CN204082312U - A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus - Google Patents
A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN204082312U CN204082312U CN201420515722.6U CN201420515722U CN204082312U CN 204082312 U CN204082312 U CN 204082312U CN 201420515722 U CN201420515722 U CN 201420515722U CN 204082312 U CN204082312 U CN 204082312U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- gas compressor
- valve
- transient
- outlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn - After Issue
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Testing Of Engines (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, simulation pressurization system consists of: the air compressor outlet of simulated engine extraction flow connects filtering tank in turn, laminar flow flowmeter, air inlet adjustment valve, surge tank, heater, air inlet pressure regulator valve, high, lower pressure stage turbines emptying, the arm of filtering tank inlet tube is provided with bleed valve, and the entering of high-pressure turbine stage, whirlpool end bypass valve is connected with between outlet, low pressure stage blower outlet connects intercooler in turn, high pressure stage gas compressor, second intercooler, second surge tank, forced air is exported after second laminar flow flowmeter and back pressure regulating valve, and the entering of high pressure stage gas compressor, pressure side bypass valve is connected with between outlet, this device is adjustments of gas temperature in several ways, pressure and flow, adopt transient pressure, pressure before temperature transducer test whirlpool, rate of temperature change, for transient control strategy is provided fundamental basis and Data support.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to the turbo charged testing apparatus of simulated engine, the particularly testing apparatus of simulated engine two-step supercharging, with reproducing target exhaust pressure and exhaust gas temperature change rate.
Background technique
Chinese patent literature discloses one " the engine turbine supercharging control method based on model " (CN201110457798.9, China First Automobile Works Group Corporation), it obtains boost pressure and the relation of exhaust gas flow flowing through exhaust gas by-pass valve by setting up gas compressor and turbine energy balance model, spring link and exhaust gas by-pass valve discharge model is utilized to control this exhaust gas flow afterwards, thus control the Energy transmission of whirlpool energy, finally control boost pressure.It controls boost pressure by means of only this single parameter of adjustment exhaust gas flow, there is the defect that pressurization control means are single.
Model utility content
The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, to mate the status parameter such as temperature, pressure, flow of engine exhaust gas, finally meets the test request of the instantaneous operating mode of motor.
The purpose of this utility model is achieved in that a kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, comprise data acquistion system to be connected with electronic control system, simulation pressurization system consists of: be connected filtering tank in turn as simulated engine extraction flow by the road with the air compressor outlet of exhaust pressure, laminar flow flowmeter, air inlet adjustment valve, surge tank, heater, air inlet pressure regulator valve, run in after high-pressure turbine stage and lower pressure stage turbines blank pipe emptying, the arm of filtering tank inlet tube is provided with bleed valve, and the entering of high-pressure turbine stage, end by-pass, whirlpool between outlet is also connected with whirlpool end bypass valve, and low pressure stage blower outlet connects intercooler by the road in turn, high pressure stage gas compressor, second intercooler, second surge tank, forced air is exported after second laminar flow flowmeter and back pressure regulating valve, and the entering of high pressure stage gas compressor, pressure side by-pass between outlet is also connected with pressure side bypass valve, and the impeller of high-pressure turbine stage and the impeller of high pressure stage gas compressor are rigidly connected through an axle, and the impeller of lower pressure stage turbines and the impeller of low pressure stage gas compressor are rigidly connected through another axle,
Described data acquistion system is made up of transient pressure sensor and transient temperature sensor, transient pressure sensor setting on pressure side by-pass, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline; Transient temperature sensor setting is on pressure side by-pass, on end by-pass, whirlpool, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline.
Described heater is electric heater.
Described transient pressure sensor and transient temperature sensor all adopt Kistler transient pressure sensor and Kistler transient temperature sensor.
The beneficial effect of this device is:
1, this device adopts air compressor as power source, the actual exhaust air flow of simulated engine, exhaust pressure, and this gas after voltage stabilizing and heating, then enters two-stage turbocharger.This device regulative mode is various, as the flow by regulating whirlpool end bypass valve to regulate high and low pressure stage turbine, thus changes its energy distribution ratio, and then changes expansion ratio at different levels and determine entropic efficiency.And for example, control the flow through by-pass by adjustment pressure side bypass valve, after intercooler cooling, then eliminated the pressure surge in suction tude by surge tank; For another example, back pressure regulating valve is regulated can to control flow characteristics and the air inflow of gas circuit.
