DD249370A3 - METHOD FOR DISCONNECTING METAL-COATED PLASTICS OR PAPERS - Google Patents
METHOD FOR DISCONNECTING METAL-COATED PLASTICS OR PAPERS Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DD249370A3 DD249370A3 DD85275025A DD27502585A DD249370A3 DD 249370 A3 DD249370 A3 DD 249370A3 DD 85275025 A DD85275025 A DD 85275025A DD 27502585 A DD27502585 A DD 27502585A DD 249370 A3 DD249370 A3 DD 249370A3
- Authority
- DD
- German Democratic Republic
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- papers
- separation
- coated plastics
- plastic
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/04—Disintegrating plastics, e.g. by milling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0217—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0217—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor
- B29B2017/0237—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor using density difference
- B29B2017/0244—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor using density difference in liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/065—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts containing impurities
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2705/00—Use of metals, their alloys or their compounds, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2705/00—Use of metals, their alloys or their compounds, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
- B29K2705/02—Aluminium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2711/00—Use of natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29K2601/00 - B29K2709/00, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
- B29K2711/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2007/00—Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
- B29L2007/008—Wide strips, e.g. films, webs
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2009/00—Layered products
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2009/00—Layered products
- B29L2009/003—Layered products comprising a metal layer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/52—Mechanical processing of waste for the recovery of materials, e.g. crushing, shredding, separation or disassembly
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Verfahren zum Trennen metallbeschichteter Kunststoffe oder Papiere, wobei das Verfahren anwendbar ist in Betrieben, in denen derartige Materialien als Verpackungsmaterial anfallen. Zielstellung und Aufgabe ist es, die Komponenten Metall, Kunststoff oder Papier vollstaendig voneinander zu trennen, um die getrennten Materialien einer Wiederverwendung zuzufuehren. Das Wesen der Erfindung besteht darin, metallbeschichtete Kunststoffe oder Papiere zu granulieren und die Korngroesse des Granulats dabei nach Anwendungsfall so zu waehlen, dass die beim Granulieren in einer Schneidmuehle auftretenden Scher- und Reibungskraefte bereits eine weitgehende Trennung der Komponenten ermoeglichen und die restlose Trennung mittels eines Trennmediums erfolgt. Dazu wird in einen Behaelter eine organische Fluessigkeit, zum Beispiel Tetrachloraethen gefuellt, dass Granulat zugegeben und unter starkem Durchruehren die endgueltige Entmischung bewirkt. Nach dem Prinzip der Schwimm-Sink-Sortierung setzen sich danach die leichten Kunststoffteilchen an der Oberflaeche, die schweren Metallteilchen am Boden des Behaelters ab und koennen geborgen und einer Wiederverwendung zugefuehrt werden.Method for separating metal-coated plastics or papers, which method is applicable in factories in which such materials are produced as packaging material. The objective and task is to completely separate the components metal, plastic or paper, in order to reuse the separated materials. The essence of the invention is to granulate metal-coated plastics or papers and to choose the grain size of the granules according to the application so that the shear and Reibungskraefte occurring during granulation in a cutting mill already allow a substantial separation of the components and the complete separation by means of a Separation medium takes place. For this purpose, an organic liquid, for example tetrachloroethene, is added to a container, granules are added and, with vigorous stirring, the final separation is effected. According to the principle of floating-sink sorting, the light plastic particles on the surface, the heavy metal particles settle on the bottom of the container and can be recovered and reused.
Description
Die Erfindung ist anwendbar in Betrieben, in denen metallbeschichtete Kunststoffe oder Papiere, insbesondere aluminiumbeschichtete, als Verpackungsmaterial zur Anwendung gelangen sowie in solchen Betrieben, denen über die Sekundärrohstofferfassung derartiges Verpackungsmaterial beziehungsweise Abfälle dieses Materials zur Rückgewinnung wieder zugeführt wird.The invention is applicable to plants in which metal-coated plastics or papers, in particular aluminum-coated, are used as packaging material and in those enterprises, which are recycled via the Sekundärrohstossfassung such packaging material or waste of this material for recovery.
