CN218712135U - Double-concave-surface friction pendulum support with variable self-limiting reset friction coefficient - Google Patents
Double-concave-surface friction pendulum support with variable self-limiting reset friction coefficient Download PDFInfo
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- CN218712135U CN218712135U CN202220573018.0U CN202220573018U CN218712135U CN 218712135 U CN218712135 U CN 218712135U CN 202220573018 U CN202220573018 U CN 202220573018U CN 218712135 U CN218712135 U CN 218712135U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a double-concave surface friction pendulum support with variable self-limiting reset friction coefficient, which comprises a first energy consumption pendulum seat, a central energy consumption block, a second energy consumption pendulum seat, a displacement restriction ring, a high-damping rubber ring, a stainless steel ring and a spring; the utility model has 3 energy consumption mechanisms, the central energy consumption slide block is positioned between the first energy consumption swing seat and the second energy consumption swing seat, and the friction coefficient of the friction plate between the central energy consumption slide block and the first energy consumption swing seat and the second energy consumption swing seat is increased from inside to outside in sequence; a friction plate is arranged between the stainless steel sliding plate and the stainless steel supporting plate; the inner side of the displacement restriction ring is provided with a high damping rubber-spring ring. The utility model discloses can accurate discernment earthquake, have outstanding damping, rigidity self-adaptation regulating energy ability, the shock attenuation power consumption ability reinforce, and have outstanding spacing, the reset function of self-adaptation, belong to shock insulation technical field.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a shock insulation technical field especially relates to a from changeable biconcave surface friction pendulum support of spacing coefficient of friction that resets.
Background
China is one of the most intense countries of earthquake activity in the world, highway bridges in China are often seriously damaged in earthquakes, huge personnel loss and economic loss are caused, and once the highway bridges are seriously damaged as life line engineering in earthquake relief, the difficulty of earthquake relief is greatly increased. Therefore, in the current bridge construction, it is important to pay attention to research on improving the seismic performance of the existing or bridge construction structure.
The friction pendulum support is developed by the plane shock insulation system that slides and comes, but the coefficient of friction and the curvature radius of traditional friction pendulum support are the definite value, the damping that traditional friction pendulum support provided and rigidity also are the definite value, can not accurate discernment earthquake, the damping performance of friction plate support does not have obvious change under different intensity seismic action, under rare chance earthquake and rare chance earthquake effect, the slippage of friction pendulum support can exceed its design effective sliding displacement volume, make the support take place to destroy, further lead to the structure earthquake to destroy. Although the novel friction pendulum support disclosed in the prior art has certain damping self-adaptive adjustment capability, and solves certain problems in actual engineering, the novel friction pendulum support still has the following defects:
1. the friction surface of the friction pendulum support is too small, the friction energy consumption capability is limited, and the loss of the friction surface is aggravated.
2. The friction pendulum support has constant friction coefficient, damping and rigidity and limited self-adaptive adjustment.
3. The friction pendulum support has weak limiting and resetting capability, and the support is easy to slide and damage under the action of rare earthquakes and extremely rare earthquakes.
In summary, the existing friction pendulum support has many places to be improved in structure and function. The friction pendulum support has the advantages that damping and rigidity are variable, an earthquake can be accurately identified, self-adaption energy can be strong, and limiting and resetting capabilities are excellent.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
An object of the utility model is to provide a have outstanding damping, rigidity self-adaptation ability of adjusting, from spacing, reset function powerful, can accurate discernment earthquake, the strong two concave surface friction pendulum support of shock attenuation power consumption ability for provide bigger friction and consume the ability, reach and reduce superstructure displacement and internal force, increase of service life's purpose.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a from changeable biconcave surface friction pendulum support of spacing coefficient of friction that resets, characterized by contains: the energy-consuming swing seat comprises a first energy-consuming swing seat, a central energy-consuming slide block and a second energy-consuming swing seat, wherein the central energy-consuming slide block is positioned between the first energy-consuming swing seat and the second energy-consuming swing seat, a spherical convex surface at the upper end of the central energy-consuming slide block is in contact with a spherical concave surface of the first energy-consuming swing seat, a spherical convex surface at the lower end of the central energy-consuming slide block is in contact with a spherical concave surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat, a first friction plate is arranged on the spherical concave surface of the first energy-consuming swing seat, a second friction plate is arranged on the spherical concave surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat, the first friction plate and the second friction plate are identical in size and shape and are spherical surfaces, and the spherical convex surface of the central energy-consuming slide block is a stainless steel surface.
