DE102013203443A1 - Metallic hollow valve - Google Patents
Metallic hollow valve Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102013203443A1 DE102013203443A1 DE102013203443.1A DE102013203443A DE102013203443A1 DE 102013203443 A1 DE102013203443 A1 DE 102013203443A1 DE 102013203443 A DE102013203443 A DE 102013203443A DE 102013203443 A1 DE102013203443 A1 DE 102013203443A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- cavity
- hollow valve
- valve
- shaft
- hollow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
- F01L3/20—Shapes or constructions of valve members, not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
- F01L3/12—Cooling of valves
- F01L3/14—Cooling of valves by means of a liquid or solid coolant, e.g. sodium, in a closed chamber in a valve
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Lift Valve (AREA)
- Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein metallisches Hohlventil (1) einer Brennkraftmaschine, mit einem rohrförmigen Schaft (2) mit einem Hohlraum (5) und einem daran angebundenen Ventilkopf (3). Erfindungswesentlich ist dabei,
– dass der Schaft (2) einen Außendurchmesser 5,0 mm < da < 6,0 mm und einen Innendurchmesser 3,0 mm < di < 4,6 mm aufweist,
– dass im Ventilkopf (3) ein Hohlraum (4) vorgesehen ist,
– dass eine den Hohlraum (4) umgebende Wand eine Dicke 1,0 mm < b1,2 < 2,0 mm aufweist.
Hierdurch kann ein besonders gut kühlbares Hohlventil (1) hergestellt werden, mittels welchem die Klopfgrenze angehoben werden kann. The invention relates to a metallic hollow valve (1) of an internal combustion engine, having a tubular shaft (2) with a cavity (5) and a valve head (3) connected thereto. Essential to the invention is
That the shaft (2) has an outer diameter of 5.0 mm <d a <6.0 mm and an inner diameter of 3.0 mm <d i <4.6 mm,
- That in the valve head (3) has a cavity (4) is provided,
- That a wall surrounding the cavity (4) has a thickness of 1.0 mm <b 1.2 <2.0 mm.
In this way, a particularly well coolable hollow valve (1) can be produced, by means of which the knock limit can be raised.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein metallisches Hohlventil einer Brennkraftmaschine mit einem rohrförmigen Schaft und einem daran angebundenen Ventilteller gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. The present invention relates to a metallic hollow valve of an internal combustion engine with a tubular shaft and a valve disk connected thereto according to the preamble of
Die zunehmenden thermischen Belastungen in Verbrennungsmotoren, insbesondere in PKW-Motoren, erfordern es zunehmend, auch Bestandteile derselben, wie beispielsweise die Gaswechselventile, kurz auch Ventile genannt, zu kühlen. Hierfür werden sogenannten Hohlventile mit einem innenliegenden Kühlmedium verwendet. The increasing thermal loads in internal combustion engines, especially in passenger car engines, increasingly require that components of the same, such as, for example, the gas exchange valves, also referred to as valves, be cooled. For this purpose, so-called hollow valves are used with an internal cooling medium.
Aus der
Aus der
Aus der
Aus der
Generell gilt für metallische Hohlventile, dass diese leichter sind als Vollventile und bei Füllung mit einem Kühlmedium, wie beispielsweise Natrium, eine verbesserte Wärmeabfuhr bieten. Bei Ottomotoren führt ein Hohlventil, das eine besonders gute Wärmeableitung bietet, zu einer Verschiebung der Klopfgrenze und damit zu einem besonders vorteilhaften Betrieb. Das Klopfen bezeichnet das unkontrollierte Zünden des Benzin-Luft-Gemisches aufgrund zu hoher Temperatur und Druck. Dies führt zu Schlägen in der Brennkraftmaschine mit hohen mechanischen und thermischen Belastungen, welche schlussendlich die Lebensdauer und den Wirkungsgrad negativ beeinträchtigen. Kann die Klopfgrenze jedoch angehoben werden, wird eine höhere Verdichtung im Zylinder möglich, die zu einer deutlichen Effizienzsteigerung im Verbrennungsprozess und damit zu einer höheren Leistung bei geringerem Kraftstoffverbrauch führt. In general, metallic hollow valves are lighter than full valves and offer improved heat dissipation when filled with a cooling medium such as sodium. In gasoline engines, a hollow valve, which offers a particularly good heat dissipation, leads to a shift of the knock limit and thus to a particularly advantageous operation. Knocking refers to the uncontrolled ignition of the gasoline-air mixture due to high temperature and pressure. This leads to shocks in the internal combustion engine with high mechanical and thermal loads, which ultimately adversely affect the life and efficiency negative. However, if the knock limit can be raised, a higher compression in the cylinder is possible, which leads to a significant increase in efficiency in the combustion process and thus to a higher performance with lower fuel consumption.
