DE102010051682A1 - Lightweight crankshaft and manufacturing process thereof - Google Patents
Lightweight crankshaft and manufacturing process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- DE102010051682A1 DE102010051682A1 DE102010051682A DE102010051682A DE102010051682A1 DE 102010051682 A1 DE102010051682 A1 DE 102010051682A1 DE 102010051682 A DE102010051682 A DE 102010051682A DE 102010051682 A DE102010051682 A DE 102010051682A DE 102010051682 A1 DE102010051682 A1 DE 102010051682A1
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- connecting rod
- lightweight
- crankshaft
- weight
- piston pin
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J1/00—Pistons; Trunk pistons; Plungers
- F16J1/10—Connection to driving members
- F16J1/14—Connection to driving members with connecting-rods, i.e. pivotal connections
- F16J1/16—Connection to driving members with connecting-rods, i.e. pivotal connections with gudgeon-pin; Gudgeon-pins
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/012—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/13—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/30—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for crankshafts; for camshafts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/18—After-treatment
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C3/00—Shafts; Axles; Cranks; Eccentrics
- F16C3/04—Crankshafts, eccentric-shafts; Cranks, eccentrics
- F16C3/06—Crankshafts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/043—Sliding surface consisting mainly of ceramics, cermets or hard carbon, e.g. diamond like carbon [DLC]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C7/00—Connecting-rods or like links pivoted at both ends; Construction of connecting-rod heads
- F16C7/02—Constructions of connecting-rods with constant length
- F16C7/023—Constructions of connecting-rods with constant length for piston engines, pumps or the like
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C9/00—Bearings for crankshafts or connecting-rods; Attachment of connecting-rods
- F16C9/04—Connecting-rod bearings; Attachments thereof
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J7/00—Piston-rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2201/00—Treatment for obtaining particular effects
- C21D2201/02—Superplasticity
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
- F16C2204/12—Alloys based on copper with tin as the next major constituent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
- F16C2204/14—Alloys based on copper with zinc as the next major constituent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/20—Alloys based on aluminium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- F16C2204/66—High carbon steel, i.e. carbon content above 0.8 wt%, e.g. through-hardenable steel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2206/00—Materials with ceramics, cermets, hard carbon or similar non-metallic hard materials as main constituents
- F16C2206/02—Carbon based material
- F16C2206/04—Diamond like carbon [DLC]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2223/00—Surface treatments; Hardening; Coating
- F16C2223/10—Hardening, e.g. carburizing, carbo-nitriding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2223/00—Surface treatments; Hardening; Coating
- F16C2223/30—Coating surfaces
- F16C2223/42—Coating surfaces by spraying the coating material, e.g. plasma spraying
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Abstract
Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt einen Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb mit Komponenten aus dichtereduziertem ultrahochkohlenstoffhaltigen Leichtbaustahl und dessen Herstellungsverfahren bereit. Der Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb umfasst eine Kurbelwelle, ein Pleuel mit einem großen und einem kleinen Pleuelauge und einen Kolbenbolzen, wobei die Kurbelwelle in dem großen Pleuelauge und der Kolbenbolzen in dem kleinen Pleuelauge gelagert sind. Dabei bestehen alle Komponenten Kurbelwelle, Pleuel und Kolbenbolzen aus dem UHC-Leichtbaustahl. Zudem wird das Kurbelwellenlager in dem großen Pleuelauge durch zumindest eine thermische Spritzschicht bereitgestellt und der Kolbenbolzen weist eine Hartstoff-Beschichtung auf.The present invention provides a lightweight crank mechanism with components made from density-reduced, ultra high-carbon lightweight steel and its production method. The lightweight crank drive comprises a crankshaft, a connecting rod with a large and a small connecting rod eye and a piston pin, the crankshaft being mounted in the large connecting rod eye and the piston pin in the small connecting rod eye. All components of the crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin are made of UHC lightweight steel. In addition, the crankshaft bearing in the large connecting rod eye is provided by at least one thermal spray layer and the piston pin has a hard material coating.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb mit Komponenten aus ultrahochkohlenstoffhaltigem Leichtbaustahl für einen Verbrennungsmotor, sowie ein Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung.The invention relates to a lightweight crank mechanism with components made of ultra-high carbon lightweight steel for an internal combustion engine, and a method for its production.
