CN203965070U - A kind of heat pump calibration cell - Google Patents
A kind of heat pump calibration cell Download PDFInfo
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- CN203965070U CN203965070U CN201420152215.0U CN201420152215U CN203965070U CN 203965070 U CN203965070 U CN 203965070U CN 201420152215 U CN201420152215 U CN 201420152215U CN 203965070 U CN203965070 U CN 203965070U
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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Abstract
A kind of heat pump calibration cell that the utility model provides, comprise temperature measurement and control instrument, stirring apparatus, heating arrangement, cell body and the dividing plate arranging in described cell body inside, described temperature measurement and control instrument comprises temperature sensor, temperature controller and control circuit, described temperature measurement and control instrument is connected with described heating arrangement by described control circuit, described heating arrangement is heat pump, described heat pump is air source heat pump, the technical scheme that the utility model provides, not only the object of saves energy can be reached, the temperature of working environment can also be improved.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of device for detection of thermometer error, specifically, what relate to is a kind of calibration cell that installs heat pump.
Background technology
Calibration cell of the prior art, referring to the patent No.: disclosed calibration cell in 201120296107.7, as shown in Fig. 2 in Figure of description, it is for detection of the error of thermometer, the cell body inner filling water of calibration cell or wet goods liquid medium, temperature controller is by the temperature in thermometer measure calibration cell, and calculate according to corresponding mathematics model formula the heating current numerical value that needs are exported, heating current flows into electric heater by electrode, surrounding liquid is heated, the electric machine rotation of stirring apparatus continues or intermittent stirs, liquid medium is circulated up and down, mix, guarantee that the temperature in calibration cell is uniform and stable, like this, calibration cell needs to consume a large amount of electric energy during operation, the equipment that belongs to highly energy-consuming, the heat of calibration cell distributes to the space of work, can improve the temperature in extraneous space, have a strong impact on the temperature of work space environment, especially summer, the temperature of working environment can be higher.
Utility model content
In order to overcome above-mentioned problems of the prior art, the utility model provides a kind of heat pump calibration cell, comprise temperature measurement and control instrument, stirring apparatus, heating arrangement, cell body and the dividing plate arranging in described cell body inside, described temperature measurement and control instrument comprises temperature sensor, temperature controller and control circuit, described temperature measurement and control instrument is connected with described heating arrangement by described control circuit, and described heating arrangement is heat pump.
Further, described heat pump is air source heat pump.
Further, described air source heat pump comprises the first heat-exchange device, the second heat-exchange device, fluid reservoir, hay tank, filtrator, expansion valve, evaporator, compressor and the fan being linked in sequence.
Further, described the first heat-exchange device is coiled heat-exchange device.
Further, described temperature measurement and control instrument is by the circuit communication of described control circuit and described compressor.
Further, described coiled heat interchange is arranged on the inside of described cell body and in the bottom of stirring apparatus, and the hot entrance of described coiled heat-exchange device and heat outlet do not export and the corresponding connection of hot entrance with the heat of the second heat exchanger.
Further, described temperature sensor adopts thermopair.
Further, described thermopair is arranged on cell body inside.
The technical scheme that the utility model provides, not only can reach the object of saves energy, can also improve the temperature of working environment.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the utility model is further illustrated.
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present utility model;
Fig. 2 is prior art structural representation.
