DE102010003880A1 - Mineral gas adsorber for the removal of ozone from exhaust air / exhaust gas, process for their preparation and regeneration - Google Patents
Mineral gas adsorber for the removal of ozone from exhaust air / exhaust gas, process for their preparation and regeneration Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/12—Naturally occurring clays or bleaching earth
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J20/28004—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J20/28011—Other properties, e.g. density, crush strength
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28078—Pore diameter
- B01J20/2808—Pore diameter being less than 2 nm, i.e. micropores or nanopores
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
- B01D2253/106—Silica or silicates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
- B01D2257/106—Ozone
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
- B01D2259/40083—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft die Beseitigung von Ozon durch Gasadsorber, als wirksame Komponente natürlich vorkommende mineralische Rohstoffe in Granulatform ohne jegliche Zusätze und chemische Behandlungen enthalten, vorzugsweise natürliche Halloysite, Bentonite oder smektitreiche Tone. Das Verfahren zur Regenerierung der Gasadsorber ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Sauerstoff oder Luft in die Granulate geblasen oder ein Plasma in den Granulatzwischenräumen und Poren erzeugt wird.The invention relates to the removal of ozone by gas adsorbers, as an effective component naturally occurring mineral raw materials in granular form without any additives and chemical treatments, preferably natural halloysite, bentonite or smectite-rich clays. The process for regenerating the gas adsorbers is characterized in that oxygen or air is blown into the granules or a plasma is generated in the granule spaces and pores.
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf die Beseitigung von Ozon durch Gasadsorber. Die typischen natürlichen Umgebungsbelastungen mit Ozon liegen im Bereich von 0,02–0,05 ppm. Insbesondere bei plasmatechnologischen Verfahren, die unter Normaldruck und mit Sauerstoff oder Luft arbeiten, entsteht Ozon als Prozessgas oder auch als Nebenprodukt. Überschüssiges Ozon muss auf sichere Weise entsorgt werden. Vor allem in Innenräumen muss bei einer möglichen Exposition der Grenzwert von 0,1 ppm eingehalten werden. Dies gilt auch für andere Anwendungen von Ozon, etwa umweltfreundliche Desinfektions- und Oxidationsmethoden.The invention relates to the removal of ozone by gas adsorber. The typical natural environmental exposure to ozone is in the range of 0.02-0.05 ppm. Especially in plasma technology processes that operate under atmospheric pressure and with oxygen or air, ozone is produced as a process gas or as a by-product. Excess ozone must be disposed of safely. Especially indoors, the exposure limit of 0.1 ppm must be adhered to in case of potential exposure. This also applies to other applications of ozone, such as environmentally friendly disinfection and oxidation methods.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Das am häufigsten verwendete Verfahren zur Rest-Ozonvernichtung ist die katalytische Zerstörung von Ozon. Katalysatorschädliche Gase aus dem Prozess sowie auch Aerosole können die Wirkung von Rest-Ozonvernichtern erheblich einschränken oder gehen zu Lasten der Lebensdauer, so dass zusätzlich geeignete Reinigungsverfahren eingesetzt werden müssen.The most commonly used process for residual ozone destruction is the catalytic destruction of ozone. Catalyst-damaging gases from the process as well as aerosols can considerably limit the effect of residual ozone killers or are at the expense of the lifetime, so that in addition suitable cleaning methods must be used.
Aus
In
In
In
Nach Beladung wird der Zustrom von Abluft unterbrochen und der Adsorber/Katalysator in einem separaten Kreislaufsystem – zusammen mit einem Plasmagenerator – bis zum Abbau der Schadstoffe betrieben. Im Kreislauf werden die im Plasma erzeugten reaktiven Spezies über den Adsorber/Katalysator geleitet und dabei die gebundenen Schadstoffe unter Bildung von Wasser und Kohlenmonoxid abgebaut. Der für die Oxidation notwendige Sauerstoff Wird in Form von Luft, reinem Sauerstoff oder Ozon zugesetzt.After loading, the influx of exhaust air is interrupted and operated the adsorber / catalyst in a separate circulatory system - together with a plasma generator - to the degradation of pollutants. In the circulation, the reactive species generated in the plasma are passed over the adsorber / catalyst, thereby degrading the bound pollutants to form water and carbon monoxide. The oxygen required for the oxidation is added in the form of air, pure oxygen or ozone.
Bei diesem Verfahren werden die Reaktionsprodukte Teil des Kreislaufsystems und Ozon wird nur solange verbraucht bis die Schadstoffe abgebaut sind.In this process, the reaction products are part of the circulatory system and ozone is only consumed until the pollutants are degraded.
Nach diesem Verfahren entsteht bei Ausstoß der gereinigten Abluft entweder ein Ozonüberschuss oder aber die Konzentration liegt von vornherein unterhalb der Grenzwerte.According to this process, when the cleaned exhaust air is released, either an excess of ozone or the concentration is below the limits from the outset.
