CN1853125A - Optical fiber coupling component - Google Patents

Optical fiber coupling component Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1853125A
CN1853125A CNA2004800267271A CN200480026727A CN1853125A CN 1853125 A CN1853125 A CN 1853125A CN A2004800267271 A CNA2004800267271 A CN A2004800267271A CN 200480026727 A CN200480026727 A CN 200480026727A CN 1853125 A CN1853125 A CN 1853125A
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China
Prior art keywords
grin lens
optical fiber
numerical aperture
lens
sub
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CN100414334C (en
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松村宏善
铃木太郎
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Toyo Seikan Group Holdings Ltd
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Toyo Glass Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4206—Optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
    • G02B6/2551—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding using thermal methods, e.g. fusion welding by arc discharge, laser beam, plasma torch

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

An optical fiber coupling part capable of reducing coupling loss while maintaining a large operating distance, and having a good module assembling property. AT least one GRIN lens having numerical aperture NA that is larger than numerical aperture NAs of a light-emitting source (such as a semiconductor laser) is fusion-spliced with one end of the optical fiber. All lights emitted from the light-emitting source can enter the GRIN lens, and the loss of the light can thereby be reduced. In addition, a second GRIN lens having numerical aperture NA<SUB>2 </SUB>is fusion-spliced with one end of the optical fiber having numerical aperture NA<SUB>f</SUB>, and further a first GRIN lens having numerical aperture NA<SUB>1</SUB>, which is larger than numerical aperture NA<SUB>2</SUB>, is fusion-spliced with the other end of the second GRIN lens. Thereby, the light emitted from the light-emitting source can efficiently enter the optical fiber, and loss of the light can thereby be reduced. In this case, the formula expressed by NA<SUB>f</SUB><=NA<SUB>2</SUB><NA<SUB>s</SUB><=NA<SUB>1 </SUB>is desirable.

Description

Optical fiber coupling component
Technical field
The present invention relates to optical fiber coupling component with the high-level efficiency coupling of light source such as used semiconductor laser in the optical communication and optical fiber.
Background technology
Technology with high-level efficiency coupling semiconductor laser and optical fiber is one of most important technology in the optical communication.The method (with reference to Patent Document 1) etc. that had for example adopted the method for lens such as spherical lens and non-spherical lens and the optical fiber front end had been formed the round end optical fiber of sphere.Adopting the characteristics of the method for lens is that higher coupling efficiency can be arranged, but then, semiconductor laser, lens, it is very numerous and diverse work that the mutual axis of optical fiber requires to aim at consistent, also has the integral body of coupled system to increase and the high problem of manufacturing cost in addition.Moreover the size conference of lens occupies arrangement space, thereby many semiconductor lasers and numerous optical fiber are the form that can not be coupled as semiconductor laser array and fiber array in short interval.In the method that adopts round end optical fiber,, semiconductor laser array and fiber array can be coupled because it is small-sized.This round end optical fiber is that the front end integral body at single-mode fiber has formed hemispherical lens, but in order to prepare this round end optical fiber, and the past all is the optical fiber front end to be ground to form spherical, is unfavorable for large-scale production, wastes time and energy.Remove this, have because of spherical aberration and cause the low problem of coupling efficiency owing to the front end of optical fiber becomes sphere.That is can be by its emergence angle with the end face of different positions and angle arrival single-mode fiber from the light of laser end face outgoing.Therefore, no matter this light departs from fuse or arrives fuse, when towards the incident angle of fuse more than critical angle, just can not become along the light of single-mode fiber transmission, coupling loss is reduced.Coupling loss when for example adopting the single-mode fiber of standard is about 6db.
In order to solve above-mentioned this class problem, adopted the cylinder shape distribution index lens (gradient-index lens) (grin lens is made in following letter) that makes the axis unanimity easily.Grin lens is the lens that adopt refractive index inhomogeneous (bigger near refractive index of the centre) medium, is by making refractive index change the lens that play lensing continuously.The index distribution n of this grin lens radial direction (r) can be expressed as
N (r)=n 0(1-(1/2) (gr) 2) (see figure 1).N in the formula (r) expression is apart from the refractive index at centre distance r place, n 0Be the refractive index of core, g is the constant of expression grin lens light gathering power.Though the spherical aberration of this lens is less, because existing its critical angle of grin lens＜20 °, the total radiation half-angle θ that just can not introduce standard fully is about the light of 25 ° optical communication usefulness semiconductor laser, and coupling loss is increased.Therefore, although the array configuration of coefficients by using spherical lens and grin lens.But be difficult to make the axis unanimity and become the high reason of assembly expenses.In addition,, be unfavorable for large-scale production, waste time and energy and the problem that increases manufacturing cost is arranged though the front end cut glomeration of GNIN lens has been done many effort in design.Also have, GNIN lens in the past are to be prepared by multicomponent glass, about 500～600 ℃ of its softening point, can not need to use optical adhesive with the fused fiber splice that with the quartz glass is principal ingredient, so just be difficult to make the axis unanimity, simultaneously because the light absorption of bonding agent, temperature rises and to cause bonding agent rotten when high-strength light incident is arranged, thereby has the problem that optical characteristics is degenerated.
Read degenerate problem in order to solve this connecing, proposed the structure (with reference to Patent Document 2-3) of GI (graded index) optical fiber as lens.This GI optical fiber is the optical fiber that the refractive index of fuse part changes parabolically.GI optical fiber since identical with optical fiber be to make by quartz glass, so energy and fused fiber splice, can have stability with respect to high-strength light, but in this case since the critical angle of GI optical fiber (light gathering power is little) below 20 °, the total radiation half-angle that just can not fully introduce standard is about the light of 25 ° optical communication usefulness semiconductor laser, and operating performance is poor when making the coupling loss increase and being assembled into lens actually.
