CN211696881U - Multipoint dynamic measuring device with total pressure measuring points arranged back to back for total temperature - Google Patents

Multipoint dynamic measuring device with total pressure measuring points arranged back to back for total temperature Download PDF

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CN211696881U
CN211696881U CN202020132023.9U CN202020132023U CN211696881U CN 211696881 U CN211696881 U CN 211696881U CN 202020132023 U CN202020132023 U CN 202020132023U CN 211696881 U CN211696881 U CN 211696881U
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马宏伟
廖鑫
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Beihang University
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of flow field testing, and particularly relates to a multipoint dynamic measuring device with total temperature and total pressure measuring points arranged in a back-to-back manner. The head of the device is cylindrical, a pressure sensing hole with the middle sparse and two dense ends is formed in the surface of the device along the axial direction, a dynamic pressure sensor is packaged in the device, the pressure sensing hole is of a micro-damage smooth structure design, the central line respectively faces to the predicted incoming flow direction, the dynamic temperature sensor and the pressure sensing hole are distributed in the back direction, the central lines are collinear, and the dynamic temperature sensor slightly extends out of the cylindrical surface of the head. The invention can realize the simultaneous measurement of the multi-point dynamic total temperature and the total pressure of the blade row inlet, the blade row outlet and the interstage flow field in the flow channel of the impeller machine, and has the characteristics of large insensitive angle of the measured airflow, high measurement precision, high reliability and high spatial resolution.

Description

Multipoint dynamic measuring device with total pressure measuring points arranged back to back for total temperature
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of flow field dynamic total temperature and total pressure testing, and particularly relates to a multipoint dynamic measuring device with total temperature and total pressure measuring points arranged in a back-to-back manner, which is suitable for simultaneously and accurately measuring multipoint dynamic total temperature and total pressure of a flow field at an inlet, an outlet and an interstage of a blade in a flow channel of an impeller machine.
Background
In an experiment, impeller mechanical devices such as a gas compressor, a turbine, a pump, a fan and the like generally need to measure the dynamic total temperature and the total pressure of multiple points of an inlet, an outlet and an interstage of a blade row in a flow channel at the same time, the main flow direction of blade row distribution changes greatly, and the dynamic total temperature and the total pressure change is also large, so that the simultaneous measurement of the dynamic total temperature and the total pressure of the multiple points in the blade height direction is very difficult. The existing measurement technology has the following problems:
1. the single-point dynamic total pressure probe is adopted to measure the total pressure at different positions by means of a displacement mechanism arranged on the casing, and the single-point dynamic total temperature probe is also adopted to measure the dynamic total temperature at the same position by means of the displacement mechanism arranged on the casing. When the single-point dynamic total pressure probe and the single-point dynamic total temperature probe are used independently, on one hand, the measurement time is long, the test cost is high, more importantly, the working condition of the incoming flow may change to a certain extent, on the other hand, the measurement point positions of different probes are influenced by the positioning of the displacement mechanism, so that the positions of two measurements are different, and the flow field parameters measured by the two probes are not on the same streamline, so that great errors are caused.
2. The existing multipoint dynamic pressure measuring device mainly comprises a total pressure comb, generally consists of total pressure pipes with the same orientation, has large measurement error of a flow field with large change of an incoming flow direction, and cannot measure the dynamic total temperature at the same time.
3. The pressure sensing hole of the existing dynamic pressure measuring device is not in smooth transition, so that flow separation can be generated at the pressure sensing hole when the incoming flow angle is large, certain total pressure loss is caused, and pulsation generated by separation can interfere the dynamic total pressure measuring result, so that the measuring result is inaccurate.
4. When dynamic pressure is measured, a dynamic pressure sensor is generally packaged in a pressure sensing hole, in order to ensure the frequency response of the dynamic pressure sensor, the dynamic pressure sensor is very close to the orifice of the pressure sensing hole, and when the temperature changes violently, the dynamic pressure sensor can generate temperature drift to influence the accuracy of a measuring result. The existing dynamic pressure measuring device rarely considers the temperature drift phenomenon, and the total pressure measuring result is inaccurate.