In
In
Bekannt ist nach
Für die Beseitigung von Restozon aus einer Wasserreinigungsanlage mit Ozon ist in
In der
Bekannt sind auch spezielle Formen von Plasmareaktoren, bei denen im Gasraum oder Teilen davon Pellets mit katalytischen Eigenschaften eingebracht sind. In der Patentschrift
Es wurden auch bereits natürlich vorkommende oder modifizierte mineralische Gasadsorber zur Rohgasreinigung von Biogas in
Modifizierte mineralische Gasadsorber, die z. B. durch Säureaktivierung oder Temperaturbehandlung im Bereich 110–1000°C hergestellt wurden, werden in den Schriften
Der Einsatz von Aktivkohle als Teil eines Abluftreinigungsverfahrens wird beispielsweise in der
In dem Verfahren und entsprechender Vorrichtung werden verschiedene Formen von Entladungskonfigurationen zur Plasmaerzeugung in Kombination mit einem nachgeschalteten Aktivkohlefilter vorgeschlagen.In the method and corresponding apparatus, various forms of discharge configurations for plasma generation are proposed in combination with a downstream activated carbon filter.
Die Aktivkohle wird dabei aber verbraucht. Aktivkohle ist ferner nur bei niedrigen Ozonkonzentrationen anwendbar, da es bei höheren Konzentrationen zur Entzündung kommen kann.The activated carbon is consumed. Activated carbon is also applicable only at low ozone concentrations, as it may cause inflammation at higher concentrations.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die eingesetzten Mittel sich verbrauchen oder durch schädliche Gaskomponenten in Ihrer Funktion eingeschränkt werden. Insgesamt entsteht ein größerer Aufwand. Teilweise sind die Materialien selbst relativ teuer – etwa bei katalytischen Verfahren oder Aktivkohle. Ferner sind die Entsorgung bzw. die Regenerierung der ozonbeladenen Adsorber z. T. sehr kostenaufwendig.In summary, it can be stated that the resources used are depleted or restricted in their function by harmful gas components. Overall, a greater effort arises. In some cases, the materials themselves are relatively expensive - for example, in catalytic processes or activated carbon. Furthermore, the disposal or the regeneration of the ozone-laden adsorber z. T. very expensive.
Stand der Technik der Regeneration von Adsorbern sind die thermische Desorption, die Mikrowellendesorption sowie die Verdrängungsdesorption (mit Wasserdampf).The state of the art of regeneration of adsorbers is the thermal desorption, the microwave desorption and the displacement desorption (with water vapor).
Bei der thermischen Desorption erfolgt eine gezielte Aufheizung des Adsorbers. Nachteil ist ein erhöhter Energieaufwand, um die hohen Desorptionstemperaturen zu erreichen (etwa im Bereich von 200°C bis 300°C; teilweise sind auch wesentlich höhere Temperaturen erforderlich). Die starke Erwärmung des Adsorbers hat wiederum negative Auswirkungen auf die Lebensdauer. Wegen der thermischen Stabilität der Adsorbermaterialien ist deren Auswahl eingeschränkt.During the thermal desorption, a targeted heating of the adsorber takes place. The disadvantage is an increased expenditure of energy in order to achieve the high desorption temperatures (for example in the range of 200 ° C. to 300 ° C., in some cases considerably higher temperatures are required). The strong heating of the adsorber in turn has a negative impact on the life. Because of the thermal stability of the adsorber materials, their choice is limited.
Die Mikrowellendesorption zielt auch auf eine entsprechende Aufheizung des Materials. Neben erwähnten Problemen ist der Aufwand relativ hoch, da auch Mittel zur Abschirmung erforderlich sind.The microwave desorption also aims at a corresponding heating of the material. In addition to mentioned problems, the cost is relatively high, as well as means for shielding are required.
Die Verdrängungsdesorption mit Wasserdampf weist ebenso den Nachteil eines erhöhten Energieaufwandes auf. Der Wasserdampf muss auch wieder entfernt werden. Inwieweit mit anderen Gasen ein entsprechender Effekt erreicht werden kann, ist nicht bekannt.Displacement desorption with water vapor also has the disadvantage of increased energy expenditure. The water vapor must also be removed again. It is not known to what extent a similar effect can be achieved with other gases.
Oben erwähnt wurde auch bereits die Entfernung oxidierbarer Stoffe (VOC; Organische Partikel) durch Oxidationsmittel, die zur Regeneration von Adsorbermaterialien eingesetzt werden (
Ein ähnliches Verfahren wird in
Ein Verfahren zur Aufkonzentration von Toluen wird In
Aufgabe der ErfindungObject of the invention
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Nachteile der im Stand der Technik beschriebenen Lösungen zu beseitigen.The object of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the solutions described in the prior art.
