841A Expired DE2103841C3 (en) 1959-11-20 1971-01-27 Blood testing device

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (4) US3050239A (en)
AU (1) AU468478B2 (en)
CA (1) CA940428A (en)
DE (3) DE1256921B (en)
FR (1) FR2096403B1 (en)
GB (5) GB889082A (en)
NL (2) NL252802A (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2824045A1 (en) * 1978-06-01 1979-12-06 Heraeus Christ Gmbh METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLED BRAKING OF A CENTRIFUGE

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2103841B2 (en) 1973-06-20
DE1598301A1 (en) 1970-12-10
GB1115297A (en) 1968-05-29
FR2096403B1 (en) 1977-01-21
US3481712A (en) 1969-12-02
CA940428A (en) 1974-01-22
DE2103841C3 (en) 1974-01-17
US3713775A (en) 1973-01-30
GB1119420A (en) 1968-07-10
GB1357231A (en) 1974-06-19
NL109202C (en)
US3402883A (en) 1968-09-24
GB889082A (en) 1962-02-07
US3050239A (en) 1962-08-21
AU4775172A (en) 1974-04-26
AU468478B2 (en) 1976-01-15
NL252802A (en)
FR2096403A1 (en) 1972-02-18
DE2103841A1 (en) 1972-02-10
GB1357232A (en) 1974-06-19

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