CN1934304B - 用于防护服的织物 - Google Patents

用于防护服的织物 Download PDF

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CN1934304B
CN1934304B CN2005800095871A CN200580009587A CN1934304B CN 1934304 B CN1934304 B CN 1934304B CN 2005800095871 A CN2005800095871 A CN 2005800095871A CN 200580009587 A CN200580009587 A CN 200580009587A CN 1934304 B CN1934304 B CN 1934304B
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Y·巴德
A·卡特
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DuPont Safety and Construction Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及作为穿戴者防护服的单层或外层使用的耐热和阻燃的单层织物。该织物包括至少一个经纱***和至少两个纬纱***。该经纱***包含60-90wt％聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)和10-40wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)的掺混物。该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个含有85-95wt％间位芳族聚酰胺和5-15wt％对位芳族聚酰胺的掺混物。该至少两个纬纱***中的第二个主要是含有对位芳族聚酰胺。

Description

用于防护服的织物 
技术领域
本发明涉及作为防护服的单层或外层使用的耐热和阻燃的织物。 
背景技术
防热和防火焰的服装也称作“消防战斗服”，通常作为制服用来鉴别例如消防员。这种服装通常很重，因为它本身的质量和厚度是赋予保护作用的主要因素。因此，这种服装的穿戴者的活动受到限制，并经受热应力，因此总体的穿戴舒适性大大减小。过去20年中一直试图研制新材料以便改善这种防护服的穿戴舒适性。例如，曾开发出用于此目的的较轻但体积更大的绝缘材料。这些材料使最终的防护服更轻，但由于其不方便的尺寸，会影响穿戴者的呼吸活动。另外，运动的自由度未必会因为使用这种材料而得到改善。 
防热和防火焰的服装通常由一层或多层构成。构成最终的防护服的不同材料和层数的选择取决于防护服本身的具体应用。 
当设计一种新的防护服时，必须小心要符合相关国家规范和国际规范的全部标准。例如，耐热和阻燃的服装必须按照EN-340、EN-531、EN 469以及NFPA 1971：2000，NFPA 2112：2001和NFPA 70E：2000制造。例如，较轻的防护服可以简单地用轻质材料制造。但是，这通常伴随着防护服的力学和热学性质的降低。 
再者，大多数消防队使用消防战斗服的平均时间通常为5年，因此，期望它们在这段时间内完全保持其耐热和阻燃的性能及其美观的外表。 
WO 00/066823公开了一种耐火的纺织材料，其中含有一种可以包括聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)纤维的机织贴面织物，该织物包含一个低热收缩率纤维的机织网格背衬。 
WO 02/079555公开了一种增强的织物，其中包含一个在其背面上有由经纱和纬纱构成的增强网格的底布，该纱线是由机械强度较制造底布纱线的材料更高的材料制造的。在这种增强织物中，增强网格通过固定在底布的不同部位上并且在底布外面彼此交叉的经纱和纬纱而 与底布连接。 
上述两份先有技术文献所开发的产品提高了单层结构的力学与热学性能。但是，由于在单层的背面加上了这样一种增强网格，这些先有技术文献的织物变成了半双层组织结构，因此其比重必定高于严格的单层织物的比重。 
因此，本发明的根本问题是提供一种耐热和阻燃的单层织物，它能保持其性能和美观的外表若干年，并且在作为防护服的单层或外层使用时，能提高穿戴舒适性并改善穿戴者产生的蒸汽和热量的消散。 
发明概要
现已令人惊奇地发现，通过使用一种耐热和阻燃的单层织物作为穿戴者防护服的单层或外层，可以克服上述问题，该织物的特征在于，它包含至少一个经纱***和至少两个纬纱***，该经纱***含有60-90wt％的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)和10-40wt％的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)的掺混物，该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个含有85-95wt％间位芳族聚酰胺和5-15wt％对位芳族聚酰胺的掺混物，第二个则主要含有对位芳族聚酰胺，其特征在于，该织物以这样一种方式织成，使得约55-80wt％的经纱出现在织物中面对穿戴者的一面，至少两个纬纱***中的第一个的约55-80wt％出现在织物远离穿戴者的一面，而至少两个纬纱***中的第二个的约70-90wt％出现在织物面对穿戴者的一面。 
