CN204449263U - Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine - Google Patents

Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine Download PDF

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Publication number
CN204449263U
CN204449263U CN201420690399.6U CN201420690399U CN204449263U CN 204449263 U CN204449263 U CN 204449263U CN 201420690399 U CN201420690399 U CN 201420690399U CN 204449263 U CN204449263 U CN 204449263U
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feeding
hydraulic cylinder
aluminum
casting machine
alloy wheel
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孙惠学
李建
刘鑫鑫
王志松
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QINHUANGDAO YANDA MODERN INTEGRATION MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO LTD
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QINHUANGDAO YANDA MODERN INTEGRATION MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO LTD
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Abstract

A kind of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine, by fuselage (1-3), slide block (1-10) and guiding mechanism thereof, vertical and Horizontal lock mold mechanism, forms without volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type mechanism, feeding mechanism, temperature control system and servo-control system.Its original creation part is: the 1) fuselage (1-3) of single memorial archway formula anti-pad structures and organization distribution; 2) be provided with without volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type mechanism, when not only having avoided casting volume gas generation but also make filling velocity controlled; 3) be provided with feeding mechanism, feeding pressure can be provided in real time; 4) be provided with digitlization mould temperature regulator control system, be convenient to the regulation and control that rapid sequential solidifies.The machine has lightweight, compact conformation and the servo-controlled advanced feature of digitlization, have and fill the unique functions such as type, feeding and the mould temperature regulation and control of solidifying based on the rapid sequential that water or wind are cooling medium without the casting of volume gas, control speed, the aluminum-alloy wheel of production has the performance indications that density is high, intensity is high and percentage elongation is high.

