CN1808105B - Exhaust opacity measuring device - Google Patents
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- CN1808105B CN1808105B CN2006100067416A CN200610006741A CN1808105B CN 1808105 B CN1808105 B CN 1808105B CN 2006100067416 A CN2006100067416 A CN 2006100067416A CN 200610006741 A CN200610006741 A CN 200610006741A CN 1808105 B CN1808105 B CN 1808105B
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Abstract
A remote emissions sensing system and method for sensing exhaust emissions from motor vehicles is provided where the system determines the opacity of an exhaust plume. The system comprises a radiation source that emits radiation which is passed through the exhaust plume of a motor vehicle to one or more detectors arranged to receive the radiation. Multiple wavelength opacity measuring embodiments and monochromatic wavelength opacity measuring embodiments are disclosed.
Description
The application be submitted on September 11st, 2002, denomination of invention divides an application for " measurement mechanism of exhaust opacity " No. 02817787.8 application.
Related application
The application requires the U.S. Provisional Patent Application the 60/318th submitted September 11 calendar year 2001, No. 574 right of priority, the denomination of invention of this application are " System and Method ForDetecting Smoke Density In Exhaust Emissions (detecting the system and method for smoke density in the toxic emission) ".
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of long-range discharging sensor-based system and method that is used for the toxic emission of sensing motor vehicles, wherein this system determines the opacity of waste gas stream.
Background technology
Long-range discharging sensing (RES) system is known.United States Patent (USP) the 5th, 210 discloses a kind of like this system in No. 702, and this system comprises electromagnetism (EM) radiation source, disposes this source and makes and flow when the motor vehicles waste gas that the EM radiation ray can pass through motor vehicles during through this system.This system also comprises one or more detecting devices, and configuration detector makes can received radiation after radiation is by the waste gas stream of vehicle.One or more filtrators can be in conjunction with one or more detecting devices, thereby make detecting device can determine to have the intensity of the EM radiation of specific wavelength or certain wavelength coverage.Can select wavelength easily, make it corresponding to the molecular species of being concerned about in the waste gas stream (for example hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO
2) and such as NO and NO
2Oxides of nitrogen (NO
x)) absorbing wavelength.The output voltage of one or more detecting devices is represented the EM radiation intensity by this detectors measure.
Then, these voltages are transfused in the processor.The intensity differences that processor calculates known luminaire intensity and detected by detecting device, thereby the uptake of the specific molecular kind in definite emission (based on the relevant predetermined wavelength of this kind).Based on the uptake of measuring, can determine the concentration of one or more molecular speciess in a known way.
Document " Feasibility of Remote Sensing of Particulate EmissionsFrom Heavy-Duty Vehicles ", Chen, G.et al. discloses a kind of remote sensing system of exhaust opacity among the American Society ofAutomotive Engineers (1996).In this system, opacity is measured and and CO under the 638nm wavelength
2The measurement association.
Existing RES system has many shortcomings and defective.The reading that these factors can lead to errors, the high relatively incidence of giving up data incidence or high relatively " mark (flagged) " test findings.The problem of these and other can reduce the benefit of RES system.
At least some RES components of system as directed ground are by determining that the light absorption (or transmittance) by waste gas stream comes work.By determining absorption/transmittance down, can determine the concentration of those kinds in the waste gas at specific wavelength (the different molecular kind absorbs the wavelength of EM radiation in corresponding to waste gas stream).A problem is that many external factor can influence measured intensity and cause error.For example, if the intensity of measuring since waste gas flow in the light scattering of particle reduce, rather than be concerned about the absorption to radiation of kind, this will cause error.
A shortcoming of some remote sensing systems is to use single wavelength EM radiation to come the measurement for opaque degree.Known owing to the reduction of the EM radiating scattering that exists particle to cause along with wavelength increases.Because scattering is the main source of waste gas stream opacity, so only can produce inaccurate result usually with the system of longer wavelength EM actinometry opacity.
The shortcoming of these and other still exists.
Summary of the invention
An advantage of the invention is and overcome these and other shortcoming in the existing apparatus.
Another advantage of the present invention has provided a kind of long-range discharging sensor-based system and method that can remote monitoring vehicle exhaust opacity.
Another advantage of the present invention is by measuring exhaust opacity and using measured exhaust opacity to guarantee that other measurement accuracy improved the accuracy of long-range discharging sensor-based system and method.
Another advantage of the present invention has provided the existing emission monitoring device with exhaust opacity monitoring capability.