5. The existing dynamic temperature and pressure combined probe is single-point measurement, and cannot realize simultaneous measurement of multiple points; and the dynamic temperature sensor and the pressure sensing hole are both arranged on the windward side of the probe and are opposite to the incoming flow, but the space on the surface of the probe needs to be occupied, so that the spatial resolution of flow field measurement is poor, and the temperature and pressure measuring points are not on the same flow line, so that a large measurement error can be caused. In addition, the dynamic temperature sensor is directly washed by fluid and is very easy to damage; is easily affected by oil stains and dust in the flow field; the insensitive angle of the airflow is small, and when the pitch angle or deflection angle of the incoming flow to be detected is large, the airflow cannot be fully stagnated; meanwhile, the surface of the dynamic temperature sensor has insufficient heat exchange, and the dynamic total temperature measurement error is large.
Due to the problems, the existing measurement technology cannot realize the measurement of the multi-point dynamic total temperature and total pressure of a blade row inlet, an outlet and an inter-stage flow field in a flow channel of the impeller machine, and researchers hope to obtain the parameters simultaneously for verifying the design and diagnosing so as to improve the design. Therefore, a multipoint dynamic total temperature and total pressure measuring device is urgently needed, and accurate measurement of multipoint dynamic total temperature and total pressure at the inlet, the outlet and the interstage of the blade row in the flow channel is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the single-point measurement consumes a long time, the experiment cost is high, and the dynamic total temperature and total pressure measuring points cannot be ensured to be on the same flow line; the existing multipoint measuring device can only realize the measurement of dynamic total pressure and cannot simultaneously measure multipoint dynamic total temperature; the existing dynamic pressure measuring device has unreasonable pressure sensing hole structure, large total pressure measurement loss and small airflow insensitivity angle, and flow separation causes interference on dynamic total pressure measurement; temperature drift causes errors in total pressure measurement; the existing dynamic temperature and pressure combined probe has large size and low spatial resolution, and cannot measure the dynamic total temperature and total pressure on the same flow line, thereby causing measurement errors; the dynamic temperature sensor is over against the main flow, is easy to damage and is easily influenced by oil stains and dust in the flow field, the insensitive angle of the airflow is small, when the pitch angle or deflection angle of the incoming flow to be detected is large, the airflow cannot be fully stagnant, meanwhile, the surface heat exchange of the dynamic temperature sensor is insufficient, and the total temperature measurement error is large.
The invention reasonably designs the positions and the sizes of the dynamic temperature sensor and the pressure sensing hole, and can realize the simultaneous measurement of the multi-point dynamic total temperature and the total pressure; the total pressure hole adopts a micro-loss fairing structure design, so that the total pressure loss and separation disturbance are reduced in a wider inflow angle range, and the measurement precision is improved; the dynamic temperature sensor is utilized to play a certain role in correcting and protecting the dynamic pressure sensor, so that the measurement error of the dynamic pressure sensor caused by temperature drift is eliminated, and the actual temperature is prevented from exceeding the upper limit of the normal working temperature range of the dynamic pressure sensor; the design concept of the traditional total temperature device is abandoned, the method that the dynamic temperature sensor faces the main stream and the stagnation cover is adopted to make the airflow stagnation so as to realize the total temperature measurement is not adopted for design, but based on years of research of the applicant, the layout and the structural design that the dynamic temperature sensor faces away from the main stream and is arranged on the lee side of the head of the device are creatively provided, and the dynamic temperature sensor faces the pressure sensing hole, so that the dynamic total temperature and the total pressure measurement of the same streamline can be ensured; the influence of the air flow on the dynamic temperature sensor, the oil drops, dust and the like mixed in the air flow on the dynamic temperature sensor is effectively reduced, and the service life of the dynamic temperature sensor is prolonged; the size of the head is effectively reduced, and the spatial resolution is improved; the convection heat transfer between the airflow and the dynamic temperature sensor is enhanced, and the temperature recovery coefficient is high and stable within a large deflection angle range.