Description

Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine
Technical field
The invention belongs to Founding moldability technology field, particularly aluminum-alloy wheel cast form equipment.
Background technology
At present, domestic and international aluminum-alloy wheel is produced to be cast into master, and conventional casting technique comprises low pressure casting and gravitational casting.Gravitational casting is on Gravity casting machines, aluminium liquid is poured into metal mold cavity under gravity and realizes gravity feeding by set cast gate and obtain the method for foundry goods.Gravity casting machines ubiquity: feeding capacity is weak, casting is easily rolled up gas, gate size and caused greatly that stock utilization is low, cast gate needs the problems such as special operation removal.
Number of patent application: 200620161056.6 disclosed " Gravity casting machines ", this equipment fuselage is C type frame structure, and airframe structure of the present invention is that sheet frame welded type is different from it; The lower shaft core cylinder that this equipment is positioned at underbeam after casting for discharging, when the diversion pot of casting machine of the present invention is for casting, mating mold guides feed liquid and controls speed and fills type, make it enter mold cavity gently, reach the effect of casting without volume gas, both act on difference; In addition, this casting equipment is provided with feeding hydraulic cylinder, for applying 0.1-3MPa pressure to feed liquid, feeding feed liquid is injected and carries out feeding to mold cavity and do not produce cast gate, and this equipment is by gravity feeding, feeding limited pressure and produce larger cast gate, needs special cast gate operation of going to remove cast gate.
Low pressure casting is the casting method making liquid Metal Filling casting mold and be frozen into foundry goods under low-pressure gas effect, air injection machine used is provided with aluminium liquid holding furnace at underpart, in airtight holding furnace upper cover centre, stalk is housed, stalk is inserted into below metal bath surface, the compressed air of drying is delivered in holding furnace by air inlet pipe, gas pressure range is generally 0.6 ~ 1.5bar, molten metal is made to enter mold cavity by stalk from cast gate, pressurize the aluminium liquid be cooled in casting mold solidify completely, then release, molten metal in stalk can fall back automatically, die sinking goes out part.Air injection machine is with German GIMA for Typical Representative, and applying wider version is four columns or two columns.Air injection machine Problems existing: device height is large, tonnage is heavy, should not improve by the restriction feeding pressure of holding furnace, the percentage elongation at wheel foundry goods spider place is low is the long-term unsolved problem of air injection machine widely applied at present.
Number of patent application: 201220317555.5 disclosed " a kind of double air injection machines ", this device body is four high column structures, and the present invention to cast equipment airframe structure be that twin columns sheet frame Welding Structure is significantly different from it; This equipment is air injection machine, feeding pressure about 0.1MPa, and the highest feeding pressure of casting machine of the present invention is its 30 times; Be provided with aluminium liquid holding furnace below this equipment, wheel casting machine lower central place of the present invention does not establish aluminium liquid holding furnace; This equipment holding furnace liquid level apply air pressure realize feeding, feeding principle and the present invention completely different; This equipment does not have water conservancy diversion Kong Suchong type mechanism of the present invention, cannot realize filling type without the casting of volume gas and control speed.
The common problem that aluminum-alloy wheel cast form exists: the die casting machine 1) needing development of new structure, new feeding principle and method; 2) the volume gas problem in casting is solved; 3) need to control effectively to filling velocity; 4) need to improve feeding pressure; 5) adjusting function that rapid sequential solidifies is needed.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to above-mentioned aluminum-alloy wheel cast form Problems existing, invent a kind of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine, from existing air injection machine, there are the different of essence, one of difference is: the holding furnace be not connected with mould below the casting machine of this invention, but holding furnace is shifted out, and the public stage body Surgery therapy stove of multiple stage casting machine, the scaling loss of aluminium liquid and oxidational losses reduce, and aluminium liquid protective gas consumption also reduces thereupon; Two of difference is: the casting machine of this invention is not realize low pressure (0.1MPa) feeding by applying inert gas on the liquid level of holding furnace, but realized by the feeding hydraulic cylinder being arranged on body upper beam centre, its feeding pressure limit is at 0.1-3.0MPa, be far longer than low pressure casting, the highest feeding pressure provided is 30 times of low pressure casting feeding pressure; Difference three: the feeding function of casting machine of the present invention can make that casting density is higher, intensity and percentage elongation higher; Difference four: casting machine body of the present invention is single memorial archway formula Welding Structure compared with air injection machine, and holding furnace shifts out from body, equipment total height 2m lower than air injection machine, lower overall weight 30%, decreases the requirement of factory building height.
Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine of the present invention, also there are the different of essence compared with existing Gravity casting machines, one of difference is: casting and gravitational casting are all cast from patrix centre bore, water liquid positional distance mold cavity bottom surface higher, have and impact the generation of volume gas phenomenon, but casting machine of the present invention is provided with the diversion fluid cylinder pressure moved both vertically in underbeam center, hydraulic cylinder can drive the water conservancy diversion piston risen up in the feeding compression chamber of patrix descending by the speed of setting when casting, guide aluminium liquid move downward reposefully and be full of die cavity, avoid the generation of volume gas phenomenon; Two of difference is: Gravity casting machines produces pressure reduction by the height of trumpet assembly or increases air pressure at cast gate place to realize feeding, and feeding effect is limited, well below the feeding pressure of casting machine of the present invention; Difference three: the wheel foundry goods that Gravity casting machines is produced is with diameter and all larger cast gate of height dimension, and postorder is removed wastes time and energy, and the wheel hub that casting machine of the present invention is produced also does not need subsequent handling to remove without cast gate.