Die vorliegende Erfindung beschäftigt sich daher mit dem Problem, für ein metallisches Hohlventil der gattungsgemäßen Art eine verbesserte Ausführungsform anzugeben, die eine erhöhte Klopfgrenze ermöglicht. The present invention therefore deals with the problem of providing an improved embodiment for a metallic hollow valve of the generic type, which allows an increased knock limit.
Dieses Problem wird erfindungsgemäß durch den Gegenstand des unabhängigen Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche. This problem is solved according to the invention by the subject matter of
Die vorliegende Erfindung beruht auf dem allgemeinen Gedanken, die Klopfgrenze in einer Brennkraftmaschine anzuheben, indem die in dieser Brennkraftmaschine eingesetzten Ventile (Gaswechselventile) als sehr dünnwandige Hohlventile ausgebildet werden und dadurch besonders effektiv zu kühlen sind. Das erfindungsgemäße metallische Hohlventil weist hierzu in bekannter Weise einen rohrförmigen Schaft sowie einen daran angebundenen Ventilkopf auf. Der Schaft besitzt erfindungsgemäß einen Außendurchmesser zwischen 5,0 und 6,0 mm sowie einen Innendurchmesser zwischen 3,0 und 4,6 mm, wodurch eine Wandstärke des Schaftes im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Hohlventilen deutlich reduziert werden kann. Im Ventilkopf ist zusätzlich ein Hohlraum vorgesehen, wobei die diesen umgebenden Wände eine Dicke zwischen 1,0 und maximal 2,0 mm aufweist und dadurch ebenfalls eine hohe Wärmeübertragung und eine exzellente Kühlung des Hohlventils ermöglicht. Durch die vergleichsweise filigrane Ausbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Hohlventils kann insbesondere eine effektive Kühlung an der planen und dem Brennraum zugewandten Ventilkopfunterseite erreicht werden, welche dazu beiträgt, die Klopfgrenze zu verschieben, das heißt anzuheben, und dadurch die mechanischen und thermischen Belastungen der Brennkraftmaschine, hervorgerufen durch das Klopfen, zu senken. In dem erfindungsgemäßen filigranen Ventil kann darüber hinaus eine höhere Verdichtung im Zylinder erzielt werden, die zu einer deutlichen Effizienzsteigerung im Verbrennungsprozess und damit zu einer höheren Leistung bei gleichzeitig geringerem Kraftstoffverbrauch führt. The present invention is based on the general idea to raise the knock limit in an internal combustion engine by the valves used in this internal combustion engine (gas exchange valves) are designed as very thin-walled hollow valves and thereby are particularly effective to cool. The metallic hollow valve according to the invention has for this purpose in a known manner a tubular shaft and a valve head connected thereto. The shaft according to the invention has an outer diameter between 5.0 and 6.0 mm and an inner diameter between 3.0 and 4.6 mm, whereby a wall thickness of the shank can be significantly reduced compared to conventional hollow valves. In addition, a cavity is provided in the valve head, the surrounding walls having a thickness between 1.0 and a maximum of 2.0 mm and thereby also enables a high heat transfer and excellent cooling of the hollow valve. Due to the comparatively filigree design of the hollow valve according to the invention, in particular an effective cooling on the plan and the combustion chamber facing the valve head bottom can be achieved, which helps to shift the knock limit, that is lift, and thereby the mechanical and thermal stresses of the internal combustion engine, caused by the Knock, lower. In addition, in the filigree valve according to the invention a higher compression in the cylinder can be achieved, which leads to a significant increase in efficiency in the combustion process and thus to a higher performance with lower fuel consumption.
