CN2591652Y - Optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device with light power detection - Google Patents
Optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device with light power detection Download PDFInfo
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- CN2591652Y CN2591652Y CN 02284521 CN02284521U CN2591652Y CN 2591652 Y CN2591652 Y CN 2591652Y CN 02284521 CN02284521 CN 02284521 CN 02284521 U CN02284521 U CN 02284521U CN 2591652 Y CN2591652 Y CN 2591652Y
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Abstract
The utility model discloses an optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device with light power detection, particularly an optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device of a weak light device. More specifically speaking, the utility model relates to an optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing module on the basis that a weak light element is provided with the function of light power detection. The utility model mainly comprises input/output optical fibers, an optical microlens, a WDM optical filter, a light splitting unit, a probe without optical fiber coupling and the combination thereof. The utility model is characterized in that the weak light element is directly adopted to split a main light path in an optical path after light passes through the optical filter. Then, the main light path is detected or a detector with light intensity detection is directly adopted. Divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing can be implemented for micro-optical waves and optical power detecting elements are integrated into a miniaturized module due to the structure of the utility model. When multiplexing or dis-multiplexing is implemented to an optical signal, the real-time detection of light power can be implemented simultaneously. Thereby, the device has the advantages of compact structure, small size, high integrity and low cost.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer of low-light device, specifically, relates to a kind of optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module that has the optical power detecting function based on micro-optics.
Background technology
Optical wavelength-division multiplex (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, be called for short WDM) technology be with the light modulating signal of the different optical wavelength in each road by transmitting in optical wavelength multiplexing to an optical fiber, thereby improve a kind of economical and practical means of optical fiber communication capacity.The development of light WDM technology has been experienced from the broadband optical wavelength-division multiplex, the narrow band light wavelength-division multiplex, to intensive optical wavelength-division multiplex (Dense Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing, abbreviation DWDM), the evolution of intersection multiplexing (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing is called for short OADM).Since the last century the nineties, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has obtained tremendous development as the best means of building the high capacity Optical Transmission Network OTN.Broadband light wavelength-division multiplex technique in recent years, particularly thick light WDM technology (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing is called for short CWDM) demonstrates huge development space again in the construction on the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
No matter be early stage dual wavelength optical wavelength-division multiplex (as 850/1310nm, 1310/1550nm WDM), still intensive optical wavelength-division multiplex all is a kind of main device developing direction based on the device of optical film filter.Optical film filter manufacture craft maturation is easy to produce stable work in work in batches.Based on the general coupling element that adopts single-mode fiber I/O, lenticule as light in the light wavelength division multiplexing device of optical film filter.
That DWDM or CWDM generally have is several, tens even a hundreds of optical wavelength (channel).In based on optical film filter dense wave division multiplexer or thick light wavelength division multiplexing, each channel adopts the optical filter of particular characteristic to carry out filtering.The multiplexing demultiplexing device of forming multi-wavelength (channel) again by the mode of cascade.At present, can realize the multiplex/demultiplex of 32 ripples, 40 ripples based on the light wavelength division multiplexing of optical film filter.With optical comb filter (Interleaver), also can constitute the multiplex/demultiplex of 80 ripples even 160 ripples.
In the network management of the wavelength-division multiplex system of a plurality of channels, often need the optical property of on-line monitoring fibre circuit.These performances comprise: optical wavelength, the luminous power of each wavelength (channel), Optical Signal To Noise Ratio etc.And the detection of luminous power is the basic demand of optical property monitoring.Light wavelength-multiplexing systems need be surveyed the luminous power of each wavelength (channel) at large.The luminous power of each wavelength (channel) can provide transmission system certain optical property information, is beneficial to system feedback.