Take Birmasil as raw material, take wheel product as object, under the prerequisite using identical founding materials, by development, there is new function, simple to operate, debugging is convenient, advanced in performance former, improve the intensity index of wheel product, plasticity index also effectively to be enhanced productivity and stock utilization is the elementary object of patent of the present invention, this equipment is by fuselage (1-3), slide block (1-10) and guiding mechanism thereof, vertical and Horizontal lock mold mechanism, without volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type mechanism, feeding mechanism, temperature control system and servo-control system composition, have without volume conductance stream casting function, control speed fills type function, feeding function and Mo Wen adjusting function.These function i ntegration are applied to this casting machine, the machine is made to have the advanced feature of digitlization electro-hydraulic servo control, coordinate corresponding mould can significantly improve intensity and the percentage elongation of wheel foundry goods, and effectively improve wheel cast production efficiency, stock utilization and reduction equipment cost.
The nothing volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type mechanism of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine comprises water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1), diversion fluid cylinder pressure displacement transducer (3-12), water conservancy diversion piston (3-11), fluid pressure line, flow guide system servo valve (3-7) and electric-control system, during work, servo-drive system is by the downstream rate of closed-loop control water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1), it is made to drive water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) from top to down in feeding compression chamber (3-4) to move according to the speed of pre-seting, aluminium liquid from top to down is steadily incorporated into feeding compression chamber (3-4) and mold cavity porch, volume gas situation is avoided to occur, water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) continues to move down makes bottom, feeding compression chamber (3-4) to the feeding-passage UNICOM of mold cavity, the travel position controlling water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) is coordinated by flow guide system servo valve (3-7) and diversion fluid cylinder pressure displacement transducer (3-12), regulate the aperture of water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) and feeding-passage mouth, realize the SERVO CONTROL to filling velocity.
The feeding mechanism of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine comprises feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5), feeding hydraulic cylinder displacement transducer (3-6), fluid pressure line, pressurized pilot valve (3-8) and the electric-control system composition being installed on upper beam (2-4) center, during work, feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) promotes feeding piston (3-5) and enters in feeding compression chamber (3-4), and aluminium liquid is injected in mold cavity in real time, the feeding pressure that this casting machine provides is 0.1-3MPa, PLC technology, the highest feeding pressure is about 30 times of low pressure casting feeding pressure.
Fuselage (1-3) structure of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine is sheet frame integral solder structure, water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) is installed on underbeam (2-6) center, water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) can move by above-below direction, for water conservancy diversion and the control speed of feed liquid, feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) is installed on upper beam (2-4) center, feeding pressure is provided for vertical direction, two vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinders (1-4) are positioned at feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) both sides, be fixed on upper beam (2-4), the vertical open and close movement of mould is realized for being with movable slider (1-10), fuselage (1-3) upper outside is provided with 4 guide support mount pads (2-5) and is assemblied in one with guide support (1-8) is fastening, 4 guide posts (1-7) are arranged in guide support (1-8), for being supplied to the guiding of slide block (1-10) vertical direction, limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) is arranged on biside plate (2-3) and hydraulic cylinder holder (1-13), upper beam (2-4) is provided with four discharge arms (1-9), discharging is realized by discharge arm (1-9) and the collision of mould stripper.
The temperature control system of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine is connected with mould, support that multichannel cooling controls, cooling medium is water or wind, temperature control system comprises mould temperature transducer, cooling medium inlet/outlet temperature sensor, with the cooling medium consumption sensor of throttling function, the mold cools down TT&C system of electromagnetic switch and PLC composition, the machine provides 7 road cooling pipes, wherein 3 road cooling pipes are arranged on workbench installing plate (2-7), cool for bed die (3-1), 3 road cooling pipes are arranged on slide block (1-10), cool for patrix (3-3), 1 road cooling pipe is arranged on limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11), cool for limit mould (3-2), entering of every road cooling pipe, out position is all provided with temperature sensor and flow sensor, every road is provided with flow rate regulating valve q i, i=1,2 ... n, flow detection sensor Q i, i=1,2 ... nwith power on/off magnet valve K i, i=1,2 ... n,, the cooling start-up time on every road is t i, i=1,2 ... n, cooling unlatching is spaced apart Δ t i=Q i/ q i, i=1,2 ... n, by the cooling medium flow velocity q to every road i, i=1,2 ... ntotal flow Q i, i=1,2 ... nwith cooling start time t i, i=1,2 ... nthree class basic variables carry out the adjustment of mold temperature, T w i, i=0,2 ... 7, for the temperature sensor output valve of the import and export cooling medium on every road is in order to as with reference to variable, the control variables of mould is the temperature T at each control point m i, i=1,2 ... 5, the machine supports 5 mold temperature control points, and the output valve of each control point sensor is as the control variables of this temperature control system, and these control variables are three class basic variable q i, i=1,2 ... ntotal flow Q i, i=1,2 ... nwith cooling medium start-up time t i, i=1,2 ... nimplicit function, for making mould each control point temperature digital, establish multi-point temp T m i, i=1,2 ... 5 monitoring systems, the temperature value T recorded m ii=1,2 ... 5 in order to as three class basic variable adjustment aim and reference frames, this with water or wind for cooling medium, using flow velocity, flow and cooling medium start-up time as basic variable, with the mold temperature monitoring system that mould control point temperature is control variables, for processing parameter setting and adjustment provide numerical basis and digitlization control measures.
