CN206830170U - A kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling - Google Patents
A kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling Download PDFInfo
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- CN206830170U CN206830170U CN201720240368.4U CN201720240368U CN206830170U CN 206830170 U CN206830170 U CN 206830170U CN 201720240368 U CN201720240368 U CN 201720240368U CN 206830170 U CN206830170 U CN 206830170U
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Abstract
It the utility model is related to a kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling, pretreatment module, signal intelligent discrimination module and drop ply instruction and warning module are collected including signal, the signal, which collects pretreatment module, includes flow sensor, preamplifier a, shaping amplifier, a/d converter a, standpipe pressure sensor, preamplifier b, bandpass filter, a/d converter b, the signal intelligent discrimination module includes single-chip microcomputer, and the drop ply instruction includes power amplifier, sound and light signal device and computer with warning module.System of the present utility model can monitor in controlled pressure drilling work progress automatically at the scene, fast reaction, timely early warning leakage real-time condition, and Well leakage position can be accurately shown, the accident treatment time is saved as much as possible, valuable down-hole information is provided for live drilling engineer, reduces the economic loss that the complex situations such as leakage are brought to greatest extent.
Description
Technical field
Petroleum gas field is the utility model is related to, it is a kind of to be used in controlled pressure drilling the system of monitoring leakage and side in real time
Method, automatic alarm when realizing leakage, and predict the purpose of leakage layer position.
Background technology
Leakage is a kind of drilling fluid leakage in drilling process to the phenomenon in stratum.On the one hand it is normal in drilling process
One of down hole problem seen, while be also presence but also insoluble technical problem for a long time in drilling process.In drilling well
Scene, the generation of leakage can waste substantial amounts of effective drilling time, even result in well and scrap, cause huge economic loss.
Leakage not only needs timely early warning, fast reaction, it is also necessary to carry out plugging operations once occurring.Although current
Leakage stopping technology constantly develops and improved, but plugging operations still suffer from higher risk, larger probability of failure be present.Study carefully
The factors such as its reason, mainly leakage determining layer be inaccurate cause.Therefore, it is necessary to utility model one kind can monitor in real time,
Leakage and early warning are found in time, additionally it is possible to are accurately judged to the leakage monitoring system and method for specific leakage layer position, are showed for drilling well
Field provides support.
Now widely used method is that hydrodynamics is surveyed and downhole instrument method of testing.The measurement accuracy of hydrodynamics method
Influenceed by many kinds of parameters such as hole diameter, drilling tool, mud flow rates, certain error be present, it is as a result inaccurate, can only determine one compared with
Big scope.Instrument test method is presently mainly what is measured using the various physical characteristics of borehole fluid, such as flow velocity, temperature
Deng.This kind of measuring method is relatively accurate, but measures well section length, and time-consuming, and efficiency is low, and single method application is easily by different geology
The limitation of condition.Drop ply position e measurement technology lacks the comprehensive of ground and underground method, systematization research and application at present,
Lack the integral method that multiple technologies are mutually combined, are complementary to one another.
Such as Application No. CN201520899414.2 Chinese patent, there is provided a kind of well kick leakage monitoring device, be related to
Drilling parameter detection technique field, including data acquisition device, change-over circuit and data processor, the data acquisition device bag
Include the drilling fluid inlet flow rate sensor on suction line, the drilling fluid outlet stream on drilling fluid outlet pipeline
Quantity sensor and drilling parameter measuring instrument, drilling fluid inlet flow rate sensor and drilling fluids outlet flow sensor with change-over circuit phase
Even, change-over circuit and drilling parameter measuring instrument are connected with data processor.The patent drains the pond to get all the fish drilling fluid gateway flow brill
Well depth that well Parameters Instrument provides, weight on hook, the information such as standpipe pressure combine and carry out comprehensive descision, although can be in drilling process
The situation of middle forecast overflow leakage, but the defects of presence can not be accurately judged to specific leakage layer position.For another example Application No.
201410501685.8 Chinese patent, there is provided a kind of overflow and leakage monitoring system and its monitoring method, including monitoring tank,
Liquid level gauge, regulating valve, stop valve, pump rush sensor, grouting pump, drilling fluid pot and monitoring and controlling warning device.Monitoring tank passes through
Dividing plate is divided into major and minor chamber, and is setting liquid level gauge and the different mouths of pipe and wellhead assembly, grouting pump, drilling fluid pot thereon
Connection is established, liquid level gauge, pump rush sensor and regulating valve are connected with monitoring and controlling warning device, are controlled to adjust the switch of valve, are filled
The start and stop of stock pump simultaneously leak into row monitoring and early warning in real time to overflow well.The utility model in pit shaft during circulation of drilling fluid,
By the speed of liquid level pace of change in secondary cavity, by judging that the situation of change that outflow is returned in pit shaft predicts overflow and well
Leakage, pit shaft liquid level and monitoring tank very sectional area have a great influence during being made a trip, and complex operation, accuracy is relatively low, and can not
It is accurately judged to specific leakage layer position.