Lösung der Aufgabe Solution of the task
Die Aufgabe wurde gemäß den Merkmalen der Patentansprüche gelöst.The problem has been solved according to the features of the claims.
Erfindungsgemäß wurde ein wirksames und kostengünstiges natürliches Mineraladsorbens als Komponente der plasmatechnologischen Behandlung von ozonhaltigen Gasen/Abluft bereitgestellt. Dabei sind Rest-Ozongehalte von < 0,1 ppm in den Gasen durch ausgewählte Mineraladsorber, die lediglich gebrochen, getrocknet (bis max. 50°C) und fraktioniert (gasgängige Granulate) sind, mittels Physisorption und/oder katalytischer Reaktion erzielt worden. Ferner ist es gelungen, ein geeignetes effektives und kostengünstiges Regenerationsverfahren bereitzustellen.According to the invention, an effective and inexpensive natural mineral adsorbent has been provided as a component of the plasma technology treatment of ozone-containing gases / exhaust air. Residual ozone contents of <0.1 ppm in the gases by selected mineral adsorbers, which are only broken, dried (up to a maximum of 50 ° C.) and fractionated (gas-permeable granules), have been achieved by means of physisorption and / or catalytic reaction. Furthermore, it has been possible to provide a suitable effective and inexpensive regeneration method.
Überraschenderweise hat sich gezeigt, dass natürliche nanoporige Halloysite und quellfähige Dreischichtsilikate ohne jegliche chemische Behandlung (z. B. Säureaktivierung, Imprägnierung z. B. mit Alkaliverbindungen) bzw. Temperung (110°C bis > 1.000°C) in Form gasgängiger Granulate überschüssiges Ozon aus plasmachemischen oder anderen Prozessen sehr effektiv zurückhalten bzw. fixieren.Surprisingly, it has been shown that natural nanoporous halloysites and swellable three-layer silicates without any chemical treatment (eg acid activation, impregnation with alkali compounds, for example) or heat treatment (110 ° C. to> 1000 ° C.) in the form of gas-permeable granules, excess ozone from plasmachemical or other processes very effective retention or fixation.
Bei Regenerationsversuchen wurde weiterhin gefunden, dass beladene Gasadsorber durch kurzfristiges Einblasen von Sauerstoff in das Filtersystem reaktiviert werden können. Ferner kann die Regeneration auch in einem von Luft durchströmten System erfolgen, bei dem ein Plasma in den Granulatzwischenräumen und Poren erzeugt wird. Auch andere Gase wie Stickstoff oder Argon können bei der Plasmaregeneration eingesetzt werden.In regeneration experiments, it has also been found that loaded gas adsorbers can be reactivated by short-term injection of oxygen into the filter system. Furthermore, the regeneration can also take place in a system through which air flows, in which a plasma is generated in the granule clearances and pores. Other gases such as nitrogen or argon can be used in the plasma regeneration.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Gasadsorber zur Beseitigung von Ozon sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass natürlich vorkommende mineralische Rohstoffe in Granulatform – ohne jegliche Zusätze und chemische Behandlungen – als Gasadsorber eingesetzt werden. Vorzugsweise bestehen die erfindungsgemäßen Gasadsorber aus natürlichen Halloysiten, Bentoniten oder smektitreiche Tonen und werden durch Trocknen bis 50°C, Brechen und Fraktionieren hergestellt. Besonders bevorzugt zur guten Gasgängigkeit ist das Kornband 0,5–10 mm.The gas adsorber according to the invention for the removal of ozone are characterized in that naturally occurring mineral raw materials are used in granular form - without any additives and chemical treatments - as a gas adsorber. The gas adsorbers according to the invention preferably consist of natural halloysites, bentonites or smectite-rich clays and are prepared by drying to 50 ° C., breaking and fractionation. Particularly preferred for good gas permeability is the grain band 0.5-10 mm.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung werden Gasadsorbergranulate mit Mindestgehalten an 10 Å- und/oder 7 Å-Halloysiten von mehr als 50 Masse-% und quellfähigen Dreischichtsilikaten von mehr als 50 Masse-% bzw. daraus erzeugte Mischungen hergestellt.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, gas adsorbent granules having minimum contents of 10 Å and / or 7 Å halloysites of more than 50% by mass and swellable three-layer silicates of more than 50% by mass or mixtures thereof are prepared.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Gasadsorbergranulate dienen als Bestandteile/Füllung von technischen Komponenten und Systemen für Behandlung/Abreinigung von ozonhaltigen Gas- und Abluftströmen. Sie beseitigen sowohl überschüssiges Ozon als auch die maximal erzeugte Ozonmenge aus Prozessen in denen Ozon gebildet wird, so dass der natürliche Ozonpegel in Räumen nicht überschritten wird.The gas adsorber granules according to the invention serve as constituents / fillers of technical components and systems for treatment / purification of ozone-containing gas and exhaust air streams. They eliminate both excess ozone and the maximum amount of ozone generated from processes in which ozone is formed, so that the natural ozone level in rooms is not exceeded.