In figure: 1. control circuit, 2. compressor, 3. evaporator, 4. fan, 5. expansion valve, 6. filtrator, 7. fluid reservoir, 8. the second heat interchanger, 9. the first heat exchanger, 10. cell body, 11. dividing plates, 12. temperature sensor 13. stirring apparatuss, 14. temperature controllers, 15 control temperature meters, 16. electric heaters.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure of description 1, the utility model provides a kind of heat pump calibration cell, described calibration cell inner filling water or wet goods liquid medium, calibration cell comprises temperature measurement and control instrument, stirring apparatus 13, heating arrangement, cell body 10 and the dividing plate 11 arranging in described cell body 10 inside, described temperature measurement and control instrument comprises temperature sensor 12, temperature controller 14 and control circuit 1, described temperature measurement and control instrument is connected with described heating arrangement by described control circuit 1, described heating arrangement is heat pump, the heat pump that the present embodiment is installed and used is air source heat pump, can reach the object of saves energy like this, can also play the effect of the temperature of improving working environment, described air source heat pump comprises the first heat-exchange device being linked in sequence, the second heat-exchange device 8, fluid reservoir 7, filtrator 6, expansion valve 5, evaporator 3, compressor 2 and fan 4, described the first heat-exchange device is coiled heat-exchange device 9, described temperature measurement and control instrument is by the circuit communication of described control circuit 1 and described compressor 2, described coiled heat interchange 9 is arranged on the inside of described cell body 10 and in the bottom of stirring apparatus 13, the hot entrance of described coiled heat-exchange device 9 does not export and the corresponding connection of hot entrance with the heat of the second heat exchanger 8 with heat outlet, described temperature sensor 12 adopts thermopair, described thermopair is arranged on cell body 10 inside, the heat pump calibration cell that the utility model provides is mainly for detection of the error of thermometer, cell body 10 inner filling waters or the wet goods liquid medium of the calibration cell of heat pump, in temperature controller 14, be provided with PID controller, by PID controller, control the temperature in thermometer measure calibration cell, its mathematical model according to corresponding mathematics model formula PID controller is:
PID controller is by error signal e (t) is carried out to ratio, integration and differentiation computing, the weighting of its result, and the output u (t) of controlled device, this value is the controlling value of control object, the mathematical description of PID controller is:
The output that u in formula (t) is controller.As the input of controller, e (t)=r (t)-y (t), it is a deviation of set-point and controlled device real output value, be called deviation signal, Kp is the scale-up factor of controller, the integral time that Ti is controller, the derivative time that Td is controller.
The implementation of each control action is at function expression, and the corresponding parameter of controlling comprises proportional gain Kp, integration time constant Ti and derivative time constant Td.Calculate the heating current numerical value that needs output, heating current flows into electric heater by electrode, surrounding liquid is heated, motor continues to stir, liquid medium is circulated up and down, mix, guarantee that the temperature in calibration cell is uniform and stable, calibration cell needs to consume a large amount of electric energy during operation, belongs to the equipment of highly energy-consuming.According to daily rule, water can not spontaneously flow to high-order from low level, the water of low level is transported to eminence, must consume electric energy by way of compensation with a water pump, the water of low level could be delivered to eminence.In like manner, heat can not spontaneously be sent to hot environment and go from low temperature environment, if realize the transfer of heat energy from low temperature environment to hot environment, must be by an equipment, and consume a part of mechanical work, for example by way of compensation, this equipment is just called " heat pump " to electric energy.Therefore, the principle of work of Air-source Heat Pump Hot water units is by fraction electric power, 2 operations of drive compression machine, whole heat pump is put into operation, by evaporator 3, constantly from low temperature environment, absorb heat, by condenser system, absorb heat, heat system being absorbed by condenser and the electrical energy transfer of consumption are in hot environment.Air source heat pump is the heat-absorbing medium refrigerant utilizing in equipment, from air or physical environment, gather heat energy, after compressor 2 compressions, improve the temperature of refrigerant, and by heat exchanger refrigerant, emit heat heating cold water and become hot water, give off cold air, the hot water of producing is directly used in hot water by water circulation system and supplies simultaneously.A heat pump assembly mainly contains evaporator 3, compressor 2, condenser and expansion valve four parts and forms, by allowing working medium constantly complete the thermodynamic cycle process of evaporation (draw heat in environment) → compression → condensation (emitting heat) → throttling → evaporate again, thus by the transfer of heat in environment in water.The utility model, the well heater of heating electrode in the disclosed calibration cell of prior art is replaced by coil pipe, the output of the hot water of air source heat pump and cold water (relative heat outputting coolant-temperature gage is low) input access calibration cell coil system, the control circuit of temperature controller 14 is controlled compressor 2 runnings, can form air source heat pump calibration cell, temperature controller 2 is by liquid medium temperature in control temperature instrumentation amount calibration cell, according to the mathematical model formula of setting, calculate and control Voltage-output compressor, control the running of compressor, adjust the heat that heat pump produces, by heat interchanger, affect the temperature of input calibration cell hot water, the final temperature of controlling calibration cell.
The control algolithm of PID controller:
1.PID controller is introduced:
PID: the English full name of proportion integration differentiation is Proportion Integration Differentiation, it is the analysis of position control system, the rule formula of three control actions of PID, because its algorithm is simple, robustness is good and reliability, the industrial process control field being widely used more than 90%.And adjusting of pid parameter is a crucial problem during PID controls.In actual application, many controlled process complicated mechanisms, have nonlinearity, time become the features such as uncertain and pure hysteresis.Especially under the impact of the factors such as noise, load disturbance, procedure parameter even model structure all can be in time with the variation of working environment and change.This just requires in PID controls, and not only adjusting of pid parameter do not rely on mathematical model of controlled plant as far as possible, and pid parameter can adjust online, to meet the requirement of real-time control.