2, adopt Kistler transient pressure, temperature transducer to test before whirlpool rate of temperature change before pressure change rate and whirlpool, and then for both analyses are to interact relation between charge flow rate, " gas-storing capacity ", pressure ratio at different levels, multistage expansion ratio and energy distribution ratio at different levels, for transient control strategy is provided fundamental basis and Data support.
The feature of this device will be set forth in a specific embodiment further.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the equipment connection schematic diagram (in figure, solid line is electronic control unit control signal, and dotted line is sensor collection signal) of this device.
Embodiment
The two-step supercharging system-specific platform of this device development, is mainly divided into three parts: simulation pressurization system, electronic control system 15, data acquistion system.Wherein simulate pressurization system and mainly comprise air compressor, bleed valve, filtering tank, air inlet adjustment valve, surge tank, air inlet pressure regulator valve, back pressure regulating valve, heater (employing electric heater), pressurized machine at different levels and intercooler, pressure side by-pass and bypass valve, end by-pass, whirlpool and bypass valve, platform is installed the sensor such as rotary angle transmitter, laminar flow flowmeter, transient temperature sensor, transient pressure meeting accuracy requirement, the data acquisition of platform development and analytical system are by Labview software simulating, meet platform development collection, testing and analysis demand, on platform, various valve is realized by the electronic control system of independent development, specifically as shown in Figure 1, this two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, comprise data acquistion system to be connected with electronic control system, simulation pressurization system consists of: to export with the air compressor 1 of exhaust pressure as simulated engine extraction flow and be connected filtering tank 3 in turn by the road, laminar flow flowmeter 4, air inlet adjustment valve 5, surge tank 6, heater 7, air inlet pressure regulator valve 8, to run in after high-pressure turbine stage 17 and lower pressure stage turbines 18 blank pipe emptying, the arm of filtering tank 3 inlet tube is provided with bleed valve 2, and the entering of high-pressure turbine stage 17, end by-pass, whirlpool between outlet is also connected with whirlpool end bypass valve 9, low pressure stage gas compressor 19 exports and connects intercooler 16 in turn by the road, high pressure stage gas compressor 20, second intercooler 11, second surge tank 12, forced air is exported after second laminar flow flowmeter 13 and back pressure regulating valve 14, and the entering of high pressure stage gas compressor 20, pressure side by-pass between outlet is also connected with pressure side bypass valve 10, the impeller of high-pressure turbine stage 17 and the impeller of high pressure stage gas compressor 20 are rigidly connected through an axle, the impeller of lower pressure stage turbines 18 and the impeller of low pressure stage gas compressor 19 are rigidly connected through another axle,
Described data acquistion system is made up of transient pressure sensor and transient temperature sensor, transient pressure sensor setting on pressure side by-pass, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline; Transient temperature sensor setting is on pressure side by-pass, on end by-pass, whirlpool, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline.
As shown in Figure 1, platform uses air compressor 1 as power source, the actual exhaust air flow of simulated engine, exhaust pressure.Wherein unnecessary gas is put in air by bleed valve 2, and the gas needed for experiment is first by filtering tank 3, filter the moisture in gas and impurity, then flow through the gas flow of this pipeline through laminar flow flowmeter 4 test, by air inlet adjustment valve 5, control suction pressure and gas flow.Gas enters surge tank 6 and heater 7 afterwards, guarantees that gas meets flow, temperature and pressure state needed for experiment, finally passes into two-stage turbocharger (refer to exhaust-gas turbocharger, be made up of turbo machine and gas compressor etc.).Turbine wheel and compressor impeller are rigidly connected by pressurized machine axle, and when forming supercharger rotor engine operation, the waste gas of discharge goes out turbine wheel at a high speed at a certain angle, makes supercharger rotor high speed rotating, can reach 20104 revs/min.The High Rotation Speed of compressor impeller makes the air pressure in engine intake manifold raise, and reaches pressurized effect, turbine inlet, after turbine at different levels does expansion work, is discharged to air.Wherein, high-pressure turbine stage 17 parallel connection end by-pass, a whirlpool, by adjustment whirlpool end bypass valve, can regulate the flow by high low pressure stage turbine, thus change its energy distribution ratio, and then change expansion ratio at different levels and determine entropic efficiency.