Zweckmäßig beträgt eine Oberflächenrauheit RZ einer Innenwand des Hohlraums > 10 µm, insbesondere RZ > 16 µm. Durch die vergleichsweise große Oberflächenrauheit an der Innenwand des Hohlraums im Ventilkopf steht eine vergrößerte Wärmeübertragungsfläche zur Verfügung, die einen Wärmetausch positiv beeinflusst und damit auch die Kühlung der erfindungsgemäßen Hohlventile. In gleicher Weise kann selbstverständlich auch die Oberflächenrauheit einer Innenwand im Schaft des Hohlventils gestaltet sein. Suitably, a surface roughness R Z of an inner wall of the cavity is> 10 μm, in particular R Z > 16 μm. Due to the comparatively large surface roughness on the inner wall of the cavity in the valve head, an enlarged heat transfer surface is available, which positively influences a heat exchange and thus also the cooling of the hollow valves according to the invention. In the same way, of course, the surface roughness of an inner wall can be designed in the shaft of the hollow valve.
Bei einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist das Hohlventil aus X45CrSi9-3, aus X50CrMnNiNbN21-9, aus NiCr20TiAl, oder aus NCF 3015 (Ni 30%, Cr 15%) Stahl hergestellt. Derartige hochlegierte Stähle erlauben erst die filigrane Ausbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Hohlventils und weisen darüber hinaus einen vergleichsweise hohen Verschleißwiderstand auf. Derartige hochlegierte Stähle besitzen darüber hinaus üblicherweise eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und insbesondere auch eine hohe Beständigkeit gegen aggressive Chemikalien, wie beispielsweise Öle oder Verbrennungsabgase, sodass sie besonders geeignet für den Einsatz bei derartigen metallischen Hohlventile in Brennkraftmaschinen sind. In a further advantageous embodiment of the solution according to the invention, the hollow valve is made of X45CrSi9-3, of X50CrMnNiNbN21-9, of NiCr20TiAl, or of NCF 3015 (Ni 30%, Cr 15%) steel. Such high-alloy steels allow only the filigree design of the hollow valve according to the invention and also have a comparatively high resistance to wear. Moreover, such high-alloyed steels usually have a high corrosion resistance and, in particular, a high resistance to aggressive chemicals, such as, for example, oils or combustion exhaust gases, so that they are particularly suitable for use in such metallic hollow valves in internal combustion engines.
Zweckmäßig ist der Hohlraum im Ventilkopf durch elektrochemisches Abtragen hergestellt, wobei der Hohlraum im Wesentlichen rund, ellipsoidisch oder kegelförmig ausgebildet ist. Das elektrochemische Abtragen bietet dabei die Möglichkeit, ohne großen mechanischen Aufwand und ohne Einsatz komplizierter Werkzeuge einen möglichst großen Hohlraum im Ventilkopf zu schaffen. Das elektrochemische Abtragen stellt dabei einen äußerst genau kontrollierbaren Prozess dar, sodass die erfindungsgemäßen metallischen Hohlventile mit gleichbleibend hoher Qualität hergestellt werden können. Der Schaft kann dabei ebenfalls durch elektrochemisches Abtragen erweitert werden, wobei dieser üblicherweise zunächst gebohrt wird. Suitably, the cavity is made in the valve head by electrochemical removal, wherein the cavity is substantially round, ellipsoidal or conical. The electrochemical removal offers the opportunity to create as large a cavity in the valve head without great mechanical effort and without the use of complicated tools. In this case, the electrochemical removal represents an extremely precisely controllable process, so that the metallic hollow valves according to the invention can be produced with consistently high quality. The shaft can also be extended by electrochemical removal, which is usually drilled first.
