CN1950836A - 通过负载或方向或用户控制来激活数据标签 - Google Patents

通过负载或方向或用户控制来激活数据标签 Download PDF

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CN1950836A
CN1950836A CNA2005800135440A CN200580013544A CN1950836A CN 1950836 A CN1950836 A CN 1950836A CN A2005800135440 A CNA2005800135440 A CN A2005800135440A CN 200580013544 A CN200580013544 A CN 200580013544A CN 1950836 A CN1950836 A CN 1950836A
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antenna
rfid
mechanical switch
label
intelligent label
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J·D·林赛
H·F·***克斯
陈芳洲
E·F·沃纳
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0716—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor
    • G06K19/0717—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor the sensor being capable of sensing environmental conditions such as temperature history or pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0723—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
    • G06K19/07758—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card arrangements for adhering the record carrier to further objects or living beings, functioning as an identification tag
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
    • G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
    • G06K19/07766—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement
    • G06K19/07767—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement the first and second communication means being two different antennas types, e.g. dipole and coil type, or two antennas of the same kind but operating at different frequencies

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Abstract

机械地和可逆地激活或去激活射频识别(RFID)数据标签。RFID标签包括用于存储RFID代码的RFID芯片(106)，用于传递射频(RF)信号的天线(108)，和将RFID芯片和天线耦合的机械开关(102)。闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号传递RFID代码。

Description

通过负载或方向或用户控制来激活数据标签
技术领域
本发明的实施例一般地涉及射频识别(RFID)标签的领域。特别地，本发明的实施例涉及用于使用一个或多个用来定向、防篡改和用户隐私的RFID标签的***和方法。
背景技术
射频识别(RFID)技术是指无源智能标签(不要求内部电源的小型天线包含的标签)，该无源智能标签可嵌入在或附着到产品或材料上以便传送可由扫描仪读取的信息。一般地，导电或无源智能标签包括数据电路和天线。特别地，智能标签包括半导体，缠绕、蚀刻或冲压的天线，电容器和衬底，部件被安装或嵌入在该衬底上。防护层通常被用来封装和密封该衬底。
通常，RFID***包括阅读器和标签，其中标签对来自阅读器的电信号生成电磁响应。响应信号由阅读器读取，通常可读的范围在几英尺的量级，尽管更宽或更窄的范围也是可能的。由标签生成的信号包括识别标签或包括该标签的商品的信息(例如电子产品代码)。
