CN202004736U - Electronic multifunctional protective device for automobile - Google Patents
Electronic multifunctional protective device for automobile Download PDFInfo
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- CN202004736U CN202004736U CN2011200719384U CN201120071938U CN202004736U CN 202004736 U CN202004736 U CN 202004736U CN 2011200719384 U CN2011200719384 U CN 2011200719384U CN 201120071938 U CN201120071938 U CN 201120071938U CN 202004736 U CN202004736 U CN 202004736U
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Abstract
The utility model relates to an electronic multifunctional protective device for an automobile, which can reduce dust adhesion of a vehicle body of the automobile, can eliminate the static electricity on the vehicle body, and can prevent metal structural components of the vehicle body from being rusted and oxidized. The output of a generator DC (Direct Current) power supply or a vehicle-mounted battery or a cigarette lighter provides a power source to the electronic multifunctional protective device; the electronic multifunctional protective device is provided with a voltage identification switch, the electronic multifunctional protective device starts up when the voltage is more than or equal to 12.0V, a circuit can generate pulse energy ranging from 5 to 10 KHz, and AC (Alternating Current) signals are loaded on the vehicle body so as to form a positively charged phenomenon of an electric arc (similar to corona) due to the AC/DC conversion property of a capacitor; dust in air is positive ions (positive charges), so that dust and the vehicle body can generate the phenomenon that like charges repel when dust meets with the electric arc so as to lead dust to keep away from the vehicle body, the surface cleanness of the vehicle body can be kept, and the dust adhesion on the vehicle body can be reduced; in addition, the corona can eliminate electric potential that is generated by the vehicle body, and the potential difference can be broken, so that the electric shock phenomenon of the vehicle body can be eliminated, and the rust protection function can be achieved.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of car body that can reduce and adheres to dust, eliminates car body static, prevents the get rusty automobile multifunctional electronic protection device of oxidation of car body metallic structural components.
Background technology
At present, the design of automobile with produce variation and the progress making rapid progress, new technology and scheme are constantly released, car body coating technology constantly perfect, the moulding and the outward appearance that make it vehicle become elegant in appearance, prevent that the technology that car body gets rusty from having obtained further raising.But owing to increasing of vehicle electronic device; modern car body is compared with early stage vehicle; more be easy to generate absorption dust and the phenomenon that more is easy to generate static; when increasing cleaning vehicle number of times; can strengthen manpower and material resources cost; all advocate today of protection environment in the whole world; using water wisely; lack with measure meetings such as washing agent the protection environment is played very big effect; this also is the target that each country and the people are pursued, therefore, and a kind of mode of utilizing vehicle electronics;, reduce car body and adhere to dust; eliminate car body static; prevent that the get rusty technology of oxidation of car body metallic structural components from becoming the target that auto industry is pursued.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the problem of above-mentioned existence, the optimum performance of performance automobile.The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of automobile multifunctional electronic protection device.This device can reduce car body and adhere to dust, eliminates car body static, prevents the oxidation of getting rusty of car body metallic structural components under the prerequisite that does not change the design of former car; Because the voltage clamp effect of electronic impulse can be played a stabilization to whole vehicle-mounted circuit, protect vehicle mounted electrical apparatus, and can prolong its useful life in addition; Because stable pulse signal is carried on the car body, can eliminate the ripple of various electronic equipment phase mutual interference, promote the combustion efficiency of engine, the overall performance of vehicle is improved.