Das Gewicht von Verbrennungsmotoren hängt generell auch vom Hubvolumen ab. Abhängig von Motorkonzept und Zylinderanordnung besteht bei gleichem Hubraum allerdings eine große Streubreite des Motorgewichts, abhängig von der konstruktiven und materiellen Beschaffenheit der Komponenten. Herkömmlicherweise werden zur Fertigung der Kurbeltriebkomponenten Kurbelwelle, Pleuel und Kolbenbolzen etwa klassische Stahlwerkstoffe verwendet, beispielsweise der Stahl C70 für die Kurbelwelle, und damit schwere Werkstoffe. Der Einsatz eines ultrahochkohlenstoffhaltigen (Ultra High Carbon) Leichtbaustahls, kurz UHC-Leichtbaustahls, ist für die Herstellung von Bauteilen allgemein für Verbrennungsmotoren und Getriebekomponenten von Kraftfahrzeugen bekannt.The weight of combustion engines generally also depends on the stroke volume. Depending on the engine concept and cylinder arrangement, however, there is a large spread of engine weight for the same displacement, depending on the structural and material characteristics of the components. Conventionally, for the production of the crankshaft drive components crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin about classic steel materials used, for example, the steel C70 for the crankshaft, and thus heavy materials. The use of ultra high carbon (UHC) lightweight structural steel is known for the manufacture of components generally for internal combustion engines and transmission components of automobiles.
So beschreibt
Auch in
Aus dem genannten Stand der Technik ist bekannt, dass UHC-Stähle aufgrund ihres relativ hohen Kohlenstoffgehalts nach geeigneter thermischer und mechanischer Vorbehandlung superplastische Eigenschaften aufweisen können. Bei einer Umformung in dem superplastischen Bereich, der bei etwa 600°C beginnt und gerade unterhalb der A1-Temperatur des perlitischen Eutektikums, also bei 723°C (bei unlegiertem Stahl) endet, können Dehnwerte von einigen 100 bis 1000% in Bezug auf Dehnwerte nicht superplastischer Materialien erreicht werden. Werden dabei jedoch die optimale Temperatur und/oder Umformgeschwindigkeit überschritten, so findet eine Zerstörung des Gefüges statt, es kann zu Verzunderungen und unerwünschter Graphitbildung kommen.From the cited prior art it is known that UHC steels can have superplastic properties due to their relatively high carbon content after suitable thermal and mechanical pretreatment. When forming in the superplastic region, which begins at about 600 ° C and ends just below the A 1 temperature of the pearlitic eutectic, ie at 723 ° C (at unalloyed steel), can strain values of some 100 to 1000% with respect to Elongation of non-superplastic materials can be achieved. If, however, the optimum temperature and / or forming speed are exceeded, destruction of the microstructure takes place, resulting in scaling and undesired formation of graphite.
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik ergibt sich die Aufgabe, einen Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb zu schaffen, der durch Reduktion der bewegten Massen ein verbessertes Reibverhalten und dadurch auch eine gesteigerte Agilität des Motors bereitstellt.Starting from this prior art, the object is to provide a lightweight crank mechanism, which provides by reducing the moving masses an improved friction behavior and thereby also increased agility of the engine.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch einen Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a lightweight crank mechanism with the features of claim 1.
Entsprechend ergibt sich die Aufgabe der Schaffung eines geeigneten Fertigungsverfahrens für einen derartigen Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb.Accordingly, the task of creating a suitable manufacturing process for such a lightweight crank mechanism results.
Das Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 8 löst diese Aufgabe.The method with the features of claim 8 solves this problem.
Weiterbildungen der Vorrichtung und des Verfahrens sind in den entsprechenden Unteransprüchen ausgeführt.Further developments of the device and the method are carried out in the corresponding subclaims.
