CN202969446U - Hydraulic control device and construction machine - Google Patents

Hydraulic control device and construction machine Download PDF

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Publication number
CN202969446U
CN202969446U CN 201220659833 CN201220659833U CN202969446U CN 202969446 U CN202969446 U CN 202969446U CN 201220659833 CN201220659833 CN 201220659833 CN 201220659833 U CN201220659833 U CN 201220659833U CN 202969446 U CN202969446 U CN 202969446U
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China
Prior art keywords
oil
valve
hydraulic control
pilot
import
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN 201220659833
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
肖波
徐茂林
王瑞华
叶明杰
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Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co Ltd
Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co Ltd Weinan Branch
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Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co Ltd
Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co Ltd Weinan Branch
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Priority to CN 201220659833 priority Critical patent/CN202969446U/en
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Abstract

The utility model provides a hydraulic control device and engineering machine tool. The hydraulic control device includes: the priority control module comprises a first inlet, a second inlet, a first output port and a pressure reduction unit; the priority control module also comprises a first oil way for connecting the first inlet and the first output port and a second oil way for connecting the first inlet and the first output port, and a pressure reducing unit is connected in series on the second oil way; the output end of the first pilot valve is connected with the first inlet, and the output end of the first pilot valve outputs first pilot control oil; the output end of the second pilot valve is connected with the second inlet; the output end of the second pilot valve outputs second pilot control oil which controls the first pilot control oil to selectively flow through the first oil passage or the second oil passage. The utility model discloses the output oil circuit of the first guide control oil of automatic selection is by first oil circuit or second oil circuit to the pressure of first guide control oil has been adjusted, energy loss has been reduced.