Patent Document 1: U.S. Patent No. 3910677
Patent Document 2: U.S. Patent No. 4701011
Patent Document 3: U.S. Patent No. 5384874
Patent Document 4: the spy opens flat 8-292341 communique
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned variety of problems, hope can be developed high (numerical aperture the is big) grin lens of light gathering power that can fully cover the semiconductor laser radiation angle.Particularly because the total radiation half-angle of the semiconductor laser of standard more than 25 °, fully imports the grin lens that grin lens has critical angle more than at least 25 ° so be necessary to develop the light that is used for semiconductor laser.Luminous energy entered the maximum angle with respect to axis in optical fiber and the grin lens when so-called critical angle was a light with respect to the axis oblique incidence of optical fiber and GNIN lens, usually the sine function with critical angle is called numerical aperture (following NA slightly), when the total radiation half-angle of semiconductor laser is 25 °, this numerical aperture NA is 0.43, if for NA is grin lens more than 0.43, the light of semiconductor laser is entered within the lens fully, therefore require such grin lens.Remove this, for making semiconductor laser and grin lens, the optical axis of optical fiber is easy to unanimity, and the thermal expansivity of grin lens is considered this lens energy and fused fiber splice, with respect to the thermal expansivity 5 * 10 of quartz glass -7K -1, require it 15 * 10 -7K -1Below, this fusion techniques be boost productivity necessary, can not only reduce the light that returns semiconductor laser because of the reflection of optical fiber and lens interface by welding, and can solve when using bonding agent to continue in the past light absorption because of bonding agent and when high-strength light incident is arranged, cause temperature and raise and make that bonding agent is rotten to cause the problem that optical characteristics is degenerated.Have again, when essentially identical optical fiber and grin lens place under the oxyhydrogen flame blowtorch section shape, when welding, arrange effect (surface tension by melten glass makes optical fiber and the consistent naturally effect of grin lens both sides' central axis) by order, just can have allow become so far pending case fail the central shaft one of the optical fiber of the alignment of axe and lens is made peace improve the advantage of assembleability significantly.
In order to adopt the high grin lens of this light gathering power to assemble the light of semiconductor laser efficiently,, must there be this moment the spirit of 3～4dB coupling loss to prepare though grin lens that can NA is high directly is fused to the method for optical fiber front end.Its reason is, the light that gives off from the semiconductor laser end face gathers on the end face of single-mode fiber by the optically focused effect of the high grin lens of NA, but the part of the light that angle of radiation is big then is to arrive with the angle more than the optical fiber critical angle, particularly in the critical angle (claiming that this sine function=numerical aperture is NAs) of semiconductor laser greater than the critical angle of optical fiber when (claiming that this sine function=numerical aperture is NAf), even, so just the low problem of coupling loss is arranged because light arrives outside the optical fiber fuse because of angle of radiation or arrives fuse because of the incident angle that arrives fuse can not incide single-mode fiber on critical angle.
In order to address the above problem, the end of single-mode fiber of fuse and covering and the other end of centreless sub-optical fibre have been proposed to have, the band lens fiber (with reference to Patent Document 4) that continues with the square distribution shape optical fiber (being equivalent to grin lens) of square index distribution of 1/4 length in tortuous cycle or odd-multiple length with transmission light.The band lens fiber is at the square distribution shape optical fiber (being equivalent to grin lens) with square index distribution that is connected 1/4 length with the tortuous cycle of transmitting light or odd-multiple length on the single-mode fiber of fuse and covering.The square distribution shape optical fiber here has fuse and covering, and front end forms semisphere.After using above-mentioned optical fiber,, satisfy the practical desired coupling loss (below the 3dB) that though can reduce to about 4dB with the coupling loss of partly leading this laser instrument when coupling.In general, the coupling loss of semiconductor laser and optical fiber is littler, and the performance of optical communication system is also higher, and the structure of system is also easy.In addition, hemispherical owing to the optical fiber front end being formed, the qualification rate of goods is low, the cost height.Because the coupling efficiency of hemispheric lens of front end and semiconductor laser is low, the distance between dome lens and semiconductor laser end face is that operating distance is necessary for about 10 μ m.Therefore when assembling the optical fiber of being with dome lens and the coupled system that semiconductor laser is coupled, just have because of semiconductor laser and the out of use shortcoming of dome lens collision.
But ought require keep to increase operating distance simultaneously, realize lower coupling loss and satisfy semiconductor laser, lens and the optical axis of optical fiber can be aimed at when consistent simply, and be impossible with the relevant technologies of the optical fiber of the band lens of passing by.The present invention proposes just in view of the above problems, and purpose is to provide and can strengthens and keep operating distance, can reduce the optical fiber and the laser assembly of the good band grin lens of coupling loss and assembled.
(structure 1) optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is characterised in that, numerical aperture NA is fused on optical fiber one end than the big grin lens of numerical aperture NAs of at least a light source (semiconductor laser etc.).
Optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is an end subtend light source setting of grin lens side and with its other end and optical communication fibre junction, what make radiation of light source can send into optical communication efficiently with among the optical fiber, grin lens is the lens that adopt the medium of refractive index inconsistent (bigger near refractive index of the centre) as previously mentioned, is to change the lens that play lensing continuously by refractive index.Fig. 1 is the key diagram of grin lens, and the left side shows bright certain index distribution radially, and the right side is its skeleton view.As shown in Figure 1, the grin lens square index distribution of making even.The numerical aperture NAs of light source (semiconductor laser etc.) is the sine function of total radiation half-angle (θ of Fig. 2), the numerical aperture NA of grin lens is the sine function of the critical angle of GRIN, the light source that aperture number is big more, the radiancy of light is wide more, the grin lens that aperture number is big more, its light gathering power is high more.
Though do not exist in the past the tool numerical aperture NA of institute than semiconductor laser aperture number NAs big and grin lens weldable optical fiber, but can make according to following method and embodiment.Because the numerical aperture of GRIN is bigger than the numerical aperture of light source, the light of light emitted is entered within the grin lens fully and can reduces optical loss.