Die Komponenten des erfindungsgemäßen Leichtbau-Kurbeltriebs sind aus dichtereduziertem ultrahochkohlenstoffhaltigen Leichtbaustahl beschaffen, was vorteilhaft zur Reduzierung des Gewichtes des Kurbeltriebes ist. Der Leichtbau-Kurbeltrieb besteht aus Kurbelwelle, Pleuel mit großem und kleinem Pleuelauge und Kolbenbolzen, wobei die Kurbelwelle in dem großen Pleuelauge und der Kolbenbolzen in dem kleinen Pleuelauge gelagert ist. Zudem wird das Kurbelwellenlager im großen Pleuelauge durch eine oder mehrere thermische Spritzschichten gebildet, so dass der Verzicht auf eine Lagerschale zusätzlich zur Gewichtsersparnis beiträgt.The components of the lightweight crank mechanism according to the invention are obtained from density-reduced ultra-high carbon-containing lightweight steel, which is advantageous for reducing the weight of the crank mechanism. The lightweight crank mechanism consists of crankshaft, connecting rod with large and small connecting rod and piston pin, the crankshaft is mounted in the large connecting rod and the piston pin in the small connecting rod. In addition, the crankshaft bearing is formed in the large connecting rod by one or more thermal spray coatings, so that the waiver of a bearing shell also contributes to weight savings.
Ferner ist der Kolbenbolzen des erfindungsgemäßen Leichtbau-Kurbeltriebs mit einer Hartstoff-Beschichtung ausgestattet, so dass auch im kleinen Pleuelauge gewichtsmindernd auf eine Lagerschale verzichtet werden kann.Furthermore, the piston pin of the lightweight crank mechanism according to the invention is equipped with a hard coating, so that even in the small connecting rod eye weight-reducing can be dispensed with a bearing shell.
Das Gewicht des Kurbeltriebs kann dadurch bei einem V6-Ottomotor um ca. 11% verringert werden, so dass an diesem Motortyp beispielsweise bis zu 3,8 kg eingespart werden können. Neben Kraftstoff-Verbrauchsvorteilen führt die Reduktion der bewegten Massen des Kurbeltriebs zu weniger Reibung, was sich in einer Steigerung der Agilität des Motors bemerkbar macht.The weight of the crank drive can be reduced by about 11% in a V6 gasoline engine, so that can be saved on this type of engine, for example, up to 3.8 kg. In addition to fuel consumption advantages, the reduction of the moving masses of the crank mechanism leads to less friction, which manifests itself in an increase in the agility of the engine.
Eine geeignete Zusammensetzung eines dichtereduzierten UHC-Leichtbaustahls, aus dem die Kurbeltriebkomponenten Kurbelwelle, Pleuel und Kolbenbolzen erfindungsgemäß bestehen, umfasst von 0,7 bis 2,0 Gew.-% C; 5,0 bis 12,0 Gew.-% Al; 0,01 bis 2,8 Gew.-% Si; 0 bis 2,0 Gew.-% Cr; 1,0 bis 5,0 Gew.-% Mn sowie Fe bis zum Ausgleich der 100 Gew.-%. Ferner können stahltypische Verunreinigungsspuren enthalten sein.A suitable composition of a reduced-density UHC lightweight steel, from which the crankshaft components, crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin according to the invention consist, comprises from 0.7 to 2.0 wt .-% C; 5.0 to 12.0 wt.% Al; 0.01 to 2.8% by weight of Si; 0 to 2.0 wt% Cr; 1.0 to 5.0 wt .-% Mn and Fe to compensate for 100% by weight. Furthermore, steel-typical contamination traces may be included.
Der hohe Anteil an Aluminium (Al) trägt zur Dichtereduktion bei, so dass der erfindungsgemäße Leichtbaustahl vorteilhaft gerade zur Herstellung von Leichtbaukomponenten im Kraftfahrzeugbau eingesetzt werden kann. Durch den hohen Al-Anteil werden die A1-Umwandlungstemperatur und damit die maximale superplastische Verarbeitungstemperatur erhöht. Dies wird durch eine geringe Erhöhung des Silizium(Si-)-Anteils noch verstärkt, wobei Silizium zusätzlich zur Dichteverringerung beiträgt, hier jedoch die Verschlechterung der mechanischen Eigenschaften durch Zulegieren von Si berücksichtigt werden muss. So kann über die zulegierten Si- und Al-Anteile eine optimale A1-Umformtemperatur, die hohe Umformgeschwindigkeiten ohne Änderungen bzw. Schädigungen des Gefüges erlaubt, eingestellt werden. Ferner wird durch den hohen Al-Anteil die Zunderbildung bei den erhöhten Temperaturen der Warmumformung verringert, was auch durch den Si-Anteil unterstützt wird.The high proportion of aluminum (Al) contributes to the reduction in density, so that the lightweight structural steel according to the invention can be advantageously used just for the production of lightweight components in motor vehicle construction. The high Al content increases the A 1 conversion temperature and thus the maximum superplastic processing temperature. This is further enhanced by a small increase in the silicon (Si) content, with silicon additionally contributing to the reduction in density, but here the deterioration of the mechanical properties must be taken into account by alloying in Si. Thus, via the alloyed Si and Al components, an optimum A 1 forming temperature, which allows high forming speeds without changes or damage to the microstructure, can be set. Furthermore, the high Al content reduces the scale formation at the elevated hot working temperatures, which is also supported by the Si content.