本发明的另一方面是用于防热和阻燃的一种服装，其中包含上述织物作为单层或外层。 
本发明的服装大大改善了在正常和危急情况下穿戴者的舒适性。它比具有类似的力学和热学性能的常规服装更轻和更薄，并且能够从穿戴者的表面向环境中消散更多的热量和蒸汽。 
附图简述 
图1是本发明织物(实施例1)的织构示意图。 
图2是对照织物(实施例2)的织构示意图。 
发明详述 
由于其特殊结构，本发明的织物在作为防护服的单层或外层使用时，可具有比力学和热学性能相近的常规织物更低的比重。 
本发明的织物具有特别好的力学性能，这是因为其纬纱***由交替排列的包含相当大量间位芳族聚酰胺纤维的纱线和基本上为对位芳族聚酰胺纤维的纱线构成。在这种特殊的织构中，织物面对穿戴者的一面比远离穿戴者的一面包含更多的对位芳族聚酰胺纤维，这使本发明的织物能具有最佳的热保护作用和长时间的美观外表。 
在本发明织物的两面上间位芳族聚酰胺和对位芳族聚酰胺的最佳数量和分布，取决于具体的用途和所用的材料。一般来说，对位芳族聚酰胺纤维的数量越大，织物本身的物理性能和受热期间的抗开裂性越好。另一方面，织物中过高浓度的对位芳族聚酰胺纤维会影响其柔性和外观。最好是，对位芳族聚酰胺纤维构成织物总重量的约15-30％。 
另外，本发明的织物可以在标准的加工条件下用纺织单层结构的常规机械制造，从而使它的生产更容易和成本效益更高。 
适合制造本发明织物的芳族聚酰胺材料按照织物的具体用途可以有各种各样的物理和化学性质。合适的间位芳族聚酰胺和对位芳族聚酰胺材料包括例如分别由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)生产的商品名称NOMEX
Figure 058095871_0
和KEVLAR
Figure 058095871_1
的市售商品。 
根据本发明的一项优选的实施方案，该至少两个纬纱***中第一和第二个***之间的比例按这样的方式选择，即，在至少两个纬纱***中间位芳族聚酰胺和对位芳族聚酰胺之间的总重量百分数比基本上与经纱***中间位芳族聚酰胺和对位芳族聚酰胺之间的重量百分数比相同。“基本上相同”意味着经纱和纬纱***的间位/对位芳族聚酰胺的重量百分数比值的偏差不能超过经纱或纬纱***中任一个的间位/对位芳族聚酰胺重量百分数比的约30％。最好是，这种偏差不超过经纱或纬纱***任一个的间/对位芳族聚酰胺重量百分数比的约20％。 
根据本发明的一项优选的实施方案，织物的经纱和纬纱***彼此独立地以长丝纱、单丝纱和加捻纱为基础。“长丝纱”是指所制造的纤维被挤压成长丝，最终转化成长丝纱。本发明织物的经纱和纬纱***最好是由加捻纱制成。 
构成经纱和纬纱***的纱线的单位长度质量取决于织物的具体用途。单位长度质量值一般在约200至约500dtex(分特)之间。 
根据本发明的另一优选的实施方案，构成至少两个纬纱***中第一个的纤维的单位长度质量为约1.1-1.4dtex，构成该至少两个纬纱***中第二个的纤维的单位长度质量为约1.7-2.4dtex，构成经纱***的纤维的单位长度质量则为约1.7-2.2dtex。构成经纱和纬纱***的纤维的单位长度质量的这种差别主要是由于，纤维越细，它们提供的绝热作用越好，因此较细的纤维最好是用在该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个，该纬纱***主要出现在织物的远离穿戴者的一面。 
因此，为了进一步提高织物的绝缘效果，尤其是用于暴露在热和火焰最高达3秒钟的情形，构成该纬纱***的纤维的单位长度质量值优选低于构成经纱***的纤维，并且该纬纱***应更主要地出现在织物中远离穿戴者的一面。 
本发明的织物优选有两个纬纱***，其总比重一般为约170-250g/m2，优选为约180-220g/m2。 
最好是，本发明织物中该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个和经纱***各含最高达4wt％的抗静电纤维。这种纤维的存在使得能够防止、消散或者至少是大大减少在织物表面上可能产生的电荷。任何种类的适合此用途的纤维均可使用。其实例是感应型纤维，例如覆盖着聚酰胺的碳纤维；半导电纤维，例如包覆着铜或银的聚酰胺或聚酯纤维；以及导电纤维，例如钢纤维。 
本发明的第二方面是用于防热和阻燃的一种服装，其中包含着由至少一层上述织物构成的结构。 
根据本发明的一项优选的实施方案，该服装含有一种结构，其中包括内层，任选存在的由通气防水材料制成的中间层，和由上述本发明织物制成的外层。 
面对穿戴者身体的上述内层可以是例如由二、三或多层构成的绝缘衬里层。该衬层的用途是提供额外的绝缘层以进一步保护穿戴者免于受热。 
该内层可由机强、针织、非织造织物和其组合物制成。优选该内层由含有不可熔的耐火材料的织物制成，例如绗缝着绒毛的机织织物，二者均由间位芳族聚酰胺制成。 
本发明的服装可以用任何可能的方式制造。它可以包括一个额外的由例如棉花或其它材料制成的最内层。该最内层与穿戴者的皮肤或 内衣直接接触。 
本发明的服装可以是任何种类，包括但不限于，茄克衫、外套、裤子、手套、工作外衣和罩衫。 