Platform inlet end does following consideration: first low pressure stage gas compressor 19 rotates (impeller of the two is rigidly connected by pressurized machine axle) along with lower pressure stage turbines 18, to the air acting entered, realize supercharging, gas temperature is reduced through intercooler 16, guarantee that density of the induced air and air inflow satisfy the demands, flow into high pressure stage gas compressor 20 afterwards and carry out secondary booster.A high pressure stage gas compressor by-pass in parallel, by the flow of pressure side bypass valve 10 control flow check through by-pass, along with by-pass aperture increases, circulation and the gas flow between high pressure stage gas compressor and pressure side by-pass increase gradually, and all the other air inflows are cooled by the second intercooler 11, ensure that intake temperature and flow meet experiment demand.Eliminated the pressure surge in suction tude afterwards by the second surge tank 12, test charge flow rate by the second laminar flow flowmeter 13, whole air inlet pipeline controls flow characteristics and the air inflow of gas circuit by back pressure regulating valve 14.
On the two-step supercharging system-specific platform of the utility model exploitation, each gas path pipe is all installed Kistler transient state air inlet pressure sensor, transient state intake air temperature sensor to test pressure side by-pass, the instantaneous pressure of pressurized machine runner and transient temperature pulsatile change, to analyze pressure side bypass valve flow area variance ratio to charge flow rate, " gas-storing capacity ", pressure ratio at different levels, expansion ratio at different levels, and interact relation between energy distribution ratio at different levels; Kistler transient state exhaust pressure is installed, transient state exhaust gas temperature sensor to test before whirlpool rate of temperature change before pressure change rate and whirlpool, with rate of temperature change before analyzing pressure change rate before whirlpool, whirlpool respectively to charge flow rate, " gas-storing capacity ", pressure ratio at different levels, expansion ratio at different levels, and interact relation between energy distribution ratio at different levels; Four kinds of transient state sensor conbined usage, effectively can analyze the change course of each section of gas circuit status parameter (temperature, pressure) in diesel transient process, for transient control control strategy is provided fundamental basis and Data support.
Realize target exhaust pressure and rate of temperature change are the keys of Success in Experiment.On the one hand, need control valve and the heating stick (electric heater) of Response to selection speed, relation between pressure difference, valve opening before and after Accurate Calibration extraction flow and valve, the relation of delivery temperature and extraction flow, electrical heating rod heating area; On the other hand, need to the closed loop control of pressure and temperature before whirlpool.By the difference between the aperture of Real-time Feedback air inlet pressure regulator valve and target aperture, electronic control unit utilizes the control MAP demarcated in advance, the control signal of interpolation of tabling look-up Real-time Obtaining valve, finally realizes the closed loop control of pressure before whirlpool.By the difference of Real-time Feedback surge tank temperature signal and target temperature, electronic control unit controls electrical heating rod heating area and ON time, thus the feedback control of temperature before realizing whirlpool.
The utility model platform is mainly used in coupling instant engine gaseous state parameter, and the core obtaining this status parameter is then instantaneous conditions measuring technology.Form primarily of transient test sensor and transient test acquisition system two-part.Wherein transient test parameter is as follows:
1) transient temperature sensor: test end by-pass, whirlpool (between turbo machine inlet/outlet), pressure side by-pass (between gas compressor inlet/outlet), gas compressor out temperature pulsatile change at different levels;
2) transient pressure sensor: test pressure side by-pass, gas compressor inlet and outlet pressure pulsatile change at different levels;
3) laminar flow flowmeter: test charge flow rate change course;
4) whirlpool end bypass valve aperture, pressure side bypass valve aperture, air inlet pressure regulator valve, air inlet adjustment valve, back pressure regulating valve: carry lift range sensor feedback signal by valve and obtain;
Above-mentioned transient parameter all synchronously obtains data by the transient test of independent development and acquisition system, NI capture card is utilized to gather various signal, and real-time storage is in acquisition system, the data analysis of or off-line online by Labview software simulating, for the coupling of instant engine status parameter provides Data support.