Durch das Zulegieren von Mn von bis zu 5 Gew.-% wird die Sprödigkeit des dichtereduzierten UHC-Leichtbaustahls mit dem hohen Al-Anteil von bis zu 10 Gew.-% verringert beziehungsweise seine Duktilität erhöht, so dass während eines Warmumformens wie Schmieden oder Walzen kaum Oberflächenrisse entstehen und ein so hergestellter Stahlrohling bei Raumtemperatur zur Behebung von entstandenen Verzügen gerichtet werden kann. Diese dichtereduzierte UHC-Leichtbaustahl-Zusammensetzung weist ein stabiles superplastisches Gefüge auf, mit hinsichtlich der Duktilität für eine gute Warm- und Kaltumformbarkeit verbesserten mechanischen Eigenschaften, und weist dabei nur einen geringen oder gar keinen Anteil an teuren Legierungselementen wie Ni, Mo, V und/oder Sn auf. Auch der geringe Anteil an Cr – unter Umständen kann auf Chrom auch verzichtet werden – wirkt sich Kosten verringernd aus.By alloying Mn of up to 5% by weight, the brittleness of the reduced density UHC lightweight steel with the high Al content of up to 10% by weight is reduced or its ductility increased, so that during hot forming such as forging or rolling hardly any surface cracks occur and a steel blank made in this way can be directed at room temperature to remedy any distortions. This density-reduced UHC lightweight structural composition has a stable superplastic texture, with ductility for improved hot and cold workability improved mechanical properties, and has little or no share of expensive alloying elements such as Ni, Mo, V and /. or Sn on. Even the low proportion of Cr - under certain circumstances can be dispensed with chrome - has a cost-reducing effect.
Der erhöhte Mangan(Mn)-Anteil verhindert die bzw. wirkt der durch Zulegieren von Si normalerweise bedingte Verschlechterung der mechanischen Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur entgegen, die sich in einer stark versprödenden Wirkung zeigen. Der Mangan-Anteil trägt ferner dazu bei, die unerwünschte Graphitbildung zu hemmen, die aufgrund des hohen Anteils an Al und Si begünstigt ist. Zum Zweck der Unterdrückung der Graphitbildung kann das Zulegieren eines auf die Anteile an Al, Si und Mn abgestimmten Cr-Anteils sinnvoll sein.The increased manganese (Mn) content prevents the deterioration of the mechanical properties at room temperature, which is normally caused by the addition of Si, and which has a strongly embrittling effect. The manganese content also helps inhibit unwanted graphitization, which is favored because of the high levels of Al and Si. For the purpose of suppressing the formation of graphite, it may be useful to alloy in a proportion of Cr coordinated to the proportions of Al, Si and Mn.
Der Gefügezustand eines UHC-Stahls nach seiner metallurgischen Herstellung ermöglicht in der Regel keine hohe Umformgeschwindigkeit bei der Warmumformung. Dazu ist ein Gefüge mit superplastischen Eigenschaften erforderlich. Superplastische Umformungen sind im Vergleich mit Warmumformungsprozessen jedoch weniger wirtschaftlich, eine Abweichung von dem optimalen superplastischen Gefüge ist akzeptabel, wenn eine homogene, feinkörnige, sphäroide Karbidverteilung in einer ebenfalls feinkörnigen Ferritmatrix vorliegt, wobei sowohl Karbid- als auch Ferritphasen gegenüber Kornwachstum und Graphitbildung stabil sind. Beispielhafte Korngrößen der Gefüge liegen unter 10 μm, etwa mit einer mittleren Korngröße von weniger als 1,5 μm. Ein überwiegender Kornanteil ist sphäroid, ein geringer lamellarer Karbid-Anteil wirkt sich nicht nachteilig auf die Eigenschaften des UHC-Stahls aus.The structural state of a UHC steel after its metallurgical production usually does not allow a high forming rate during hot forming. This requires a structure with superplastic properties. However, superplastic forming operations are less economical compared to hot forming processes, and deviation from the optimal superplastic structure is acceptable when a homogeneous, fine grained, spheroidal carbide distribution is present in a fine-grained ferrite matrix as well, with both carbide and ferrite phases being stable to grain growth and graphitization. Exemplary particle sizes of the microstructures are less than 10 μm, for example with an average particle size of less than 1.5 μm. A predominant grain content is spheroidal, a low lamellar carbide content does not adversely affect the properties of the UHC steel.