(structure 2) in addition, in the coupling unit of aforementioned structure 1, the present invention is being the optical fiber coupling component of its feature with above-mentioned numerical aperture NA more than 0.43.As previously mentioned, because the numerical aperture of general light source (semiconductor laser) is 0.43, the numerical aperture of grin lens is reached more than 0.43, this just becomes the big numerical aperture that is than general light source.
(structure 3) in the coupling unit of aforementioned structure 1 or 2, the present invention is that thermal expansivity with above-mentioned grin lens is less than 15 * 10 -7K -1And be made for the optical fiber coupling component of its feature by sol-gal process.Thermal expansivity by making grin lens is 15 * 10 -7K -1Under, just can zero defect ground and quartz glass optical fiber welding, thus can optimization production rate (do not need to collimate optical axis, improved yield rate etc.), eliminated grin lens and fibre junction going bad and the problem of optical loss partly.Grin lens with above-mentioned expansion etc. can be by Prepared by Sol Gel Method.Sol-gal process will be in following detailed description.
In order to form the grin lens that NA height and thermal expansivity and quartz glass are equal to substantially, be very difficult with ion exchange process in the past or gas phase CVD (chemical vapor is moved surely) method.The grin lens that the ion converter technique is made is the multicomponent glass that contains the alkali composition, and thermal expansivity is very big, lacks reliability on stable on heating problem.Though can obtain 0.38 NA (document for example with vapor phase method; But increased GeO P.B.O ' Connor etc.: Electron, Lett., 13 (1977) 170-171), in order to try to achieve the above NA of this value 2, P 2O 5Deng, the result has increased the thermal expansivity fertile material and then has been prone to crackle.The problem that appropriate level has been high NA is adjusted in this kind thermal expansion.
The unique method that can address the above problem is the sol-gal process based on the low temperature synthetic method.This method is at the alkoxide (Si (OR) with silicon 4(R: alkyl)) is in the ethanolic solution of principal ingredient, and acid or alkali are added as solvent, resolves into colloidal sol through adding water, adds metal ingredient again when polycomponent is glass making, and makes this colloidal sol do polycondensation reaction again, carries out cross-linking reaction and makes wet gel.Dry then this wet sol is removed the solvent in the gel, makes fine and close glass by burning till.When preparing grin lens with sol-gel process, need metal ingredient is formed CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION, the part refractive index high owing to the concentration of metal ingredient is also high, thus should make the concentration height of the core of grin lens, and concentration more laterally is low more.The method of introducing the metal ingredient raw material has the employing metal alkoxide, the method for slaine, and the molecule plugging etc.
To add the metal ingredient that is used to improve refractive index among the GRIN of the present invention in order studying, to predict, for example have respectively and SiO as the candidate's of grin lens metallic additions composition with the computing formula of known Lorentz-Lorenz 2Combined following each compd B i 2O 3, In 2O 3, Y 2O 3, La 2O 3, Ga 3O 2, Sb 2O 3, Gd 2O 3, Nh 2O 5, SnO 2, Ta 2O 5, TiO 2With ZrO 2The composition that wherein comprises Bi, In, Y, La.As any ferment salt that is added with this element all is the slightly solubility solid, knownly can not make gel.The composition that comprises Gd, Ga in the few field of additive (with respect to the addition of Si below 20mol%), can only be tried to achieve the numerical aperture NA below 0.3.Added the known crystalline material that has in the glass of Nb, Sn, thermal expansivity is big and be unsuitable for making grin lens simultaneously.In addition, the glass that has added Sb has the evaporation of adding element sb when gel burns till, and has added in the glass of Zr, adds the water decomposition reaction early, is formed with a spot of sediment and makes technology have instability in the preparation gel process.
Result through above research comparatively it is desirable to SiO 2-Sb 2O 3, SiO 2-Ta 2O 3, SiO 2-Ti 2O 3And SiO 2-ZrO 2Through-stone English glass is considered the stability of technology, again with SiO 2-Ta 2O 5With SiO 2-Ti 2O 3The quartz glass of system be best, if add Ta:10mol%, Ti:12mol% respectively in sol-gal process, then knownly can make the NA height, the grin lens that thermal expansivity and quartz glass are similar to.
(structure 4) optical fiber coupling component of the present invention also has following characteristics: second grin lens of numerical aperture NA2 in an end welding of the optical fiber of numerical aperture NAf.First grin lens of the numerical aperture NA1 bigger in the other end welding of above-mentioned second grin lens again than NA2.
Optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is provided with by an end subtend light source that makes the first grin lens side and with the other end and optical communication fibre junction, and light that can light emitted is sent into optical communication optical fiber efficiently.Inferior from the fairing that light emitted goes out through first grin lens, second grin lens enters in the optical fiber, but because the numerical aperture NA1 of first grin lens is bigger than the numerical aperture NA2 of second grin lens, adopt big (preferably the numerical aperture NAs than light source is big) of numerical aperture as first grin lens, the light of light emitted is entered in the GRIN efficiently.In addition, because the numerical aperture NA2 of second grin lens is littler than NA1, so can select the fully second little grin lens of numerical aperture, (numerical aperture is little so just can to make light from second grin lens to optical fiber critical quite little again, the tortuous cycle of the light of crankle is elongated in GRIN, little from the critical angle of the light of grin lens outgoing), so just enter in the optical fiber efficiently from the light of second grin lens.
(structure 5) is in the coupling unit of said structure 4, the feature of optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is that also it constitutes: the numerical aperture (NAf) of optical fiber, the numerical aperture (NA1) of first grin lens, the numerical aperture (NA2) of second grin lens and the numerical aperture (NAs) of light source are satisfied:
NAf≤NA2＜NAs≤NA1
Because NAs≤NA1, the light that light emitted goes out just enters in the GRIN fully, does not have optical loss, and in addition because NAf≤NA2＜NAs is arranged, the critical angle of light that enters optical fiber from second grin lens is little, and light enters optical fiber efficiently from second grin lens.Thereby see that on the whole the light that goes out from light emitted enters optical fiber efficiently.In general, NAf=0.15, NAs=0.43.