Traditional in the past method that light signal is monitored, as shown in Figure 1, i.e. the detection of each channel light power is to adopt two discrete modules to realize: optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module 1 and optical power detecting module 2.Optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer module 1 is finished the function with each wavelength (channel) multiplex/demultiplex, before multiplexing or each wavelength (channel) behind the demultiplexing link to each other with a port in the optical power detecting module 2, by a so-called beam split fiber coupler 2.1, be divided into the last one one weak (as 95/5 97/3 or the splitting ratio of other ratios) two paths of signals, low light level signal enters photo-detector 2.2, and the high light signal enters light receiving unit JS.Make the module volume of realizing these two functions increase optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module 1 and optical power detecting module 2 discrete modes, be unfavorable for the system integration, and increased the instability of integral device.
Sometimes, in optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module 1, also adopt power detecting element to be placed in the module with fiber coupler.Will bring some other problem like this: at first, the encapsulation of fiber coupler just has the dimensions itself; The crooked size of fiber coupler I/O optical fiber has certain limitation to device size.Secondly, being connected of each channel I/O optical fiber of fiber coupler and multiplex/demultiplex needs welding, fiber coupler needs welding too with being connected of photo-detector (the normally PIN pipe of the fine output of magnetic tape trailer), and optical fiber welding loss often brings the excess loss of device; The protection of optical fiber solder joint also is the technological problems of a complexity.Under the situation of multiplex/demultiplex number of wavelengths more (as 16,32 even 40 tunnel), the bulk of device is big, and the problem of thereupon bringing will be more and more outstanding.
At present, more existing Chinese patents relate to light wavelength division multiplexing.
Chinese patent ZL 00119050.4 " a kind of method that adopts double-fiber collimator to make dense wave division multiplexer ", be a kind ofly to utilize sphere or non-spherical lens different curvature radius R, or the difference of utilizing GRIN Lens to focus on constant A produce the method for different angles confluent angle to same interval kapillary double-fiber collimator.
Described a kind of dense wave division multiplexer among the Chinese patent ZL 00240681.0 " a kind of dense wave division multiplexer ", having comprised: the incident light collimating apparatus, accepted the reflected light collimating apparatus and receive the transmitted light collimating apparatus.
Chinese patent ZL 00241057.5 " a kind of tight type encapsulation high-isolation wavelength division multiplexer " is the WDM diaphragm that adopts three optical fiber collimators and respective prisms and make to reflect and do optical filter.
All do not relate to the optical power detecting device in the above patent.The detection of each channel light power must adopt discrete optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module and optical power detecting module to realize in these optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexings.Equally make whole device volume increase with above-mentioned reason, be unfavorable for the system integration, and increased the instability of integral device.
Summary of the invention
The utility model purpose is to overcome the problem and shortage that exists in the prior art, and a kind of optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer with optical power detecting is provided.
Specifically, to be solved in the utility model be above-mentioned optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module and optical power detecting module separate caused device size big, be unfavorable for the system integration, increased the problems such as instability of integral device; And the PIN pipe photo-detector that adopts fiber coupler to add the fine output of magnetic tape trailer is surveyed as the light intensity of Thin Film Filter type light multiplexing demultiplexing device and problem such as the welding loss, solder joint protection, the device size that cause be big.
The utility model purpose is to realize like this.This optical power detecting is to utilize the micro-optics technology to replace the beam split (being so-called light splitting coupler) that fiber coupler is realized luminous power, and the optical power detecting function of each wavelength (channel) is integrated in each unit of light multiplex/demultiplex.
The utility model mainly is made up of I/O optical fiber, optical microlens, WDM optical filter, spectrophotometric unit and light intensity probe unit.It is characterized in that, directly adopt micro optical element that main optical path is carried out beam split in the light path after light is by optical filter, survey then, or the detector that directly adopts the band light intensity to detect.This structure of the present utility model can be integrated in micro-optic optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing and optical power detecting element in the device of a miniaturization, carries out the real-time detection of luminous power in to optical multiplexed signal usefulness or demultiplexing.