Al und Si stabilisieren die gebildeten, gleichmäßig verteilten Phasen, die Hauptphase α-Ferrit und Nebenphasen aus κ-Carbiden, und verhindern Kornwachstum während des Warmumformens. Die gewünschte Phasenbildung des Gefüges mit feinen Kristalliten, bzw. Körnern kann mittels einer geeigneten thermo-mechanischen Behandlung erreicht werden. Der UHC-Leichtbaustahl weist auch bei Raumtemperatur gute Bruchdehnungs- und Festigkeitswerte auf, das Gefüge mit den überwiegend sphäroiden Phasen zeigt bei Kaltumformung kaum oder keine Rissbildung.Al and Si stabilize the formed, uniformly distributed phases, the main phase α-ferrite and secondary phases of κ-carbides, and prevent grain growth during hot working. The desired phase formation of the microstructure with fine crystallites or grains can be achieved by means of a suitable thermo-mechanical treatment. The UHC lightweight steel has good elongation and strength values even at room temperature, the structure with the predominantly spheroidal phases shows little or no crack formation during cold forming.
Zur Herstellung eines superplastischen Gefüges kann nach einer Austenitisierung bei einer Temperatur oberhalb der Austenitisierungstemperatur, die je nach C-, Si-, Al- und Cr-Anteil variiert und bei der eine homogene Verteilung des Kohlenstoffs und der Begleitelemente in der groben γ-Phase stattfindet, die Abkühlung während einer Heißumformung bis unter die A1-Temperatur durchgeführt werden, an die sich ein Warmumformen oberhalb A1-Temperatur mit nachfolgendem Abkühlen anschließt. Dadurch werden die sphäroiden κ-Karbide erzeugt.To produce a superplastic structure, after austenitization at a temperature above the austenitizing temperature, which varies depending on the C, Si, Al and Cr contents and in which a homogeneous distribution of the carbon and the accompanying elements takes place in the coarse γ phase , the cooling is carried out during a hot forming to below the A 1 temperature, followed by a hot forming above A 1 followed by cooling temperature. As a result, the spheroid κ-carbides are produced.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Kurbeltriebs aus UHC-Stahlkomponenten besteht eine weitere geeignete Zusammensetzung des UHC-Leichtbaustahls aus 1,0 bis 1,6 Gew.-% C; 7,0 bis 10,0 Gew.-% Al; 0,01 bis 0,6 Gew.-% Si; 0 bis 1,5 Gew.-% Cr; 2,0 bis 3,0 Gew.-% Mn und dem zu 100 Gew.-% ausgleichenden Anteil Fe sowie gegebenenfalls mit den stahltypischen Verunreinigungsspuren.In a further embodiment of the crank drive according to the invention made of UHC steel components, another suitable composition of the UHC lightweight structural steel consists of 1.0 to 1.6 wt .-% C; 7.0 to 10.0% by weight of Al; 0.01 to 0.6% by weight of Si; 0 to 1.5% by weight of Cr; 2.0 to 3.0% by weight of Mn and of the Fe equivalent to 100% by weight, and if appropriate with the steel-typical traces of contamination.
Bei diesen Verunreinigungsspuren kann es sich beispielsweise um Ni, Mo, Nb, V und/oder Cu handeln. In der Regel liegen deren Anteile unter 1 Gew.-%.These traces of contamination may be, for example, Ni, Mo, Nb, V and / or Cu. As a rule, their proportions are less than 1 wt .-%.