Furthermore, a plurality of areas with different friction coefficients are arranged on the first friction plate and the second friction plate, so that the friction force between the central energy consumption sliding block and the first energy consumption swing seat and the friction force between the central energy consumption sliding block and the second energy consumption swing seat are changed along with the position change of the central energy consumption sliding block on the energy consumption swing seat.
Furthermore, the first friction plate and the second friction plate are circular and comprise a solid circular area and a plurality of concentric circular areas which are sequentially distributed outwards from the center of the solid circular area.
Furthermore, the shapes of the upper part and the lower part of the central energy consumption sliding block are matched with the shapes of the solid circular areas of the first friction plate and the second friction plate.
Furthermore, the friction coefficient of the solid circular areas of the first friction plate and the second friction plate is minimum, the friction coefficient distribution of each concentric circular area is gradually increased from the center of the solid circular area to the outside, and the friction coefficient of the solid circular areas of the first friction plate and the second friction plate is mu 1 The first concentric circular ring region has a coefficient of friction of mu from the center of the solid circular ring region to the outside 2 The friction coefficient of the second concentric ring region is mu 3 The friction coefficient of the third concentric ring region is mu 4 ,μ 1 <μ 2 <μ 3 <μ 4 。
Furthermore, the first friction plate and the second friction plate are both made of synthetic materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene.
Furthermore, the first energy dissipation pendulum seat, the first friction plate, the central energy dissipation slide block, the second energy dissipation pendulum seat and the second friction plate form a 1 st friction mechanism.
Furthermore, the first energy-consumption swing seat, the central energy-consumption swing seat and the second energy-consumption swing seat are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the lower surface of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat is a spherical concave surface, the upper surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block is a spherical convex surface, the spherical concave surface of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat is in contact with and matched with the spherical convex surface of the upper surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block, and the spherical concave surface of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat covers the spherical convex surface of the upper surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block; the upper surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat is a spherical concave surface, the lower surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block is a spherical convex surface, the spherical concave surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat is in contact with and matched with the spherical convex surface of the lower surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block, and the spherical concave surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat covers the spherical convex surface of the lower surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block.
Furthermore, displacement restraint rings are arranged on the edge of the spherical concave surface of the first energy-consumption swing seat and the edge of the spherical concave surface of the second energy-consumption swing seat, and high-damping rubber-spring rings are arranged on the inner sides of the displacement restraint rings.
Furthermore, the high damping rubber-spring ring is characterized in that a circle of stainless steel ring is bonded and fixed on the outer side of the high damping rubber ring, 6 springs are uniformly arranged on the outer side of the displacement restraint ring along the circumference, one end of each spring is fixedly connected with the displacement restraint ring through welding or a bolt, and the other end of each spring is fixedly connected with the stainless steel ring through welding or a bolt, so that the high damping rubber-spring ring is convenient to process and install.
Further, the rubber in the high damping rubber-spring ring is high damping rubber, and the spring is a shape memory alloy spring or a stainless steel spring.
Furthermore, the displacement restriction ring, the spring, the stainless steel ring and the high damping rubber ring form a 2 nd friction mechanism.
Furthermore, the bottom end of the high-damping rubber is fixedly bonded with one end of the stainless steel sliding plate.