Nach DE-OS 2 936 856 werden mit Metallfolien kaschierte oder versiegelte Kunststoffe zu Granulat verarbeitet, einem unter Hochspannung stehendem Abscheider zugeführt, die metallisch leitenden Teile des Granulats aufgeladen und zu einem an Masse angeschlossenem Auffangteil abgestoßen und die Kunststoffteilchen einem Behältnis zugeführt.According to DE-OS 2,936,856 laminated or sealed plastics are processed into granules with metal foils, fed to a standing high voltage separator charged the metallically conductive parts of the granules and repelled to a connected to ground collecting part and the plastic particles fed to a container.
Nachteilig ist hierbei, daß keine vollständige Trennung in Metall und Kunststoff erfolgt, da stets noch unvollständig abgetrennte Reste von Metall am granulierten Kunststoff haften bleiben und deshalb eine aufwendige Nachreinigung bis zur völligen Trennung erforderlich ist. Weiterhin ist die Verwendung von unter Hochspannung stehenden Abscheidern unzweckmäßig, da diese oft störanfällig, technisch relativ aufwendig und energieintensiv sind. Sie können deshalb in mittleren und kleinen Betrieben aus Rentabilitätsgründen kaum zur Anwendung kommen.The disadvantage here is that no complete separation into metal and plastic takes place, as always incompletely separated remains of metal adhere to the granulated plastic and therefore a complex post-purification is required until complete separation. Furthermore, the use of high-voltage separators is impractical because they are often prone to failure, technically relatively complex and energy-intensive. They can therefore hardly be used in medium and small enterprises for profitability reasons.
Bekannt ist weiterhin, die Trennung von mit Polymeren beschichteten Aluminiumfolien nach der Schmelzfiltration durchzuführen.It is also known to carry out the separation of polymer-coated aluminum foils after the melt filtration.
Hierbei wird der zerkleinerte Abfall so hoch erhitzt, daß der Kunststoff schmilzt. Danach werden Metall und Kunststoff durch Filtration getrennt.Here, the shredded waste is heated so high that the plastic melts. Thereafter, metal and plastic are separated by filtration.
Nachteilig ist hierbei, daß dieses Verfahren einen hohen Meß-, Steuer- und Regelaufwand erfordert, da eine genaue Einhaltung der Schmelztemperatur erforderlich ist. Durch das Schmelzen (Schmelzenthalpie) ist außerdem ein hoher Energieaufwand notwendig.The disadvantage here is that this method requires a high measurement, control and control effort, since a precise maintenance of the melting temperature is required. By melting (enthalpy of fusion) also a high energy consumption is necessary.
Ziel der Erfindung ist es,ein Verfahren zu entwickeln, welches mit einem geringen technischen und Ökonomischen Aufwand sowie einfacher Handhabung, die vollständige Trennung metallbeschichteter Kunststoffe und Papiere, insbesondere aluminiumbeschichteter, ermöglicht, damit wertvolle Materialien und Rohstoffe ihrer Wiederverwendung zugeführt werden und somit ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Umweltentlastung geleistet wird.The aim of the invention is to develop a method which with a low technical and economic effort and ease of use, the complete separation of metal-coated plastics and papers, especially aluminum-coated allows, so that valuable materials and raw materials are fed to their reuse and thus a significant contribution to relieve the burden on the environment.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Komponenten metallbeschichteter Kunststoffe oder Papiere, insbesondere aluminiumbeschichteter, vollständig voneinander zu trennen, um sie einer Wiederverwendung zuführen zu können. Das Wesen der Erfindung besteht darin, daß metallbeschichteter Kunststoff oder Papier, insbesondere aluminiumbeschichteter Kunststoff, in bekannterweise in Schneidmühlen, zum Beispiel einem Haufwerkschneider, zu Granulat zerkleinert und die Korngröße je nach Anwendungsfall so klein gewählt wird, daß die beim Granulieren auftretenden Scher- und Reibungskräfte bereits eine weitgehende Abtrennung der Metallschicht vom Kunststoff oder Papier hervorrufen. Zur weiteren vollständigen Trennung der Komponenten Metall, Kunststoff oder Papier kommt bekannterweise das Verfahren der Schwimm-Sink-Sortierung mittels organischer Flüssigkeiten wie Tetrachlormethan oder Trichloräthen oder Tetrachloräthen oder 1,2,2-Trichlor-1,1,2-Trifluorethan (Freon 113) oder ähnlicher zur Anwendung, deren Dichte zwischen der Dichte des Metalls und der des Kunststoffes oder des Papiers liegt.The object of the invention is to completely separate the components of metal-coated plastics or papers, in particular aluminum-coated ones, in order to be able to reuse them. The essence of the invention is that metal-coated plastic or paper, in particular aluminum-coated plastic, crushed into granules in granulators in a known manner in granulators, for example a Haufwerkschneider and the grain size is chosen so small, depending on the application, that the shearing and frictional forces occurring during granulation already cause a substantial separation of the metal layer from the plastic or paper. For further complete separation of the components metal, plastic or paper is known, the method of floating-sink sorting using organic liquids such as carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethene or tetrachloroethene or 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113) or similar to the application whose density is between the density of the metal and that of the plastic or paper.