The technical solution of the invention is as follows:
1. the utility model provides a total pressure measurement point back of body is to multiple spot dynamic measurement device who arranges of total temperature, by head (1), branch (2), pressure sensing hole (3), dynamic pressure sensor (4), dynamic temperature sensor (5), adiabatic insulating seal (6), dynamic pressure sensor cable (7), dynamic temperature sensor cable (8), lead wire passageway (9) constitute its characterized in that: the head (1) is cylindrical, the surface of the head is provided with a plurality of pressure sensing holes (3) with different axial positions, a dynamic pressure sensor (4) is packaged in the head, and the pressure sensing holes (3) respectively face to the expected incoming flow direction; mounting grooves for mounting heat insulation sealing pieces (6) are formed in the leeward side of the head (1) corresponding to each pressure sensing hole (3), and the dynamic temperature sensors (5) are respectively fixed on the heat insulation sealing pieces (6); the dynamic pressure sensor cable (7) and the dynamic temperature sensor cable (8) are led out from the tail end of the support rod (2) through the head part (1) by a lead channel (9).
2. Further, the diameter of the head part (1) is 1mm to 6mm, the lead channel (9) is positioned in the center of the head part (1), the diameter is 1/4 to 1/2 of the diameter of the head part (1), the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3) is 1/5 to 1/2 of the diameter of the head part (1), and the inner diameter is 0.2 mm to 2mm and is not larger than the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3).
3. Furthermore, the pressure sensing holes (3) are distributed in a middle sparse mode and at two dense ends along the axial direction of the head (1), the distance between the center line of the pressure sensing hole (3) closest to the two ends of the head (1) and the two end faces is half of the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), the axial distance between the center lines of the first pressure sensing hole (3) and the second pressure sensing hole (3) close to the end portions is 1-4 mm, the axial distance between the center lines of the other two adjacent holes is 2-6 mm, and the directions of the center lines of the holes are different.
4. Further, the wall surface of the pressure sensing hole (3) is formed by a micro-damage smooth curve:
Figure BDA0002375911330000021
wherein the value a is 1 to 4 times of the inner diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), one end of the curve is tangent to the surface of the head (1), the other end of the curve is vertical to the central line of the head (1), and the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) is orthogonal to the central line of the head (1).
5. Furthermore, the dynamic temperature sensor (5) is positioned on the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) and extends out of the wall surface of the head (1) by 0.2 mm to 1mm, and the dynamic temperature sensor (5) can be selected from a thermocouple or a thermal resistor.
6. Furthermore, calibration curves of total temperature and total pressure of different Mach numbers and different deflection angles are determined through wind tunnel calibration and shock tube experiments, data processing such as filtering is carried out on temperature and pressure signals obtained through actual measurement, accurate measurement of the blade row inlet, the blade row outlet and the multi-point dynamic total temperature and total pressure between stages in the impeller mechanical flow channel is achieved, the service life of the temperature sensor is prolonged, the airflow insensitivity angle range is enlarged, and the measurement spatial resolution and the measurement precision are improved.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with the existing dynamic total temperature and total pressure device, the device can accurately and simultaneously measure the multipoint dynamic total temperature and total pressure distribution distributed along the blade height between blade rows, realize the measurement of a larger incoming flow angle and give consideration to the measurement of the dynamic total temperature and total pressure in the boundary layer of the end wall of the flow channel.
2. Compared with the existing dynamic temperature and pressure combined probe, the dynamic temperature and pressure combined probe has the advantages that the total temperature measurement and the total pressure measurement are arranged in a back direction, and the dynamic temperature sensor is over against the pressure sensing hole, so that the dynamic total temperature and the total pressure measurement of the same streamline can be ensured; the size of the head of the device can be reduced, the spatial resolution is improved, and the device is suitable for simultaneously measuring the total dynamic temperature and the total pressure in a small gap.