Weitere wichtige Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen, aus der Zeichnung und aus der zugehörigen Figurenbeschreibung anhand der Zeichnung.Other important features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims, from the drawing and from the associated description of the figures with reference to the drawing.
Es versteht sich, dass die vorstehend genannten und die nachstehend noch zu erläuternden Merkmale nicht nur in der jeweils angegebenen Kombination, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder in Alleinstellung verwendbar sind, ohne den Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verlassen.It is understood that the features mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the particular combination given, but also in other combinations or in isolation, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert.A preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the drawing and will be explained in more detail in the following description.
Die einzige
Entsprechend der
Um die Wärmeübertragung zwischen dem im Hohlraum
Generell kann das Hohlventil
Der Hohlraum
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen metallischen Hohlventil
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- EP 2541000 A1 [0003] EP 2541000 A1 [0003]
- DE 102010051871 A1 [0004] DE 102010051871 A1 [0004]
- DE 102012209187 A1 [0005] DE 102012209187 A1 [0005]
- DE 102011077198 A1 [0006] DE 102011077198 A1 [0006]
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102013203443.1A DE102013203443A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2013-02-28 | Metallic hollow valve |
EP14152509.7A EP2803827B2 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2014-01-24 | Metallic hollow valve |
CN201410053267.7A CN104018904B (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2014-02-17 | Metal hollow valve |
JP2014030232A JP2014169696A (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2014-02-20 | Metallic hollow valve |
KR1020140023156A KR20140108150A (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2014-02-27 | Metallic hollow valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102013203443.1A DE102013203443A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2013-02-28 | Metallic hollow valve |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE102013203443A1 true DE102013203443A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
Family
ID=50002556
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE102013203443.1A Withdrawn DE102013203443A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2013-02-28 | Metallic hollow valve |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2803827B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2014169696A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20140108150A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104018904B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102013203443A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102014225618A1 (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2016-06-16 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for producing a hollow valve |
DE102016200739A1 (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2017-07-20 | Mahle International Gmbh | Metallic hollow valve for an internal combustion engine of a commercial vehicle |
DE102020202739A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2021-09-09 | Mahle International Gmbh | Sintered bearing bushing material, plain bearings, internal combustion engines and electrical machines |
DE102020202738A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2021-09-09 | Mahle International Gmbh | Plain bearing, method for producing a plain bearing, internal combustion engine with plain bearing and electrical machine with plain bearing |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102017202585A1 (en) * | 2016-02-17 | 2017-08-17 | Mahle International Gmbh | Internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder and with at least two hollow-head valves |
EP3455468B1 (en) | 2016-05-09 | 2021-01-20 | MAHLE International GmbH | Gas exchange valve |
Citations (10)
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DE69403843T2 (en) * | 1993-04-01 | 1998-01-29 | Eaton Corp | Ultralight valve for internal combustion engines |
DE19746235A1 (en) * | 1996-11-02 | 1998-05-07 | Volkswagen Ag | Poppet valve manufacturing method for vehicle engine |
DE102005005041A1 (en) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-10 | Märkisches Werk GmbH | Valve for controlling the gas exchange, in particular in internal combustion engines |
DE102005013088A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Man B & W Diesel Ag | Gas exchange valve with corrosion protection layer |
US20090020082A1 (en) * | 2007-07-06 | 2009-01-22 | Takao Suzuki | Hollow valve for internal combustion engine, and internal combustion engine having the hollow valve |
US20110174259A1 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-07-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method for production of valve head portion of hollow engine valve and hollow engine valve |