Durch den Einsatz dieser oder ähnlicher organischer Flüssigkeiten als Trennmedium werden auftretende elektrostatische Bindungskräfte zwischen den Komponeten Metall, Kunststoff oder Papier gebrochen, wobei es im Ergebnis der Schwimm-Sink-Sortierung zu einer vollständigen Trennung der Komponenten kommt. Weiterhin ist eine korrosive Wirkung des organischen Trennmediums auf das Metall ausgeschlossen. Das Trennmedium wird für den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall so ausgewählt, daß keine chemischen Reaktionen zwischen dem Trennmedium und den Komponeten ablaufen können.The use of these or similar organic liquids as a separation medium occurring electrostatic binding forces between the components metal, plastic or paper are broken, resulting in the result of the floating-sink sorting to complete separation of the components. Furthermore, a corrosive effect of the organic separation medium on the metal is excluded. The separation medium is selected for the particular application so that no chemical reactions between the separation medium and the components can proceed.
Das Verfahren soll an einem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert werden.The method will be explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment.
In einer Schneidmühle, zum Beispiel Haufwerkschneider, werden metallbeschichtete Kunststoffabfälle, beispielsweise aluminiumbeschichtete, auf eine mittlere Korngröße < 1,5 mm zu Granulat verarbeitet, Die dabei auftretenden Scher- und Reibungskräfte bewirken bereits eine teilweise Trennung der Aluminiumfolie vom Kunststoff. Zur vollständigen Trennung der Aluminiumfolie vom Kunststoff wird ein Behälter mit einem Trennmedium, zum Beispiel Tetrachioräthen mit einer Dichte von 1,622 g/cm3, gefüllt. Dieses Trennmedium hat gleichzeitig die Eigenschaft, bestimmte Milch-, Fett und andere organische Bestandteile, die sich oft auf der Oberfläche der Aluminiumfolie oder des Kunststoffes befinden, zu lösen. Danach erfolgt die Zugabe des Granulats in den mit dem Trennmedium gefüllten Behälter. Mit Hilfe eines Rührers erfolgt die kräftige Durchmischung des Granulats mit dem Trennmedium. Nach erfolgter Durchrührung (etwa 2 min) ist die Entmischung abgeschlossen und nach dem Prinzip der Schwimm-Sink-Sortierung setzen sich die leichteren Kunststoffteilchen an der Oberfläche des Trennmediums ab während die schwereren Aluminiumteilchen sich am Boden des Behälters ablagern. Mittels bekannter Methoden können danach die Kunststoffteilchen sowie die Aluminiumteilchen wiedergewonnen und der Industrie zur weiteren Verarbeitung zugeführt werden. Gleichzeitig wird die Umweltbelastung durch die nichtverrottbaren Abfälle entlastet.In a cutting mill, for example, trimmers, metal-coated waste plastics, such as aluminum-coated, are processed into granules to a mean particle size <1.5 mm, The shear and frictional forces occurring already cause a partial separation of the aluminum foil from the plastic. For complete separation of the aluminum foil from the plastic, a container is filled with a separation medium, for example tetrachloroethylene with a density of 1.622 g / cm 3 . At the same time, this separating medium has the property of dissolving certain lactic, fatty and other organic constituents, which are often present on the surface of the aluminum foil or the plastic. Thereafter, the granules are added to the container filled with the separating medium. With the help of a stirrer, the vigorous mixing of the granules with the separation medium. After passing through (about 2 min), the segregation is completed and according to the principle of the sink-float sorting settle the lighter plastic particles on the surface of the separation medium while the heavier aluminum particles are deposited on the bottom of the container. By means of known methods, the plastic particles and the aluminum particles can then be recovered and fed to the industry for further processing. At the same time, the environmental impact of non-recyclable waste is relieved.