3. Compared with the existing dynamic total pressure device, the total pressure hole adopts a micro-loss fairing structural design, so that the total pressure loss can be reduced, and the measurement precision is improved; and no separation disturbance exists in a wide incoming flow angle range, so that the dynamic pressure sensor can measure a real total pressure signal.
4. The invention can play a certain correcting and protecting role to the dynamic pressure sensor by utilizing the dynamic temperature sensor, eliminate the measuring error of the dynamic pressure sensor caused by temperature drift and avoid the actual temperature from exceeding the upper limit of the normal working temperature range of the dynamic pressure sensor.
5. The dynamic temperature sensor faces back to the incoming flow, so that the scouring of the dynamic temperature sensor by the airflow and the influence of oil drops, dust and the like mixed in the airflow on the dynamic temperature sensor are effectively reduced, and the service life of the dynamic temperature sensor is prolonged; the size of the head is effectively reduced, and the spatial resolution is improved; the convection heat exchange between the airflow and the dynamic temperature sensor is enhanced, and the temperature recovery coefficient is high and stable within a large deflection angle range.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a right side view of fig. 1.
Wherein: 1-device head, 2-device support rod, 3-pressure sensing hole, 4-dynamic pressure sensor, 5-dynamic temperature sensor, 6-heat insulation sealing piece, 7-dynamic pressure sensor cable, 8-dynamic temperature sensor cable and 9-lead channel.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment for measuring a compressor interstage flow field.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of boundary layer measurement according to an embodiment.
Wherein: 1-casing wall, 2-stator, 3-rotor, 4-stator, 5-hub wall, 6-inventive device, 7-boundary layer velocity profile.
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein: 1-device head, 2-device support rod, 3-pressure sensing hole, 4-dynamic pressure sensor, 5-dynamic temperature sensor, 6-heat insulation sealing piece, 7-dynamic pressure sensor cable, 8-dynamic temperature sensor cable and 9-lead channel.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment for measuring a flow field between turbines.
Wherein: 1-casing wall, 2-stator, 3-rotor, 4-stator, 5-hub wall, 6-device of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, will make the advantages and features of the invention easier to understand by those skilled in the art, and thus will clearly and clearly define the scope of the invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
for the measurement of the total temperature and total pressure distribution of the compressor interstage along the same blade height, the measurement space is narrow, the boundary layer is thin, the main flow has larger change along the blade height direction, but the speed is relatively low. In order to ensure the spatial resolution, the transverse size of the head of the device and the diameter of a pressure measuring hole are selected to be smaller, and the temperature sensor can adopt a bare wire thermocouple with smaller size to ensure the fine measurement and improve the measurement precision, so the following implementation mode can be adopted:
as shown in fig. 1-2, the device is a schematic diagram of a multipoint dynamic measurement device with total temperature and total pressure measurement points arranged in a back direction, fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the device for measuring a flow field between compressor stages, and fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of measurement of boundary layers between compressor stages. This embodiment introduces a total temperature is pressed multiple spot dynamic measurement device that measurement point back to was arranged entirely, by head (1), branch (2), pressure sensing hole (3), dynamic pressure sensor (4), thermocouple (5), adiabatic insulating seal (6), dynamic pressure sensor cable (7), dynamic temperature sensor cable (8), lead wire passageway (9) constitute, its characterized in that: the head (1) is cylindrical, the surface of the head is provided with 5 pressure sensing holes (3) with different axial positions, the interior of the head is sealed with a dynamic pressure sensor (4), and the pressure sensing holes (3) respectively face to the expected incoming flow direction; mounting grooves for mounting heat insulation sealing pieces (6) are formed in the leeward side of the head (1) corresponding to each pressure sensing hole (3), and thermocouples (5) are respectively fixed on the heat insulation sealing pieces (6); the dynamic pressure sensor cable (7) and the dynamic temperature sensor cable (8) are led out from the tail end of the support rod (2) through the head part (1) by a lead channel (9).