Die beschriebenen Gasadsorber zur Beseitigung von Ozon sind außerdem dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in Granulatzwischenräume und Poren des Adsorbers ein Energieeintrag mittels Niedertemperaturplasma erfolgt.The gas adsorber for the removal of ozone described are also characterized in that takes place in Granulatzwischenräume and pores of the adsorber, an energy input by means of low-temperature plasma.
Die Erfindung soll anhand eines Beispiels näher erläutert werden, ohne sie auf dieses Beispiel zu beschränken.The invention will be explained in more detail by means of an example, without limiting it to this example.
Ausführungsbeispielembodiment
Details von Messungen zur erfindungsgemäßen Wirkung ergeben sich aus den nachfolgenden Figurenbeschreibungen. Es zeigenDetails of measurements for the effect according to the invention will become apparent from the following description of the figures. Show it
Für die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde eine Kartusche benutzt, die mit verschiedenen Adsorbermaterialien befüllt werden konnte. Auf einer Seite der Kartusche wurde mit Ozon angereicherte Luft eingeströmt und auf der anderen Seite über einen Fühler die Ozon-Konzentration gemessen.For the experimental investigations, a cartridge was used, which could be filled with various adsorbent materials. On one side of the cartridge ozone-enriched air was flowed in and on the other side via a sensor the ozone concentration was measured.
Das benötigte Ozon wurde mit einem Laborozonisator erzeugt. In diesem wird eine dielektrisch behinderte Entladung betrieben. Die Konzentrationsmessungen erfolgten mit einem kommerziellen Gerät, welches das Prinzip der UV-Absorption nutzt.The required ozone was generated with a laboratory ozonizer. In this a dielectrically impeded discharge is operated. Concentration measurements were made with a commercial instrument using the principle of UV absorption.
Die Materialien wurden unter Bedingungen getestet, die dem Einsatz bei plasmatechnologischen Verfahren entsprechen. Die typischen natürlichen Umgebungsbelastungen mit Ozon liegen im Bereich 0,02–0,05 ppm. Die Proben wurden mit Luft und einer Ozonkonzentration, die etwa um eine Größenordnung höher lag durchspült. In den Beispielen werden Versuche zu folgenden mineralischen Materialien vorgestellt:
- 1. Bentonit, Typ: bayerischer Bentonit Landshut
- 2. Halloysit vom Typ Dunino, Polen
- 3. smektitreicher Ton vom Typ Ton Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- 1. Bentonite, type: Bavarian bentonite Landshut
- 2. Halloysite type Dunino, Poland
- 3. smectite-rich clay of the type clay Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
In der
Messungen mit dem Halloysitgranulat sind in
Ein Versuch mit dem smektitreichen Tongranulat ist in
Einen Test mit einer höheren Ozon-Ausgangskonzentration zeigt die
Bei dieser höheren Konzentration liegen die gemessenen Ozonwerte über dem Granulat im selben Bereich wie bei den Messungen zuvor.At this higher concentration, the measured ozone levels above the granules are in the same range as before measurements.
In den Beispielen wurde die Wirkung der verschiedenen Materialien demonstriert. Die besten Filtereigenschaften wies das Halloysitgranulat auf. Bentonit und SF zeigten ebenso niedrige Ozon-Werte, so dass auch diese Materialien für die Bindung von Ozon bei technologischen Prozessen geeignet sind.In the examples, the effect of the different materials was demonstrated. The best filter properties were the halloysite granules. Bentonite and SF also showed low ozone levels, so these materials are also suitable for the binding of ozone in technological processes.
Im Falle der Plasmaregeneration sind insbesondere Reaktoren mit Granulatschüttungen vorgesehen. Die Einrichtung kann dabei auch in Form eines kontinuierlich arbeitenden Rotationsadsorbers aufgebaut sein.In the case of the plasma regeneration in particular reactors are provided with Granulatschüttungen. The device can also be constructed in the form of a continuous rotary adsorber.
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
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Zitierte Nicht-PatentliteraturCited non-patent literature
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DE201010003880 DE102010003880A1 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2010-04-12 | Mineral gas adsorber for the removal of ozone from exhaust air / exhaust gas, process for their preparation and regeneration |
PCT/EP2011/001834 WO2011128073A2 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-12 | Use of granulated natural minerals as gas adsorbents for removing gaseous pollutant components |
EP11719762A EP2558194A2 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-12 | Use of granulated natural minerals as gas adsorbents for removing gaseous pollutant components |
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