RFID标签被期望在未来的产品中变得普遍存在，并且在用于跟踪产品的某些供应链中正在被实现。但是，现有***不使用RFID标签来确保正确装载或定向产品和包装。存在***使用RFID标签来检测产品的负载和方向的需要。
此外，对于商业实现RFID技术的主要障碍是顾客隐私。有关对能够通过用RFID跟踪购买而获得的信息的潜在滥用的公众担忧，导致延迟了实现RFID若干努力。来自麻省理工学院的Auto-ID中心的用于产品加标签的标准提倡芯片具有能由代码激活的开关，以便取消标签。取消标签通常是指去激活微型芯片本身或者至少移除或擦除一部分存储在标签中的数据(例如电子产品代码)。但是，取消标签可能会消除所有或一些能够通过RFID技术获得的功能和利益(例如顾客利益诸如是产品的自动注册、其它商品与所购买物品的自动交互、顾客利用RFID***和自动安全***来跟踪和分类所购买商品)。存在在保留与RFID技术相关联的顾客利益的同时机械地和可逆地去激活RFID标签的***和方法的需要。
此外，已经存在对保护顾客不受产品篡改的许多努力。但是，当今检测篡改的责任通常在于顾客，顾客担负检查容器的完整性或者篡改的指示存在的责任，诸如瓶盖的弹出部分是否弹出。许多顾客没有受过检测篡改的训练或者不能意识到篡改的指示器已经被激活。在某些情况下，篡改者可简单地移除指示装置或标记。通常，对于大多数产品，没有在成功的方法被带入市场上用于在产品出售给顾客之前自动检测篡改并消除所篡改的产品。因此，存在为防篡改包装提供自动检测篡改的改进***的需要。
一些现有***包括RFID使能标签，其能够检测标签的损坏或移除，如在美国专利申请第2004/0066296号，Peter Atherton的并转让给Mikoh公司的、题为“A Tamper Indicating Radio FrequencyIdentification Label with Tracking Capacity”中所公开的。该技术包括“COUNTERFOLL”智能标签，其在标签被移除或破坏时发射信号。该标签具有到RFID电路的易坏的导线。篡改标签会禁用RFID电路或能够由令特定代码写入到RFID芯片的电路检测。例如，以这种方式使用RFID技术检测了对与盗电相关联的计电表盒的篡改。然而，现有技术是基于在标签中的单RFID标签***，其中通过篡改可永久性地禁用标签，或者其中篡改令新代码被写入到昂贵的可写RFID标签。由此，存在对这样的***和方法的需要，该***和方法使用两个或更多的RFID芯片或者两个或更多的天线，以允许去激活一个RFID信号和激活另一个RFID信号，从而保留了RFID技术的顾客利益。
发明内容
为了解决本领域中的这些和其它需要，对此发明人已经成功地设计出利用射频识别(RFID)技术的用于负载感测、方向感测、对产品和包装篡改的检测、以及用户隐私的***和方法。本发明的实施例包括RFID标签，其包括能够在包装未被正确定向时或在包装没有与产品一起装载时传递信号的负载敏感机械开关。因此，多功能RFID芯片不仅帮助跟踪货物而且还帮助确保产品和包装的正确装载或定向。
本发明的其它实施例包括RFID***，其检测产品篡改并与可贴附的标签相反，可直接实现在产品或产品包装中，或者在其中低成本的无源只读RFID标签在篡改发生之前不活动。这种***允许自动检测篡改并克服了现有技术的某些限制。
本发明的其它实施例还包括产品和产品包装，其包括与可移除天线相关联的永久RFID标签，用于保护用户隐私而不需要从微型芯片中移除电子产品代码。
以一种形式，智能标签响应于环境条件。智能标签包括用于存储识别信息的数据电路、用于传递无线信号的天线、和将数据电路耦合到天线的机械开关。环境条件闭合机械开关以使数据电路和天线能够经由无线信号传递识别信息。
以另一种形式，包装具有附于其上的射频识别(RFID)标签。RFID标签响应于环境条件。该RFID标签包括用于存储RFID代码的RFID芯片、用于传递射频(RF)信号的天线、和将RFID芯片耦合到天线的机械开关。环境条件闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号传递RFID代码。
可替换地，本发明可包括各种其它方法和设备。
其它特征一部分是清楚的而一部分在后面指出。
附图说明
图1说明了根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例，其中负载敏感开关将射频识别(RFID)芯片接到天线上。
图2是根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例的图，其中盒子具有负载敏感RFID标签和传统RFID标签。
图3是根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例的图，其中RFID芯片漂浮在填充了流体的、部分屏蔽RF的容器中。
图4是根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例的图，其中容器具有用于篡改检测的两个RFID芯片。
图5是根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例的图，其中RFID芯片附着在永久天线和可移除天线上。
