DE1053036B - Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity, in particular audio frequency oscillations, by means of an astable trigger circuit formed from controllable semiconductor elements (transistors) with controllable trigger times - Google Patents
Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity, in particular audio frequency oscillations, by means of an astable trigger circuit formed from controllable semiconductor elements (transistors) with controllable trigger timesInfo
- Publication number
- DE1053036B DE1053036B DES44163A DES0044163A DE1053036B DE 1053036 B DE1053036 B DE 1053036B DE S44163 A DES44163 A DE S44163A DE S0044163 A DES0044163 A DE S0044163A DE 1053036 B DE1053036 B DE 1053036B
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- arrangement according
- semiconductor elements
- transistors
- controllable
- loudspeaker
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/34—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets with bucket-arms, i.e. a pair of arms, e.g. manufacturing processes, form, geometry, material of bucket-arms directly pivoted on the frames of tractors or self-propelled machines
- E02F3/3417—Buckets emptying by tilting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B51/00—Undercarriages specially adapted for mounting-on various kinds of agricultural tools or apparatus
- A01B51/02—Undercarriages specially adapted for mounting-on various kinds of agricultural tools or apparatus propelled by a motor
- A01B51/026—Undercarriages specially adapted for mounting-on various kinds of agricultural tools or apparatus propelled by a motor of the automotive vehicle type, e.g. including driver accommodation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60P—VEHICLES ADAPTED FOR LOAD TRANSPORTATION OR TO TRANSPORT, TO CARRY, OR TO COMPRISE SPECIAL LOADS OR OBJECTS
- B60P1/00—Vehicles predominantly for transporting loads and modified to facilitate loading, consolidating the load, or unloading
- B60P1/04—Vehicles predominantly for transporting loads and modified to facilitate loading, consolidating the load, or unloading with a tipping movement of load-transporting element
- B60P1/30—Vehicles predominantly for transporting loads and modified to facilitate loading, consolidating the load, or unloading with a tipping movement of load-transporting element in combination with another movement of the element
- B60P1/32—Vehicles predominantly for transporting loads and modified to facilitate loading, consolidating the load, or unloading with a tipping movement of load-transporting element in combination with another movement of the element the other movement being lateral displacement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H54/00—Winding, coiling, or depositing filamentary material
- B65H54/02—Winding and traversing material on to reels, bobbins, tubes, or like package cores or formers
- B65H54/40—Arrangements for rotating packages
- B65H54/52—Drive contact pressure control, e.g. pressing arrangements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/52—Means for observation of the coating process
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
- C23C14/562—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks for coating elongated substrates
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B3/00—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating
- D06B3/10—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C29/00—Finishing or dressing, of textile fabrics, not provided for in the preceding groups
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06Q—DECORATING TEXTILES
- D06Q1/00—Decorating textiles
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/02—Metal coatings
- D21H19/08—Metal coatings applied as vapour, e.g. in vacuum
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
- D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
- D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
- D21H23/70—Multistep processes; Apparatus for adding one or several substances in portions or in various ways to the paper, not covered by another single group of this main group
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
- D21H25/02—Chemical or biochemical treatment
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
- D21H5/0005—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to finished paper or board, e.g. impregnating, coating
- D21H5/005—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to finished paper or board, e.g. impregnating, coating involving several different techniques of application
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/34—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets with bucket-arms, i.e. a pair of arms, e.g. manufacturing processes, form, geometry, material of bucket-arms directly pivoted on the frames of tractors or self-propelled machines
- E02F3/342—Buckets emptying overhead
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/28—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets
- E02F3/34—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets with bucket-arms, i.e. a pair of arms, e.g. manufacturing processes, form, geometry, material of bucket-arms directly pivoted on the frames of tractors or self-propelled machines
- E02F3/348—Buckets emptying into a collecting or conveying device
- E02F3/3486—Buckets discharging overhead into a container mounted on the machine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/168—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces which permits material to be continuously conveyed
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B11/00—Automatic controllers
- G05B11/01—Automatic controllers electric
- G05B11/012—Automatic controllers electric details of the transmission means
- G05B11/016—Automatic controllers electric details of the transmission means using inductance means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
- H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
- B65H2701/30—Handled filamentary material
- B65H2701/31—Textiles threads or artificial strands of filaments
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B2700/00—Treating of textile materials, e.g. bleaching, dyeing, mercerising, impregnating, washing; Fulling of fabrics
- D06B2700/09—Apparatus for passing open width fabrics through bleaching, washing or dyeing liquid
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C2700/00—Finishing or decoration of textile materials, except for bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerising, washing or fulling
- D06C2700/09—Various apparatus for drying textiles
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
Description
Es sind bereits aus steuerbaren HaLbleiterelementen gebildete astabile Kippschaltungen mit steuerbaren Kippzeiten vorgeschlagen worden, bei denen durch Einstellen des Tastverhältnisses (d. h. des Verhältnisses der Durchlaßzeit zur Sperrzeit) der Halbiert er elemente eine Leistungssteuerung von an die Kippschaltung angeschlossenen Verbrauchern erfolgt.There are already formed from controllable semiconductor elements astable trigger circuits with controllable Tilt times have been proposed in which, by adjusting the duty cycle (i.e., the ratio the passage time to the blocking time) the halves it elements a power control of to the Toggle switching connected consumers takes place.