Furthermore, 6 stainless steel sliding plates are uniformly arranged along the circumference at the position of the stainless steel sliding plate synchronous spring,
furthermore, 6 stainless steel supporting plates are uniformly arranged at the position of a synchronous spring at the bottom end of the displacement restraint ring along the circumference, and the stainless steel supporting plates are fixed at the bottom end of the displacement restraint ring through welding or bolts; the other end of the stainless steel sliding plate is placed on the stainless steel supporting plate, the width of the stainless steel sliding plate is smaller than that of the stainless steel supporting plate, the stainless steel sliding plate can freely and horizontally slide on the stainless steel supporting plate, and a baffle is arranged at one end of the stainless steel sliding plate.
Furthermore, a third friction plate is arranged on the stainless steel sliding plate, and the shape and the size of the third friction plate are the same as those of the stainless steel sliding plate.
Further, the third friction plate is rectangular, and the friction coefficient of the third friction plate is mu 5 。
Further, the third friction plate is made of a synthetic material based on polytetrafluoroethylene.
Further, the displacement restricting ring, the stainless steel supporting plate and the stainless steel sliding plate form a 3 rd friction mechanism.
Furthermore, a plurality of reserved bolt holes are formed in the first energy-consuming swing seat and the second energy-consuming swing seat, the first energy-consuming swing seat is fixedly connected with the upper structure through welding or bolts, and the second energy-consuming swing seat is fixedly connected with the lower structure through welding or bolts.
Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following advantage and beneficial effect do:
1. the utility model discloses have 3 friction mechanisms, have 8 friction plates, and wherein the coefficient of friction of 2 friction plates is variable, the utility model discloses the shock attenuation power consumption ability is strong.
2. Under the earthquake effect of different intensity, the utility model discloses can accurate discernment earthquake, have outstanding rigidity and damping self-adaptation regulating energy, and different rigidity and damping performance can smooth adjustment in succession.
3. The high-damping rubber-spring ring, the displacement restraint ring, the stainless steel slide plate, the third friction plate and the stainless steel supporting plate can limit the movement of the central energy dissipation sliding block under the action of strong shock, so that strong limiting and resetting capabilities are provided, the friction pendulum support can be effectively prevented from being damaged, the seismic energy is better consumed, and the structural seismic displacement and the internal force are reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a double-concave friction pendulum support with a variable self-limiting and resetting friction coefficient according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of a top view structure of the double-concave friction pendulum support with a self-limiting and resetting changeable friction coefficient.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the high damping rubber-spring ring structure of the double-concave friction pendulum support with a variable self-limiting and resetting friction coefficient according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the utility model provides a from overlooking the structural schematic diagram of the changeable double concave surface friction pendulum support of limit to reset coefficient of friction's third friction plate structure.
In the figure: the energy-saving swing seat comprises a first energy-consuming swing seat 1, a second energy-consuming swing seat 2, a central energy-consuming sliding block 3, a first energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 4, a second energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 5, a first friction plate 6, a second friction plate 7, a high-damping rubber ring 8, a stainless steel ring 9, a spring 10, a stainless steel sliding plate 11, a displacement restraining ring 12, a stainless steel supporting plate 13, a third friction plate 14 and a bolt hole 15.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments.
Referring to fig. 1-2, a double-concave friction pendulum support with a variable self-limiting reset friction coefficient comprises a first energy-consuming pendulum seat 1, a central energy-consuming slider 3 and a second energy-consuming pendulum seat 2 which are sequentially arranged from bottom to bottom, wherein the lower surface of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat 1 is a spherical concave surface, the upper surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3 is a spherical convex surface, the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat is matched with the spherical convex surface of the upper surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3, the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat covers the spherical convex surface of the upper surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3, so that the first energy-consuming pendulum seat 1 is in contact with the central energy-consuming slider 3, and the central energy-consuming slider 3 and the first energy-consuming pendulum seat can relatively slide; the upper surface of the second energy-consuming pendulum seat 2 is a spherical concave surface, the lower surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3 is a spherical convex surface, the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming pendulum seat is matched with the spherical convex surface of the lower surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3, the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming pendulum seat covers the spherical convex surface of the lower surface of the central energy-consuming slider 3, contact between the second energy-consuming pendulum seat 2 and the central energy-consuming slider 3 is achieved, and the central energy-consuming slider 3 and the second energy-consuming pendulum seat 2 can slide relatively.