The test method of this two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, adopts said apparatus to carry out according to the following steps:
To flow through air inlet adjustment valve 5, air inlet pressure regulator valve 8, whirlpool end bypass valve 9, pressure side bypass valve 10 and heater 7 and flow through the temperature of gas of back pressure regulating valve 14, pressure closed loop controls, by difference between the aperture of the actual valve of feedback test and target valve aperture, the each valve of automatic adjustment is tending towards desired value, to realize the research of gas circuit flow change rate to gas circuit status parameter; Utilize flow, temperature, the pressure state parameter of air compressor and the exhaust of heater simulated engine; Charge flow rate is regulated by the aperture of adjustment air inlet adjustment valve 5, the air inlet pressure regulator valve 8 exported by surge tank regulates pressure before whirlpool, surge tank 6 inside temperature is controlled by electric heater, thus temperature before control whirlpool, final reproducing target exhaust pressure and target temperature variance ratio, the various signal real-time storage of data acquisition system are in acquisition system, and the data analysis of or off-line online by Labview software simulating, for the coupling of instant engine status parameter provides Data support.
Claims (3)
1. a two turbocharging systems testing apparatus, comprise, data acquistion system is connected with electronic control system, it is characterized in that, simulation pressurization system consists of: be connected filtering tank (3) as simulated engine extraction flow by the road in turn with air compressor (1) outlet of exhaust pressure, laminar flow flowmeter (4), air inlet adjustment valve (5), surge tank (6), heater (7), air inlet pressure regulator valve (8), to run in after high-pressure turbine stage (17) and lower pressure stage turbines (18) blank pipe emptying, the arm of filtering tank (3) inlet tube is provided with bleed valve (2), and the entering of high-pressure turbine stage (17), end by-pass, whirlpool between outlet is also connected with whirlpool end bypass valve (9), low pressure stage gas compressor (19) outlet connects intercooler (16) by the road in turn, high pressure stage gas compressor (20), second intercooler (11), second surge tank (12), second laminar flow flowmeter (13) and back pressure regulating valve (14) export forced air afterwards, and the entering of high pressure stage gas compressor (20), pressure side by-pass between outlet is also connected with pressure side bypass valve (10), the impeller of high-pressure turbine stage (17) and the impeller of high pressure stage gas compressor (20) are rigidly connected through an axle, the impeller of lower pressure stage turbines (18) and the impeller of low pressure stage gas compressor (19) are rigidly connected through another axle,
Described data acquistion system is made up of transient pressure sensor and transient temperature sensor, transient pressure sensor setting on pressure side by-pass, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline; Transient temperature sensor setting is on pressure side by-pass, on end by-pass, whirlpool, on low pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline and on high pressure stage gas compressor inlet/outlet pipeline.
2. a kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described heater (7) is electric heater.
3. a kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described transient pressure sensor and transient temperature sensor all adopt Kistler transient pressure sensor and Kistler transient temperature sensor.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201420515722.6U CN204082312U (en) | 2014-09-09 | 2014-09-09 | A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201420515722.6U CN204082312U (en) | 2014-09-09 | 2014-09-09 | A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN204082312U true CN204082312U (en) | 2015-01-07 |
Family
ID=52175040
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201420515722.6U Withdrawn - After Issue CN204082312U (en) | 2014-09-09 | 2014-09-09 | A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN204082312U (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104234820A (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2014-12-24 | 韩志强 | Two-staged turbocharging system testing device and testing method |
| CN105317532A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-02-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Opening control method for air valve of sequential supercharging system |
| CN106198034A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-12-07 | 大连海事大学 | A kind of rotary punching Compressor test system |
| CN106644250A (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-05-10 | 成都发动机（集团）有限公司 | Portable device for air pressure measurement |
| CN107677482A (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2018-02-09 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | A kind of method of testing of tandem pressure charging system gross efficiency |
| CN108699963A (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2018-10-23 | 三菱重工业株式会社 | The control method of booster, two-stage turbine system and two-stage turbine system |
| CN110595789A (en) * | 2019-10-27 | 2019-12-20 | 楼蓝科技(苏州)有限公司 | Flow table system for debugging air flow of gas turbine |