Utility model content
The technical problems to be solved in the utility model is to be directed to bottleneck existing for prior art, there is provided a kind of pressure control at the scene
Can be monitored automatically during wellbore construction, fast reaction, the leakage real-time monitoring system of timely early warning, save thing as much as possible
Therefore processing time, valuable down-hole information is provided for live drilling engineer, reduces the complex situations bands such as leakage to greatest extent
The economic loss come.
To achieve the above object, the utility model uses following technical scheme：
A kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling, including signal collects pretreatment module, signal intelligent is sentenced
Other module and drop ply instruction and warning module, the signal collect pretreatment module include flow sensor, preamplifier a,
Shaping amplifier, a/d converter a, standpipe pressure sensor, preamplifier b, bandpass filter, a/d converter b, the signal
Intelligent distinguishing module includes single-chip microcomputer, and the drop ply instruction includes power amplifier, sound and light signal device and electricity with warning module
Brain.
Preferably, the signal collection pretreatment module is divided into two branch roads, branch road one, and flow sensor, which is arranged on, to be bored
Well liquid returns out pipeline, and is connected with preamplifier a, and preamplifier a is connected with shaping amplifier, and shaping amplifier turns with AD
Parallel operation a connections；Branch road two, standpipe pressure sensor are arranged at standpipe, are connected with preamplifier b, preamplifier b and band
Bandpass filter is connected, and bandpass filter is connected with a/d converter b.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the a/d converter a and a/d converter b pass through input port and single-chip microcomputer respectively
Connection.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and described one branch of single-chip microcomputer output mouth is connected with computer, exports drop ply meter
Result and instant playback are calculated, another branch is connected with power amplifier, and power amplifier is transferred to acousto-optic by after signal enhancing
Recoil simulator sends leakage early warning.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the flow sensor includes turbine flow transducer, restrictive flow senses
Device, rotor flow sensor, ultrasonic flow sensor, for measuring drilling fluid return flow, produce flow signal.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the preamplifier a is used to receive flow monitoring signals and carry out gain to put
Greatly.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the shaping amplifier is used to carry out flow signal shaping pretreatment, and will
Signal waveform is further amplified.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the analog signal of flow signal can be converted to numeral by the a/d converter a
Signal.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the standpipe pressure sensor can monitor standpipe pressure situation of change in real time,
Produce standpipe pressure signal.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and pressure signal can be carried out gain amplification by the preamplifier b, improve letter
Make an uproar than and reduce external interference, then send bandpass filter to.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the bandpass filter can be filtered pretreatment, noise reduction to pressure signal
Signal afterwards is further transmitted to a/d converter b.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the analog signal of pressure signal can be converted into data signal by a/d converter b.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and the single-chip microcomputer can be handled data signal, writes MCU programs to well
Leakage signal carries out intelligence computation and analysis.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, and under normal circumstances, the single-chip microcomputer is carried out to flow signal and pressure signal
Monitor and record in real time, store data in computer；In the case of generation leakage, flow is significantly reduced, and the single-chip microcomputer is sent
Pre-warning signal, after amplifying by power amplifier, sound and light signal device is passed to, sends alarm, meanwhile, single-chip microcomputer is to record
Flow signal and pressure signal analyzed, extract in two kinds of signals occur leakage characteristic point, according to two characteristic points
Asked at the time of corresponding the time difference, leakage depth is finally provided according to leakage layer position prediction model, and show immediately by computer
Show.
Any of the above-described scheme is preferably, described pressure signal and flow signal, the data type bag of its store files
Include time point, pressure value, flow value.
Preferable leakage layer position prediction model in the utility model, including fluid in annular space on return the time and calculate, be vertical
The pipe pressure response time calculates, drop ply position calculates.