Spherical radius of spherical concave surface 4 of first energy-consumption swing seatThe spherical radius of the spherical concave surface 5 of the two energy-consuming swing seats is the same as that of the spherical convex surface of the central energy-consuming slide block 3, and the two spherical concave surfaces are R 0 Radius R 0 The value of (b) is determined according to actual engineering requirements. The areas of the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat and the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming pendulum are equal and are both larger than the area of the spherical convex surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block 3, and the spherical convex surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block 3 is both in the range of the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming pendulum seat and the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming pendulum seat.
A first friction plate 6 is arranged on the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming swing seat, a second friction plate 7 is arranged on the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming swing seat, and the spherical radiuses of the first friction plate 6 and the second friction plate 7 are both R 0 The energy-consuming sliding block is made of synthetic materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene, and the spherical convex surface of the central energy-consuming sliding block 3 is a stainless steel surface.
Referring to fig. 3, the first friction plate 6 and the second friction plate 7 are circular, and include a central solid circular region 7-1 and a plurality of concentric circular regions sequentially distributed outward from the center of the solid circular region 7-1, where the radius of the solid circular region 7-1 is R 1 The first concentric annular ring region 7-2 has a radius R 2 The second concentric circular ring region 7-3 has a radius R 3 The third concentric circular ring area 7-4 has a radius R 4 In practical engineering, the size of the solid circular area, the number of the circular areas and the width can be set according to requirements.
The friction coefficients of the solid circular areas 7-1 on the first friction plate 6 and the second friction plate 7 are minimum, the friction coefficients of the first concentric circular area 7-2, the second concentric circular area 7-3 and the third concentric circular area 7-4 are sequentially increased from the center of the solid circular area 7-1 to the outside, and the friction coefficient of the solid circular area 7-1 is mu 1 The first concentric annular ring region 7-2 has a coefficient of friction of mu 2 The second concentric annular region 7-3 has a coefficient of friction of mu 3 The third concentric annular region 7-4 has a coefficient of friction of mu 4 ,μ 1 <μ 2 <μ 3 <μ 4 The friction coefficient mu can be set according to the actual engineering requirement 1 、μ 2 、μ 3 、μ 4 Value of (2) will center solid circular area 7The friction coefficient of-1 is set to be minimum, and the friction coefficient of each circular ring area is increased from the solid circular area 7-1 to the outside in sequence, so that the friction coefficient of the friction plate is increased along with the increase of the sliding displacement of the central energy consumption slide block 3 in an earthquake, and therefore, larger friction force is provided, and the internal force and the displacement of the upper structure are reduced.
Referring to fig. 2-4, displacement restraining rings 12 are respectively arranged at the edge of the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy consumption plate seat and the edge of the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy consumption plate seat, and high-damping rubber-spring rings are arranged at the inner sides of the displacement restraining rings 12. The high-damping rubber-spring ring is characterized in that a circle of stainless steel ring 9 is fixedly bonded on the outer side of the high-damping rubber ring 8, 6 springs 13 are uniformly arranged on the outer side of the displacement restraining ring 12 along the circumference, one end of each spring 13 is fixedly connected with the displacement restraining ring 12 through welding or a bolt, and the other end of each spring 13 is fixedly connected with the stainless steel ring 9 through welding or a bolt.
The high-damping rubber-spring ring is made of high-damping rubber, and the spring is a shape memory alloy spring or a stainless steel spring.