The scheme that its technology that solves the utility model adopts is: automobile multifunctional electronic protection device, it is characterized in that it comprises resistance R 1, resistance R 2, resistance R 3, resistance R 4, resistance R 5, resistance R 6, resistance R 7, resistance R 8, resistance R 9, resistance R 10, resistance R 11, resistance R 12, resistance R 13, capacitor C 1, capacitor C 2, capacitor C 3, capacitor C 4, capacitor C 5, capacitor C 6, capacitor C 7, capacitor C 8, capacitor C 9, capacitor C 10, NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1, photoelectrical coupler IC2, triode T1, triode T2, triode T3, voltage-stabiliser tube diode D1, diode D2, light-emitting diode D3, voltage stabilizing didoe D4, diode D5, diode D6, inductance L, field effect transistor Q, 7 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 1, one end of resistance R 2 links, 6 pin of the other end of resistance R 2 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,2 pin, one end of capacitor C 1 links; The other end of capacitor C 1 connects with ground; The emitter of one end of 8 pin of the other end of resistance R 1 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,4 pin, resistance R 3, the positive pole of capacitor C 3, triode T1 links; 5 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 connect with an end of capacitor C 2, and the other end of capacitor C 2 connects with ground; 1 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 with link; 3 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 4 link, and an end of the other end of resistance R 4 and resistance R 5, the base stage of triode T2 link, the other end of resistance R 5 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the other end of resistance R 3 and triode T2, resistance R 7, the G utmost point of field effect transistor Q link, the emitter of triode T2 with link; The other end of resistance R 7 with link; The negative pole of capacitor C 3 with link; 3 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the base stage of triode T1 link, and an end of 4 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1, resistance R 6 links, the positive pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 6 and capacitor C 4, triode T1, resistance R 8, an end of resistance R 9 link, the negative pole of capacitor C 4 with link; 1 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of light-emitting diode D3 link, and 2 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the collector electrode of triode T3 link, the emitter of triode T3 with link; The positive pole of the other end of resistance R 9 and light-emitting diode D3 links; One end of the base stage of triode T3 and capacitor C 5, the positive pole of voltage stabilizing didoe D4 link, the other end of capacitor C 5 with link; The negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D4 is connected with an end of resistance R 10, an end of resistance R 11; The negative pole of C6 is connected with ground; The other end of resistance R 11 with link; The end of the positive pole of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 10 and diode D2, diode D5, C9, the positive pole of C6, the positive pole of power supply link; The positive pole of the positive pole of power supply and mobile generator DC power supply output is connected or is connected with the anodal of on-vehicle battery or the positive pole by cigar lighter, and the negative pole of power supply is connected with the negative pole of ground or on-vehicle battery or the negative pole of cigar lighter; The positive pole of the D utmost point of field effect transistor Q and inductance L, diode D6 links, one end of the other end of inductance L and resistance R 12 links, resistance R 12 the other end and the negative pole of diode D5, the negative pole of diode D6, an end of resistance R 13 link, the other end of resistance R 13 is connected with an end of capacitor C 7; The other end of capacitor C 7 is connected with an end of capacitor C 8, the end of C10; The other end of capacitor C 8 is connected with ground; The other end of capacitor C 10 is connected with holding wire B, and holding wire B connects car body; The other end of C9 is connected with holding wire A, and holding wire A is connected with car body; The S utmost point of field effect transistor Q with link or be connected with the negative pole of on-vehicle battery; Holding wire C is connected with the negative pole of ground or battery.
Described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and mobile generator DC power supply output link.
Described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and on-vehicle battery link.
Described positive electrode of power ,-utmost point is connected with positive pole, the negative pole of cigar lighter.
Described holding wire A, B are connected with car body after being converted to AC signal by electric capacity; Holding wire C is connected with ground or on-vehicle battery negative pole.
Provide power supply by mobile generator DC power supply for this device, this device carries the voltage identification switch, starts when voltage 〉=12.0V, when voltage≤11.9V, quit work, this device is not worked, and can not consume the electric weight of on-vehicle battery, so can guarantee automobile starting.When the voltage of on-vehicle battery surpasses 12V or during when automobile starting, the DC electric current that generator sends adds to the positive and negative end of this device, this device startup work this moment, the element circuit that NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 is formed can produce the pulse energy of 5KHz-10KHz, be loaded in the vehicle-mounted Circuits System by diode D5, this pulse has stronger voltage reversal clamp function, can eliminate the electromagnetic induction ripple that produces in firing circuit and the oil spout circuit, shorten the elementary secondary sensitive time of ignition coil, make the switch motion agility of its fuel injection needle, improve atomizing effect, make it sufficient combustion, reduce carbon distribution, increase moment of torsion, reduce the content of exhaust emissions, thereby the runnability of car load is improved.Pulse energy becomes AC signal by the conversion of electric capacity, is connected with car body by holding wire A, B, C, forms a kind of electric arc (being similar to corona) phenomenon on the surface of car body.
The beneficial effects of the utility model are:
1, reduce car body and adhere to dust, eliminate car body static, prevent the oxidation of getting rusty of car body metallic structural components.
2, reduce the number of times that vehicle cleans, washing agent is used in using water wisely less, protection environment and resource.
3, eliminate the car body electrostatic phenomenon, prevent or reduce the number of times of electric shock human body.