1) fluid in annular space on return the time
Leakage front entrance and rate of discharge are Q, and rate of discharge is reduced to Q after leakage1, mineshaft annulus sectional area is A, ring
Empty upward velocity meets：
Fluid in annular space on return the time and be：
Wherein, h is the well depth of drop ply position；
2) the standpipe pressure response time
Once occurring, the pressure in shaft bottom reduces leakage, ultimately results in standpipe pressure decline, it is assumed that pressure drop is in annular space and brill
Respectively with v in barp1And vp2Speed propagate, then after leakage standpipe pressure response time meet：
Wherein, H is to have bored total well depth；
3) drop ply position calculates
After occurring due to leakage, returning the time on standpipe pressure response time and fluid has differences, therefore according to the two
Time difference Δ t determine drop ply depth；
The calculating formula of time difference is：
Drop ply position is represented by：
Preferably, pressure drop spread speed measuring method step is as follows：
1. in a certain normal drilling process opened time, when well depth reaches H1During place, the back pressure of controlled pressure drilling device is utilized
Pump artificially applies wellhead back pressure Δ p, and starts timing, after standpipe pressure is increased to stable state, stops timing, meets with a response
Time Δ t1；
2. continue to creep into, when well depth respectively reaches H2And H3During place, respectively repeat steps and 1. operate, try to achieve response time Δ
t2With Δ t3, obtain：
Simultaneous formula (6) and formula (7), obtain first group of pressure drop spread speedWithSimultaneous formula (7) and formula (8), are obtained
To second group of pressure drop spread speedWithWhen the error between two groups of measuring speeds is less than 10%, it is believed that measured value
Accurately, i.e.,：
Wherein e1、e2For error amount；If measured value is unsatisfactory for formula (9) and (10), the repeat step 1. behaviour with step 2.
Make, continue to measure.
The advantages of technical solutions of the utility model, is, is supervised as comprehensive, systematization that a kind of ground and underground combine
Examining system, using time and standpipe pressure response time etc. is returned on various kinds of sensors collection down-hole information, including fluid, pass through ground
Face equipment calculates drop ply position, is automatically performed data processing and analysis, monitors leakage situation in real time, provides drop ply depth immediately,
It can particularly measure not in the drop ply position in shaft bottom, there is the characteristics of intelligent, efficient, reliable, can only monitoring well bottom than those
The system of leakage is even better.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation according to the preferred embodiment of leakage real-time detecting system one of controlled pressure drilling of the present utility model
Figure；
Fig. 2 is to occur according to the leakage of the preferred embodiment of leakage real-time detecting system one of controlled pressure drilling of the present utility model
Preceding pit shaft changes in flow rate schematic diagram；
Fig. 3 is to occur according to the leakage of the preferred embodiment of leakage real-time detecting system one of controlled pressure drilling of the present utility model
Pit shaft changes in flow rate schematic diagram afterwards；
Fig. 4 is that the leakage real-time detecting system pressure drop spread speed measuring method one of controlled pressure drilling of the present utility model is excellent
Select the flow chart of embodiment.
Illustrate：
1- flow sensors, 2- preamplifier a, 3- shaping amplifier, 4-AD converter a, 5- standpipe pressures sensor,
6- preamplifier b, 7- bandpass filter, 8-AD converter b, 9- single-chip microcomputer, 10- power amplifiers, 11- sound and light signals dress
Put, 12- computers.
Embodiment
In order to be further understood that content of the present utility model, the utility model is made more below in conjunction with specific embodiment
For detailed description, embodiment only has exemplary effect to the utility model, without the effect of any restrictions；It is any
The insubstantial modifications that those skilled in the art make on the basis of the utility model, it should all belong to the utility model protection
Scope.
Embodiment 1
As shown in figure 1, a kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling, including signal collection pretreatment module,
Signal intelligent discrimination module and drop ply instruction and warning module, the signal, which collects pretreatment module, includes flow sensor 1, preceding
Put amplifier a2, shaping amplifier 3, a/d converter a4, standpipe pressure sensor 5, preamplifier b6, bandpass filter 7, AD
Converter b8, the signal intelligent discrimination module include single-chip microcomputer 9, and the drop ply instruction includes power amplifier with warning module
10th, sound and light signal device 11 and computer 12.
In the present embodiment, the signal collection pretreatment module is divided into two branch roads, branch road one, and flow sensor 1 is pacified
Pipeline is returned out mounted in drilling fluid, and is connected with preamplifier a2, preamplifier a2 is connected with shaping amplifier 3, and shaping is put
Big device 3 is connected with a/d converter a4；Branch road two, standpipe pressure sensor 5 are arranged at standpipe, are connected with preamplifier b6,
Preamplifier b6 is connected with bandpass filter 7, and bandpass filter 7 is connected with a/d converter b8.
In the present embodiment, the a/d converter a4 and a/d converter b8 are connected by input port with single-chip microcomputer 9 respectively.