本发明将在以下实施例中作进一步的说明。 
实施例
实施例1(本发明)
一种纤维掺混物可由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)购得，商品名称Nomex
Figure 058095871_2
N 305，其切断长度为5cm，其中包含： 
75wt％着色的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)1.7dtex短纤维； 
23wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)1.7dtex纤维；和 
2wt％覆盖着聚酰胺的碳纤维(抗静电纤维)； 
用常规的棉短纤维加工设备将其环锭纺成短纤维单纱(Y1)。 
Y1的单位长度质量为Nm 55/1或182dtex，在Z方向的的捻度为871TPM(每米捻数)。随后将其用蒸汽处理以稳定其折皱倾向。 
然后将两根Y1纱合股并捻结在一起。形成的合股纱(TY1)的单位长度质量为Nm 55/2或364dtex，S方向的捻度621 TPM。TY1被作为经纱使用。 
可由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)以Nomex
Figure 058095871_3
N313的商品名称购得的一种纤维掺混物，其切断长度为5cm，其中包含： 
88wt％着色的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)，1.4dtex短纤维； 
10wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)，1.7dtex纤维；和 
2wt％覆盖着聚酰胺的碳纤维(抗静电纤维)； 
用常规的棉短纤维加工设备将其环锭纺成短纤维单纱(Y2)。 
Y2的单位长度质量为Nm 55/1或182dtex，Z方向捻度为890TPM，将其随后用蒸汽处理以稳定其折皱倾向。然后将两根Y2纱合股并捻结在一起。形成的合股加捻纱(TY2)的单位长度质量为Nm 55/2或364dtex，S方向捻度为620TPM。TY2被作为纬纱使用。 
将由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)以Kevlar
Figure 058095871_4
T970黑的商品名称购得的牵切纤维(100wt％)用常规的精纺短纤维加工设备环锭纺成短纤维单纱(Y3)。 
Y3的单位长度质量为Nm 50/1或200dtex，Z方向捻度560 TPM，随后将其用蒸汽处理以稳定其折皱倾向。 
将两根Y3纱合股并捻合在一起。形成的合股纱(TY3)的单位长度质量为Nm 50/2或400dtex，S方向捻度为500TPM。TY3作为纬纱使用。 
制备具有如图1所述特殊织纹图的织物编织型式。该织物有28纱/厘米(经纱)的TY1，22纱/厘米(纬纱)(20纱/厘米的TY2和2纱/厘米的TY3)，比重为185g/m2。经纱***主要出现在织物中面对穿戴者的一面(61％)，两个纬纱***中的第一个主要出现在织物中远离穿戴者的一面(65％)，而第二个纬纱***主要出现在织物中面对穿戴者的一面。 
对实施例1中所述的织物进行以下的物理试验： 
按照ISO 5081测定断裂强度和伸长率； 
按照ISO 467412测定抗撕裂性； 
按照热防护性能试验(TPP)方法(ISO-FDIS 17492)作为单层进行辐射和对流结合的热试验，热通量校正至2.0cal/cm2/s，TPP是量度为了在个体的皮肤上模拟二度烧伤所必须的能量(cal/cm2)的因子； 
织物失效因子(FFF)，其定义如下：FFF＝100×TPP(cal/cm2)/织物重量(g/m2)； 
对实施例1中所述织物作为单层(表I和表II中的“织物”)和作为多层结构的外壳(表I和II中的“服装”)进行试验，该多层结构还包括1)一个在非织造织物上的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜层压件中间层，该非织造织物由85wt％的Nomex
Figure 058095871_5
和15wt％Kevlar
Figure 058095871_6
构成，比重为135g/m2(可由W.L.Gore and Associates，Delaware，U.S.A以GORE-TEXFireblocker N的商品名称购得)，和2)由重量为140g/m2的间位芳族聚酰胺绝热物纤缝在比重为110g/m2的100wt％Nomex
Figure 058095871_8
N307织物上构成的内层。 
结果列在表1中。 
实施例2(对照例)
可由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)以Nomex
Figure 058095871_9
N 305的商品名称购得的一种纤维掺混物，其切断长度为5cm，其中含有： 
75wt％着色的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)1.7dtex短纤维； 
23wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)1.7dtex纤维；和 