4, vehicle launch is quick rapidly, and acceleration performance improves.
5, stablize engine revolution, reduce engine noise.
6, the performance of stabilizing vehicle mounted electronic equipment strengthens antijamming capability.
7, can prevent the lead sulfate crystallization, prolong the useful life of battery.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is circuit theory diagrams of the present utility model
Concrete execution mode
As shown in Figure 1, automobile multifunctional electronic protection device, it comprises resistance R 1, resistance R 2, resistance R 3, resistance R 4, resistance R 5, resistance R 6, resistance R 7, resistance R 8, resistance R 9, resistance R 10, resistance R 11, resistance R 12, resistance R 13, capacitor C 1, capacitor C 2, capacitor C 3, capacitor C 4, capacitor C 5, capacitor C 6, capacitor C 7, capacitor C 8, capacitor C 9, capacitor C 10, NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1, photoelectrical coupler IC2, triode T1, triode T2, triode T3, voltage-stabiliser tube diode D1, diode D2, light-emitting diode D3, voltage stabilizing didoe D4, diode D5, diode D6, inductance L, field effect transistor Q, 7 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 1, one end of resistance R 2 links, 6 pin of the other end of resistance R 2 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,2 pin, one end of capacitor C 1 links; The other end of capacitor C 1 connects with ground; The emitter of one end of 8 pin of the other end of resistance R 1 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,4 pin, resistance R 3, the positive pole of capacitor C 3, triode T1 links; 5 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 connect with an end of capacitor C 2, and the other end of capacitor C 2 connects with ground; 1 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 with link; 3 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 4 link, and an end of the other end of resistance R 4 and resistance R 5, the base stage of triode T2 link, the other end of resistance R 5 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the other end of resistance R 3 and triode T2, resistance R 7, the G utmost point of field effect transistor Q link, the emitter of triode T2 with link; The other end of resistance R 7 with link; The negative pole of capacitor C 3 with link; 3 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the base stage of triode T1 link, and an end of 4 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1, resistance R 6 links, the positive pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 6 and capacitor C 4, triode T1, resistance R 8, an end of resistance R 9 link, the negative pole of capacitor C 4 with link; 1 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of light-emitting diode D3 link, and 2 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the collector electrode of triode T3 link, the emitter of triode T3 with link; The positive pole of the other end of resistance R 9 and light-emitting diode D3 links; One end of the base stage of triode T3 and capacitor C 5, the positive pole of voltage stabilizing didoe D4 link, the other end of capacitor C 5 with link; The negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D4 is connected with an end of resistance R 10, an end of resistance R 11; The negative pole of C6 is connected with ground; The other end of resistance R 11 with link; The end of the positive pole of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 10 and diode D2, diode D5, C9, the positive pole of C6, the positive pole of power supply link; The positive pole of the positive pole of power supply and mobile generator DC power supply output is connected or is connected with the anodal of on-vehicle battery or the positive pole by cigar lighter, and the negative pole of power supply is connected with the negative pole of ground or on-vehicle battery or the negative pole of cigar lighter; The positive pole of the D utmost point of field effect transistor Q and inductance L, diode D6 links, one end of the other end of inductance L and resistance R 12 links, resistance R 12 the other end and the negative pole of diode D5, the negative pole of diode D6, an end of resistance R 13 link, the other end of resistance R 13 is connected with an end of capacitor C 7; The other end of capacitor C 7 is connected with an end of capacitor C 8, the end of C10; The other end of capacitor C 8 is connected with ground; The other end of capacitor C 10 is connected with holding wire B, and holding wire B connects car body; The other end of C9 is connected with holding wire A, and holding wire A is connected with car body; The S utmost point of field effect transistor Q with link or be connected with the negative pole of on-vehicle battery; Holding wire C is connected with the negative pole of ground or battery.
Described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and mobile generator DC power supply output link.
Described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and on-vehicle battery link.
Described positive electrode of power ,-utmost point is connected with positive pole, the negative pole of cigar lighter.
Described holding wire A, B are connected with car body after being converted to AC signal by electric capacity; Holding wire C is connected with ground or on-vehicle battery negative pole.
Operation principle: the RC time circuit of forming by resistance R 1, resistance R 2, capacitor C 1,3 pin by NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 produce a square-wave signal, resistance R 4 current limliting amplitude limits, by triode T2 phase-shift pulse signal, amplify by the concussion of field effect transistor Q switching, through the inductance L accumulation of energy, utilize the back-pressure of diode D5 to puncture principle, pulse energy is added to the positive pole of mobile generator DC power supply output.