图6是***的示例实施例的图，其中RFID芯片附着在永久天线上，并且与第二可移除天线协作地相关联但不导电地附着到该第二可移除天线上。
在整个附图中，对应的参考标记指示对应的部分。
具体实施方式
在一个实施例中，本发明包括通过负载、方向或用户控制来机械激活或去激活射频识别(RFID)标签。特别地，本发明包括诸如图1和图2所示的负载敏感RFID电路、诸如如图3所示的方向敏感RFID芯片容器、诸如图4所示的具有两个RFID芯片的防篡改容器、以及诸如图5所示的具有可移除天线的RFID标签。如图6所示，RFID芯片还可协作地与非接触的可移除天线相关联，该非接触的可移除天线经由电感耦合或谐振来提供能量。
射频识别(RFID)
RFID智能标签技术对于本领域技术人员来说是已知和理解的，并且不需要为了描述根据本发明的方法和***来对它进行详细的解释。利用RFID或其它智能标签技术，厂商可将唯一的标识代码与一批原材料相关联，并且将物理属性数据录入到数据库中，其中数据与识别代码相关联。当在生产设施处接收到原材料出货时，RFID扫描仪可自动扫描RFID芯片并且从数据库检索相关联的信息、验证在正确的设施处已经接收到可用原材料、提供质量信息等等。
RFID芯片可用于跟踪以不同层次分组的产品：(1)个人物品或包含顾客购买的多个物品的单个包装；(2)多个物品的纸箱或箱子；(3)多个纸箱或箱子的货盘；和(4)多个货盘的负载(例如货车载货量、船舶载货量或火车载货量)。在这些级别的每一处的产品可被分配一个RFID标签，该标签和与至少一个相邻层次级有关的信息相关联。例如，货盘上的RFID标签在数据库中可与货盘上的每个纸箱的RFID标签相关联，或者可和与来自卡车载货量的RFID标签有关的数据相关联。
响应于环境条件的RFID标签可有助于防止不适当的存储和传送条件，尤其对于基于纸的包装材料，诸如瓦楞纸板，或者对于湿度敏感或在不正确地装载或定向时损坏的纸板。对包装或包装的内容所经历的条件进行适当的条件监控，例如对于容易腐烂的物品诸如食品、饮料、农业材料、日用品和生物材料，是十分重要的，其中生物材料诸如是细菌、酶、微生物、活的植物和植物样品、活的动物或昆虫等等。危险和有毒材料还可受益于在存储和传送期间对环境条件改进的监控。
可使用任何已知类型的RFID标签，包括有源RFID标签，无源RFID标签和半无源RFID标签。有源RFID标签是电池供电设备，该设备将信号传输到阅读器并且通常具有较长的范围，比如100英尺或更多。无源RFID标签不是电池供电的，而是从来自RFID阅读器的电磁波中获取能量。无源RFID标签通常具有大约10英尺或更小的范围。半无源RFID标签利用电池来运行芯片的电路但依赖于来自阅读器的电磁波来对所传输的信号供电。
任何这些芯片可是包括固定的电子代码的只读芯片，或者它们可是允许增加新信息的读写芯片。所述芯片还可与传感器相关联以便读取传感器信息并响应于该信息而发送一个信号，所述信息比如是来自生物传感器的值。通过举例，带有传感器的关联的RFID或有关的无线识别技术的原理在2003年12月16日授权给Breed等人的美国专利No.6,662,642“Vehicle Wireless Sensing and CommunicationSystem”中描述，该专利在此合并作为参考，该专利还讨论了用于识别RFID芯片位置的方法。
示例的RFID标签制造商包括Matrics、Alien Technology、Philips Semiconductor、和Texas Instruments。制造可通过机器人技术(例如“倒装法”/“取放”技术)、流体自组装(FSA)、Philips的“I-connect”方法或Philips的“振动组装”方法，或其它已知工艺来完成。示例的RFID阅读器制造商包括Intemec Technologies、Symbol Technologies、Matrics、AWID(例如它们的多协议阅读器工作在不同的频率上)等等。支持RFID***的软件***由IBM GlobalServices(其已经获得了PriceWaterhouseCoppers)、TexasInstruments、Manhattan Associates(尤其用于集成供应链制作)、SAP等等来提供。印刷的RFID标签可使用来自Zebra Technologies及其它厂商的装备来制得。
天线可用任何已知方法制得，包括金属沉积、导电墨水打印等。通过举例，RFID标签可应用RCD Technologies(Bethlehem，Pennsylvania)的导电墨水技术。可使用任何已知的形式来印刷天线，天线例如可包括双面、内连的线圈。可使用任何已知的频率，比如100kHz或125kHz(“低频”)、13.56MHz(“高频”)、860-930MHz，比如900MHz或915MHz(“超高频”或UHF)以及2.45GHz或5.8GHz(微波频率)，或者其它已知的频率。
RFID***可遵循由MIT Auto-ID中心公开的***，包括使用电子产品代码(EPC)；管理用分布式体系结构和进程读取的代码的专家***，所述进程诸如是数据平滑、读取器协调、数据转送、数据存储以及任务管理；和用于将EPC信息与物品信息匹配的对象名称服务(ONS)，通常使用域名服务(DNS)来将计算机路由到互联网站点；以及用于描述产品有关信息的物理标记语言(PML)。