Description

Hydraulic control device and engineering machinery
Technical field
The utility model relates to Hydraulic Field, more specifically, relates to a kind of hydraulic control device and engineering machinery.
Background technology
Usually need two or more executing agencies to carry out composite move in engineering machinery.Because the load pressure of each executing agency action is different, pressure oil flows to load pressure little executing agency, can cause like this load higher executing agency can't move or not reach desirable movement velocity.
Take excavator as example, in the process of excavator work, its slew gear and swing arm often need to carry out composition operation.Because the load pressure of slew gear and swing arm is different, can cause swing arm can't move or not reach desirable movement velocity.Therefore, in prior art, usually on main valve, the partial parallel oil circuit is increased choke valve, the assignment of traffic when satisfying composite move.For example: increase choke valve to satisfy swing arm and promote and during the revolution composite move, the purpose that swing arm is preferential on the oil circuit of slew gear.But in this manner, when slew gear single movement or slew gear and other do not need preferential executing agency's action compound tense, the oil circuit of slew gear can cause because of throttling unnecessary energy loss equally.
The utility model content
The utility model aims to provide a kind of hydraulic control device and engineering machinery, to solve the problem that causes energy loss in prior art due to throttling.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, according to first aspect of the present utility model, provide a kind of hydraulic control device, comprising: preferential control module, preferential control module comprises the first import, the second import, the first delivery outlet and decompressing unit; Preferential control module also comprises the first oil circuit and the second oil circuit that is connected the first import and the first delivery outlet that connects the first import and the first delivery outlet, is in series with decompressing unit on the second oil circuit; The first pilot valve, the output of the first pilot valve is connected with the first import, the output output first pilot control oil of the first pilot valve; The second pilot valve, the output of the second pilot valve is connected with the second import; The output of the second pilot valve output the second pilot control oil, the second pilot control oil are controlled the first pilot control oil optionally flow through the first oil circuit or the second oil circuit.
Further, preferential control module also comprises and is connected in reversal valve between the first import and the first delivery outlet; The first oil circuit is in the situation that reversal valve is positioned at the first station that the first import directly is communicated with the first delivery outlet; The second oil circuit is in the situation that reversal valve is positioned at the second station that the first import is communicated with by decompressing unit with the first delivery outlet.
Further, reversal valve comprises the first working hole, the second working hole, the 3rd working hole and controls mouth, the input port of decompressing unit and the first working hole all are connected with the first import, the output of decompressing unit is connected with the second working hole, the first delivery outlet of preferential control module is connected with the 3rd working hole, controls mouth and is connected with the second import.
Further, preferential control module also comprises one way valve, and the oil-in of one way valve is connected with the first delivery outlet, and the oil-out of one way valve is connected with the first import.
Further, preferential control module is the hydraulic control reducing valve, and the hydraulic control reducing valve comprises oil-in, oil-out and control mouth, and the oil-in of hydraulic control reducing valve is the first import, the control mouth of hydraulic control reducing valve is the second import, and the oil-out of hydraulic control reducing valve is the first delivery outlet.
Further, hydraulic control device comprises at least two preferential control modules, and the number of the first pilot valve is identical with the number of preferential control module, and the first pilot valve is connected correspondingly with preferential control module.
Further, reversal valve is two position three way hydraulic controlled valve.
According to first aspect of the present utility model, a kind of engineering machinery is provided, comprise the first executing agency, the second executing agency and hydraulic control device, this hydraulic control device is above-mentioned hydraulic control device, the first delivery outlet of hydraulic control device is connected with the first executing agency, and the output of the second pilot valve of hydraulic control device directly is connected with the second executing agency.
Further, engineering machinery is excavator, and the first executing agency is the slew gear of excavator, and the first delivery outlet is connected with slew gear by the revolution main valve; The second executing agency is the swing arm of excavator, and the output of the second pilot valve promotes main valve by swing arm and is connected with swing arm.
Further, in the situation of the lifter motion composition operation of the gyration of slew gear and swing arm, the second oil circuit of the preferential control module of hydraulic control device is communicated with and the first oil circuit disconnects; In the situation of other action composition operation outside the gyration of slew gear and the lifter motion of swing arm, the first oil circuit of preferential control module is communicated with and the second oil circuit disconnects.