2wt％覆盖着聚丙烯酰胺的碳纤维(抗静电纤维)； 
用常规的棉短纤维加工设备将其环锭纺成短纤维单纱(Y1)。 
Y1的单位长度质量为Nm55/1或182dtex，Z方向的捻度为871TMP，随后用蒸汽处理以稳定其折皱倾向。 
将两根Y1纱合股并捻结在一起。形成的合股纱(TY1)的单位长度质量为Nm 55/2或364dtex，S方向的捻度为621TPM。使用TY1作为经纱。 
制备具有图2所述特殊织纹的织物编织型式。该织物具有29纱/厘米(经纱)的TY1，25纱/厘米的TY1(纬纱)，比重为195g/m2。 
对实施例2中所述织物进行与实施例1相同的物理试验。 
结果列在表1中。 
表I
  实施例1(本发明)   实施例2(对照例)
物理性质
织物重量     185g/m2   195g/m2
断裂强度(ISO 5081)经纱     1320N   1150N
断裂强度(ISO 5081)纬纱     1220N   1150N
撕裂强度(ISO 4674/2)经纱     95N   85N
撕裂强度(ISO 4674/2)纬纱     112N   75N
透气性(ISO 9237)     398l/m2/s   164l/m2/s
热学性质
TPP(ISO-FDIS 17492)(织物)   11.7cal/cm2   12.1cal/cm2
TPP(ISO-FDIS 17492)(服装)   41.1cal/cm2   34.5cal/cm2
FFF(织物)   6.310-2cal/g   6.210-2cal/g
FFF(服装)   7.210-2cal/g   5.910-2cal/g
表1表明，本发明织物(实施例1)的物理和热学性质比对照织物(实施例2)的好得多，虽然后者的比重更大。织物性能的改善特别是在作为服装的外壳使用时的透气性和防热性方面。这些特性的更好数值使得不仅提高了对热和火焰的防护作用，而且还增加了穿戴舒适感和织物对热和蒸汽的消散。 
实施例3 (对照例)
按照先有技术文献WO 00/066823的教导制备一种织物结构，该结构包含一种机织贴面织物和低热收缩率的机织网眼背衬。 
织物面料由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)的商品名称Nomex
Figure 058095871_10
N 307的掺混纤维制成，该纤维的切断长度5cm，其中含 有： 
93wt％着色的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)，1.4 dtex短纤维； 
5wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)1.7dtex纤维；和 
2wt％覆盖着聚酰胺的碳纤维(抗静电纤维)； 
将该掺混纤维像实施例1中一样用常规的棉短纤维加工设备环锭纺成加捻短纤维纱线。所得到的加捻短纤维纱的单位长度质量为Nm40/2或500dtex。 
按照文献WO 00/066823，将由对位芳族聚酰胺短纤维纱制成的机织网眼背衬与该面料编织在一起。 
织物的最终成分是89wt％的间位芳族聚酰胺，9wt％的对位芳族聚酰胺和约2wt％的抗静电纤维。织物的比重为215g/m2。 
实施例4(对照例)
按照先有技术文献WO 02/079555制备一种织物结构，这是一种含有底布的增强织物，该底布在背面上有由经纱和纬纱组成的增强网格，纱线由机械强度较之制造底布的纱线的材料更高的材料制成。在这种增强织物中，增强网格通过其经纱和纬纱与底布连接，而经纱与纬纱则固定在底布的不同部位上并且在底布外彼此交叉。 
该织物面料由杜邦公司(Wilmington，Delaware，USA)的商品名称NomexN 307的掺混纤维制成，该纤维的切断长度为5cm，其中含有： 
93wt％着色的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(间位芳族聚酰胺)，1.4dtex短纤维； 
5wt％聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(对位芳族聚酰胺)，1.7dtex纤维；和 
2wt％覆盖着聚酰胺的碳纤维(抗静电纤维)； 
利用常规的棉短纤维加工设备，像实施例1一样，将该掺混纤维环锭纺成加捻短纤维纱线。所得到的加捻短纤维纱线的单位长度质量为Nm 60/2或333dtex。 
按照文献WO 02/079555将一种由对位芳族聚酰胺短纤维纱制成的 增强网格通过其经纱和纬纱与底布连结，该经纱和纬纱固定在底部的不同部位上并且在底布外部彼此交叉。 
该织物的最终成分是82wt％的间位芳族聚酰胺，16wt％的对位芳族聚酰胺和约2wt％的抗静电纤维。织物的比重为220g/m2。 
表II列出了本发明织物(实施例1)和对照实施例2、3和4的织物的FFF和TPP值，及其透气性。FFF和TPP值是通过象实施例1中所述以织物作为服装的外壳进行试验得到，而透气性是用单层形式的织物进行试验。 
表II
  实施例1  (本发明)   实施例2   实施例3   实施例4
  FFF(服装)   7.210-2cal/g   5.910-2cal/g   6.410-2cal/g   5.810-2cal/g