集成RFID***或RFID的其它工具的其它厂商包括CheckPointSystems、Tyco Sensormatic、Escort Memory Systems、PsionTecklogix(尤其是有助于物流的软件***)、SAMSys Technologies、Savi Technology、SCS Corporation、TAGSYS、ThingMagic LLC等等。供应链软件可由Crimson Software、Descartes Systems、EXETechnologies、Globe Ranger、Manhattan Associates、IBM GlobalServices、SAP等来提供。这些商业***可自适应于跟踪由本发明的传感器提供的附加信息，并且可自适应于响应检测的问题(例如，遗漏负载)而启动正确的动作。
应当理解，许多其它的技术可等效用于和/或具有同等效应于这里公开的RFID实施例。例如，RFID阅读器可用光学扫描仪、图像分析设备、化学检测设备的阵列等来替代。
本发明范围内的有关技术是表面声波(SAW)技术。例如，InfoRay(Cambridge，Massachusetts)上市了一种无源智能标签，据说其在与天线耦合的芯片上利用表面声波(SAW)设备实现长距离(达到30米)。SAW设备将无线电信号转换成声波，将其用识别代码进行调制，接着将其变换成另一个无线电信号，该无线电信号由智能标签发射并由扫描仪读取。从无线电信号中提取智能标签的识别代码。RFSAW，Inc.(Dallas，Texas)还提供了微小的表面声波(SAW)RFID设备，该设备可在本发明的范围内使用。示例的SAW设备在Hartmann于2003年6月16号公开的美国专利公开号为No.US20030111540A1，题目为“Surface Acoustic Wave Identification Tag Having EnhancedData Content and Method of Operation and Manufacture Thereof”中公开。
另一个有关的技术是超宽带(UWB)技术。UWB技术允许使用低功率电磁传输的对象之间的无线通信。但是，接收器和发射器通常都是有源的，但是却使用非常低的功率，通常低于射频噪声的功率，这取决于覆盖宽频带的间歇脉冲而不是特定频率的传输。UWB技术可提供比其它无线标准更高的空间容量(每单位区域的信息传输)，其它无线标准诸如是BLUETOOTH牌计算机通信服务或电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)802.11a或802.11b。
作为负载传感器或方向传感器的RFID标签
首先参考图1，根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例包括能够通过负载、方向或用户控制机械地和可逆地去激活的数据标签。在一个特定实施例中，本发明包括改进的RFID标签，其包括能够在包装未被正确定向时或在包装没有与产品一起装载时传递信号的负载敏感机械开关102。该负载敏感开关包括圆顶式开关或其它已知的负载敏感设备。但是，RFID电路的用户激活的通断切换可以任何已知的方式来完成。
可替换地，在一个实施例中，本发明的开关排除那些容易用人的手指来操作的开关，而取而代之的是被如此放置使得手指接触不能容易地操作开关，或者可要求大于能够用一根手指轻易施力的负载(例如大于大约10磅或者大于大约30磅)。在一个可替换实施例中，***不依赖于感压机械开关，而是应用这里公开的其它机械。
图1示出了RFID标签104的例子，其中负载敏感开关102将RFID芯片106接到天线108上。当负载压下开关102时，启动RFID标签104，使得响应于RFID阅读器的扫描，由天线108将芯片106中的信息以适当的频率传输。当移除负载时，由于不适当的响应信号，RFID芯片106不能由传统读取器读取。在一个实施例中，开关102是机械开关。闭合和打开开关102分别激活和去激活RFID芯片106和天线108。可替换地，闭合和打开开关102分别去激活和激活RFID芯片106和天线108。激活RFID芯片106和天线108使RFID芯片106和天线108能够传递(例如发送或接收)数据(例如到扫描仪或阅读器或询问器)。在一个实施例中，传递数据包括经由一个或多个RF信号来发送或接收一个或多个RFID代码或其它识别信息。
接着参考图2，根据本发明的一个实施例的***的示例实施例包括具有两个RFID标签204、206的盒子202。当盒子202处于正确的方向时负载敏感开关被盒子202的内容施加的负载压下，此时启动盒子202底部的负载感测标签206。如果盒子202被反转，那么盒子202中的物品不再压着负载敏感RFID标签206，令负载敏感RFID标签206禁用。第二RFID标签204(例如传统RFID标签)被示出安装在盒子202的一侧。该第二RFID标签204不是负载敏感的并且发送识别信息，而不管盒子202的方向。
可替换地，第二RFID标签204可安装在盒子的顶部(未示出)，并且也是负载敏感的，使得第二RFID标签204操作用于指示由于在盒子顶上放置的其它物品而压坏或过度装载盒子。通过正确地配置开关和关联的电路，超过预定阈值的负载的存在如所期望的那样激活或去激活第二RFID标签204。