(structure 6) is in the coupling unit of said structure 4 or 5, the feature of optical fiber coupling component of the present invention also is, the numerical aperture NA1 of above-mentioned first grin lens is more than 0.43, as mentioned above, because the numerical aperture of general light source (semiconductor laser) is 0.43, become more than 0.43 by the numerical aperture that makes a GRIN, just become the numerical aperture bigger than the numerical aperture of general light source.
(structure 7) in arbitrary coupling unit of said structure 4～6, optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is characterised in that the refractive index that the length Z1 of above-mentioned first grin lens works as the glass of hypothesis central part is n 0, lens 1 radius be d1 and when being L, satisfying with the distance of light source
Z1＝(n 0×d1/NA1)arctan(d1/NA1×L)
Setting Z1=(n 0* d1/NA1) arctan (behind the d1/NA1 * L), the light that enters first grin lens becomes parallel rays in its terminal, incides efficiently in second grin lens.In addition, combine greatly, increased the distance with light source, good assembleability can be arranged with the numerical aperture of first grin lens.
(structure 8) in the coupling unit of said structure 7, optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is characterised in that the length Z2 of above-mentioned second grin lens is about 1/4 length or its odd-multiple length in the tortuous cycle of institute's Transmission Fibers.
By said structure 7, incide among the 2nd GRIN from the parallel rays of first grin lens.Because the length Z2 of second grin lens is about 1/4 length in tortuous cycle of institute's transmission ray or the length of its odd-multiple, the parallel rays of incident just converges on the central shaft of optical fiber 4 in terminal.At this moment, the optically focused of second grin lens is littler than first grin lens, becomes with mild width angle light harvesting, makes not enter optical fiber expeditiously.
(structure 9) in each the coupling unit, the feature of optical fiber coupling component of the present invention is that also the thermal expansivity of above-mentioned first and second grin lens is 15 * 10 in said structure 4～8 -7K -1Under, and be that first grin lens is for to make by sol-gal process at least.Because the thermal expansivity of first, second grin lens is 15 * 10 -7K -1Under, the welding of first and second grin lens just can be carried out on zero defect ground, has optimized throughput rate (needn't make the optical axis collimation, improve yield rate etc.), has eliminated the problem of the rotten and optical loss of continual-connecting-part.Possess above-mentioned thermal expansivity and have first grin lens of large-numerical aperture to make by sol-gal process.Second grin lens that numerical aperture is little can be by known method preparation of past.
(structure 10) in each the coupling unit, above-mentioned optical fiber coupling component is characterised in that aforementioned optical fiber is single-mode fiber in said structure 1～9.Can use the most general single-mode fiber as optical fiber in the coupling unit of the present invention.Single-mode fiber is made up of the less covering of the bigger fuse of central part refractive index and the refractive index around it usually, and the diameter of fuse is about 10 μ m, and the diameter of covering (diameter of optical fiber) is about 125 μ m.
The invention effect
Adopt the optical fiber coupling component of band grin lens of the present invention, can make its thickness be same as optical fiber itself substantially, like this, the integral body of coupled system can be little, thereby a plurality of semiconductor lasers can be coupled with short semiconductor laser array that is spaced and fiber array with multifiber.Owing to can increase operating distance (with the distance of light source), coupled system is just assembled easily and can not be damaged lens.Coupling loss obviously can reduce.In addition, the optical fiber coupling component of grin lens of the present invention is the optical fiber form entirely, can utilize existing optical fiber fusion welding technology to former state, thereby have making remarkable result simply on a large scale.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the key diagram of grin lens.
Fig. 2 is the key diagram of the optical fiber coupling component of embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the key diagram of the optical fiber coupling component of embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the key diagram of grin lens forming process.
The meaning of each label is as follows among the figure:
1. first grin lens; 2, the second grin lenses; 3, semiconductor laser; 4, optical fiber; 21, container; 22, the wet gel layer; 23, vitreum; 24, the GRIN parent;
Embodiment
According to Fig. 2 form of implementation of the present invention is described below.If the semiconductor laser of numerical aperture NAs 3 and have that distance is L between first grin lens 1 (NA that claims this grin lens is NA1) of the NA that is equal to or slightly greater than NAs, so the light of launching with the total radiation half-angle θ that is equivalent to number biography numerical aperture NAs from semiconductor laser 1 is that first grin lens 1 receives, can be along transmitting in the GRIN1.At this, the refractive index of establishing the central part of first grin lens 1 is n 0And its radius is d1, separates the equations of light ray formula in first grin lens 1, adjusts to by the length Z1 with this first grin lens 1
Z1=(n 0* d1/NA1) arctan (d1/ (NA1 * L)) (1) becomes parallel rays with respect to optical axis along the whole light in total radiation half-angle θ of Z1 length transmission, but can when the radius that arrives grin lens is the side of d1, not escape for the radius that makes semiconductor laser, require
Under NA1 〉=NAs (2), satisfy approx
D1 〉=L/ (1/NAs-1/NA1)/NA1) 1/2(3) as can be known, particularly o'clock become Z1～(n in L/d1≤1 from formula (1), (2) and (3) 0* d1/NA1) * (pi/2), under the condition of (2), no matter set which type of radius d, the light that incides on the grin lens can not escaped away in the side-walls of grin lens 1.
To incide the optical fiber 4 of its numerical aperture NA and NAf identical or than in its second big slightly grin lens 2, promptly for this parallel rays then
NAf≤NA2 (4) remembers that here the NA of second grin lens 2 is NA2.This moment is not for can escape out all directional lights of first grin lens 1 on the sidewall of second grin lens, in other words, in order to make it to enter radius is d2, numerical aperture is in second grin lens 2 of NA2, during equations of light ray in finding the solution first grin lens and second grin lens, can set radius d1, d2 and satisfy
(NAf/NA2) * (d2/d1) 〉=NAs ((L/d1) 2NA1+1/NA1) (5) particularly as seen from formula (5), in L/d1＜＜1 o'clock, but determined radius d1, d2 are to satisfy
D2/d1 〉=(NA2/NAf) * (NAs/NA1) (6) gets final product.