8 bottom bonding fixed stainless steel slides 14 of high damping rubber ring, 6 stainless steel slides 11 of circumference evenly installed are followed to the position of 11 synchronizing spring 13 of stainless steel slide, and at the position of 12 bottom synchronizing spring 13 of displacement confinement ring, 6 stainless steel layer boards 13 of circumference evenly installed, stainless steel layer board 13 is through welding or bolt fastening in 12 bottoms of displacement confinement ring.
The other end of the stainless steel sliding plate 11 is placed on the stainless steel supporting plate 13, the width of the stainless steel sliding plate 11 is smaller than that of the stainless steel supporting plate 13, the stainless steel sliding plate 11 can freely and horizontally slide on the stainless steel supporting plate 13, and a baffle plate 14-1 is arranged at one end of the stainless steel sliding plate 11.
With reference to fig. 3-4, a third friction plate 14 is disposed on the contact surface between the stainless steel sliding plate 11 and the stainless steel supporting plate 13, the third friction plate 14 and the stainless steel sliding plate 11 have the same shape and size, the third friction plate 14 is rectangular, and the friction coefficient of the third friction plate 14 is μ 5 The third friction plate 14 is made of a synthetic material based on teflon.
The bolt holes 15 are formed in 4 corners of the first energy-consuming swing seat 1 and the second energy-consuming swing seat 2, the first energy-consuming swing seat 1 is fixedly connected with the upper structure of the bridge through welding or bolts, and the second energy-consuming swing seat 2 is fixedly connected with the lower structure through welding or bolts.
To sum up, the utility model discloses a theory of operation is: the spherical radius R of the convex surfaces of the first energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 4, the second energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 5 and the central energy-consuming slide block 3 is reasonably arranged 0 Radius R of solid circular region 7-1 on first friction plate 6 and second friction plate 7 1 Coefficient of friction mu 1 The width R of the first concentric annular region 7-2 on the first friction plate 6 and the second friction plate 7 2 And coefficient of friction mu 2 Width R of the second concentric annular region 7-3 3 And coefficient of friction mu 3 The width R of the third concentric circular ring area 7-4 4 And coefficient of friction mu 4 Coefficient of friction μ of the third friction plate 14 5 The energy consumption friction force of the friction pendulum support can be increased along with the increase of the sliding displacement of the central energy consumption sliding block 3 on the first energy consumption pendulum spherical concave surface 4 and the second energy consumption pendulum spherical concave surface 5. Once an earthquake occurs, the central energy-consuming sliding block 3 slides on the first energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 4 and the second energy-consuming swing seat spherical concave surface 5 to generate friction force to consume most of earthquake force, and the friction force is increased along with the increase of the sliding displacement of the central energy-consuming sliding block 3, namely a 1 st energy-consuming mechanism is formed; when the local vibration intensity is increased to be rarely encountered and extremely rarely encountered in the action of an earthquake, the central energy-consuming slide block 3 collides with the high-damping rubber ring 8 at the edge of the spherical concave surface 4 of the first energy-consuming swing seat and the high-damping rubber ring 8 at the edge of the spherical concave surface 5 of the second energy-consuming swing seat, the high-damping rubber-spring ring is compressed to generate damping force to consume part of earthquake force, the movement of the central energy-consuming slide block 3 is limited and the central energy-consuming slide block is reset, and a 2 nd energy-consuming mechanism is formed; when central power consumption slider 3 compression high damping rubber-spring ring, the stainless steel slide 11 of high damping rubber bottom removes to the stainless steel layer board 13 direction of displacement restraint ring 12 bottom, and third friction plate 14 is activated promptly, forms 3 rd power consumption mechanism promptly for this novel friction pendulum support has bigger restoring force and damping force, thereby can consume seismic energy better, reduce structure seismic displacement and internal force simultaneouslyProviding good reset capability.