In the present embodiment, described 9 output port of single-chip microcomputer, one branch is connected with computer 12, exports drop ply result of calculation
And instant playback, another branch are connected with power amplifier 10, power amplifier 10 after signal enhancing, will be transferred to acousto-optic letter
Number device 11 sends leakage early warning.
In the present embodiment, the preferred ultrasonic flow sensor of the flow sensor, is returned out for measuring drilling fluid
Flow, produce flow signal.
In the present embodiment, the preamplifier a2 is used to receive flow monitoring signals and carries out gain amplification.
In the present embodiment, the shaping amplifier 3 is used to carry out shaping pretreatment to flow signal, and by signal waveform
Further amplification.
In the present embodiment, the analog signal of flow signal can be converted to data signal by the a/d converter a4.
In the present embodiment, the standpipe pressure sensor 5 can monitor standpipe pressure situation of change in real time, produce standpipe
Pressure signal.
In the present embodiment, pressure signal can be carried out gain amplification by the preamplifier b6, improve signal to noise ratio simultaneously
External interference is reduced, then sends bandpass filter 7 to.
In the present embodiment, the bandpass filter 7 can be filtered pretreatment to pressure signal, the letter after noise reduction
Number it is further transmitted to a/d converter b8.
In the present embodiment, the analog signal of pressure signal can be converted into data signal by a/d converter b8.
In the present embodiment, the single-chip microcomputer 9 can be handled data signal, write MCU programs to leakage signal
Carry out intelligence computation and analysis.
In the present embodiment, described pressure signal and flow signal, the data type of its store files include time point,
Pressure value, flow value.
As shown in Fig. 2 in the present embodiment, the inlet flow rate of well head is Q, the normal drilling situation of leakage is not occurring
Under, rate of discharge is also Q.
As shown in figure 3, in the present embodiment, once leakage occurs, the leakage flow of drop ply is Q2, rate of discharge is reduced to
Q1, meet Q=Q1+Q2.At the same time bottom pressure reduces, and standpipe pressure also decreases.
In the present embodiment, standpipe pressure is measured in real time by standpipe pressure sensor 5, and pressure signal is by preamplifier b6
Carry out gain amplification, improve signal to noise ratio and simultaneously reduce external interference, then send bandpass filter 7 to and be filtered processing, noise reduction it
Signal afterwards is further transmitted to a/d converter b8, and analog signal is converted into data signal, finally transmitted by input interface end
Analyzed to single-chip microcomputer 9.
In the present embodiment, flow sensor 1 monitors drilling fluid return flow in real time, and flow monitoring signal passes through preceding storing
After big device a2 gains amplification, pass to shaping amplifier 3 and shaping pretreatment is carried out to signal, and signal waveform is further put
Greatly, analog signal is converted into by data signal by a/d converter a4, single-chip microcomputer 9 is passed to by input interface end.
In the present embodiment, when leakage not occurring, preferable single-chip microcomputer 9 is supervised in real time to flow signal and pressure signal
Survey and record, store data in computer 12.When leakage occurs, once finding that flow significantly reduces, single-chip microcomputer 9 sends early warning
Signal, after being amplified by power amplifier 10, sound and light signal device 11 is passed to, sends alarm.Meanwhile single-chip microcomputer 9 is to note
The flow signal and pressure signal of record are analyzed, and the characteristic point that leakage occurs in two kinds of signals are extracted, according to two features
Time difference Δ t is asked at the time of corresponding to point, leakage depth is finally provided according to leakage layer position prediction model, and pass through computer 12
Instant playback.
As shown in figure 4, a kind of implementation steps of pressure drop spread speed measuring method are：Normal drilling arrives some well depth Hi
During (i=1,2,3 ... ...) place, keep operating mode constant, adjust the throttle valve opening of backpressure pump, it is extra to apply wellhead back pressure Δ p,
And it must ensure not pressing Lou barefoot interval weak formation after applying back pressure Δ p.When being recorded as starting at the time of after back pressure application
Between.Monitor standpipe pressure sensor 5, record pressure value and corresponding time.After standpipe pressure is increased to stable state, stop meter
When, pressure is recorded as the end time from stable time flex point is increased to.According to initial time and end time, the time difference is calculated
Δti(i=1,2,3 ... ...).After measuring the data at three groups of difference well depths, according to formula：
Simultaneous formula (6) and formula (7), obtain first group of pressure drop spread speedWithSimultaneous formula (7) and formula (8), are obtained
To second group of pressure drop spread speedWithWhen the error between two groups of measuring speeds is less than 10%, it is believed that measured value is accurate
Really, i.e.,：
CalculateAnd eiIf error is unsatisfactory for requiring, repeats aforesaid operations and continue to measure, until error amount meets.