在其它实施例中，用作方向检测器的微型机电***(MEMS)设备等可与RFID电路或标签相关联。例如，MEMS设备可包括小型重力敏感电路，比如在其中具有小的、独立的导电板或球的盒子，其在盒子处于预定方向时允许重力将所述板或球拉为与导线相接触；否则电路保持打开。因此，小型方向传感器只在RFID标签处于预定方向时才允许该标签生成信号。这种方向传感器可以在没有负载传感器时操作或与负载传感器串联操作。当方向传感器与负载敏感开关串联时，如果负载不存在或者方向错误，那么RFID信号被阻塞(或被极大地减小)。可替换地或附加地，当方向传感器和负载传感器在同一电路中时，用来自负载敏感电路的第一RFID代码来生成第一RF信号，并且用来自方向敏感电路的第二RFID代码来生成第二RF信号。
在另一个实施例中，MEMS重力敏感开关或负载敏感开关在具有两个不同RFID标签的两个电路之间切换，使得分别当存在负载时或当存在正确的方向时，RFID扫描仪将读取来自第一RFID标签的信号，该信号指示容器分别处于具有负载或正确方向的状态。当负载不存在或方向不正确时，第二RFID标签是活动的而第一标签是不活动的。以这种方式，扫描包装将会从两个RFID标签之一中读取信号，该信号提供有关包装处于两个状态中哪个状态的信息。RFID标签的这些切换对的多个集合将用于估计负载状态和方向状态，以及其它状态。例如，MEMS加速计还可用于触发盗窃检测。可替换地，两个标签是活动或不活动取决于容器经受的条件。
RFID标签204、206可独立地与各个产品的容器或包装材料集成。RFID标签204、206可以基本上永久的方式(例如通过粘接的方式、夹在粘合层之间、或嵌入)固定附着到容器或包装上，或者可移除地被附着。
在一个实施例中，用户激活的开关是重力激活设备，其中RFID芯片在对象固定在预定方向时只可扫描。一个实施例如图3所示，该实施例描述了一种小的流体填充的圆柱体302或其它容器，其中当圆柱体302被正确对准时，比流体306密度更高或更低的RFID芯片304(具有集成天线)能够下沉(或漂浮)入圆柱体302的RF可访问部分，但是其中反转圆柱体302会令RFID芯片304沿着芯片运动的轴310移动进入圆柱体302的屏蔽部分，使得由于圆柱体302上的RF屏蔽308，RFID芯片304不再被扫描。通过举例的方式，流体可以是油、水、乙醇、乙二醇、硅化物或其它流体，或者可以是空气或其它气体。在一个实施例中，屏蔽308是由铁或其它适合的屏蔽材料构成的(例如具有高的初始和最大磁导率的柔软的、磁性合金)。这种小瓶的长度可以是几毫米的量级并且可容易地嵌入到产品的塑料部件或粘附在产品的内部部分。取决于附着在芯片304上的天线尺寸，RFID芯片304的范围可足够短以便防止未授权的扫描。
可替换地或附加地，RF屏蔽308能够相对于圆柱体302和RFID芯片304运动。RF屏蔽308的运动可与RFID芯片304的运动有关或与之独立。在另一个实施例中，RFID芯片304相对圆柱体302的位置是固定的，同时RF屏蔽308能够相对固定的RFID芯片304运动，以启动和禁用RFID芯片304的通信。
在另一个实施例中，具有不同RFID代码的两个或多个传统RFID标签被安装在包装或盒子的两个或多个相对表面上，以使能够应用三角测量或近似检测方法来确定盒子的方向。利用RFID及有关原理的三角测量在Kenny等人于2004年2月26日公开的美国专利公开号20040036595中，题目为“Object Tracking”，在此被合并作为参考。两个或多个扫描仪可操作地相关联以执行RFID三角测量，允许该***确定盒子上的哪个RFID标签被最大提升。可替换地，单个RFID扫描仪(包括“智能架”)用于基于信号的延迟时间，或者通过变化所发射的信号的强度并且确定包装上两个或更多RFID标签中的哪个首先作为扫描信号被读取来确定哪个RFID标签最接近它，所述扫描信号的功率从低电平斜上到高电平。该第一RFID标签为响应将发射可读信号，并且通常可假定是最近似的。这个知识可接着被用于确定包装的方向。
可以利用使用图1的体系结构的RFID技术来探测的其它状态包括环境条件，比如包装或容器的湿度和温度。RFID响应天线可连接到具有传感器的RFID芯片，比如温度敏感或湿度敏感粘合剂或连接机构，使得暴露在不适当高的温度或湿度可触发粘合剂的挥发并因此打开电路。可替换地，开关元件可根据温度或湿度在两个位置之间移动或偏转，允许开关在两个RFID电路之间切换，使得由扫描仪读取的RFID代码能够识别容器处于两个状态中的哪一个。可设计具有多个RFID芯片的更复杂的电路来覆盖多个温度范围、负载范围等，所述多个RFID芯片可根据容器的状态而被读取。单个标签可包括能够检测多个状态(负载、方向、湿度等)的一个或多个切换RFID电路或多个RFID标签。例如，单个包装、箱子、或盒子包括多个在切换电路中的RFID芯片，用于读取一遍从而获得诸如包装是否有负载、包装所处湿度是否在50％之上、和/或包装是否颠倒的细节。从包装获得的信息可与顾客的质量控制***对接。这种温度和湿度传感器在本领域是已知的。例如，参看Paratore等人的美国专利No.6,294,997，题目为“RFID Tag Having Timing and EnvironmentModules”。