The performance of control system can be described with steady, accurate, fast three words.Surely refer to the stability (stability) of system, a system is wanted normally to work, and must be first stable, from step response, should restrain; Standard refers to accuracy, the control accuracy of control system, conventionally by steady-state error, comes (Steady-stateerror) to describe, and its expression system is exported the poor of steady-state value and expectation value; Refer to soon the rapidity of control system response, conventionally with rise time quantitative description.PID controls and just to have solved Theory of Automatic Control basic problem, the i.e. stability of system, rapidity and accuracy to be solved.Regulate the parameter of PID, can realize under the prerequisite of system stability, take into account load capacity and the interference rejection ability of system, simultaneously, in PID regulator, introduce integration item, system has increased by zero limit, makes it to become single order or system more than single order, and the steady-state error of system step response is just zero like this.
The principle of work of 2PID controller
As shown below, conventional PID controller is as a kind of linear controller, according to set-point and real output value, forms control deviation, by deviation in proportion, integration and differentiation forms controlled quentity controlled variable by linear combination, controlled device is controlled, and classical PID is hysteresis-anticipatory control device.
The mathematical model of 3PID controller
PID controller is by error signal e (t) is carried out to ratio, integration and differentiation computing, the weighting of its result, and the output u (t) of controlled device, this value is the controlling value of control object.The mathematical description of PID controller is:
The output that u in formula (t) is controller.As the input of controller, e (t)=r (t)-y (t), it is a deviation of set-point and controlled device real output value, is called deviation signal, K
pfor the scale-up factor of controller, T
ifor the integral time of controller, T
dfor the derivative time of controller.What the implementation of each control action was expressed in function expression is perfectly clear, and the corresponding parameter of controlling comprises proportional gain K
p, integration time constant T
iwith derivative time constant T
d.
Introduce respectively the major control effect of three kinds of correction links below.
3.1 ratios regulate
It is for the timely deviation signal of RCS pro rata that ratio regulates, and with prestissimo, produces control action, and deviation is changed to the trend reducing, and its expression formula is: K
pe (t), output and the proportional relation of input error signal that ratio regulates, there is deviation in system one, controller amplifies K by deviation immediately
pdoubly output.Proportional control is the simplest a kind of control mode.In ratio regulates, Proportional coefficient K
peffect be to accelerate the response speed of system, improve the degree of regulation of system.It chooses the response speed of the system that determined.K
plarger, can improve response speed, reduce steady-state error, but K
pcross senior general and produce hyperharmonic vibration and even cause system unstable, so K
pit is excessive that value can not be got; If K
pvalue is less, can reduce overshoot, improves stability, but value is too small, can reduce degree of regulation, makes response speed slow, thereby extends the adjusting time, and the dynamic and static characteristic of system is degenerated.So, Proportional coefficient K
pselect suitably, just to obtain the effect that transit time is few, static difference is little and stable.There is steady-state error (Steady-stateerror) in system output when proportional control only.
3.2 integral adjustment
The introducing of integral adjustment is mainly for guaranteeing that controlled volume follows the tracks of the floating of setting value when the stable state.Its expression formula is:
from its mathematic(al) representation, as long as the deviation of existence, its control action will constantly increase.Only, at deviation e (t)=0 o'clock, its integration can be just a constant, and control action is only a constant that can not increase.Visible, the output of autocatalytic reset action and input deviation be integrated into direct ratio, its value not only depends on the size of deviation signal, also depends on the time that deviation exists.As long as there is deviation to exist, although deviation may be very little, the time that it exists is longer, and output signal is just larger, only has elimination deviation, and output just stops changing.In order to eliminate steady-state error, in controller, must introduce " integration item ".Integral adjustment is used for the deviation of the system of eliminating.Integration time constant T
iimpact on integral adjustment is very big.Work as T
iwhen larger, integral action a little less than, at this moment, the transient process of system be difficult for to produce vibration, but it is longer to eliminate the required time of deviation, works as T
ihour, integral action is stronger, at this moment in system transient process, likely can produce vibration, but it is shorter to eliminate the required time of deviation.(as saturation nonlinearity) therefore for some reason, integral process likely produces long-pending saturated at the initial stage of adjustment process, thereby causes the larger overshoot of adjustment process.Therefore, at the initial stage of adjustment process, for preventing that integration is saturated, its integration is done should be weak, even can get zero; And regulating mid-term, for fear of affecting stability, its integral action should be more moderate; Finally, in the later stage of process, should strengthen integral action, steady-state error further be reduced, until equal zero.