Above-mentioned pulse signal forms a kind of pulse energy of interchange through the conversion of capacitor C 9, is connected with car body by holding wire A, with AC signal car body in addition.Another road is through R13, C7, C8 integration, the direct current of C10, exchanges conversion, is connected with car body by holding wire B output, with AC signal car body in addition.Holding wire C is connected with the metal of car body or the negative pole of battery.Signal A and B are carried on the car body, form the positive electrical phenomena of a kind of electric arc (being similar to corona); Because dust in air belongs to positive ion (positive charge), when dust and electric arc met, dust and car body will form the situation that the same sex is repelled each other, and make it dust away from car body, and the cleaning surfaces of maintenance car body reduces adhering to of its dust.
Because airborne humidity changes, car body just can produce a potential difference with human body and the earth, electric shock (electric discharge phenomena) will appear in the touching car body, after pulse signal passes through the AC-DC conversion of electric capacity, be loaded on car body through holding wire, surface at car body forms electric arc, and this corona will be eliminated the current potential that car body forms, and destroys its potential difference.Therefore, can eliminate the electric shock phenomenon of car body.
Because the corrosion of car body is because of the existence that hydrone is arranged in the metal structure surface of car body, has formed countless micro cells, by electrochemical reaction, form flowing of electronics, make metal lose ion thereupon, thereby produced the phenomenon of corrosion; After pulse signal loaded car body, this signal had just destroyed the current potential between the micro cell, and the electrochemical reaction of chemical cell can't form, and the flow phenomenon of metal ion just can not produce, and has so just reduced or slowed down the generation of corrosion.
The energy of above pulse, in the positive pole that adds to the output of mobile generator DC power supply, also be carried on ignition coil and the injector coil, because concentrating of pulse energy improved the characteristic of oil spout and igniting, the atomization that makes it fuel oil improves, sufficient combustion, reduce carbon distribution, improve moment of torsion and unit interval power, thereby improve the runnability of car load.
Stable pulse signal is carried in the vehicle-mounted circuit by diode D5, can eliminate the ripple in the circuit, and burning voltage can significantly change the quality of power supply, eliminates the electropollution phenomenon.
Voltage identification circuit: in circuit theory diagrams, after the power supply process resistance R 10 of automobile mounted battery or output of generator DC power supply or cigar lighter, resistance R 11 dividing potential drops, add to the negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D4; When the voltage of on-vehicle battery surpassed 12V or automobile starting, voltage-stabiliser tube D4 was breakdown.Impel triode T3 conducting; The collector electrode of 1 pin of resistance R 9, light-emitting diode D3, photoelectrical coupler IC2,2 pin, triode T3, emitter form path in the circuit, impel 4 pin, the 3 pin conductings of photoelectrical coupler IC2; Current potential is through resistance R 6, and 4 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2,3 pin add to the base stage of triode T1, forms triode T1 voltage stabilizing conducting, and through capacitor C 3 filtering, for this device provides power supply, entire circuit gets electric work.
When the voltage of battery is lower than 11.9V, through resistance R 10, can not puncture voltage stabilizing didoe D4 after resistance R 11 dividing potential drops, this moment, triode T3 can't conducting, and 4 pin, 3 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 end, and cause triode T1 also to end, so its collector electrode non-transformer output, this device quits work, and the electric weight of consuming cells does not guarantee the normal startup of engine.
This device utilizes the characteristic of diode, and diode D2 has the reverse protection effect, when with the output polarity of mobile generator or the polarity of battery connect inverse time, circuit is not worked, to protect the electric power system of whole automobile.