The diameter of the head part (1) is 2mm, the lead channel (9) is positioned in the center of the head part (1) and has the diameter of 1mm, the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3) is 1mm, and the inner diameter of the pressure sensing hole is 0.5 mm.
The pressure sensing holes (3) are distributed in a sparse middle and dense two ends along the axial direction of the head (1), the distance between the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) closest to the two ends of the head (1) and the two end surfaces is half of the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), the axial distance between the central lines of the first pressure sensing hole (3) and the second pressure sensing hole (3) close to the end parts is 1mm, and the axial distance between the central lines of the other two adjacent holes is 2 mm; the holes have different center line directions.
The wall surface of the pressure sensing hole (3) is formed by a micro-damage smooth curve:
Figure RE-GDA0002618091550000021
is rotated and intersects the cylindrical surface of the head (1), wherein the value of a is 0.5 mm, one end of the curve is tangent to the surface of the head (1), and the other end is vertical to the center of the head (1)The central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) is orthogonal to the central line of the head (1).
The thermocouple (5) extends out of the wall surface of the head (1) by 0.1 mm.
The multipoint dynamic measuring device with the total temperature and pressure measuring points arranged in the back can realize accurate measurement of multipoint dynamic total temperature and total pressure of the interstage of the compressor at the same time. The specific use method is as follows:
the first step is as follows: flowing an incoming flow through a device head in a calibrated wind tunnel of known incoming flow mach number and temperature;
the second step is that: measuring the pressure of a dynamic pressure sensor on the windward side surface of the device and the temperature of a dynamic temperature sensor on the leeward side under different working conditions;
the third step: and determining calibration curves of total temperature and total pressure under different Mach numbers and different deflection angles through data processing according to the data obtained by calibration.
The fourth step: when the device is used, the device is inserted into a measured flow field, and data processing such as filtering and the like is carried out on pressure and temperature signals obtained by actual measurement, so that simultaneous accurate measurement of the total temperature and the total pressure of the multi-point dynamic state of the blade row inlet, the blade row outlet and the stages in the flow passage of the impeller machine is realized.
Example two:
for the measurement of the high total temperature and total pressure distribution between the turbine stages along the same blade, the main flow velocity is relatively high. In order to ensure the strength of the measuring device, the transverse size of the head part of the device and the diameter of a pressure measuring hole are selected to be larger, and the temperature sensor can adopt an armored thermal resistor to ensure the fine measurement and improve the strength, so that the following implementation mode can be adopted:
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a second structure of the embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the device for measuring the flow field between turbines. This embodiment introduces a total temperature is pressed multiple spot dynamic measurement device that measurement point back to was arranged entirely, by head (1), branch (2), pressure sensing hole (3), dynamic pressure sensor (4), armor thermal resistance (5), adiabatic insulating seal (6), dynamic pressure sensor cable (7), dynamic temperature sensor cable (8), lead wire passageway (9) constitute, its characterized in that: the head (1) is cylindrical, the surface of the head is provided with 7 pressure sensing holes (3) with different axial positions, a dynamic pressure sensor (4) is packaged in the head, and the pressure sensing holes (3) respectively face to the expected incoming flow direction; mounting grooves for mounting heat insulation sealing pieces (6) are formed in the leeward side of the head (1) corresponding to each pressure sensing hole (3), and armored thermal resistors (5) are respectively fixed on the heat insulation sealing pieces (6); the dynamic pressure sensor cable (7) and the dynamic temperature sensor cable (8) are led out from the tail end of the support rod (2) through the head part (1) by a lead channel (9).
The diameter of the head part (1) is 4mm, the lead channel (9) is positioned in the center of the head part (1) and has the diameter of 2mm, the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3) is 2mm, and the inner diameter of the pressure sensing hole is 1 mm.
The pressure sensing holes (3) are distributed in a sparse middle and dense two ends along the axial direction of the head (1), the distance between the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) closest to the two ends of the head (1) and the two end surfaces is half of the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), the axial distance between the central lines of the first pressure sensing hole (3) and the second pressure sensing hole (3) close to the end parts is 2mm, and the axial distance between the central lines of the other two adjacent holes is 4 mm; the holes have different center line directions.