Der Kurbeltrieb mit den aus UHC-Stahl gefertigten Komponenten Kurbelwelle, Pleuel und Kolbenbolzen genügt hohen thermischen und mechanischen Ansprüchen und trägt zur Leichtbauweise zur Verringerung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs bei.The crank mechanism with the components made of UHC steel crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin meets high thermal and mechanical demands and contributes to the lightweight construction to reduce fuel consumption.
Generell können zur Bildung des erfindungsgemäßen Kurbeltriebs mit thermisch gespritztem Kurbelwellenlager und Hartstoff beschichtetem Kolbenbolzen auch UHC-Leichtbaustähle als Werkstoff für die Komponenten verwendet werden, wie sie im Stand der Technik beschrieben sind. In general, UHC lightweight steels can also be used as a material for the components as described in the prior art for the formation of the crank drive according to the invention with thermally sprayed crankshaft bearing and hard-coated piston pin.
Eine weitere Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Leichtbau-Kurbeltriebs bezieht sich auf die Hartstoff-Beschichtung des Kolbenbolzens. Der Kolbenbolzen, der den Kolben mit dem Pleuel verbindet, kann mit sehr geringem Spiel schwimmend im kleinen Pleuelauge gelagert sein. Um dort auf eine Lagerschale verzichten zu können, ist der Kolbenbolzen von der Hartstoff-Beschichtung umgeben. Bei der Hartstoff-Beschichtung kann es sich um gängige Hartschicht-Materialien wie Hartmetall, Metallcarbid, Keramik oder insbesondere amorphen, diamantähnlichen Kohlenstoff (Diamond Like Carbon, DLC) handeln.Another embodiment of the lightweight crank mechanism according to the invention relates to the hard material coating of the piston pin. The piston pin, which connects the piston to the connecting rod, can be mounted floating in the small connecting rod eye with very little play. To be able to do without a bearing shell, the piston pin is surrounded by the hard material coating. The hard-material coating can be conventional hard-layer materials such as hard metal, metal carbide, ceramic or in particular amorphous, diamond-like carbon (DLC).
Die als Ersatz für eine Lagerschale im großen Pleuelauge eingesetzte thermische Spritzschicht, die das Kurbelwellenlager bildet, kann eine mittels Lichtbogendrahtspritzen, Plasmaspritzen oder Flammspritzen aufgebrachte Spritzschicht sein.The thermal spray coating used as a replacement for a bearing shell in the large connecting rod eye, which forms the crankshaft bearing, may be a sprayed coating applied by means of arc wire spraying, plasma spraying or flame spraying.
Als Werkstoff zur Bildung der thermischen Spritzschicht kommen typische Lager-Metalllegierungen in Frage, darunter insbesondere Bronze, Messing, eine Aluminiumbronze oder eine Aluminium-Wismut-Legierung.As a material for forming the thermal spray layer typical bearing metal alloys come into question, including in particular bronze, brass, an aluminum bronze or an aluminum-bismuth alloy.
In einer Variante kann vorgesehen sein, dass das thermisch gespritzte Kurbelwellenlager aus mehreren thermisch gespritzten Schichten gebildet wird. Dabei können unterschiedliche Lager-Metalllegierungen zum Einsatz kommen. So kann etwa die letzte oder auch oberste Spritzschicht aus einer Aluminium-Wismut-Legierung bestehen, während die darunter liegende, zuvor gespritzte Schicht aus einer Lagerlegierung wie Bronze oder Messing gebildet wird.In a variant, it can be provided that the thermally sprayed crankshaft bearing is formed from a plurality of thermally sprayed layers. Different bearing metal alloys can be used. For example, the last or uppermost sprayed layer may consist of an aluminum-bismuth alloy, while the underlying, previously sprayed layer is formed of a bearing alloy such as bronze or brass.
Die Komponenten Kurbelwelle, Pleuel und Kolbenbolzen des Leichtbau-Kurbeltriebs aus dem UHC-Leichtbaustahl können durch eine Warmumformung im Temperaturbereich von 850 bis 1250°C unter Luft hergestellt werden.The crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin components of the lightweight UHC lightweight construction crank mechanism can be produced by hot forming in the temperature range 850 to 1250 ° C under air.