1, described spectrophotometric unit has adopted three kinds of schemes:
One is partial reflection optical filter (branch light-reflecting sheet) beam split based on deielectric-coating, and acting as a part of transmittance to detector of it is coupled and most of light is reflexed to lens;
It is two for prismatic decomposition, and acting as of it reflexes to detector with a part of light, and most of transmittance is coupled to lens;
Its three detector for the band intensity monitor, its effect is to make most of light transmission, and small part light is detected the device reception and is used for the light signal of incident is monitored.
Its concrete structure is:
1. spectrophotometric unit or behind demultiplexing unit by by twin-core contact pin 3.2, collimation lens 4.3 and divide beam split in the unit that light-reflecting sheet 11 forms, PIN manages detector 6 and directly places main optical path.
2. spectrophotometric unit or utilize 8 pairs of main shaft light paths of Amici prism beam split of two 45 degree hypotenuse right-angle prisms gummeds, it is vertical with main optical path to survey light path, and PIN manages detector 6 and directly is connected with Amici prism 8.
3. spectrophotometric unit or the rhombic prism 9 that utilizes a miter angle for Amici prism to the beam split of main shaft light path, it is parallel with main optical path to survey light path, PIN manages detector 6 and directly is connected with beam split rhombic prism 9.
2, described light intensity probe unit has adopted two kinds of schemes,
One is common detector;
Its two detector for the band intensity monitor, its effect is to make most of light transmission, and small part light is detected the device reception and is used for the light signal of incident is monitored.
The utlity model has following outstanding advantage and good effect:
1. compact conformation, volume is little;
2. device integrated level height, cost is low;
3. be easy to the system integration.
Description of drawings
The schematic diagram that Fig. 1 monitors light signal for classic method;
Fig. 2 is the utility model embodiment 1 structural representation;
Fig. 3 is the utility model embodiment 2 structural representations;
Fig. 4 is the utility model embodiment 3 structural representations;
Fig. 5 is the utility model embodiment 4 structural representations;
Fig. 6 is the utility model embodiment 5 structural representations;
Fig. 7 is the utility model embodiment 6 structural representations.
Wherein:
1-optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module;
2-optical power detecting module, 2.1-beam split fiber coupler, 2.2-photo-detector;
3-twin-core contact pin, promptly a kind of at regular intervals, the diplopore glass capillary that can fix two optical fiber, present embodiment is selected the twin-core contact pin of 127 μ m-166 μ m spacings, internal diameter 127 μ m for use;
The 4-lens comprise spherical lens or GRIN Lens, and present embodiment is selected the GRIN Lens of 0.23-0.249 pitch for use;
The 5-optical filter, promptly a kind of wavelength selective filters, present embodiment preferred dimension 1.4mm * 1.4mm * 1mm deielectric-coating spike interference filter;
6-PIN manages detector, and promptly a kind of semiconductor photo detector, present embodiment are selected the low-frequency response photodetector of optical communication with coaxial packaging for use;
The single core contact pin of 7-, promptly a kind of single hole glass capillary, present embodiment are selected single core contact pin of internal diameter 127 μ m for use;
The 8-Amici prism promptly glues together the prism that forms by two prisms, and present embodiment is selected the right angle Amici prism for use, and the reflecting surface reflectivity gets 5%;
9-beam split rhombic prism, promptly a kind of two prisms that reflecting surface is parallel to each other, present embodiment is selected the rhombic prism of miter angle reflecting surface for use, and the first reflecting surface reflectivity is got 5%, the second reflecting surface reflectivity and is got 99.9%;
The detector that 10-band light intensity detects had promptly a kind ofly both made most of light transmission, can survey the device of small part light again, present embodiment select for use can printing opacity thin layer PN junction semiconductor material;
11-divides light-reflecting sheet, promptly a kind of reflector plate that makes most of light transmission, the reflection of fraction light, and present embodiment is selected the branch light-reflecting sheet of 95/5 splitting ratio for use;
12-optical fiber, promptly a kind of circular light transmission waveguide, present embodiment is selected the SMF-28 single-mode fiber for use;
The JS-receiving element, promptly a kind of photoreceiver.