Gemäß der Erfindung werden solche Kippschaltungen zur Verstärkung von elektrischen Größen beliebigen zeitlichen Verlaufs benutzt und hierzu das Tastverhältnis der Halbleiter in Steuerabhängigkeit von der elektrischen Größe gebracht, während die Impulsfolgefrequienz der Halbleiterelemente — das ist die Zeitspanne zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Einschaltzeitpunkfcen — größer als dife' höchste Komponente (gemäß der Fourierzerlegung) der elektrischen Größe gewählt ist. Auf diese Weise können vor allem · Sprachfrequenzschwiingungen auf einfache Weise verstärkt werden, indem diese Schwingungen als Steuergröße zur Beeinflussung des Tastverhältnissies der Halbleiterelemente benutzt werden.According to the invention, such trigger circuits for amplifying electrical quantities are arbitrary used over time and for this purpose the duty cycle of the semiconductors as a function of the control brought by the electrical magnitude, while the pulse repetition frequency of the semiconductor elements - that is the time span between two successive switch-on times - greater than dife 'highest component (according to the Fourier decomposition) of the electrical quantity is selected. That way you can before All · Speech frequency vibrations can be amplified in a simple manner by removing these vibrations can be used as a control variable for influencing the pulse duty factor of the semiconductor elements.
Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung sind nachfolgend an Hand der Zeichnung erläutert.Further details of the invention are explained below with reference to the drawing.
In Fig. 1 ist eine bereits vorgeschlagene astabile Kippschaltung mit den die Verbraucherleistung steuernden Hailbleiterlementen in Foam von Transistoren 1 und 2 dargestellt. Die Emitter beider Transistoren sind geerdet, während die Kollektoren über Widerstände 3 und 4 an eine gemeinsame Speisespannung 5 angeschlossen sind, mit der über Widerstände 6 und 7 auch die Basen beider Transistoren in Verbindung stehen. Über Kondensatoren 8 und 9 sind die Kollektoren und. Basen der beiden Transistoren jeweils wechselseitig verbunden.In Fig. 1 is an already proposed astable trigger circuit with which the consumer power controlling semiconductor elements in foam of transistors 1 and 2 shown. The emitters of both transistors are grounded while the collectors are across Resistors 3 and 4 are connected to a common supply voltage 5, with which via resistors 6 and 7 also connect the bases of both transistors. About capacitors 8 and 9 are the collectors and. Bases of the two transistors each mutually connected.