Incide all directional lights in second grin lens 2.Be set at 1/4 length of transmitting the tortuous cycle of light in second grin lens 2 at the length Z2 of this second grin lens 2
Z2＝(n 0×d2/NA2)×(π/2) (7)
Or during its odd-multiple length, during less than second grin lens 2 of first grin lens 1, be convenient to converge under the mild angle on the central shaft of optical fiber 4 by the optically focused performance.Be to converge to light and central shaft angulation on the central shaft of optical fiber 4, especially significantly owing to the little light gathering power of second grin lens becomes identical or slightly little with the critical angle of optical fiber.So above-mentioned light almost completely enters within the optical fiber, coupling efficiency has been had by leaps and bounds improve.
Obviously, first grin lens 1 and second grin lens 2 also have optical fiber 4 owing to be that welding rises, thereby the reflection loss on each composition surface is zero substantially.In a word, especially in L/d1＜＜1 o'clock,, can make the structure of being got for satisfying in order to improve coupling efficiency by leaps and bounds
NAf≤NA2＜NAs≤NA1 (8)
D2/d1 〉=(NA2/NAf) * (NAs/NA1) first and second grin lens 1,2 of (9) is fused on the front end of optical fiber 3.
Be that situation with regard to L/d1＜＜1 describes in above investigation.At first be to set the optical fiber of being with grin lens is easy to work near semiconductor laser distance L (for example 30mm) this moment.Secondly selecting to satisfy second grin lens 2 of the numerical aperture NA2 of (8) with radius d2, is 1/4 length ((7) formula) in tortuous cycle of the light that transmitted in second grin lens 2 or the length Z2 of its odd-multiple with its length setting.Use (9) formula to determine the radius d1 of first grin lens 1 then.Generally establish d1=d2.With this value substitution (1) formula, with the length Z1 of work distance setting first grin lens 1.After the distance L of setting first grin lens and semiconductor laser in this wise, in assembling, just can not be in contact with one another or conflict.In addition by (1) formula as can be known, the length of Z1 is not exclusive owing to the character of inverse trigonometric function, exists the situation of the manyfold of π, but can consider the workability decision of grin lens 1, wishes usually to be set at π doubly.
Have again, be to be illustrated so far, but be not to be defined in single-mode fiber with regard to the situation of optical fiber 4 as single-mode fiber, so long as satisfy (8) formula, even multimode optical fiber also can.In addition, in the multimode LD of height output, to hundreds of ratios one, and the extends perpendicular of laser is separated angle θ v and parallel extended corner θ p also extreme different (θ v＞＞θ p) to the ratio of the luminous zone of parallel direction and the luminous zone of vertical direction from tens of ratios one.Therefore in above-mentioned such rotation symmetric optical system, be difficult to LD laser is imported in incident light hole mouth (for example the being circular) optical fiber with good symmetry efficiently.In order to address this problem, can be equal to the NA (being called NAs) that is equivalent to extends perpendicular angle θ v having or the flat grin lens (being called NA1) of big slightly numerical aperture NA, insert in the alternative form of columnar first grin lens 1 to regulate.
In addition, though the light of semiconductor laser emission has elliptical shape usually, even first grin lens 1 is not the index distribution that cylindrical shape also can have elliptical shape.No matter in any case, irrelevant with shape, the grin lens of satisfied by making up (2) formula all can obtain very high coupling efficiency.
The formation method of embodiments of the invention formula is described based on Fig. 2 and 3 below.The structure of semiconductor laser elements (coupled system) as shown in Figure 1, with semiconductor laser 3 with dispose every the operating distance of about 30 μ m is relative with the optical fiber of first, second grin lens, semiconductor laser 3 for example can be set at peak value oscillation wavelength 1330mm, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V, 20 ° of horizontal direction total radiation half-angles, 25 ° of vertical direction total radiation half-angles.The optical fiber of band grin lens can be the single-mode fiber 4 with numerical aperture NAf=0.15 of fuse and covering, at one end continuing in turn second grin lens 2 and first grin lens 1.First grin lens 1 is set for identical or big slightly with the diameter of optical fiber 4 with the diameter of second grin lens 2 usually.In the illustrative structure of Fig. 2, GRIN1,2 diameter are all 150 μ m, and numerical aperture NA1, NA2 are made as 0.5 and 0.16 respectively.Second grin lens 2 is got the length of the tortuous Zhou Changyue 1/4 of the light that is transmitted in the lens, is set at about 860 μ m according to (7) formula.On the other hand, the length of first grin lens can be asked according to aforementioned (1) formula, gets π doubly at this, and length setting is for omiting 990 μ m.
The optical fiber of getting the band grin lens of said structure can be by following preparation.At first in the numerical aperture NAf=0.15 shown in Fig. 3 (a), an end of the single-mode fiber 4 of diameter 125 μ m is with second grin lens 2 with square diameter of shape index distribution 150 μ m of numerical aperture NA2=0.16 in the fusion splicer welding.1/4 the length 860 μ m in tortuous cycle that press on the light of transmission in second grin lens then are with its cut-out (Fig. 3 (b)).To have the numerical aperture different again and be NA1=0.5 and diameter is the blank of first grin lens 1 of suitable length of square index distribution of 150 μ m is fused on second grin lens 2 with second grin lens.Then the length of first grin lens 1 is ground by 990 μ m disjunctions, try to achieve the optical fiber (Fig. 3 (c)) of band grin lens.