Preferential control module in the utility model can be according to the working condition of the second pilot valve, automatically selecting the output circuit of the first pilot control oil is by the first oil circuit or the second oil circuit, thereby regulated the pressure of the first pilot control oil, realized preferential purpose, coordination problem when having solved composition operation between a plurality of executing agencies has also reduced energy loss.
Description of drawings
The accompanying drawing that consists of the application's a part is used to provide further understanding of the present utility model, and illustrative examples of the present utility model and explanation thereof are used for explaining the utility model, do not consist of improper restriction of the present utility model.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 has schematically shown the hydraulic schematic diagram of the hydraulic control device in the utility model;
Fig. 2 has schematically shown the schematic diagram of hydraulic control reducing valve; And
Fig. 3 has schematically shown the hydraulic schematic diagram of a kind of hydraulic control device of the prior art.
Reference numeral in figure: 10, preferential control module; 11, the first import; 12, the second import; 13, the first delivery outlet; 15, decompressing unit; 16, reversal valve; 17, the first working hole; 18, the second working hole; 19, the 3rd working hole; 20, control mouth; 21, input port; 22, one way valve; 23, oil-in; 24, oil-out; 25, control mouth; 26, oil return opening; 30, the first pilot valve; 31, output; 50, the second pilot valve; 51, output; 60, revolution main valve; 70, swing arm promotes main valve; 80, guide's oil pump.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, embodiment of the present utility model is elaborated, but the multitude of different ways that the utility model can be defined by the claims and cover is implemented.
As first aspect of the present utility model, provide a kind of hydraulic control device.As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, this hydraulic control device comprises: preferential control module 10, and preferential control module 10 comprises the first import 11, the second import 12, the first delivery outlet 13 and decompressing unit 15; Preferential control module 10 also comprises the first oil circuit and the second oil circuit that is connected the first import 11 and the first delivery outlet 13 that connects the first import 11 and the first delivery outlet 13, is in series with decompressing unit 15 on the second oil circuit; The output 31 of the first pilot valve 30, the first pilot valves 30 is connected with the first import 11, the output 31 output first pilot control oil of the first pilot valve 30; The output 51 of the second pilot valve 50, the second pilot valves 50 is connected with the second import 12; The output 51 output second pilot controls oil of the second pilot valve 50, the second pilot control oil are controlled the first pilot control oil optionally flow through the first oil circuit or the second oil circuit.
Wherein, during work, the first delivery outlet 13 is connected with the first executing agency, and the output 51 of the second pilot valve 50 is connected with the second executing agency.Preferably, the first delivery outlet 13 is connected with the first executing agency by the first main valve, and like this, the pressure of the first pilot control oil of exporting by the first delivery outlet 13 just can be controlled the aperture of the first main valve, thereby control flows to the hydraulic pressure oil mass of the first executing agency.Preferably, the output 51 of the second pilot valve 50 is connected with the second executing agency by the second main valve, like this, just can control the aperture of the second main valve by the pressure of the second pilot control oil, thereby controls the hydraulic pressure oil mass that flows to the second executing agency.
When the first executing agency does not need to carry out compound motion with the second executing agency, do not have the second pilot control oil to enter preferential control module 10.At this moment, the first pilot control oil is directly the first oil circuit by the first delivery outlet 13() flow out.When the first executing agency and the second executing agency need to carry out compound motion, the first pilot valve 30 and the second pilot valve 50 export respectively the first pilot control oil and the second pilot control oily.Wherein, the second pilot control oil is when flowing to the second executing agency, flow into the second import 12 of preferential control module 10, thereby be the second oil circuit by the first delivery outlet 13(after first pilot control oil process decompressing unit 15 decompressions of control by the first import 11 inflows of preferential control module 10) outflow, to control the action of the first executing agency.
As seen, the preferential control module in the utility model can be according to the working condition of the second pilot valve 50, and the output circuit of automatically selecting the first pilot control oil is by the first oil circuit or the second oil circuit.
When the first executing agency and the second executing agency did not need composition operation, the second pilot valve 50 was not exported the second pilot control oil, the first pilot valve 30 normal operations, and the first pilot control oil of its output flows to the first executing agency by the first oil circuit.At this moment, because the first pilot valve 30 does not pass through the decompression of decompressing unit 15, therefore, it can have maximum opening with the first main valve, and therefore, the hydraulic oil in the oil circuit of the first executing agency can be by the first main valve throttling, thereby, can produce power the problem of loss, realized energy-conservation purpose.