Die Steuerung des Tastverhältnisses der Transistoren 1 und 2 erfolgt durch den Transistor 11, welcher über die Widerstände 12 und 13 an eine Hilfsgleichspainnungsquelle 14 angeschlossen ist, deren Spannung — wie bereits vorgeschlagen ■—· von höchstens doppelter Größe, aber entgegengesetzter Polarität wie die der Spannungsquelle 5 ist. Emitter und Kollektor des Transistors 11 sind jeweils über eine Diode 16 bzw. 17 mit den Basen der Transistoren 1 und 2 verbunden. Zwischen 18 ist eine weitere Hil'fsgleichspannungsquelle eingeschaltet, deren Potential in der Größe etwa dem der Spannungsquelle 5 entspricht. Die Steuerung dos Transistors 11 erfolgt durch eine Steuerspannung 15, welche entsprechend ihrer Höhe den Transistor 11 mehr oder weniger stark öffnet. Je weiter der Transistor 11 geöffnet ist, desto höher ist das Potential am Kollektor dieses Transistors, so· daß der Transistor 2 um so länger gesperrt, der Transistor 1 um so länger geöffnet bleibt. In Abhängigkeit von der Größe der Spannunigsquclle15 werden also Anordnung zur Verstärkung einer elektrischen Größe,The duty cycle of transistors 1 and 2 is controlled by transistor 11, which via the resistors 12 and 13 to an auxiliary DC voltage source 14 is connected, the voltage of which - as already proposed ■ - · of at most double Size, but opposite polarity as that of the voltage source 5 is. Emitter and collector of Transistors 11 are each connected to the bases of transistors 1 and 2 via a diode 16 and 17, respectively. Another auxiliary DC voltage source is switched on between 18, the potential of which is in size corresponds approximately to that of the voltage source 5. The control dos transistor 11 is carried out by a Control voltage 15 which, depending on its level, opens transistor 11 to a greater or lesser extent. Ever The more the transistor 11 is open, the higher the potential at the collector of this transistor, so that the transistor 2 is blocked the longer, the transistor 1 stays open the longer. Depending on the size of the voltage sources15 Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity,
insbesondere von Tonfrequenzschwingungen, mittels einer aus steuerbaren Halbleiterelementen (Transistoren) gebildeten astabilen Kippschaltung mit steuerbaren Kippzeitenin particular of audio frequency oscillations, by means of a controllable Semiconductor elements (transistors) formed astable trigger circuit with controllable trigger times
Anmelder:Applicant:
Siemens-SchuckertwerkeSiemens-Schuckertwerke
Aktiengesellschaft,Corporation,
Berlin und Erlangen,Berlin and Erlangen,
Erlangen, Werner-von-Siemens-Str. 50Erlangen, Werner-von-Siemens-Str. 50
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Georg Sichling, Erlangen,Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Georg Sichling, Erlangen,
und Dipl.-Phys. Helmut Schwab, Nürnberg,and Dipl.-Phys. Helmut Schwab, Nuremberg,
sind als Erfinder genannt wordenhave been named as inventors
die öffnungs- und Sperrzei/ten der Transistoren 1 und 2 und damit die Längen der in den Widerständen 3 und 4 fließenden Stromimpulse so gesteuert, daß mit zunehmender Länge der Impulse im Widerstand 4 die Länge der Impulse im Widerstand 3 abklingt oder umgekehrt.the opening and blocking times of the transistors 1 and 2 and thus the lengths of the current pulses flowing in resistors 3 and 4 are controlled in such a way that that with increasing length of the pulses in resistor 4, the length of the pulses in resistor 3 decays or the other way around.
Wird nun nach der Erfindung für die Steuerspannung 15 eine Spannung mit beliebigem zeitlichem Verlauf verwendet, so schwankt die Länge der Stromimp'ulse im den Widerständen 3 und 4 entsprechend dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Steuerspannung 15. Man erhält also eine an sich bekannte Impulslängenmodulation. Eine derartige Anordnung kann vorzugsweise zur Verstärkung von Tonfrequenzen verwendet werden. In diesem Fall kann an Stelle der Widerstände 3 und/oder 4 bzw. in Reihe zu diesen Widerständen in den Kollektorkreis der Transistoren 1 und 2 die Wicklung 20 eines Lautsprechers geschaltet sein. Dieser Lautsprecher wird dann von Impulsen erregt, deren Tastverhältnis entsprechend der Frequenz der Steuerspannung 15, d. h. der Modulationsfrequenz, schwankt.If now according to the invention for the control voltage 15, a voltage with any time Profile is used, the length of the current pulses fluctuates in the resistors 3 and 4 according to the timing of the control voltage 15. Man thus receives a pulse length modulation known per se. Such an arrangement can preferably used to amplify audio frequencies. In this case, 3 and / or 4 or in series with these resistors in the collector circuit of the transistors 1 and 2 Be connected winding 20 of a loudspeaker. This loudspeaker is then excited by impulses whose duty cycle corresponds to the frequency of the control voltage 15, d. H. the modulation frequency, fluctuates.