此外，如图1所示的开关还可是任何具有两种模式的元件。例如，各种模式对可包括开和关、打开和闭合、传输和不传输、可检测的传输和不可检测的传输(例如经由屏蔽)、以及在阈值之上的值和在阈值之下的值。
用于防篡改包装的RFID
本发明还包括RFID***来检测产品篡改。这些RFID***包括低成本无源只读RFID标签，该RFID标签在篡改发生前都是不活动的。本发明的实施例可直接在产品、产品包装或可附着的标签中实现。
在一个实例(未示出)中，防篡改瓶或其它容器被示出，其中单个RFID芯片被附着在该瓶上(例如嵌入瓶子本身的塑料中或者粘附到表面，比如难以移除的内表面)，并且天线附着在瓶帽或瓶子的其它盖子。RFID芯片连接到具有精细导线(例如微印刷导线)的天线，以便形成防篡改密封，该密封在打开瓶子时被破坏。所述导线可达到瓶帽的内表面，或者可接到瓶帽的外部。所述导线被印刷了导电墨水或其它材料。篡改包装(例如移除瓶帽)破坏了RFID芯片和天线之间导电通路的连续性，使得芯片被去激活并且不再是可扫描的。即是，当瓶帽被移除时，导线被破坏并且RFID芯片被去激活。不能返回RFID信号的瓶子被拒绝。例如，在检验期间或在存货检查期间，瓶子被扫描以保证RFID***是完整的。
导线以及天线中的导电材料可用任何已知技术来制造，包括于2002年10月24日公开的Debraal的美国专利公开US20020152605A1“Method and System for Forming RF Reflective Pathways”和于2002年10月31日公开的Debraal的美国专利公开WO 2002/086910A2“Method and System for Forming Electrically ConductivePathways”中公开的方法，两者在此合并作为参考。
图4说明了具有经由导线406附着到第一天线404的第一RFID芯片402的瓶子。破坏第一电路(例如破坏导线406)会经由具有晶体管412的电路来闭合分离的报警电路，所述晶体管412激活第二RFID芯片408和天线410，以提供通过扫描很容易检测到的篡改的肯定指示。第二RFID芯片408和天线410可嵌入或附着到瓶子上，以方便对篡改进行自动检测。无论何时扫描瓶子，第二RFID芯片408中的代码是可检测的。在一个实施例中，如果瓶子未被篡改，那么两个RFID芯片402、408被扫描，产生已知为合成整体的第一代码和第二代码。如果只有一个代码被发现而不是两个，瓶子被拒绝。许多瓶子的快速扫描立刻允许计算机比较来自每个瓶子的第一RFID芯片402的列表和来自每个瓶子的第二RFID芯片408的列表，以便确定一些瓶子是否不具有与第一RFID芯片402成对的第二RFID芯片408，从而允许自动检测扫描组中的被篡改瓶子的存在。
报警电路可包括多个晶体管和其它部件，并且可根据***的状态包括任何已知的触发电路、继电器或能够切换RFID电路的有源通路的其它***，使得两个RFID芯片中只有一个是活动的。
在另一个实施例中，两个或更多芯片以及两个或更多的天线被组合在包括晶体管的电路中。当到瓶帽中天线的导线在适当位置时，第一芯片是活动的。来自瓶帽中天线的电压被施加到包括至少一个晶体管的电路，从而打开或闭合开关，使得当第一芯片是活动时，第二芯片的电路是不活动的，但是当到瓶帽中天线的连接被破坏(例如由于篡改)并且在RFID扫描期间没有来自RF能量的电压施加到开关电路时，那么第二电路是活动的，其中第二RFID芯片连接到第二天线。因此取决于来自在瓶盖中第一天线的RF功率是否可用，开关电路确定第一或第二RFID芯片是否在RFID扫描期间被读取。第二芯片可具有被当作为报警指示的代码。以这种方式，代替检测用作为篡改指示的RFID信号的不存在或除此之外，报警信号由第二RFID芯片发出，以方便对被篡改的产品的检测。以如此冗余的方式使用两个芯片来改进篡改检测的可靠性。此外，使用两个RFID芯片而不是一个RFID芯片简化了一些实现中的电路。
在其它实施例中，第一RFID芯片是可移除的，使得除非来自瓶盖中第一天线的功率在扫描期间不存在，否则没有RFID信号被生成，由此能够激活RFID报警芯片(图4中的第二芯片)的电路。
在其它实施例中，使用具有微型电池(例如Einat，Israel的PowerPaper有限公司的柔性电池)的有源RFID芯片，使得当存在篡改时，连接电池和芯片并发出立即检测的报警信号的开关被激活。
在有关的实施例中，电路可通过打开盒子、移除标签、戳穿容器壁、切开薄膜等方式来使电路中断。在一些情况下，包装可被如此设计，使得打开或切开包装会将两个导电材料接触以便闭合电路并使RFID扫描仪能够读取报警信号。
本发明的一个实施例包括一种***，该***包括容器和盖子以及至少两个具有不同代码的RFID芯片，每个RFID芯片与其自己的电路相关联，其中至少两个RFID芯片中只有一个在某时是活动的(例如以便由适当的扫描仪容易地读取)。第一和第二RFID芯片的第一和第二电路可分别包括一些公共元件，比如共享的晶体管、电容器、电阻器、导线等，但是每个电路的至少一个部件不被共享并且与容器或者盖子相关联，使得打开盖子、移除盖子或者改变盖子相对容器的位置(例如，将容器移动一个预定的有效距离)会切换电路，使得有源RFID电路变得不活动并且不活动的电路变得活动。