When the first executing agency and the second executing agency needed composition operation, the first pilot valve 30 and the second pilot valve 50 were all in running order, thereby make the first pilot control oil flow to the first executing agency by the second oil circuit.Because the first pilot control oil has passed through decompressing unit 15, its pressure decreased, therefore, the first main valve does not reach maximum opening, and the pressure direct effect of the second pilot control oil makes the second main valve be in maximum opening to the control mouth of the second main valve.Like this, compare with the first executing agency, the second executing agency can preferentially obtain more hydraulic oil, has realized preferential function.
Preferably, preferential control module 10 also comprises and is connected in reversal valve 16 between the first import 11 and the first delivery outlet 13; The first oil circuit is in the situation that reversal valve 16 is positioned at the first station that the first import 11 directly is communicated with the first delivery outlet 13; The second oil circuit is in the situation that reversal valve 16 is positioned at the second station that the first import 11 is communicated with by decompressing unit 15 with the first delivery outlet 13.
Preferably, please refer to Fig. 1, reversal valve 16 comprises the first working hole 17, the second working hole 18, the 3rd working hole 19 and controls mouth 20, the input port 21 of decompressing unit 15 and the first working hole 17 all are connected with the first import 11, the output of decompressing unit 15 is connected with the second working hole 18, the first delivery outlet 13 of preferential control module 10 is connected with the 3rd working hole 19, controls mouth 20 and is connected with the second import 12.When second pilot valve 50 output the second pilot control oil, reversal valve 16 moves to right working position by the left station of Fig. 1 under the effect of the second pilot control oil.So the first oil circuit is cut off, at this moment, must through after decompressing unit 15, could be exported by the 3rd working hole 19 (namely using the second oil circuit this moment) by the first pilot control oil that the first import 11 enters.When the second pilot valve 50 is not exported the second pilot control oil, do not have pressure oil to act on the control mouth 20 of reversal valve 16, therefore, reversal valve 16 is operated in left station, at this moment, the first oil circuit conducting, and the second oil circuit disconnects.So first guide's hydraulic oil can directly flow out through the first oil circuit.Preferably, reversal valve 16 is two position three way hydraulic controlled valves, can certainly adopt other pilot operated valve device.
Preferably, in another embodiment, please refer to Fig. 2, preferential control module 10 is hydraulic control reducing valve, the hydraulic control reducing valve comprises oil-in 23, oil-out 24 and controls mouth 25, the oil-in 23 of hydraulic control reducing valve is the first import 11, and the control mouth 25 of hydraulic control reducing valve is the second import 12, and the oil-out 24 of hydraulic control reducing valve is the first delivery outlet 13.In the present embodiment, the second pilot control oil can be controlled the circulation path of the first pilot control oil in the hydraulic control reducing valve.Especially, this hydraulic control reducing valve also comprises oil return opening 26, and this oil return opening 26 is connected with fuel tank.
Obviously, the preferential control module 10 in the utility model is not limited to the concrete structure in above-mentioned two embodiment, and other can realize the preferential control module 10 of the structure of switching in all can regarding the utility model as between the first oil circuit and the second oil circuit.
Preferably, please refer to Fig. 1, hydraulic control device comprises that the number of at least two preferential control module 10, the first pilot valves 30 is identical with the number of preferential control module 10, and the first pilot valve 30 is connected correspondingly with preferential control module 10.
Preferably, please refer to Fig. 1, preferential control module 10 also comprises one way valve 22, and the oil-in of one way valve 22 is connected with the first delivery outlet 13, and the oil-out of one way valve 22 is connected with the first import 11.For example, the preferential control module 10 that in Fig. 1, the preferential control module 10 in left side is used for controlling left revolution, right side is for controlling right-hand rotation, and when the left revolution of engineering machinery, the oil return meeting is flowed back to from the preferential control module 10 on right side so.At this moment, first pilot valve 30 on the right side in one way valve 22 flow graphs 1 in parallel with reversal valve 16 and decompressing unit 15 is directly passed through in oil return, and flow back to fuel tank through this first pilot valve 30, thereby when having avoided oil return to flow back to the first pilot valve 30 by decompressing unit 15, the problem that oil return is not smooth.
As second aspect of the present utility model, a kind of engineering machinery is provided, comprise the first executing agency, the second executing agency and hydraulic control device, this hydraulic control device is above-mentioned hydraulic control device, the first delivery outlet 13 of hydraulic control device is connected with the first executing agency, and the output 51 of the second pilot valve 50 of hydraulic control device directly is connected with the second executing agency.Preferably, the output of guide's oil pump 80 is connected with the input of the first pilot valve 30.