Claims (5)
1. automobile multifunctional electronic protection device, it is characterized in that it comprises resistance R 1, resistance R 2, resistance R 3, resistance R 4, resistance R 5, resistance R 6, resistance R 7, resistance R 8, resistance R 9, resistance R 10, resistance R 11, resistance R 12, resistance R 13, capacitor C 1, capacitor C 2, capacitor C 3, capacitor C 4, capacitor C 5, capacitor C 6, capacitor C 7, capacitor C 8, capacitor C 9, capacitor C 10, NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1, photoelectrical coupler IC2, triode T1, triode T2, triode T3, voltage-stabiliser tube diode D1, diode D2, light-emitting diode D3, voltage stabilizing didoe D4, diode D5, diode D6, inductance L, field effect transistor Q, 7 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 1, one end of resistance R 2 links, 6 pin of the other end of resistance R 2 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,2 pin, one end of capacitor C 1 links; The other end of capacitor C 1 connects with ground; The emitter of one end of 8 pin of the other end of resistance R 1 and NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1,4 pin, resistance R 3, the positive pole of capacitor C 3, triode T1 links; 5 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 connect with an end of capacitor C 2, and the other end of capacitor C 2 connects with ground; 1 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 with link; 3 pin of NE555 integrated circuit (IC) 1 and an end of resistance R 4 link, and an end of the other end of resistance R 4 and resistance R 5, the base stage of triode T2 link, the other end of resistance R 5 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the other end of resistance R 3 and triode T2, resistance R 7, the G utmost point of field effect transistor Q link, the emitter of triode T2 with link; The other end of resistance R 7 with link; The negative pole of capacitor C 3 with link; 3 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the base stage of triode T1 link, and an end of 4 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1, resistance R 6 links, the positive pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D1 with link; One end of the collector electrode of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 6 and capacitor C 4, triode T1, resistance R 8, an end of resistance R 9 link, the negative pole of capacitor C 4 with link; 1 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the negative pole of light-emitting diode D3 link, and 2 pin of photoelectrical coupler IC2 and the collector electrode of triode T3 link, the emitter of triode T3 with link; The positive pole of the other end of resistance R 9 and light-emitting diode D3 links; One end of the base stage of triode T3 and capacitor C 5, the positive pole of voltage stabilizing didoe D4 link, the other end of capacitor C 5 with link; The negative pole of voltage-stabiliser tube D4 is connected with an end of resistance R 10, an end of resistance R 11; The negative pole of C6 is connected with ground; The other end of resistance R 11 with link; The end of the positive pole of the positive pole of the other end of resistance R 10 and diode D2, diode D5, C9, the positive pole of C6, the positive pole of power supply link; The positive pole of the positive pole of power supply and mobile generator DC power supply output is connected or is connected with the anodal of on-vehicle battery or the positive pole by cigar lighter, and the negative pole of power supply is connected with the negative pole of ground or on-vehicle battery or with the negative pole of cigar lighter; The positive pole of the D utmost point of field effect transistor Q and inductance L, diode D6 links, one end of the other end of inductance L and resistance R 12 links, resistance R 12 the other end and the negative pole of diode D5, the negative pole of diode D6, an end of resistance R 13 link, the other end of resistance R 13 is connected with an end of capacitor C 7; The other end of capacitor C 7 is connected with an end of capacitor C 8, the end of C10; The other end of capacitor C 8 is connected with ground; The other end of capacitor C 10 is connected with holding wire B, and holding wire B connects car body; The other end of C9 is connected with holding wire A, and holding wire A is connected with car body; The S utmost point of field effect transistor Q with link or be connected with the negative pole of on-vehicle battery; Holding wire C is connected with the negative pole of ground or battery.
2. automobile multifunctional electronic protection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and mobile generator DC power supply output link.
3. automobile multifunctional electronic protection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described positive electrode of power ,-positive pole, the negative pole of the utmost point and on-vehicle battery link.
4. automobile multifunctional electronic protection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described positive electrode of power ,-utmost point is connected with positive pole, the negative pole of cigar lighter.
5. automobile multifunctional electronic protection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described holding wire A, B are connected with car body after being converted to AC signal by electric capacity; Holding wire C is connected with the negative pole of ground or on-vehicle battery.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200719384U CN202004736U (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2011-03-18 | Electronic multifunctional protective device for automobile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200719384U CN202004736U (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2011-03-18 | Electronic multifunctional protective device for automobile |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN202004736U true CN202004736U (en) | 2011-10-05 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200719384U Expired - Fee Related CN202004736U (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2011-03-18 | Electronic multifunctional protective device for automobile |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN202004736U (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10501034B2 (en) | 2014-12-26 | 2019-12-10 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle |
-
2011
- 2011-03-18 CN CN2011200719384U patent/CN202004736U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10501034B2 (en) | 2014-12-26 | 2019-12-10 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle |
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| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20111005 Termination date: 20150318 |
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| EXPY | Termination of patent right or utility model |