  TPP(服装)  (ISO-FDIS  17492)   41.1cal/cm2   34.5cal/cm2   38.5cal/cm2   34.1cal/cm2
  透气性  (织物)  (ISO 9237)   398l/m2/s   164l/m2/s   271l/m2/s   110l/m2/s
表II表明，在所试验的所有织物中，本发明的织物的FFF值最高，因此在每单位比重的防热性能方面，其性能不仅大大优于对照实施例2，而且比实施例3和4中描述的具有半双层组织结构的先有技术材料也好得多。 
本发明织物的透气性显著高于先有技术织物，因此热应力降低，穿戴者的舒适性大大改善。 
表II还表明，具有本发明的织物作为外壳的服装，其总保护作用(TPP值)优于以对照实施例2至4的织物作为外壳的任何其它服装。这就能在服装总重量减小的情况下赋予穿戴者更强的保护作用。 

Claims (9)

1.作为穿戴者防护服的单层或外层使用的耐热和阻燃的单层织物，其特征在于含有至少一个经纱***和至少两个纬纱***，该经纱***包含60-90wt％的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和10-40wt％的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺的掺混物，该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个含有85-95wt％的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和5-15wt％的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺的掺混物，该至少两个纬纱***中的第二个主要含有聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺，其特征在于，该织物以这样的方式编织，即，该经纱***的约55wt％至约80wt％出现在织物面对穿戴者的一面，该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个的约55wt％至约80wt％出现在织物远离穿戴者的一面，而该至少两个纬纱***中的第二个的约70wt％至约90wt％出现在织物面对穿戴者的一面。
2.根据权利要求1的织物，其中该至少两个纬纱***中第一个和第二个之比以这样一种方式选择，即，在该至少两个纬纱***中聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺的总重量百分数之比基本上与该经纱***中聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺和聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺之间的重量百分数之比相同。
3.根据权利要求1或2的织物，其中经纱和纬纱***彼此独立地以长丝纱、单丝纱和加捻纱为基础。
4.根据权利要求1或2的织物，其中构成该至少两个纬纱***中第一个的纤维的单位长度质量为约1.1dtex至约1.4dtex，构成该至少两个纬纱***中第二个的纤维的单位长度质量为约1.7dtex至约2.4dtex，构成该经纱***的纤维的单位长度质量为约1.7dtex至约2.2dtex。
5.根据权利要求1或2的织物，其中该至少两个纬纱***中的第一个和该经纱***各含最高达4wt％的抗静电纤维。
6.根据权利要求1或2的织物，其中该经纱和纬纱***是加捻纱。
7.根据权利要求1或2的织物，它具有两个纬纱***。
8.用于防热和阻燃的服装，其包含由至少一层权利要求1至7中任一项的织物制成的结构。
9.根据权利要求8的服装，其包括内层、任选存在的由防水透气材料制成的中间层以及由权利要求1至7中任一项的织物制成的外层。
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BRPI0508737A (pt) 2007-08-14
JP2007530819A (ja) 2007-11-01
JP4594379B2 (ja) 2010-12-08
CA2557894A1 (en) 2005-10-27
CA2557894C (en) 2012-07-03
EP1740746A1 (en) 2007-01-10
DE602005016237D1 (de) 2009-10-08
ES2328940T3 (es) 2009-11-19
KR101215713B1 (ko) 2012-12-26
DE202004005008U1 (de) 2004-06-24
EP1740746B1 (en) 2009-08-26
KR20070012391A (ko) 2007-01-25
WO2005099426A1 (en) 2005-10-27
US20050221706A1 (en) 2005-10-06
CN1934304A (zh) 2007-03-21

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