Embodiment
Now reaching accompanying drawing in conjunction with the embodiments describes in detail.
In the utility model, realized the integrated of optical wavelength-division multiplex/demultiplexing module and light monitoring module, following six embodiment are arranged.
Embodiment one, as shown in Figure 2, this structure is formed, and is connected successively in the following order from left to right or arrangement by two twin-core contact pins 3, three lens 4, optical filter 5, PIN pipe detector 6, single core contact pin 7, a beam split optical filter 11: twin-core contact pin 3.1, lens 4.1, optical filter 5, lens 4.2, single core contact pin 7, twin-core contact pin 3.2, lens 4.3, beam split optical filter 11, PIN manages detector 6.
Its principle of work is: input optical signal incides WDM optical filter 5 via twin-core contact pin 3.1 back scioptics 4.1, and the light signal that reflects from WDM optical filter 5 is coupled to the output waveguide of twin-core contact pin 3.1 via lens 4.1 once more; The effect of lens 4.2 then is that the light signal λ from 5 transmissions of WDM optical filter is coupled to the optical waveguide of single core contact pin 7; In like manner, be collimated to branch light-reflecting sheet 11 by collimation lens 4.3 after 3.2 outgoing of λ optical signals twin-core contact pin, like this, thereby PIN pipe detector 6 is accepted the purpose that the part optical signals of λ signal reaches the light intensity monitoring.By the λ light signal of minute light-reflecting sheet 11 reflection via lens 4.3 and twin-core contact pin 3.2 to receiving element.
Embodiment two, as shown in Figure 3, this structure is made up of the Amici prism 8 of the single core contact pin of 6, of a twin-core contact pin 3, two lens 4, optical filter 5, PIN pipes 7, a gummed, and connect successively in the following order from left to right or arrangement: twin-core contact pin 3, lens 4.1, the Amici prism 8 of gummed, lens 4.2, single core contact pin 7; The reflecting surface of the Amici prism 8 of gummed is connected with PIN pipe 6.
Its principle of work is: input optical signal incides WDM optical filter 5 via twin-core contact pin 3 back scioptics 4.1, and the light signal that reflects from WDM optical filter 5 is coupled to the output waveguide of twin-core contact pin 3 via lens 4.1 once more; And the light signal λ that comes from 5 transmissions of WDM optical filter is divided into the weak two ways of optical signals of power the last one one with the λ signal after by the Amici prism 8 of gummed, and like this, thereby PIN pipe detector 6 receives the purpose that the weak signal part of λ signals reaches the light intensity monitoring.The strong signal section of λ signal via lens 4.2 and single core contact pin 7 outgoing to receiving element JS.
Embodiment three, as shown in Figure 4, this structure and embodiment two are similar, comprise that a twin-core contact pin 3, two lens 4, optical filter 5, PIN pipe detector 6, single core contact pin 7, an Amici prism 9 form, and connect successively in the following order from left to right or arrange: twin-core contact pin 3, lens 4.1, optical filter 5, Amici prism 9, lens 4.2, single core contact pin 7; Amici prism 9 also is connected with PIN pipe detector 6.
Its principle of work and embodiment two are similar.
Embodiment four, as shown in Figure 5, this structure is made up of the detector 10 of a twin-core contact pin 3, two lens 4 (planar lens or spherical lens), WDM optical filter 5, a band intensity monitor, a single core contact pin 7, and connect successively in the following order from left to right or arrangement: twin-core contact pin 3, lens 4.1, optical filter 5, the detector 10 of band intensity monitor, lens 4.2, single core contact pin 7; The detector 10 of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector 6.