Bei der vorbeschriebenen Anordnung wird der Transistor 11 von der Steuerspannung Null heraus mit wachsender positiver Steuerspannung mehr ge-In the above-described arrangement, the transistor 11 becomes zero from the control voltage with increasing positive control voltage, more
809 770/344809 770/344
öffnet. Da er aber bei Null bereits vollständig gesperrt ist, kann ein weiteres Sperren mit wachsender negativer Steuerspannung nicht erfolgen, so daß bei Verwendung einer Wechselspannung als Steuerspannung 15 die Kippzeiten der Transistoren 1 und 2 währen der negativen Halbwelle nicht gesteuert werden. Man. erhält also nur in der positiven Halbwelle der Wechselspannung 15 eine Modulation der Stromimpuise in den Widerständen 3 und 4 und damit an der Lautsprecherwickiuing 20 die überlagerte Modulationsfrequenz in einer Form, wie sie sich etwa bei Verwendung eines Einweggtleichrichters ergeben würde. Um eine Modulation mit der positiven und negativen Halbwelle der Steuerspannung 15 zu erhalten, kann der Transistor 11 z. B. durch eine entsprechende Gleichvorspannung auf einen Arbeitspunkt eingestellt werden, der etwa in der Mitte der Kennlinie dieses'Transistors liegt, so daß der Transistor 11 beim Steuerspannungswert Null halb geöffnet ist. In diesem Fall wird der Transistor mit wachsenden positiven Steuerspannungen stärker und' mit wachsenden negativen Steuerispaonungen weniger weit geöffnet. Man erhält also eine Aussteuerung sowohl in positiver als auch in negativer Richtung. Im Kollektorkreis der Transistoren 1 und 2, also im den Widerständen 3 und 4, erhält man dann Stromimpulse, die mit einer Spannung moduliert sind, welche sich aus einem Gleichspanwungsanteil — hervorgerufen durch die Gleichvorspannung des Transistors 11 — und der ihr überlagerten Modulationsfrequenz der Steuerspannung 15 zusammensetzt.opens. However, since it is already completely blocked at zero, a further blocking with increasing negative control voltage cannot take place, so that when an alternating voltage is used as control voltage 15, the breakover times of transistors 1 and 2 are not controlled during the negative half-cycle. Man. So only in the positive half-wave of the alternating voltage 15 receives a modulation of the current impulses in the resistors 3 and 4 and thus the superimposed modulation frequency at the loudspeaker winding 20 in a form that would result from using a half-wave rectifier. In order to obtain a modulation with the positive and negative half-wave of the control voltage 15, the transistor 11 can, for. B. be set by a corresponding DC bias to an operating point which is approximately in the middle of the characteristic curve of this transistor, so that the transistor 11 is half open at the control voltage value zero. In this case, the transistor is opened more widely with increasing positive control voltages and less with increasing negative control voltages. So you get a modulation in both positive and negative direction. In the collector circuit of transistors 1 and 2, i.e. in resistors 3 and 4, current pulses are then obtained that are modulated with a voltage that is made up of a DC voltage component - caused by the DC bias voltage of transistor 11 - and the superimposed modulation frequency of control voltage 15 composed.
Zur Kompensation der Gleichspannungskomponente kann die Lautsprecherwicklung statt in Reihe in den KoUektorkreis quer an die Kollektorpotentiale der beiden .Transistoren geschaltet sein', wie dies in der Fig. 1 durch die Lautsprecherwicklung 20 α angedeutet ist. Man erhält dann in der Lautsprecherwicklung die reine Modulationsfrequenz ohne Gleichspannungskomponente. To compensate for the DC voltage component the loudspeaker winding can be connected to the collector potentials instead of in series in the KoUektorkreis be connected to the two 'transistors', as indicated in FIG. 1 by the loudspeaker winding 20 α is. The pure modulation frequency without DC voltage components is then obtained in the loudspeaker winding.
Eine andere Möglichkeit zur Kompensation der Gleichspannumgskomponente ist in den Fig. 2 und 3 dargestellt. Bei der Ausführtungsform nach Fig. 2, in der dieselben Bezugszeichen gewählt sind wie in Fig. 1, dient zur Lieferung· der Vorspannung eine Spannungsquelle 21. Im Kollektorstromkreis des Transistors 2 ist die Primärwicklung 22 α eines Transformators 22 angeordnet. Die den Lautsprecher 23 speisende Sekundärwicklung dieses Transformators, welche gegebenenfalls zugleich die Erregerwicklung des Lautsprechers sein kann, ist mit 22 b bezeichnet. Der Transformator ist mit einer zusätzlichen Kompensationswicklung 22c versehen, durch die ein an dem Widerstand 24 einstellbarer Kompensationsstrom fließt, welcher proportional dem von der Spannungsquelle 21 gelieferten Vorstrom einstellbar ist und die Rückmagnetisierung des Transformators und damit die Kompensation dies Gleichspannungsanteils bewirkt. Außerdem kann durch den Transformator in an sich bekannter Weise eine günstige Anpassung des Lautsprechers erreicht werden.Another possibility for compensating for the DC voltage component is shown in FIGS. In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, in which the same reference numerals are chosen as in FIG. 1, a voltage source 21 is used to supply the bias voltage. The primary winding 22 α of a transformer 22 is arranged in the collector circuit of the transistor 2. The secondary winding of this transformer which feeds the loudspeaker 23 and which, if necessary, can also be the excitation winding of the loudspeaker, is denoted by 22 b. The transformer is provided with an additional compensation winding 22c, through which a compensation current that can be set at the resistor 24 flows, which can be set proportionally to the bias current supplied by the voltage source 21 and causes the magnetization of the transformer and thus the compensation of this direct voltage component. In addition, a favorable adaptation of the loudspeaker can be achieved by the transformer in a manner known per se.