容器可包括纸板、纸、塑料、金属、木头、皮革、橡胶、玻璃等，并还可是盒子、易处理包装、货盘、板条箱、机动分配器、塑料袋、包括塑料、纸和金属中至少一种的产品包装，等等的形式。容器可以是圆柱型、矩形、椭圆形、球形，或任何其它形状。盖子可以是瓶帽，诸如拧上或搭上的瓶帽、瓶盖、板子、铰接的元件等。盖子可以是完全可移除的或在被打开时保持与容器相附着，附着装置包括系绳、绳子、链子、铰链、可伸展元件、柔性带子等。容器和盖子的示例组合包括塑料药瓶和儿童防护瓶帽、玻璃罐和拧上的金属盖、易拉罐和可移除的瓶盖、玻璃桶和玻璃桶盖、鞋盒和可移除盖子、以及纸板盒和口袋盖，等等。
保护用户隐私的具有RFID标签***的产品
本发明还包括包含与可移除天线相关联的永久RFID标签的产品和产品包装，用于保护用户隐私而不必从标签移除电子产品代码(EPC)或其它数据。
通常，第三方扫描顾客产品中的RFID标签的能力取决于与适当天线连接的RFID标签，以便为扫描仪提供足够的读取范围。传统大小的天线向为顾客产品所提议的***提供有效的扫描范围，通常的范围是二到二十英尺。在一个实施例中，RFID标签与适用于商业应用(目录清单扫描、自动检查、产品定位等)的第一可移除天线相关联，并且与具有相对较小读取范围的第二小天线相关联，相对小的范围诸如是小于两英尺或六英寸。第一天线可物理地附着到可移除包装或附着到产品的可移除标签或标记上，如果顾客希望产品ID被读取的话，则允许购买者通过移除天线来去激活传统扫描，但保留芯片在近距离扫描的功能。作为替换或与小的读取范围组合，第二天线可被屏蔽以防止扫描，除非保护结构(例如金属箔外壳)被移除或打开，或者第二天线可具有由细微动作激活的机械开关(例如用一根手指按压的产品上的应急开启开关，用于闭合电路和能够使用小天线)。对于在***上工作的给定RFID阅读器，在移除第一天线后的读取范围与移除第一天线之前的读取范围的比例小于大概下列任意项：0.5，0.2，0.1，0.05，0.01和0.005。
可替换地，在移除第一天线之后，当被在相对RFID标签的给定位置处的给定RFID阅读器扫描时由***返回的信号强度基本上更小。用适当频率(例如13.56MHz或915MHz)的传统RFID阅读器在最优方向以及6英寸的距离所测量的移除后所返回的信号强度与移除前的信号强度的比例小于大概下列任意项：0.5，0.2，0.1，0.05，0.01和0.005。对于其它的距离，例如2英寸、24英寸和10英尺，可获得类似的结果。
一个实施例如图5所示。包含EPC的RFID芯片502连接到可移除的大型初级天线504，其附着在具有导线的可移除标签506上，导线在可移除标签506被移除时很容易被破坏。RFID芯片502还可附着到小的永久次级天线508。可移除标签506可能是价格标签、可移除的电子商品监督(EAS)标签、可破坏或扯掉的塑料标签、衣物产品标签、产品中的***物，比如衬衣领子中的纸板支持元件，或者其可以是包装的一部分(即，可移除初级天线可附着到装入产品的纸板包装或包裹产品的薄膜，而RFID标签502被嵌入在产品本身中)。当可移除标签506被移除时，与RFID标签502一起加入可移除天线504的导线可全部或部分地被移除，或者可以保留在产品上。导线可以是金属线、印刷导电墨水、导电聚合物等等。可移除标签506或相关联的产品包装可具有指示用户在购买后移除标签506的标记，并且该标记可选择地通知用户将在移除可移除标签506时移除初级RFID天线504。电容器或其它电子部件可与次级天线508和/或初级天线504相关联。
在另一个实施例中(未示出)，RFID芯片502附着到具有响应于用户的有意识动作的开关的永久次级天线508，用来激活电路和允许RFID扫描。在该情况下，提供负载敏感的开关，其可以是磁泡开关的形式，比如在电子设备(键盘等，用于响应于用户的触摸或用户的手指按压而闭合电路并发送信号)中使用的开关。除非被压下，所述开关保持打开，并且当打开时，RFID芯片502没有连接到天线508，使芯片502在扫描期间基本上不可读取。在这种实施例中，因为用户控制扫描是否可能，所以永久开关504不需要很小，就可适于提供所期望的小范围(例如小于三英尺或小于一英尺)。
图6示出了有关的实施例，其中RFID标签602通过导线610加到永久次级天线608，并且与可移除初级天线604协作地相关联，该初级天线604不直接通过导线与RFID标签连接，而是感应耦合到次级天线608。电容器或其它电子部件可与次级天线608和/或初级天线604相关联。两个天线之间这种“非接触”电子通信的原理在于2004年1月20日授权给Yde-Andersen等人的美国专利No.6,680,702“RadioFrequency Resonant Tags with Conducting Patterns Connected Viaa Dielectric Film”中公开，其合并在此作为参考。Yde-Andersen的专利描述了射频谐振标签，其中射频能量在不需要一个或多个导电模式的直接连接的情况下通过谐振电路传输，而不是经由与导电模式相邻或与导电模式分离的电介膜传输。相关的***在于2002年7月24日公开的Esch和Lucas的EP 1225585 A1“CD Comprising aTransponder and a CD-Box Comprising a Resonance Circuit”中描述。在该***中，包括相对大的线圈以及电容器的发送应答器电路被调谐到识别和反盗窃***的频率处或附近，使其不需要直接电接触就被耦合，从而相比于可能不具有耦合的发送应答器***的情况，允许射频发射/接收***通过更大的距离从识别***读取信息。