Its principle of work is: input signal incides WDM optical filter 5 via twin-core contact pin 3 back scioptics 4.1, and the light signal that reflects from WDM optical filter 5 is coupled to the output waveguide of twin-core contact pin via lens 4 once more; Will be after by the detector 10 of band intensity monitor by the λ signal of WDM optical filter 5 transmissions via lens 4.2 and single core contact pin 7 outgoing to receiving element JS.
Embodiment five, as shown in Figure 6, this structure is made up of the detector 10 of a twin-core contact pin 3, two lens 4 (planar lens or spherical lens), WDM optical filter 5, a band intensity monitor, a single core contact pin 7, and connect successively in the following order from left to right or arrangement: twin-core contact pin 3, lens 4.1, optical filter 5, lens 4.2, the detector 10 of band intensity monitor, single core contact pin 7; The detector 10 of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector 6.Here, the detector 10 of band intensity monitor is placed between lens 4 and the single core contact pin 7.
Its principle of work is: input signal incides WDM optical filter 5 via twin-core contact pin 3 back scioptics 4.1, and the light signal that reflects from WDM optical filter 5 is coupled to the output waveguide of twin-core contact pin via lens 4 once more; By will be behind the WDM optical filter 5 transmission λ signal scioptics 4.2 via the band detector 10 of intensity monitor and single core contact pin 7 outgoing to receiving element JS.Here, the detector 10 of band intensity monitor is placed between lens 4 and the single core contact pin 7.
Embodiment six, and as shown in Figure 7, this structure is by a twin-core contact pin 3, two lens 4 (planar lens or spherical lens), 10, one single core contact pins 7 of the detector of 5, one bands of WDM optical filter intensity monitor are formed, and connect successively in the following order from left to right or arrangement: twin-core contact pin 3, lens 4.1, optical filter 5, lens 4.2, single core contact pin 7, the detector 10 of band intensity monitor; The detector 10 of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector 6.
Its principle of work is: input signal incides WDM optical filter 5 via twin-core contact pin 3 back scioptics 4, and the light signal that reflects from WDM optical filter 5 is coupled to the output waveguide of twin-core contact pin via lens 4 once more; In the optical waveguide in the single core contact pin 7 of WDM optical filter 5 transmission λ signal scioptics, 4 couplings.The λ flashlight is when passing through the detector of band intensity monitor, and part light is received and is used for surveying, and most of light signal will be through outgoing to receiving element JS.
Claims (4)
1, the optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer of band optical power detecting, the detector that includes I/O optical fiber, optical microlens, WDM optical filter, spectrophotometric unit and be not coupled with optical fiber; It is characterized in that forming, and connect successively in the following order or arrangement by following elements:
1. or be twin-core contact pin (3.1), lens (4.1), optical filter (5), lens (4.2), single core contact pin (7), twin-core contact pin (3.2), lens (4.3), beam split optical filter (11), PIN manages detector (6);
2. or be twin-core contact pin (3), lens (4.1), the Amici prism of gummed (8), lens (4.2), single core contact pin (7); The reflecting surface of the Amici prism (8) of gummed is connected with PIN pipe (6);
3. or be twin-core contact pin (3), lens (4.1), optical filter (5), Amici prism (9), lens (4.2), single core contact pin (7); Amici prism (9) also is connected with PIN pipe detector (6);
4. or be twin-core contact pin (3), lens (4.1), optical filter (5), the detector (10) of band intensity monitor, lens (4.2), single core contact pin (7); The detector (10) of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector (6);
5. or be twin-core contact pin (3), lens (4.1), optical filter (5), lens (4.2), the detector (10) of band intensity monitor, single core contact pin (7); The detector (10) of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector (6); The detector (10) of band intensity monitor is placed between lens (4) and the single core contact pin (7);
6. or be twin-core contact pin (3), lens (4.1), optical filter (5), lens (4.2), single core contact pin (7), the detector (10) of band intensity monitor; The detector (10) of band intensity monitor also is connected with PIN pipe detector (6).