Eine andere Möglichkeit zur Aussteuerung mit beiden Halbwellen der Modulationsspannung ergibt sich durch zwei im Gegentakt arbeitende Steuereinrichtungen entsprechend Fig. 3. Dabei ist die Erregerwicklung 30 des Lautsprechers 23 mit je einem Kollektor-Stromkreis in der dargestellten Weise induktiv verbunden. In diesem Fall sind die beiden Steuertransistorenllo· und 11 b so angeschlossen, daß der eine .während der negativen, der andere während der positiven Halbwelle der Modulationsfrequenz geschlossen ist. Infolgedessen werden die Kippzeiten beispielsweise der Transistoren 1 α und 2 a von der positiven Halbwelle der Modulationsfrequenz gesteuert, die Kippzeiten der Transistoren Ib und 2 b von der negativen Halbwelle. Da die Erregerwicklung 30 des Lautsprechers 23 über die Primärwicklungen 22 O1 und 22O2 mit je einem Kollektorstromkreis induktiv verbunden ist, wird der Lautsprecher von beiden Halbwellen der Modulationsfrequenz beeinflußt.Another possibility for modulation with two half-waves of the modulation voltage results from two push-pull control devices according to FIG. 3. The excitation winding 30 of the loudspeaker 23 is inductively connected to a collector circuit as shown. In this case, the two control transistors 11 and 11 b are connected in such a way that one is closed during the negative and the other during the positive half-cycle of the modulation frequency. As a result, the breakover times of transistors 1 α and 2 a, for example, are controlled by the positive half-wave of the modulation frequency, and the break-over times of transistors Ib and 2 b are controlled by the negative half-wave. Since the excitation winding 30 of the loudspeaker 23 is inductively connected to a collector circuit each via the primary windings 22 O 1 and 22O 2 , the loudspeaker is influenced by both half-waves of the modulation frequency.
ίο Schließlich ergibt sich zur Kompensation der Gleichstromkomponente noch die Möglichkeit, die Erregerwicklung dies Lautsprechers über einen Impulsumsetzer zu speisen, der die Gleichst rom impulse in Wechselstromirnpulse umwandelt. Ein derartiger, bereits anderweitig vorgeschlagener Impulsumsetzer kann beispielsweise aus eimern Transformator bestehen, dessen Primärwicklung mit einer Mittelanzapfung versehen ist .und bei dem eine geeignete Steuereinrichtung die Impulse wechselweise an die eine oiler andere Wicklungshälfte anschließt.ίο Finally results in compensation of the DC component still the possibility of the excitation winding of this loudspeaker via a pulse converter to feed the DC impulses in Converts alternating current impulses. Such a pulse converter, which has already been proposed elsewhere can for example consist of buckets of a transformer, the primary winding of which has a center tap is provided .and in which a suitable control device sends the pulses alternately to the an oiler connects the other half of the winding.
Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt. Je nach der Art der verwendeten; Kippschaltung kann statt des beschriebenen Impulslängenmodulationsverfahrens auch ein Impulslagenmodulationsverf ahren verwendet werden. Desgleichen können sowohl die modulierten Impulse eines der beiden Transistoren 1 und 2 zur Steuerung des Verbrauchers verwendet werden als auch die Impulse beider Transistoren gemeinsam. In jedem Fall wird der Mittelwert der Impulsspannung oder des Impuls-stromes entsprechend der Modulationsfrequenz schwanken.The invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments limited. Depending on the type of used; Toggle switching can be used instead of the one described Pulse length modulation method also a pulse position modulation method ears are used. Likewise, both the modulated pulses can be the two transistors 1 and 2 are used to control the consumer as well as the pulses both transistors in common. In each case, the mean value of the pulse voltage or the Pulse current fluctuate according to the modulation frequency.