Preferably, engineering machinery is excavator, and the first executing agency is the slew gear of excavator, and the first delivery outlet 13 is connected with slew gear by revolution main valve 60; The second executing agency is the swing arm of excavator, and the output 51 of the second pilot valve 50 promotes main valve 70 by swing arm and is connected with swing arm.
Preferably, in the situation of the lifter motion composition operation of the gyration of slew gear and swing arm, the second oil circuit of the preferential control module 10 of hydraulic control device is communicated with and the first oil circuit disconnects, the hydraulic flow distribution that promotes preferentially to satisfy swing arm; In the situation of other action composition operation outside the gyration of slew gear and the lifter motion of swing arm, the first oil circuit of preferential control module 10 is communicated with and the second oil circuit disconnects, and distributes to realize hydraulic flow according to the actual act demand.
Please refer to Fig. 1, excavator can have two preferential control modules 10, two the first pilot valves 30 and two revolution main valves 60, to be respectively used to realize the function of left revolution and right-hand rotation.
For example, carry out lifter motion when needs make swing arm, when needing to make slew gear to carry out left revolution action simultaneously (composition operation of swing arm and slew gear), the second pilot valve 50 output the second pilot control oil to swing arms promote main valve 70, move to promote its spool, the second pilot control oil is also controlled reversal valve 16 commutations simultaneously.At this moment, the first pilot control oil of the first pilot valve 30 outputs flows to revolution main valve 60 by reversal valve 16 after reducing pressure by decompressing unit 15 again, moves thereby control the spool that turns round main valve 60.
Because the pressure of the first pilot control oil is depressurized unit 15 decompressions, therefore, it (is that its aperture is restricted that the spool moving displacement of revolution main valve 60 is limited, can not reach maximum opening), make the hydraulic oil that flows to slew gear be turned round the core throttling of main valve 60, promote preferential purpose thereby reach swing arm.Especially, the output pressure of decompressing unit 15 is adjustable, promotes preferential degree to adjust swing arm according to actual conditions.
When the left gyration of slew gear need to the action compound tense of other executing agencies except swing arm promotes, the first pilot control oil of the first pilot valve 30 outputs directly flows into by the first oil circuit the control mouth that turns round main valve 60.Because the pressure of the first pilot control oil is not depressurized unit 15 decompressions, therefore, the slew gear working connection can be by the throttling spool of revolution main valve 60.Thereby can produce power not lose due to throttling, realized energy-conservation.
Further, application number is in 201020628989.8 Chinese patents, and a kind of hydraulic control device with priority function also is provided.Please refer to Fig. 3, this Chinese patent turns round guide's oil circuit with the left and right and is connected with A1, A2 mouth respectively, and swing arm promotes guide's oil circuit and is connected with B1, B2 mouth, and the T0 mouth is connected with fuel tank.When revolution and swing arm lifting composite move, the effect of throttle orifice is arranged due to this end of B1 mouth connection, B2 mouth pilot pressure first acts on two-position valve and replaces, and the revolution guide oil is just released a part of oil sump tank, thereby has delayed the opening speed of rotary valve key.Reach swing arm and have precedence over rotating purpose.
But in this Chinese patent, when composition operation, its priority function is moving only to work the startup stage that swing arm promotes.Further, because the movement velocity of the slew gear that slows down in this Chinese patent is limited, if significantly slow down speed of gyration, the phenomenon of minibreak can appear turning round so.As seen, this Chinese patent also can cause swing arm to promote when starting, the phenomenon of the revolution pause in action of slew gear.In addition, utilize orifices controls rotation pressure size, also exist control accuracy unstable, can be with the big or small problem that changes of revolution controlled pressure.
Obviously, hydraulic control device in the utility model can be in the process of swing arm and slew gear compound motion, all realizing preferential function, is the problem that the priority function in 201020628989.8 Chinese patents only works the startup stage that swing arm promotes thereby can overcome application number.In addition, in the time of can not occurring significantly slowing down speed of gyration yet, the problem of revolution minibreak.At last, the utility model does not adopt the mode of the throttle orifice in this Chinese patent to control the size of rotation pressure, therefore, has advantages of that control accuracy is stable.
When the utility model passed through to adjust composition operation, the pressure of the pilot control oil of a certain executing agency had been realized preferential purpose, and the coordination problem when having solved composition operation between a plurality of executing agencies has also reduced energy loss.
The above is only preferred embodiment of the present utility model, is not limited to the utility model, and for a person skilled in the art, the utility model can have various modifications and variations.All within spirit of the present utility model and principle, any modification of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection domain of the present utility model.