DE102010051871A1 (en) | 2010-11-22 | 2012-05-24 | Märkisches Werk GmbH | Method for manufacturing valves for gas exchange, involves forming valve head and valve stem as hollow section, particularly for internal combustion engines |
DE102012209187A1 (en) | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for manufacturing metallic hollow valve of internal combustion engine, involves introducing hole into slug, and partially hollowing valve head by electrochemical removal such that cavity is filled with fluid, and forging hollow valve |
DE102011077198A1 (en) | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for producing a metal hollow valve with improved cooling |
EP2541000A1 (en) | 2010-02-26 | 2013-01-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method for producing metallic-sodium-filled engine valve |
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CN202360166U (en) * | 2011-07-29 | 2012-08-01 | 马勒技术投资(中国)有限公司 | Valve provided with oil duct communicated with the external world |
-
2013
- 2013-02-28 DE DE102013203443.1A patent/DE102013203443A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2014
- 2014-01-24 EP EP14152509.7A patent/EP2803827B2/en active Active
- 2014-02-17 CN CN201410053267.7A patent/CN104018904B/en not_active Ceased
- 2014-02-20 JP JP2014030232A patent/JP2014169696A/en active Pending
- 2014-02-27 KR KR1020140023156A patent/KR20140108150A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE69403843T2 (en) * | 1993-04-01 | 1998-01-29 | Eaton Corp | Ultralight valve for internal combustion engines |
DE19746235A1 (en) * | 1996-11-02 | 1998-05-07 | Volkswagen Ag | Poppet valve manufacturing method for vehicle engine |
DE102005005041A1 (en) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-10 | Märkisches Werk GmbH | Valve for controlling the gas exchange, in particular in internal combustion engines |
DE102005013088A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Man B & W Diesel Ag | Gas exchange valve with corrosion protection layer |
US20090020082A1 (en) * | 2007-07-06 | 2009-01-22 | Takao Suzuki | Hollow valve for internal combustion engine, and internal combustion engine having the hollow valve |
US20110174259A1 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-07-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method for production of valve head portion of hollow engine valve and hollow engine valve |
EP2541000A1 (en) | 2010-02-26 | 2013-01-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method for producing metallic-sodium-filled engine valve |
DE102010051871A1 (en) | 2010-11-22 | 2012-05-24 | Märkisches Werk GmbH | Method for manufacturing valves for gas exchange, involves forming valve head and valve stem as hollow section, particularly for internal combustion engines |
DE102012209187A1 (en) | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for manufacturing metallic hollow valve of internal combustion engine, involves introducing hole into slug, and partially hollowing valve head by electrochemical removal such that cavity is filled with fluid, and forging hollow valve |
DE102011077198A1 (en) | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for producing a metal hollow valve with improved cooling |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102014225618A1 (en) * | 2014-12-11 | 2016-06-16 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for producing a hollow valve |
US11247284B2 (en) | 2014-12-11 | 2022-02-15 | Mahle International Gmbh | Method for producing a hollow valve |
DE102016200739A1 (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2017-07-20 | Mahle International Gmbh | Metallic hollow valve for an internal combustion engine of a commercial vehicle |
DE102020202739A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2021-09-09 | Mahle International Gmbh | Sintered bearing bushing material, plain bearings, internal combustion engines and electrical machines |
DE102020202738A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2021-09-09 | Mahle International Gmbh | Plain bearing, method for producing a plain bearing, internal combustion engine with plain bearing and electrical machine with plain bearing |
US11619258B2 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2023-04-04 | Mahle International Gmbh | Sliding bearing, method for producing a sliding bearing, internal combustion engine having a sliding bearing and electric machine having a sliding bearing |
US11796000B2 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2023-10-24 | Mahle International Gmbh | Sintered bearing bush material, sliding bearing, internal combustion engine and electric motor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2803827B1 (en) | 2015-11-18 |
KR20140108150A (en) | 2014-09-05 |
CN104018904B (en) | 2017-10-24 |
EP2803827A1 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
JP2014169696A (en) | 2014-09-18 |
CN104018904A (en) | 2014-09-03 |
EP2803827B2 (en) | 2023-01-04 |
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