Use above-mentioned semiconductor laser component, with peak value oscillation wavelength 1330nm, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V has 20 ° of horizontal direction total radiation half-angles, the semiconductor laser of the emission characteristics that vertical direction total radiation half-angle is 25 ° is oppositely arranged every the distance of 30 μ m with the optical fiber that has the grin lens with NA1=0.5, can obtain the high coupling efficiency of coupling loss below 1dB, prove superiority of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
In the molten mixed liquor that is added to tetramethoxy-silicane 75.5ml and isopropyl alcohol 183.4ml of 2 equivalent hydrochloric acid 9.2ml, stirred four (the n)-titanium butoxide that add 9.8ml again through 30 minutes.Add the ammoniacal liquor of 0.01 equivalent then, stir and be prepared into wet gel.With this wet gel in 50 ℃ after two slakings round the clock, again this wet gel was flooded 2 hours in 6 equivalent hydrochloric acid, make the titanium stripping of outer peripheral portion and allow the CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION that has titanium in the gel.Dipping is after 70 ℃ of dryings and make the xerogel spare of the 10mm of diameter.This xerogel spare that makes rises to 800 ℃ by 150 ℃/hr from room temperature in oxygen atmosphere, and then is warmed up to 1250 ℃ by 50 ℃/hr in helium-atmosphere, makes the transparent vitreous body that burns till.Measure the result of the index distribution of this cylindrical glass body, made from the center to the periphery by square curve and reduced its refractive index, the second grin lens parent of NA=0.16.
In the mixed liquor of tetramethoxy-silicane 75.5ml and isopropyl alcohol 183.4ml, add 2 equivalent hydrochloric acid 9.2ml again, after stirring in 30 minutes, add four (n)-titanium butoxide 30.8ml.The ammoniacal liquor that adds 0.01 equivalent then makes wet gel.With this wet gel in 50 ℃ after 2 slakings round the clock, dipping 2 hours in the acid of 6 equivalents prisons makes to have the titanium CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION in the gel again.Behind above-mentioned dipping, impregnated in again in the methyl alcohol to clean the hydrochloric acid composition in the gel.Afterwards above-mentioned gel was flooded 20 minutes in 6 equivalent hydrochloric acid, give CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION for the second time, identical with primary processing again, gel be impregnated in the methyl alcohol, dry behind the clean hydrochloric acid.Then above-mentioned gel was flooded 8 minutes in 6 equivalent hydrochloric acid.Give CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION for the third time, identical with primary situation again, gel be impregnated in the methyl alcohol, clean and to carry out drying behind the hydrochloric acid and make the xerogel that obtains the about 10mm of diameter.The xerogel that makes is risen to 350 ℃ by 10 ℃/hr from room temperature, be warmed up to 1200 ℃ afterwards again and make the transparent vitreous body that burns till.Measure the result of this cylindric Vitrea index distribution, obtained from the center to the periphery, to make refractive index to reduce the first grin lens parent of NA=0.5 substantially by square curve.Like this, by under the wet gel state, carrying out repeatedly CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION, can form big grin lens.
Above-mentioned two parents are inserted in the carbon resistance furnace with the speed of 0.04mm/s respectively, and wire drawing becomes the grin lens shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m, is made into the first grin lens shape optical fiber and the second grin lens shape optical fiber again.With the end of discharge fusion splicer the 2nd GRIN shape fused fiber splice that will make to the single-mode fiber of numerical aperture 0.15.Cut off processing by 1/4 length, 990 μ m then along tortuous cycle of the light that transmits in second grin lens.Then as hereinbefore, with the discharge fusion splicer will second grin lens be different therewith, a GNIN lensing fused fiber splice of numerical aperture 0.5 is to second grin lens.Cut off by 860 μ m length afterwards and grind, made another optical fiber coupling component with the embodiment 1 of first, second grin lens.
With this optical fiber coupling component that makes during by the operating distance of 30 μ m to peak value oscillation wavelength 1330 μ m, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V, 20 ° of horizontal direction total radiation half-angles, the semiconductor laser that vertical direction total radiation half-angle is 25 ° can make the high coupling efficiency of coupling loss below 0.9dB.
Embodiment 2
After at first making the parent of second grin lens of numerical aperture NA=0.16, use the carbon resistance furnace wire drawing, make the second grin lens shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m by the process identical with embodiment 1.
Continue and in the mixed liquor of tetramethoxy-silicane 76.6ml and isopropyl alcohol 184.3ml, add 2 equivalent hydrochloric acid 9.2ml, mixing is with the silica of ultramicron, carry out stirring in 1 hour and add water decomposition with part, with these solution 8 five equilibriums, add four (n)-titanium butoxide of the concentration shown in the table 1, place and prepare the different totally 8 kinds of colloidal sol of titanium composition after a period of time from 1 layer to 8 layers.Then every the corresponding time is added the ammoniacal liquor of 0.01 equivalent, modulation colloidal sol separately.
At first the colloidal sol with ground floor adds in the cylindrical shape polypropylene containers of internal diameter 50mm, rotates 30 minutes with 1100 rev/mins speed, makes wet gel cylindraceous on the inwall of container 21 cylindraceous.By same technology, the different sol solutions of titanium composition of eight layers of the second layers to the is inserted in the container 21 then, become the different wet gel layer 22 (Fig. 4 (a)) of 8 layers titanium addition of concentric circles at the inwall superimposed layer of container 21.Rotate Manufactured cylindric wet gel simultaneously in 60 ℃ of 1 weeks of drying, make xerogel.Xerogel is shrunk to internal diameter 26mm, external diameter 13mm, and ellipticity is at the cylinder below 0.04%.The xerogel that makes like this is heated to 800 ℃ by 150 ℃/hr from room temperature in oxygen atmosphere, in helium-atmosphere, fires 1250 ℃ then, make transparent vitreous body 23 by 50 ℃/hr intensification.The two ends of this vitreum 23 cylindraceous are fixed on the rotating diskware, when rotating, heat in turn from the end, made solid columned GRIN parent 24 (Fig. 4 (c)) with about 2000 ℃ oxyhydrogen flame blowtorch 25.