| CN114738109A (en) * | 2022-04-01 | 2022-07-12 | 西华大学 | Matching method for key parameters of two-stage turbocharged internal combustion engine |
-
2014
- 2014-09-09 CN CN201420515722.6U patent/CN204082312U/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104234820A (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2014-12-24 | 韩志强 | Two-staged turbocharging system testing device and testing method |
| CN105317532A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-02-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Opening control method for air valve of sequential supercharging system |
| CN108699963A (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2018-10-23 | 三菱重工业株式会社 | The control method of booster, two-stage turbine system and two-stage turbine system |
| CN108699963B (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2021-04-02 | 三菱重工业株式会社 | Supercharger, two-stage turbine system, and control method for two-stage turbine system |
| CN106198034A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-12-07 | 大连海事大学 | A kind of rotary punching Compressor test system |
| CN106198034B (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2018-05-25 | 大连海事大学 | A kind of rotary punching Compressor test system |
| CN106644250A (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-05-10 | 成都发动机（集团）有限公司 | Portable device for air pressure measurement |
| CN106644250B (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2019-01-11 | 成都发动机（集团）有限公司 | The mancarried device of air pressure measurement |
| CN107677482A (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2018-02-09 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | A kind of method of testing of tandem pressure charging system gross efficiency |
| CN110595789A (en) * | 2019-10-27 | 2019-12-20 | 楼蓝科技(苏州)有限公司 | Flow table system for debugging air flow of gas turbine |
| CN114738109A (en) * | 2022-04-01 | 2022-07-12 | 西华大学 | Matching method for key parameters of two-stage turbocharged internal combustion engine |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN204082312U (en) | A kind of two turbocharging systems testing apparatus | |
| CN104234820B (en) | A kind of two turbocharging systems test device and method of testing thereof | |
| CN101672729B (en) | High-altitude and low-pressure characteristic simulation test station of air compressor in internal-combustion engine | |
| CN104863699B (en) | The control device of the internal combustion engine with booster | |
| CN201034833Y (en) | Gas-gas heat exchanger heat-transfer performance test system | |
| CN101701546B (en) | Sequential turbocharging system anti-surge control device and control method | |
| CN101375293A (en) | Apparatus and method for compressor and turbine performance simulation | |
| CN202914175U (en) | Exhaust emission by-pass governing system of engine | |
| CN103233825B (en) | The controlling method of secondary adjustable supercharging control system | |
| CN110543715B (en) | Two-stage supercharging system matching method based on simulation calculation | |
| CN111089727A (en) | Turbocharger variable-altitude simulation test bed and test method | |
| CN110529234A (en) | The adjustable two-stage electropneumatic pressure charging system of turbine bypass valve and its change height above sea level control method | |
| CN101949324A (en) | Turbosupercharging through-flow matching method for internal combustion engine | |
| CN102108896B (en) | Regulate the method and apparatus of exhaust turbine supercharger | |
| CN203257533U (en) | Two-stage adjustable pressurizing control system | |
| CN201600244U (en) | Simulation device used for determining car performance at high altitude | |
| CN203310632U (en) | Device for simulating engine boost system | |
| CN1437010A (en) | Internal combustion engine performance low-pressure simulating test stage | |
| CN103184927B (en) | Engine turbine supercharging control method based on model | |
| CN202451313U (en) | Accessory supercharging system for diesel rack testing | |
| CN102434333B (en) | Auxiliary pressurization system for diesel engine bench test and using method of auxiliary pressurization system | |
| CN105443273A (en) | High-pressure gas source based single-cylinder diesel engine EGR device and control method | |
| CN103670679B (en) | Turbocharger for gasoline engine boost pressure and surge controlling method and device | |
| CN101832862B (en) | System for testing performance of exhaust reflux electric heating turbine | |
| CN102901632B (en) | Pressurization system simulating device for test bed of cylinder diameter-variable stroke-variable intermediate-speed single cylinder diesel |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| ASS | Succession or assignment of patent right |
Owner name: CHENGDU KELI WODE POWER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. Free format text: FORMER OWNER: HAN ZHIQIANG Effective date: 20150625 |
|
| C41 | Transfer of patent application or patent right or utility model | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20150625 Address after: 1, No. 441, No. 4, 610093 floor, No. 1388, Tianfu Road, Chengdu hi tech Zone, Sichuan Patentee after: HAN ZHIQIANG Address before: 610039 Jinniu District, Sichuan, Jin Zhou road, No. 999, No. Patentee before: Han Zhiqiang |
|
| AV01 | Patent right actively abandoned |
Granted publication date: 20150107 Effective date of abandoning: 20160817 |
|
| C25 | Abandonment of patent right or utility model to avoid double patenting |