The machine has the advance of lightweight, compact conformation and digitlization electro-hydraulic servo control, have and fill the unique functions such as the temperature adjusting that type, feeding and the rapid sequential based on water or wind solidify without the casting of volume gas, control speed, coordinate corresponding feeding casting mould and technique, the aluminum-alloy wheel produced has the superior function index that density is high, intensity is high and percentage elongation is high, and effectively improves wheel cast production efficiency, reduction equipment cost.
four, accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the airframe structure schematic diagram of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is that the water conservancy diversion control speed of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine of the present invention fills type and feeding structural scheme of mechanism.
Fig. 4 is the die temperature control system schematic diagram of aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine of the present invention.
The structure of the aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine shown in Fig. 1 mainly comprises: water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1), rotation material-receiving device (1-2), fuselage (1-3), vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4), feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5), guide rod connecting plate (1-6), guide post (1-7), guide support (1-8), discharge arm (1-9), slide block (1-10), limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11), workbench (1-12), hydraulic cylinder holder (1-13).
Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine airframe structure shown in Fig. 2 mainly comprises: gripper shoe (2-1), front and rear panel (2-2), biside plate (2-3), upper beam (2-4), guide support mount pad (2-5), underbeam (2-6), workbench installing plate (2-7).
In Fig. 3, water conservancy diversion control speed fills type and system of risers mainly comprises: bed die (3-1), limit mould (3-2), patrix (3-3), feeding compression chamber (3-4), feeding piston (3-5), feeding hydraulic cylinder displacement transducer (3-6), flow guide system servo valve (3-7), pressurized pilot valve (3-8), electric-motor pump group (3-9), fuel tank (3-10), water conservancy diversion piston (3-11), diversion fluid cylinder pressure displacement transducer (3-12).
Fig. 4 is aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine die temperature control system schematic diagram, K in figure i, Q i, q i, i=1,2 ... 7 are respectively the cooling of each road solenoid-operated switch, flow rate regulating valve, flow sensor, and this equipment can support that 8 cooling lines control; T in figure w i, i=0,2 ... 7, be the import and export coolant temperature sensor that every road is provided with, this equipment can support the detecting sensor of 8 coolant temperatures; T in figure m i, i=1,2 ... 5, be 5 mold temperature control point sensor output values.
five, detailed description of the invention
(the present embodiment further illustrates of the present invention, instead of to any restriction that the present invention makes) is described in detail with regard to detailed description of the invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
1,2,3 and 4 pair of detailed rules for the implementation is described by reference to the accompanying drawings, is described as follows the course of work of this aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine:
First casting mould is installed on top shoe (1-10), bed die (3-1) and limit mould (3-2) are placed on lower table (1-12), by die bottom plate and lower table (1-12) fastening, the mold side mould (3-2) with splitted structure is connected with limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) of relevant position respectively, during work, limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) drives limit mould (3-2) to close, vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4) is with movable slider (1-10) and patrix (3-3) to move downwardly to mould mating surface, vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4) and limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) pressurize, then aluminium alloy feed liquid is cast downwards from gate location mould, leading Flow Control of casting speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) is promoted to position near casting gate, descending along with water conservancy diversion piston (3-11), under watering cup, delivery outlet is opened, aluminium liquid is incorporated in mold cavity from top to bottom stably, realize without the casting of volume gas, when water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) guides aluminium liquid to flow to mold cavity porch, water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) continues to move downward will make mold cavity feeding-passage open, the position of the water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) driven by SERVO CONTROL water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) controls the aperture of opened passage, realize the control to different parts filling velocity, after type to be filled, remove and water cup, feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) is descending, enter in feeding compression chamber (3-4), move to liquid level place and feeding is carried out to liquid, feeding pressure PLC technology within the scope of 0.1-3MPa, patrix (3-3), bed die (3-1) and limit mould (3-2) are connected with the multichannel cooling pipe of equipment respectively, flow rate set and flow PLC technology can be realized, the cooling of each road is progressively opened according to cooling order, realize the order cooling of wheel hub, to be solidified complete, feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) is up, limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) and vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4) release, limit mould (3-2) is opened to die sinking position by limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11), vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4) goes upward to discharging ready position, rotate material-receiving device (1-2) swing move to filling position and rise to level altitude in order to avoid workpiece falls to damaging, vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinder (1-4) is with movable slider (1-10) to continue upwards to run discharge arm (1-9) to be contacted with mould stripper and promotes mould discharging thimble to make the foundry goods demoulding, the descending backhaul of material-receiving device lift cylinder, it is external that fuselage is shown in rotation material-receiving device (1-2), wait for that blanking mechanical hand is carried to rollgang, so far a complete foundry work process is completed.