Die Warmumformung kann unter Luft generell im Bereich von 800 bis 1250°C stattfinden, da durch die verringerte Verzunderungsneigung aufgrund des Al- und Si-Anteils des UHC-Stahls keine besondere Schutzgasatmosphäre erforderlich ist. Der Temperaturbereich von 920 bis 1250°C ist allerdings bevorzugt: Der Mn-Anteil erhöht die Duktilität, hebt dadurch die versprödende Wirkung des Si auf und wirkt somit der Rissbildung an der Oberfläche während der Warmumformung entgegen. Zudem wird im Anschluss an die Warmumformung ein Richten bei Raumtemperatur ermöglicht.Hot working can generally take place in the air in the range of 800 to 1250 ° C, since the reduced tendency to scale due to the Al and Si content of the UHC steel, no special inert gas atmosphere is required. However, the temperature range of 920 to 1250 ° C is preferred: The Mn content increases the ductility, thereby eliminating the embrittling effect of the Si and thus counteract the cracking on the surface during hot working. In addition, tempering at room temperature is possible after hot forming.
Mit dem UHC-Leichtbaustahl als Werkstoff zur Bildung der Kurbeltriebkomponenten lassen sich durch das superplastische Gefüge auch bei einer Warmumformung, die nicht unter superplastischen Bedingungen erfolgt, sehr hohe Umformgrade von 50 bis zu 300% erreichen.With the UHC lightweight steel as a material for the formation of the crank drive components can be achieved by the superplastic structure even with a hot forming, which does not occur under superplastic conditions, very high degrees of deformation of 50 to 300%.
Kurz gefasst, umfasst das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Leichtbau-Kurbeltriebs wie er vorstehend beschrieben ist, die Schritte des Warmumformens von UHC-Leichtbaustahl-Ausgangsmaterialien in einem Temperaturbereich von 850 bis 1250°C unter Luft, um die Kurbelwelle, den Pleuel und den Kolbenbolzen zu fertigen. Dann wird wenigstens das große Pleuelauge mit einer oder mehreren Lagerschichten versehen: Dies geschieht durch thermisches Spritzbeschichten. Parallel hierzu wird der Kolbenbolzen beschichtet.Briefly stated, the method of manufacturing a lightweight crank mechanism of the present invention as described above includes the steps of hot working UHC light steel starting materials in a temperature range of 850 to 1250 ° C under air around the crankshaft, connecting rod and piston pin to manufacture. Then at least the large connecting rod eye is provided with one or more storage layers: This is done by thermal spray coating. Parallel to this, the piston pin is coated.
Nun wird die Kurbelwelle in dem großen Pleuelauge des Pleuels und der Kolbenbolzen in dem kleinen Pleuelauge angeordnet. So wird dank der Beschichtungen trotz der erreichten materialwahlbasierten Reduktion der bewegten Massen ein verbessertes Reibverhalten und dadurch auch eine gesteigerte Agilität des Motors erreicht.Now, the crankshaft is placed in the large connecting rod eye of the connecting rod and the piston pin in the small connecting rod eye. Thanks to the coatings, despite the material-selection-based reduction of the moving masses achieved, an improved frictional behavior and thereby also an increased agility of the engine is achieved.
Das thermische Spritzbeschichten erfolgt mittels Lichtbogendrahtspritzen, Plasmaspritzen oder Flammspritzen, wobei zumindest eine Lager-Metalllegierung, insbesondere eine Bronze, Messing, eine Aluminiumbronze oder eine Aluminium-Wismut-Legierung aufgebracht wird.The thermal spray coating is carried out by means of arc wire spraying, plasma spraying or flame spraying, wherein at least one bearing metal alloy, in particular a bronze, brass, an aluminum bronze or an aluminum-bismuth alloy is applied.
Es ist zu beachten, dass bei der Spritzschichtung des großen Pleuelauges mit mehr als zwei Schichten zunächst die Lager-Metalllegierung, insbesondere die Bronze oder das Messing aufgebracht wird, und dann die Oberfläche des großen Pleuelauges bildende Spritzschicht aus einer Aluminium-Wismut-Legierung.It should be noted that in the spray stratification of the large connecting rod with more than two layers first the bearing metal alloy, in particular the bronze or brass is applied, and then the surface of the large connecting rod forming sprayed layer of an aluminum-bismuth alloy.
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
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PCT/EP2011/005307 WO2012065674A1 (en) | 2010-11-17 | 2011-10-21 | Lightweight crankdrive and method for manufacturing same |
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