The above, only be the concrete implementation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art is in the technical scope of the present invention, according to the technical solution of the present invention and the utility model, the concept of which is equivalent to replace or change, should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A double-concave friction pendulum support with a changeable self-limiting reset friction coefficient is characterized by comprising: a first dissipative pendulum seat (1); a second energy consumption pendulum seat (2); the central energy-consuming sliding block (3) is positioned between the first energy-consuming swing seat (1) and the second energy-consuming swing seat (2), a spherical convex surface at the upper end of the central energy-consuming sliding block (3) is contacted with a spherical concave surface of the first energy-consuming swing seat (1), and a spherical convex surface at the lower end of the central energy-consuming sliding block (3) is contacted with a spherical concave surface of the second energy-consuming swing seat (2); the first friction plate (6) is positioned on the spherical concave surface (4) of the first energy-consumption swing seat; the second friction plate (7) is positioned on the spherical concave surface (5) of the second energy-consumption swing seat; the high-damping rubber-spring ring is positioned at the displacement restraining ring (12) at the edge of the spherical concave surface (4) of the first energy-consumption swing seat and the displacement restraining ring (12) at the edge of the spherical concave surface (5) of the second energy-consumption swing seat; the third friction plate (14) is positioned on the stainless steel sliding plate (11) at the bottom end of the high-damping rubber ring (8); and the stainless steel supporting plate (13) is positioned at the bottom end of the displacement restriction ring (12).
2. The double-concave friction pendulum support with the variable self-limiting resetting friction coefficient according to claim 1, wherein: the first friction plate (6) and the second friction plate (7) are the same in size and shape, are spherical, and have the radius of R 0 The circular ring comprises a solid circular area (7-1), and a first concentric circular ring area (7-2), a second concentric circular ring area (7-3) and a third concentric circular ring area (7-4) which are sequentially distributed outwards from the center of the solid circular area (7-1), wherein the radius of the solid circular area (7-1) is R 1 The first concentric circular ring region (7-2) has a radius R 2 The second concentric circular ring region (7-3) has a radius R 3 Third concentric circleThe ring region (7-4) has a radius R 4 (ii) a The first friction plate (6) and the second friction plate (7) are both polytetrafluoroethylene plates; the radius of the spherical convex surfaces at the upper part and the lower part of the central energy-consuming slide block (3) is R 0 The friction coefficient of the first friction plate (6) and the friction coefficient of the second friction plate (7) are the minimum in the solid circular area (7-1), the friction coefficients of the circular rings distributed outwards from the center of the solid circular area (7-1) are sequentially increased, and the friction coefficient of the solid circular area (7-1) is mu 1 The first concentric annular ring region (7-2) has a coefficient of friction of mu 2 The friction coefficient of the second concentric circular ring region (7-3) is mu 3 The friction coefficient of the third concentric ring region (7-4) is mu 4 ,μ 1 <μ 2 <μ 3 <μ 4 。
3. The double-concave friction pendulum support with the variable self-limiting resetting friction coefficient according to claim 2, wherein: a circle of stainless steel ring (9) is bonded and fixed on the outer side of the high-damping rubber ring (8), 6 springs (10) are uniformly arranged on the outer side of the displacement restraint ring (12) along the circumference, one end of each spring (10) is fixedly connected with the displacement restraint ring (12), and the other end of each spring is fixedly connected with the stainless steel ring (9); the bottom end of the high-damping rubber ring (8) is fixedly connected with one end of a stainless steel sliding plate (11), the other end of the stainless steel sliding plate (11) is located on a stainless steel supporting plate (13), the shape and the size of the stainless steel sliding plate (11) are matched with those of the stainless steel supporting plate (13), the stainless steel sliding plate (11) can freely and horizontally slide on the stainless steel supporting plate (13), and a baffle plate (11-1) is arranged at one end of the stainless steel sliding plate (11).
4. The double-concave friction pendulum support with the variable self-limiting resetting friction coefficient according to claim 3, characterized in that: the stainless steel sliding plate (11) is provided with a third friction plate (14), the third friction plate (14) is rectangular, and the third friction plate (14) is a polytetrafluoroethylene plate.
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