3.3 differential regulate
The introducing that differential regulates is mainly in order to improve the stability of closed-loop system and the speed of dynamic response.The differential action makes control action in controlled volume, thereby forms approximate proportionate relationship with departure future trends.
Its mathematic(al) representation is:
The effect power of differential part is by derivative time constant T
ddetermine.T
dlarger, the effect of its inhibition (e) t variation is stronger; T
dless, the effect of its inhibition e (t) variation is more weak.It has a significant impact the stable of system.Under proportion differential regulating action, although deviation e (t) is very little sometimes, its pace of change is very fast, and differential regulator just has a larger output.Automatic control system may have the effect that suppresses error owing to having large inertia assembly or having hysteresis (delay) assembly, and it changes the variation that always lags behind error.Solution is to add differentiation element, the trend that its energy predicated error changes.T
dbe worth excessively, adjustment process braking will be leading, causes adjusting overlong time, T
dbe worth too smallly, adjustment process braking will fall behind, thereby causes overshoot to increase.So early stage in start-up course, should strengthen differential system, while closing on stable state, reduce differentiation element effect late period, makes response faster.
Design and setting method that 4PID controls
The evolution of PDI is its parameter tuning method and the research process of adaptive approach to a great extent.From proposing pid parameter setting method, there are many technology own through being used to the manual and automatic adjusting of PID controller.According to the division of developing stage, can be divided into conventional PDI parameter tuning method and intelligent PID parameter tuning method; According to controlled device number, divide, can be divided into single argument pid parameter setting method and multivariable PID parameter tuning method, the former comprises existing most of setting method, and the latter is focus and the difficult point of research recently; Array configuration by controlled quentity controlled variable is divided, can be divided into linear pid parameter setting method and non-linearity PID parameter tuning method, the former is for classical PID regulator, and the latter is used for the nonlinear pid controller being generated by Nonlinear Tracking one differentiator and nonlinear combination mode.
Intelligent PID parameter tuning method is divided into again automatic setting method and the rule-based automatic setting method based on model.In the automatic setting method based on model, can test procurement process model by transient response experiment, parameter estimation and frequency response.In rule-based automatic setting method, without procurement process empirical model, the rule of adjusting and manually adjusting based on similar experienced operator.Rule-based the same with the method based on model from tuning process, use transient response, setting value to change or the information such as load disturbance, the characteristic of observation controlled process, if controlled volume departs from setting value, rule-based controller parameters setting.Compare with the setting method based on model, rule-based setting method takes advantage when processing load disturbance and processing set point change.Using maximum rule-based intelligent PID setting methods is at present exactly fuzzy control and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) Control.
Foregoing description is only used for illustrating the utility model rather than is used for limiting protection domain of the present utility model, and those skilled in the art easily draw multiple improvement and distortion from above-mentioned instruction, only otherwise exceed the protection domain of claim.
Claims (3)
1. a heat pump calibration cell, comprise temperature measurement and control instrument, stirring apparatus, heating arrangement, cell body and the dividing plate arranging in described cell body inside, described temperature measurement and control instrument comprises temperature sensor, temperature controller and control circuit, it is characterized in that, described temperature measurement and control instrument is connected with described heating arrangement by described control circuit, described heating arrangement is heat pump, described heat pump is air source heat pump, described air source heat pump comprises the first heat-exchange device being linked in sequence, the second heat-exchange device, fluid reservoir, hay tank, filtrator, expansion valve, evaporator, compressor and fan, described the first heat-exchange device is coiled heat-exchange device, described temperature measurement and control instrument is by described control circuit and the circuit communication of described compressor, described coiled heat interchange is arranged on the inside of described cell body and in the bottom of stirring apparatus, the hot entrance of described coiled heat-exchange device does not export and the corresponding connection of hot entrance with the heat of the second heat exchanger with heat outlet.
2. a kind of heat pump calibration cell according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described temperature sensor adopts thermopair.
3. a kind of heat pump calibration cell according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described thermopair is arranged on cell body inside.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106768486A (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2017-05-31 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | A kind of thermostat |
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2014
- 2014-03-31 CN CN201420152215.0U patent/CN203965070U/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106768486A (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2017-05-31 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | A kind of thermostat |
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Granted publication date: 20141126 |