The present embodiment is automatically performed data processing and analysis, real-time monitoring well using various kinds of sensors collection down-hole information
Leakage situation, provides drop ply depth immediately, can particularly measure not in the drop ply position in shaft bottom, have intelligent, efficient, reliable special
Point, than those can only monitoring well bottom leakage system it is even better.
Although the utility model, those skilled in the art has shown and described referring particularly to its preferred embodiment
It is appreciated that the various changes that can be made in form and details are new without departing from this practicality described in appended claims
The scope of type.It is described in detail above in association with specific embodiment of the utility model, but is not to limit of the present utility model
System.Every foundation the technical essence of the utility model still falls within this practicality to any simple modification made for any of the above embodiments
The scope of new technique scheme.
Claims (13)
1. a kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling, including signal collects pretreatment module, signal intelligent differentiates
Module and drop ply instruction and warning module, it is characterised in that：The signal collect pretreatment module include flow sensor (1),
Preamplifier a (2), shaping amplifier (3), a/d converter a (4), standpipe pressure sensor (5), preamplifier b (6), band
Bandpass filter (7), a/d converter b (8), the signal intelligent discrimination module include single-chip microcomputer (9), the drop ply instruction and early warning
Module includes power amplifier (10), sound and light signal device (11) and computer (12).
2. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The signal is collected
Pretreatment module is divided into two branch roads, branch road one, and flow sensor (1) returns out pipeline installed in drilling fluid, and with preposition amplification
Device a (2) connections, preamplifier a (2) are connected with shaping amplifier (3), and shaping amplifier (3) is connected with a/d converter a (4)；
Branch road two, standpipe pressure sensor (5) are arranged at standpipe, are connected with preamplifier b (6), preamplifier b (6) and band
Bandpass filter (7) is connected, and bandpass filter (7) is connected with a/d converter b (8).
3. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The a/d converter
A (4) and a/d converter b (8) is connected by input port with single-chip microcomputer (9) respectively.
4. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The single-chip microcomputer
(9) one branch of output port is connected with computer (12), and output drop ply result of calculation and instant playback, another branch put with power
Big device (10) connection, power amplifier (10) send leakage early warning by sound and light signal device (11) after signal enhancing, is transferred to.
5. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The flow sensing
Device (1) includes turbine flow transducer, throttle-type flow sensor, rotor flow sensor, ultrasonic flow sensor, is used for
Drilling fluid return flow is measured, produces flow signal.
6. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The preposition amplification
Device a (2) is used to receive flow monitoring signals and carries out gain amplification.
7. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The shaping amplification
Device (3) is used to carry out shaping pretreatment to flow signal, and signal waveform is further amplified.
8. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The AD conversion
The analog signal of flow signal can be converted to data signal by device a (4).
9. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The standpipe pressure
Sensor (5) monitors standpipe pressure situation of change in real time, produces standpipe pressure signal.
10. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：Put before described
Pressure signal can be carried out gain amplification by big device b (6), improved signal to noise ratio and reduced external interference, then send bandpass filtering to
Device (7).
11. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The band logical filter
Ripple device (7) can be filtered pretreatment to pressure signal, and the signal after noise reduction is further transmitted to a/d converter b (8).
12. it is used for the leakage real-time detecting system of controlled pressure drilling as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：A/d converter b
(8) analog signal of pressure signal can be converted into data signal.
13. the leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling as described in claim 5 or 9, it is characterised in that：Described pressure
Force signal and flow signal, the data type of its store files include time point, pressure value, flow value.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201720240368.4U CN206830170U (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2017-03-13 | A kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201720240368.4U CN206830170U (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2017-03-13 | A kind of leakage real-time detecting system for controlled pressure drilling |
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ID=60780818
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109339699A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2019-02-15 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 | A kind of sealing and circulating controlled pressure drilling design method |
| CN112211619A (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-01-12 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Method for rapidly determining lost circulation position in long open hole section |
| CN114439396A (en) * | 2022-01-25 | 2022-05-06 | 西南石油大学 | Active shaft intelligent pressure control system |
-
2017
- 2017-03-13 CN CN201720240368.4U patent/CN206830170U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109339699A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2019-02-15 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 | A kind of sealing and circulating controlled pressure drilling design method |
| CN112211619A (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-01-12 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Method for rapidly determining lost circulation position in long open hole section |
| CN114439396A (en) * | 2022-01-25 | 2022-05-06 | 西南石油大学 | Active shaft intelligent pressure control system |
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