Es ist zweckmäßig, die Impulsfolgefrequenz der Transistoren 1 und 2 oberhalb des für menschliche Ohren wahrnehmbaren Frequenzbereiches zu wählen, beispielsweise oberhalb 25 kHz. In dem Fall vernimmt man aus dem Lautsprecher nur die Modulationsfrequenz, d. h. also die den Transistor 11 steuernde Tonfrequenz.It is useful to set the pulse repetition frequency of transistors 1 and 2 above that for human Ears to choose perceptible frequency range, for example above 25 kHz. Heard in the case you only get the modulation frequency from the loudspeaker, d. H. that is, the one controlling the transistor 11 Audio frequency.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DES44163A DE1053036B (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-05-31 | Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity, in particular audio frequency oscillations, by means of an astable trigger circuit formed from controllable semiconductor elements (transistors) with controllable trigger times |
CH338220D CH338220A (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-11-26 | Device for controlling consumer power using semiconductor resistors |
FR1145219D FR1145219A (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-12-02 | Device for controlling the power of user devices by means of semiconductor resistors |
GB34649/55A GB789412A (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-12-02 | Improvements in or relating to arrangements for controlling power to be fed to a load by means of semi-conductor resistances more especially transistors |
LU34323A LU34323A1 (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1956-04-21 | Device for controlling consumer power using semiconductor resistors |
BE547510A BE547510A (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1956-05-03 | Device for controlling the power of user devices by means of semiconductor resistors |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE338220X | 1954-12-03 | ||
DES44163A DE1053036B (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-05-31 | Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity, in particular audio frequency oscillations, by means of an astable trigger circuit formed from controllable semiconductor elements (transistors) with controllable trigger times |
DE250855X | 1955-08-25 | ||
BE547510A BE547510A (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1956-05-03 | Device for controlling the power of user devices by means of semiconductor resistors |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE1053036B true DE1053036B (en) | 1959-03-19 |
Family
ID=58670670
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DES44163A Pending DE1053036B (en) | 1954-12-03 | 1955-05-31 | Arrangement for amplifying an electrical quantity, in particular audio frequency oscillations, by means of an astable trigger circuit formed from controllable semiconductor elements (transistors) with controllable trigger times |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE547510A (en) |
CH (1) | CH338220A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1053036B (en) |
FR (1) | FR1145219A (en) |
GB (1) | GB789412A (en) |
LU (1) | LU34323A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1147266B (en) * | 1960-02-17 | 1963-04-18 | Csf | Transistor amplifier arrangement |
DE1161953B (en) * | 1960-03-08 | 1964-01-30 | Kieler Howaldtswerke Ag | Arrangement for amplifying direct or alternating voltages |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2809303A (en) * | 1956-06-22 | 1957-10-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Control systems for switching transistors |
DE1099580B (en) * | 1958-04-26 | 1961-02-16 | Licentia Gmbh | Arrangement for stepless control of the electrical power at a direct current consumer via switching transistors |
US3069561A (en) * | 1959-06-19 | 1962-12-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Flip-flop utilizing diode coupling which disconnects input voltages after transistion between stable states |
-
1955
- 1955-05-31 DE DES44163A patent/DE1053036B/en active Pending
- 1955-11-26 CH CH338220D patent/CH338220A/en unknown
- 1955-12-02 FR FR1145219D patent/FR1145219A/en not_active Expired
- 1955-12-02 GB GB34649/55A patent/GB789412A/en not_active Expired
-
1956
- 1956-04-21 LU LU34323A patent/LU34323A1/en unknown
- 1956-05-03 BE BE547510A patent/BE547510A/en unknown
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1147266B (en) * | 1960-02-17 | 1963-04-18 | Csf | Transistor amplifier arrangement |
DE1161953B (en) * | 1960-03-08 | 1964-01-30 | Kieler Howaldtswerke Ag | Arrangement for amplifying direct or alternating voltages |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB789412A (en) | 1958-01-22 |
CH338220A (en) | 1959-05-15 |
FR1145219A (en) | 1957-10-23 |
LU34323A1 (en) | 1956-06-21 |
BE547510A (en) | 1959-11-06 |
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