Table 1
The titanium addition
1 layer 2 layers 3 layers 4 layers 5 layers 6 layers 7 layers 8 layers 0ml 1.1ml 1.6ml 2.1ml 2.6ml 3.0ml 3.5ml 4.3ml
This grin lens parent 24 is inserted carbon resistance furnace with the speed of 0.04mm/s, be drawn into the grin lens shape optical fiber of 150 μ m, make the first grin lens shape optical fiber.The index distribution result who measures this GRIN shape optical fiber of the making index distribution that to be the middle mind-set periphery that has reduce by square curve roughly, its numerical aperture is NA=0.53.At this since more than 1900 ℃ during wire drawing the titanium composition of central part some dispersing arranged, so as shown in table 1.The addition of titanium that has increased 8 layers is in case reduce refractive index.
The second grin lens shape optical fiber of making like this is fused to an end of numerical aperture 0.15 single-mode fiber with the discharge fusion splicer.Cut off processing by 1/4 length, 990 μ m then along tortuous cycle of the light that transmits in second grin lens.To have again second grin lens therewith different be a GRIN shape optical fiber of 0.53 numerical aperture, by above-mentioned identical method with second grin lens in the welding of discharge fusion splicer.Cut off by 840 μ m length then and grind, make the optical fiber coupling component of embodiment 2.
With the optical fiber coupling component that makes like this operating distance subtend peak value oscillation wavelength 1330nm with 30 μ m, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V, 20 ° of horizontal direction total radiation half-angles, during semiconductor laser that vertical direction total radiation half-angle is 25 °, obtained the high coupling efficiency of coupling loss below 0.9dB.
Embodiment 3
At first make the parent of second grin lens of numerical aperture NA=0.16, make the 2nd GRIN shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m again with the carbon resistance furnace wire drawing by the technology identical with embodiment 1.
Continue tetramethoxy-silicane 1.1g is mixed with the ethoxy-tantalum of 8 kinds of additions shown in the table 2.Add again and mix with methyl alcohol 1.3cc and stirring.And then mix ultramicron silica 0.3g, and after stirring in 1 hour, place a period of time, mix methyl alcohol 1.3cc respectively and pure water 0.3cc drips, be modulated into colloidal sol.
At first ground floor colloidal sol is added in the cylindrical shape polypropylene containers of internal diameter 50mm, rotated 30 minutes, on container inner wall, make into cylindric gel with 1000 rev/mins speed.By identical process, in turn that 2 layers to 8 layers titanium composition is different colloidal sol adds in this container in turn then, and deposit becomes 8 layers of wet gel that tantalum concentration is different of concentric circles on this container inner wall.Rotate the cylindric wet gel that this is made into, make xerogel in one week of 60 ℃ of dryings, this xerogel is internal diameter 25mm, external diameter 14mm, and ellipticity is at the cylinder below 0.04%.The xerogel that makes is warmed up to 800 ℃ by 150 ℃/hr from room temperature in oxygen atmosphere, in helium-atmosphere, is warmed up to 1250 ℃ then, make the transparent vitreous body that burns till by 50 ℃/hr.
Table 2
The titanium addition
1 layer 2 layers 3 layers 4 layers 5 layers 6 layers 7 layers 8 layers 0ml 1.1ml 1.6ml 2.1ml 2.6ml 3.0ml 3.5ml 4.3ml
From then on cylindric vitreum forms the cylindric GRIN parent identical with the foregoing description 2, this parent being pressed the speed of 0.04mm/s inserts in the carbon resistance furnace, be drawn into the grin lens shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m, make the first grin lens shape optical fiber, measure the index distribution that the result of the index distribution of this first grin lens shape optical fiber that makes reduces by square curve substantially for the periphery of mind-set therefrom, its numerical aperture is NA=0.52.Mix the situation of tantalum at this, do not have the disperse tantalum of situation of titanium is dispersed.
The 2nd GRIN shape optical fiber of making like this is fused to the discharge fusion splicer on the end of single-mode fiber of numerical aperture 0.15.Cut off processing by 1/4 length, 990 μ m then along tortuous cycle of the light that transmits in second grin lens.Be 0.53 to be different from the first grin lens shape optical fiber of the second grin lens numerical aperture again with numerical aperture, identically with the above be fused on second grin lens with the molten device of discharge.Press Len req 840 μ m then and cut off grinding, make the optical fiber coupling component of embodiment 3.
With the operating distance subtend peak value oscillation wavelength 1330nm of this optical fiber coupling component that makes with 30 μ m, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V, 20 ° of the full spoke half-angles of horizontal direction, during semiconductor laser that vertical direction total radiation half-angle is 25 °, obtain the high coupling efficiency of coupling loss below 0.9dB.
Embodiment 4
At first use the technology identical to prepare the parent of second grin lens of numerical aperture NA=0.16, use the carbon resistance furnace wire drawing again, make the second grin lens shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m with embodiment 1.
Secondly with tetramethoxy-silicane, pure water, hydrochloric acid mixed in 1: 5: 0.001 in molar ratio, finished fully to adding water decomposition, stirred and made sol solutions.Then with the ultramicron silica according to making SiO in the colloidal sol 2Weight ratio be 40% to mix with this sol solutions, do fully to stir.Add the ammoniacal liquor of 0.1 equivalent and adjust solution.This colloidal sol is added in the cylindrical shape polypropylene containers of internal diameter 50mm,, on container inner wall, make cylindric wet gel by 1000 rev/mins speed rotations 2 hours.This wet gel be impregnated in the isopropyl alcohol and the composite treating fluid 800ml of acetone of the molecular sieve 3a that has added 50g, after having carried out 24 hours stirring operation, replace treating fluid and carry out identical operations once more.In this cylindrical shape, inject the mixed liquor of the ethanol of four (the n)-titanium butoxide of 5g and 70ml again, stirred 5 hours and in this columnar wet gel, form CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION.This gel be impregnated in the acetone, titanium is fixed in the pore of gel.