The wall surface of the pressure sensing hole (3) is formed by a micro-damage smooth curve:
Figure RE-GDA0002618091550000031
wherein the value of a is 2mm, one end of the curve is tangent to the surface of the head (1), the other end of the curve is vertical to the central line of the head (1), and the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) is orthogonal to the central line of the head (1).
The armored thermal resistor (5) extends out of the wall surface of the head part (1) of the device by 0.2 mm.
The relation among the total temperature, the total pressure, the Mach number and the incoming flow direction is obtained through wind tunnel calibration and shock tube experiments, data processing such as filtering is carried out on pressure and temperature signals obtained through actual measurement, and the multipoint dynamic total temperature and the multipoint dynamic total pressure of the flow field between the stages of the turbine are accurately measured at the same time.
Although preferred embodiments have been described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration and not limitation.

Claims (1)

1. The utility model provides a total temperature is totally pressed multiple spot dynamic measurement device that measurement station arranged dorsad comprises head (1), branch (2), pressure sensing hole (3), dynamic pressure sensor (4), dynamic temperature sensor (5), adiabatic insulating seal (6), dynamic pressure sensor cable (7), dynamic temperature sensor cable (8), lead wire passageway (9), its characterized in that: the head (1) is cylindrical, the surface of the head is provided with a plurality of pressure sensing holes (3) with different axial positions, the directions of the pressure sensing holes respectively face the expected incoming flow direction, and the bottoms of the pressure sensing holes (3) are provided with dynamic pressure sensors (4); mounting grooves for mounting heat insulation sealing pieces (6) are formed in the leeward side of the head (1) corresponding to each pressure sensing hole (3), and the dynamic temperature sensors (5) are respectively fixed on the heat insulation sealing pieces (6); the dynamic pressure sensor cable (7) and the dynamic temperature sensor cable (8) are led out from the tail end of the support rod (2) through the head part (1) by a lead channel (9);
the diameter of the head (1) is 1mm to 6mm, the lead channel (9) is positioned in the center of the head (1), the diameter is 1/4 to 1/2 of the diameter of the head (1), the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3) is 1/5 to 1/2 of the diameter of the head (1), the inner diameter is 0.2 mm to 2mm, and the outer diameter is not larger than the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3);
the pressure sensing holes (3) are distributed in a sparse middle and dense two ends along the axial direction of the head (1), the distance between the center line of the pressure sensing hole (3) closest to the two ends of the head (1) and the distance between the two end surfaces of the pressure sensing hole (3) is half of the outer diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), the axial distance between the center lines of the first pressure sensing hole (3) and the second pressure sensing hole (3) close to the end parts is 1-4 mm, the axial distance between the center lines of the other two adjacent holes is 2-6 mm, and the directions of the center lines of the holes are different;
the wall surface of the pressure sensing hole (3) is formed by a micro-damage smooth curve:
Figure DEST_PATH_FDA0002618091540000011
wherein the value of a is 1 to 4 times of the inner diameter of the pressure sensing hole (3), one end of the curve is tangent to the surface of the head (1), the other end is vertical to the central line of the head (1), and the pressure is appliedThe central line of the sensing hole (3) is orthogonal to the central line of the head (1);
the dynamic temperature sensor (5) is positioned on the central line of the pressure sensing hole (3) and extends out of the wall surface of the head (1) by 0.2 mm to 1mm, and the dynamic temperature sensor (5) can be selected from a thermocouple or a thermal resistor.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115356113A (en) * 2022-09-01 2022-11-18 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 Device for measuring outlet temperature and pressure of gas compressor in engine

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115356113A (en) * 2022-09-01 2022-11-18 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 Device for measuring outlet temperature and pressure of gas compressor in engine
CN115356113B (en) * 2022-09-01 2024-04-19 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 Device for measuring outlet temperature and pressure of air compressor in engine

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