Claims (5)

1. an aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine, is characterized in that: this equipment is by fuselage (1-3), slide block (1-10) and guiding mechanism thereof, vertical and Horizontal lock mold mechanism, form without volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type mechanism, feeding mechanism, temperature control system and servo-control system.
2. aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine according to claim 1, is characterized in that: without volume conductance Flow Control Su Chong type, mechanism comprises water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1), diversion fluid cylinder pressure displacement transducer (3-12), water conservancy diversion piston (3-11), fluid pressure line, flow guide system servo valve (3-7) and electric-control system.
3. aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: feeding mechanism comprises the feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5), feeding hydraulic cylinder displacement transducer (3-6), fluid pressure line, pressurized pilot valve (3-8) and the electric-control system that are installed on upper beam (2-4) center, and the feeding pressure that this casting machine provides is 0.1-3MPa.
4. aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: fuselage (1-3) is sheet frame integral solder structure, water conservancy diversion control speed hydraulic cylinder (1-1) is installed on underbeam (2-6) center, water conservancy diversion piston (3-11) can move by above-below direction, feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) is installed on upper beam (2-4) center, two vertical locked mode hydraulic cylinders (1-4) are positioned at feeding hydraulic cylinder (1-5) both sides, be fixed on upper beam (2-4), the vertical open and close movement of mould is realized for being with movable slider (1-10), fuselage (1-3) upper outside is provided with 4 guide support mount pads (2-5) and is assemblied in one with guide support (1-8) is fastening, 4 guide posts (1-7) are arranged in guide support (1-8), for being supplied to the guiding of slide block (1-10) vertical direction, limit mould hydraulic cylinder (1-11) is arranged on biside plate (2-3) and hydraulic cylinder holder (1-13), upper beam (2-4) is provided with four discharge arms (1-9), discharging is realized by discharge arm (1-9) and the collision of mould stripper.
5. aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: temperature control system is connected with mould, support that multichannel cooling controls, cooling medium is water or wind, temperature control system comprise mould temperature transducer, cooling medium inlet/outlet temperature sensor, with throttling function cooling medium consumption sensor, electromagnetic switch and PLC composition mold cools down TT&C system, the machine supports 5 mold temperature control points.
CN201420690399.6U 2014-11-18 2014-11-18 Aluminum-alloy wheel casting machine Active CN204449263U (en)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104907531A (en) * 2014-11-18 2015-09-16 秦皇岛燕大现代集成制造技术开发有限公司 Powerful casting machine for aluminum alloy wheels
CN108080596A (en) * 2017-11-30 2018-05-29 江门市兆业科技有限公司 A kind of metal die production shaping device
TWI655040B (en) * 2017-01-31 2019-04-01 日商豐田自動車股份有限公司 Casting device and casting method
CN109822075A (en) * 2019-03-20 2019-05-31 烟台路通精密科技股份有限公司 A kind of air injection machine using electro-hydraulic mixed dynamic clasp mould mechanism
CN110026539A (en) * 2019-05-20 2019-07-19 北京航大新材科技有限公司 A kind of casting machine of the quick mode locking of energy
CN113084124A (en) * 2021-04-02 2021-07-09 江苏凯特汽车部件有限公司 Accurate intelligent control device and method for casting metal mold pressure casting temperature field
CN117816929A (en) * 2024-03-06 2024-04-05 北京航空航天大学 Vacuum pressure regulating extrusion die casting machine based on electromagnetic stirring
EP4353381A1 (en) * 2022-10-10 2024-04-17 Citic Dicastal Co., Ltd. Closed-loop control method and system for mold temperature in wheel casting process

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104907531A (en) * 2014-11-18 2015-09-16 秦皇岛燕大现代集成制造技术开发有限公司 Powerful casting machine for aluminum alloy wheels
TWI655040B (en) * 2017-01-31 2019-04-01 日商豐田自動車股份有限公司 Casting device and casting method
US10773300B2 (en) 2017-01-31 2020-09-15 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Casting apparatus and casting method
CN108080596A (en) * 2017-11-30 2018-05-29 江门市兆业科技有限公司 A kind of metal die production shaping device
CN109822075A (en) * 2019-03-20 2019-05-31 烟台路通精密科技股份有限公司 A kind of air injection machine using electro-hydraulic mixed dynamic clasp mould mechanism
CN109822075B (en) * 2019-03-20 2023-08-29 烟台路通精密科技股份有限公司 Low-pressure casting machine adopting electrohydraulic hybrid die opening and closing mechanism
CN110026539A (en) * 2019-05-20 2019-07-19 北京航大新材科技有限公司 A kind of casting machine of the quick mode locking of energy
CN110026539B (en) * 2019-05-20 2023-10-31 北京航大新材科技有限公司 Casting machine capable of rapidly locking mold
CN113084124A (en) * 2021-04-02 2021-07-09 江苏凯特汽车部件有限公司 Accurate intelligent control device and method for casting metal mold pressure casting temperature field
EP4353381A1 (en) * 2022-10-10 2024-04-17 Citic Dicastal Co., Ltd. Closed-loop control method and system for mold temperature in wheel casting process
CN117816929A (en) * 2024-03-06 2024-04-05 北京航空航天大学 Vacuum pressure regulating extrusion die casting machine based on electromagnetic stirring

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