With the cylindric wet gel rotation of the CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION that makes like this with titanium, obtain xerogel in one week of 60 ℃ of dryings, this xerogel is internal diameter 26mm, external diameter 13mm, ellipticity is at the cylinder below 0.04%.This xerogel that makes is elevated to 800 ℃ by 150 ℃/hr from room temperature in oxygen atmosphere, in helium-atmosphere, is warmed up to 1250 ℃ again, made the transparent vitreous body that burns till by 50 ℃/hr.
Identical with the foregoing description 2,3, cylindric thus vitreum forms solid cylindric grin lens parent, this parent is inserted in the carbon resistance furnace with the speed of 0.04mm/s, be drawn into the grin lens shape optical fiber of external diameter 150 μ m, prepare the first grin lens shape optical fiber.Measure this make the index distribution that reduces by square curve basically for mind-set periphery therefrom of the result of index distribution of the first grin lens shape optical fiber, and its numerical aperture NA=0.48.
The 2nd GRIN shape optical fiber that makes like this is fused to the discharge fusion splicer on the end of single-mode fiber of numerical aperture 0.15.Cut off processing by 1/4 length, 990 μ m then along tortuous cycle of the light that transmits in second grin lens.Be 0.48 to be different from the first grin lens shape optical fiber of the second grin lens numerical aperture again with numerical aperture, identically with the above be fused on second grin lens with the molten device of discharge.Press Len req 890 μ m then and cut off grinding, make the optical fiber coupling component of embodiment 4.
With this optical fiber coupling component that makes during by the operating distance of 30 μ m to peak value oscillation wavelength 1330nm, working current 16mA, operating voltage 1.0V, 20 ° of horizontal direction total radiation half-angles, the semiconductor laser that vertical direction total radiation half-angle is 25 ° can make the high coupling efficiency of coupling loss below 0.9dB.
To identically with the foregoing description 4 make, wherein the titanium CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION the outer wall of fixing wet gel in the hydrochloric acid of 6 equivalents, flood 5 minutes, remove the titanium additive of fixing on the peripheral part of gel, make it to have precipitous titanium CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION.The wet gel spare that makes like this be impregnated in the methyl alcohol, clean hydrochloric acid and make it dry, formed internal diameter 26mm, the xerogel spare of external diameter 13mm, then it is inserted in the tube furnace, rise to 350 ℃ by 10 ℃/hr from room temperature, and then be warmed up to 1200 ℃ and burn till, obtain transparent cylindric vitreum.The optical fiber that is drawn into 150 μ m external diameters that the vitreum of gained and embodiment 1 is identical, when measuring its index distribution, embodiment compares more approaching square of curve therewith, become numerical aperture up to 0.55 grin lens with this grin lens as first grin lens, identical with the foregoing description 1～4, form optical fiber coupling component, can be made into the optical fiber coupling component of high coupling efficiency thus.
Again with the propylate Ta (OC of the tantalum of four (n)-titanium butoxide among the embodiment 4 3H 7) 5Replace, carry out the fixing of same tantalum CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION.It is the index distribution that reduces by square curve basically that the glass refraction that drying, sintering obtain distributes, corresponding numerical aperture NA=0.52.This corresponding grin lens as first grin lens, with the foregoing description 1～4 identical formation optical fiber coupling component, has been made the optical fiber coupling component of high coupling efficiency.

Claims (10)

1. optical fiber coupling component, it is characterized in that: welding has the numerical aperture NA grin lens bigger than the numerical aperture NAs of at least a light source on the end of optical fiber.
2. according to the coupling unit of claim 1, it is characterized in that: above-mentioned numerical aperture NA is more than 0.43.
3. according to the coupling unit of claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that: its thermal expansivity of above-mentioned grin lens is 15 * 10 -1K -1Below and make by sol-gal process.
4. optical fiber coupling component, it is characterized in that: it is second grin lens of numerical aperture NA2 in an end welding of the optical fiber of numerical aperture NAf, again first grin lens of the numerical aperture NA1 bigger than NA2 in the other end welding of above-mentioned second grin lens.
5. according to the coupling unit of claim 4, it is characterized in that: it constitutes the numerical aperture NAf that makes optical fiber, the numerical aperture of GNIN lens (NA1), and the numerical aperture of the 2nd GNIN lens (NA2) satisfies with the numerical aperture (NAs) of light source:
NAf≤NA2＜NAs≤NA1。
6. according to the coupling unit of claim 4 or 5, it is characterized in that: the numerical aperture NA1 of above-mentioned first grin lens is more than 0.43.
7. according to each coupling unit in the claim 4～6, it is characterized in that: the length Z1 of above-mentioned first grin lens, when the refractive index of the glass of hypothesis central part is n 0, the radius of lens 1 is d1 and when being L with the distance of light source, satisfying:
Z1＝(n 0×d1/NA1)arctan(d1/NA1×L)。
8. according to the coupling unit of claim 7, it is characterized in that: the length Z2 of above-mentioned grin lens is about 1/4 length or its odd-multiple length in the tortuous cycle of institute's transmission ray.
9. according to each described coupling unit in the claim 4～8, it is characterized in that: the thermal expansivity of above-mentioned first and second grin lens is 15 * 10 -7K -1Below, and be that first grin lens is for to make by sol-gal process at least.
10. according to each described coupling unit in the claim 1～9, it is characterized in that above-mentioned optical fiber is single-mode fiber.
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ATE546753T1 (en) 2012-03-15
US20060045419A1 (en) 2006-03-02
US7346237B2 (en) 2008-03-18
EP1677132A1 (en) 2006-07-05
HK1144966A1 (en) 2011-03-18
HK1090430A1 (en) 2006-12-22
EP2221646A1 (en) 2010-08-25
JP2005115097A (en) 2005-04-28
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WO2005036230A1 (en) 2005-04-21
JP4037346B2 (en) 2008-01-23

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