2, press the optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer of the described band optical power detecting of claim 1, it is characterized in that: spectrophotometric unit or behind demultiplexing unit by by twin-core contact pin (3.2), collimation lens (4.3) and divide beam split in the unit that light-reflecting sheet (11) forms, PIN manages detector (6) and directly places main optical path.
3, press the optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer of the described band optical power detecting of claim 1, it is characterized in that: spectrophotometric unit or the Amici prisms (8) that utilize two 45 degree hypotenuse right-angle prisms gummeds are to the beam split of main shaft light path, it is vertical with main optical path to survey light path, and PIN pipe detector (6) directly is connected with Amici prism (8).
4, press the optical wavelength-division multiplex/demodulation multiplexer of the described band optical power detecting of claim 1, it is characterized in that: spectrophotometric unit or the rhombic prism (9) that utilizes a miter angle for Amici prism to the beam split of main shaft light path, it is parallel with main optical path to survey light path, and PIN pipe detector (6) directly is connected with beam split rhombic prism (9).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 02284521 CN2591652Y (en) | 2002-12-05 | 2002-12-05 | Optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device with light power detection |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN 02284521 CN2591652Y (en) | 2002-12-05 | 2002-12-05 | Optical wave divided multiplexing/dis-multiplexing device with light power detection |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100342676C (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2007-10-10 | 武汉光迅科技股份有限公司 | Optical wave-division complexing/decomplexing apparatus with optical power detection |
| CN101846577A (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2010-09-29 | 珠海保税区光联通讯技术有限公司 | Passive optical fiber sensor and optical fiber detection system |
| CN101051868B (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2012-07-18 | Jds尤尼弗思公司 | Tunable optical add/drop multiplexer |
| CN102624462A (en) * | 2011-02-01 | 2012-08-01 | 深圳新飞通光电子技术有限公司 | Wavelength division multiplexing single optical fiber bidirectional optical device |
| CN102832529A (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2012-12-19 | 武汉光迅科技股份有限公司 | Dual-frequency-laser-based photoproduction tunable microwave source and frequency stabilization control method |
| CN107014828A (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2017-08-04 | 济南大学 | Detect the dual-wavelength coaxial fibre optical sensor and method of steel ball surface defect |
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2002
- 2002-12-05 CN CN 02284521 patent/CN2591652Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100342676C (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2007-10-10 | 武汉光迅科技股份有限公司 | Optical wave-division complexing/decomplexing apparatus with optical power detection |
| CN101051868B (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2012-07-18 | Jds尤尼弗思公司 | Tunable optical add/drop multiplexer |
| CN101846577A (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2010-09-29 | 珠海保税区光联通讯技术有限公司 | Passive optical fiber sensor and optical fiber detection system |
| CN102624462A (en) * | 2011-02-01 | 2012-08-01 | 深圳新飞通光电子技术有限公司 | Wavelength division multiplexing single optical fiber bidirectional optical device |
| CN102832529A (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2012-12-19 | 武汉光迅科技股份有限公司 | Dual-frequency-laser-based photoproduction tunable microwave source and frequency stabilization control method |
| CN102832529B (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2014-12-31 | 武汉光迅科技股份有限公司 | Dual-frequency-laser-based photoproduction tunable microwave source and frequency stabilization control method |
| CN107014828A (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2017-08-04 | 济南大学 | Detect the dual-wavelength coaxial fibre optical sensor and method of steel ball surface defect |
| CN107014828B (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2023-10-13 | 济南大学 | Dual-wavelength coaxial optical fiber sensor and method for detecting surface defects of steel balls |
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Owner name: WUHAN GUANGXUN TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Free format text: FORMER NAME OR ADDRESS: WUHAN GUANGXUN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. |
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| CP01 | Change in the name or title of a patent holder |
Patentee after: Guangxun Science-Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan Patentee before: Wuhan Guangxun Science and Technology Co., Ltd. |
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Granted publication date: 20031210 Termination date: 20111205 |