考虑图5和图6的实施例，以及具有一个或多个与RFID标签相关联的可移除天线的有关实施例，RFID标签可附着到保存产品或其它材料的容器上，或者其可附着到容器内的产品上。可移除天线可附着到容器内的产品本身或附着到容器上。在一个实施例中，RFID标签和可移除天线都附着到容器上并且不附着到容器内的产品或材料上，使得购买产品的顾客或其它方可容易地将容器内的产品或材料与RFID标签分离。在一个实施例中，去激活可移除天线的发生是通过从其所附着的容器物理地移除可移除天线，而不需要从其位置上或容器内移除RFID标签。在另一个实施例中，永久次级天线和初级可移除天线都附着到同一容器上、或同一产品上、或对象的外表面上、或者对象的同一表面或面板上。
注释
根据本发明，两个或多个RFID芯片可与产品相关联，并且这些芯片可与一个或多个天线相关联，所述天线包括可与芯片中的一个或多个相关联的可移除天线。
在另一个实施例中，购买者选择性地去激活属于产品的永久RFID标签，以便暂时防止扫描。例如，提供有源RFID电路的缺省闭合的开关，可通过施加压力或轻按切换开关而被打开，以便打开电路和防止扫描。
当引入本发明的元件或其实施例时，词语“一”、“一个”、“该”和“所述”试图表示存在一个或多个元件。术语“包括”、“包含”和“具有”试图是相容的并且表示除所列元件之外可能有附加元件。
考虑到上面，将可以看出，本发明的若干目的被实现，并且获得其它有益效果。
可对上面的结构、产品和方法作出各种变化，而不偏离本发明的范围，所要达到的是，包含在上面描述中和在附图中示出的所有内容应当被解释为说明性的而不是限制性的。

Claims (20)

1.一种响应于环境条件的智能标签，所述智能标签包括：
用于存储识别信息的数据电路；
用于传递无线信号的天线；和
将数据电路和天线耦合的机械开关，其中环境条件闭合机械开关以使数据电路和天线能够经由无线信号传递识别信息。
2.权利要求1的智能标签，其中所述机械开关具有至少两种模式，并且还包括用于根据环境条件选择所述至少两种模式中的一种的传感器。
3.权利要求2的智能标签，其中所述传感器包括下列一项或多项：负载传感器、温度传感器、湿度传感器、和方向传感器。
4.权利要求1-3的智能标签，其中所述环境条件包括下列一项或多项：负载、温度、湿度和智能标签的方向。
5.权利要求1-4的智能标签，其中所述机械开关包括具有重力敏感电路的微型机电***设备。
6.权利要求1-5的智能标签，其中所述数据电路、天线和机械开关表示电子商品监督标签。
7.权利要求1-6的智能标签，其中所述用于存储识别信息的数据电路包括用于存储射频识别(RFID)代码的RFID芯片，并且其中用于传递无线信号的天线包括用于传递射频(RF)信号的天线。
8.权利要求7的智能标签，其中所述将数据电路和天线耦合的机械开关包括将RFID芯片和天线耦合的机械开关，其中环境条件闭合该机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号传递RFID代码。
9.权利要求8的智能标签，其中环境条件闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号发射RF代码。
10.权利要求8-9的智能标签，其中环境条件闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号接收RF代码。
11.权利要求8-10的智能标签，其中环境条件打开机械开关以防止RFID芯片和天线经由RF信号传递RF代码。
12.权利要求8-11的智能标签，其中环境条件闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由RF信号接收另一个RFID代码。
13.权利要求8-12的智能标签，其中环境条件闭合机械开关以使RFID芯片和天线能够经由另一个RF信号接收另一个RFID代码。
14.权利要求8-13的智能标签，其中所述机械开关包括负载敏感电路和方向敏感电路，其中负载敏感电路生成具有第一RFID代码的第一RF信号，并且其中方向敏感电路生成具有第二RFID代码的第二RF信号。
15.权利要求8-14的智能标签，还包括另一天线，其中机械开关还将该另一天线与RFID芯片耦合，其中环境条件切换机械开关以去激活所述天线并启动所述另一天线。
16.权利要求15的智能标签，其中所述天线是长距离天线，而所述另一天线是短距离天线。
17.权利要求8-16的智能标签，还包括另一RFID芯片，其中机械开关将该另一RFID芯片与天线耦合，并且其中环境条件切换机械开关以禁用所述RFID芯片并启动所述另一RFID芯片。
18.权利要求8-17的智能标签，其中所述环境条件根据物理负载闭合机械开关，以便激活RFID芯片和天线，从而经由RF信号发射RF代码。
19.权利要求8-18的智能标签，还包括标签所附着的包装。
20.权利要求19的智能标签，其中所述包装包括硬纸板、瓦楞纸板或易坏的材料。
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