Claims (10)

1. a hydraulic control device, is characterized in that, comprising:
Preferential control module (10), described preferential control module (10) comprises the first import (11), the second import (12), the first delivery outlet (13) and decompressing unit (15); Described preferential control module (10) also comprises the first oil circuit that connects described the first import (11) and described the first delivery outlet (13) and is connected described the first import (11) and the second oil circuit of described the first delivery outlet (13), is in series with described decompressing unit (15) on described the second oil circuit;
The first pilot valve (30), the output (31) of described the first pilot valve (30) is connected with described the first import (11), output (31) the output first pilot control oil of described the first pilot valve (30);
The second pilot valve (50), the output (51) of described the second pilot valve (50) is connected with described the second import (12); The output (51) of described the second pilot valve (50) output the second pilot control oil, described the second pilot control oil are controlled described the first pilot control oil optionally flow through described the first oil circuit or the second oil circuit.
2. hydraulic control device according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described preferential control module (10) also comprises and is connected in reversal valve (16) between described the first import (11) and described the first delivery outlet (13); Described the first oil circuit is in the situation that described reversal valve (16) is positioned at the first station that described the first import (11) directly is communicated with described the first delivery outlet (13); Described the second oil circuit is in the situation that described reversal valve (16) is positioned at the second station that described the first import (11) is communicated with by described decompressing unit (15) with described the first delivery outlet (13).
3. hydraulic control device according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, described reversal valve (16) comprises the first working hole (17), the second working hole (18), the 3rd working hole (19) and control mouthful (20), the input port (21) of described decompressing unit (15) and described the first working hole (17) all are connected with described the first import (11), the output of described decompressing unit (15) is connected with described the second working hole (18), first delivery outlet (13) of described preferential control module (10) is connected with described the 3rd working hole (19), described control mouthful (20) is connected with described the second import (12).
4. hydraulic control device according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, described preferential control module (10) also comprises one way valve (22), the oil-in of described one way valve (22) is connected with described the first delivery outlet (13), and the oil-out of described one way valve (22) is connected with described the first import (11).
5. hydraulic control device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described preferential control module (10) is the hydraulic control reducing valve, described hydraulic control reducing valve comprises oil-in (23), oil-out (24) and controls mouthful (25), the oil-in of described hydraulic control reducing valve (23) is described the first import (11), the control mouth (25) of described hydraulic control reducing valve is described the second import (12), and the oil-out of described hydraulic control reducing valve (24) is described the first delivery outlet (13).
6. the described hydraulic control device of any one according to claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that, described hydraulic control device comprises at least two described preferential control modules (10), the number of described the first pilot valve (30) is identical with the number of described preferential control module (10), and described the first pilot valve (30) is connected correspondingly with described preferential control module (10).
7. hydraulic control device according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described reversal valve (16) is two position three way hydraulic controlled valve.
8. engineering machinery, comprise the first executing agency, the second executing agency and hydraulic control device, it is characterized in that, described hydraulic control device is the described hydraulic control device of any one in claim 1 to 7, first delivery outlet (13) of described hydraulic control device is connected with described the first executing agency, and the output (51) of second pilot valve (50) of described hydraulic control device directly is connected with described the second executing agency.
9. engineering machinery according to claim 8, is characterized in that, described engineering machinery is excavator, and described the first executing agency is the slew gear of described excavator, and described the first delivery outlet (13) is connected with described slew gear by revolution main valve (60); Described the second executing agency is the swing arm of described excavator, and the output (51) of described the second pilot valve (50) promotes main valve (70) by swing arm and is connected with described swing arm.
10. engineering machinery according to claim 9, it is characterized in that, in the situation of the lifter motion composition operation of the gyration of described slew gear and described swing arm, the second oil circuit of the preferential control module (10) of described hydraulic control device is communicated with and the first oil circuit disconnects; In the situation of other action composition operation outside the gyration of described slew gear and the lifter motion of described swing arm, the first oil circuit of described preferential control module (10) is communicated with and the second oil circuit disconnects.
CN 201220659833 2012-11-30 2012-11-30 Hydraulic control device and construction machine Expired - Fee Related CN202969446U (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 201220659833 CN202969446U (en) 2012-11-30 2012-11-30 Hydraulic control device and construction machine

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 201220659833 CN202969446U (en) 2012-11-30 2012-11-30 Hydraulic control device and construction machine

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105041740A (en) * 2015-06-05 2015-11-11 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 Pilot hydraulic control system with priority function
CN109642590A (en) * 2016-09-02 2019-04-16 川崎重工业株式会社 The oil pressure actuated systems of construction implement

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105041740A (en) * 2015-06-05 2015-11-11 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 Pilot hydraulic control system with priority function
CN105041740B (en) * 2015-06-05 2017-03-01 柳州柳工挖掘机有限公司 There is the pilot hydraulic control system of priority function
CN109642590A (en) * 2016-09-02 2019-04-16 川崎重工业株式会社 The oil pressure actuated systems of construction implement
CN109642590B (en) * 2016-09-02 2020-07-31 川崎重工业株式会社 Hydraulic drive system for construction machine

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