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DD85275025A DD249370A3 (en) | 1985-04-10 | 1985-04-10 | METHOD FOR DISCONNECTING METAL-COATED PLASTICS OR PAPERS |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DD85275025A DD249370A3 (en) | 1985-04-10 | 1985-04-10 | METHOD FOR DISCONNECTING METAL-COATED PLASTICS OR PAPERS |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DD249370A3 true DD249370A3 (en) | 1987-09-09 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DD85275025A DD249370A3 (en) | 1985-04-10 | 1985-04-10 | METHOD FOR DISCONNECTING METAL-COATED PLASTICS OR PAPERS |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991004100A1 (en) * | 1989-09-15 | 1991-04-04 | Plastic Recovery Systems, Inc. | Process for the separation and recovery of plastics |
EP0429031A2 (en) * | 1989-11-21 | 1991-05-29 | Factron Technik GmbH | Device for separating, in particular, oil contaminated waste comprising steel or sheet metal and paper |
DE4239376A1 (en) * | 1992-11-24 | 1994-05-26 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Process for the separation of waste mixtures |
DE4343539A1 (en) * | 1993-12-14 | 1995-06-22 | Kurt Bunk | Sepn of contaminants from plastics prods and process plant |
DE19825235A1 (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-09 | Lothar Weber | Separation of mixtures of paper and metals or plastics and metals |
US6206199B1 (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 2001-03-27 | Cellwood Machinery Ab | Method and an apparatus for recycling different components in a multiple layer material |
-
1985
- 1985-04-10 DD DD85275025A patent/DD249370A3/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991004100A1 (en) * | 1989-09-15 | 1991-04-04 | Plastic Recovery Systems, Inc. | Process for the separation and recovery of plastics |
EP0429031A2 (en) * | 1989-11-21 | 1991-05-29 | Factron Technik GmbH | Device for separating, in particular, oil contaminated waste comprising steel or sheet metal and paper |
EP0429031A3 (en) * | 1989-11-21 | 1991-11-06 | Factron Recycling Gmbh & Co. Betriebs Kg. | Method and device for separating, in particular, oil contaminated waste comprising steel or sheet metal and paper |
DE4239376A1 (en) * | 1992-11-24 | 1994-05-26 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Process for the separation of waste mixtures |
DE4343539A1 (en) * | 1993-12-14 | 1995-06-22 | Kurt Bunk | Sepn of contaminants from plastics prods and process plant |
US6206199B1 (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 2001-03-27 | Cellwood Machinery Ab | Method and an apparatus for recycling different components in a multiple layer material |
DE19825235A1 (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-09 | Lothar Weber | Separation of mixtures of paper and metals or plastics and metals |
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RPI | Change in the person, name or address of the patentee (searches according to art. 11 and 12 extension act) | ||
ENJ | Ceased due to non-payment of renewal fee | ||
RPV | Change in the person, the name or the address of the representative (searches according to art. 11 and 12 extension act) |
Free format text: PATENTANWALT DR.-ING. HABIL. KLAUS HEYNER, 01728 BANNEWITZ |
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WVSA | Restitution into prior status due to demand | ||
ENJ | Ceased due to non-payment of renewal fee |