These and other target of the present invention embodiment different according to the present invention realizes.According to an embodiment, the RES system and method comprises radiation source, disposes this source and makes that radiation ray can be by the waste gas stream of motor vehicles when this system of motor vehicles process.Dispose one or more detecting devices and make energy received radiation after radiation is by the waste gas stream of vehicle.
The radiation intensity that the voltage of one or more detecting device outputs receives corresponding to this detecting device.Then, these voltages are transfused in the processor.Processor calculates known luminaire intensity and by the difference between the detecting device detected intensity, thereby determines the uptake (based on the relevant predetermined wavelength of this kind) of specific molecular kind.Based on the uptake of measuring, can determine the concentration of one or more molecular speciess in the emission.
According to an aspect of the present invention, the output of reference detector (reference detector) offers processor and monitors by processor, thereby determines the opacity of each waste gas stream.Based on measured opacity, the behavior that can be scheduled to.For example,, can analyze emissions data and produce test findings (in a known way) if exhaust opacity has surpassed predetermined level, but test findings can " mark " for suspicious or give up.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the system and method for measurement for opaque degree comprises a plurality of EM radiation sources with different wave length and the suitable detection device that detects different wave length.Dispose a plurality of EM radiation sources, a branch of (or multi beam) EM radiation energy is flowed by toxic emission.The signal of handling detecting device (or a plurality of detecting device) is determined wherein the Strength Changes (for example do not have intensity that waste gas stream exists with respect to the intensity that the existence of waste gas stream is arranged) for each wavelength.The variation of intensity and at least a discharge stream component (carbon dioxide (CO for example
2)) relative concentration relevant.The ionization meter relevant with enough degree changes (for example the recurrence of slope standard error is less than 20% of slope value) and is registered as effective opacity value.
Another embodiment of the invention can be calculated and the proportional smoke-density value of waste gas stream opacity.This embodiment can comprise the EM radiation source (for example laser, perhaps other monochromatic source) that comes down to monochrome, and it can guide the volume of EM radiation by waste gas stream.Suitable detecting device is used for measuring the transmittance (T) by the radiation ray of waste gas stream.For the waste gas of substantially the same volume stream, implement waste gas component (CO for example
2) amount measurement.Use transmittance (T) value of measuring and the waste gas component amount of measurement to calculate waste gas stream smoke-density value.
Behind the instructions of having read this paper, additional objects and advantages of the present invention is tangible for those skilled in the art.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 has described long-range discharging sensing device (RES) according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 has described data analysing method according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 has described disposal system according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 has described the process flow diagram of method according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 is the synoptic diagram of the multi-wavelength opacity measurement system of some embodiments according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the synoptic diagram of the processor of some embodiments according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 sets forth the process flow diagram that according to the present invention some embodiments are determined the method for opacity value.
Fig. 8 is the synoptic diagram of setting forth the monochromatic opacity measurement system of according to the present invention some embodiments.
Fig. 9 sets forth the schematic flow diagram that according to the present invention some embodiments are determined the method for opacity value.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 has described RES according to an embodiment of the invention.RES measures the emission from vehicle 10.RES comprises the source 12 that produces radiation 20.When vehicle 10 process RES, the waste gas stream 16 of vehicle 10 is passed in radiation 20.Transmit optical devices 18 received radiations 20 and transmit radiation 20, arrive one or more detecting devices 14 by the radiation behind the waste gas stream 22 by waste gas stream 16.Configuration detector 14 is measured described by the radiation 22 behind the waste gas stream 16 of vehicle 10.Filtrator (not shown) can with one or more detecting device 14 combinations, by from the radiation of returning 22, filtering, make detecting device 14 can determine to have the specific wavelength or the intensity of the radiation of wavelength coverage necessarily except that specific wavelength or all wavelengths radiation of certain wavelength coverage.Alternately, the radiation 20 that can use adjustable laser instrument to produce specific wavelength or certain limit wavelength as source 12 may not need filtrator in this case.
Wavelength can be selected easily, the molecular species that makes it to be concerned about in the corresponding waste gas stream (for example HC, CO, CO
2, NO, NO
2(claim NO hereinafter
x) or other molecular species) absorbing wavelength.Obtain one or more detecting device output voltages, representative is by the intensity of the radiation 22 of these detecting device 14 measurements.The detecting device output voltage is transfused to processor 100.Detecting device 14 can be any suitable detecting device, for example photodiode, photomultiplier, charge-coupled detector(CCD), indium antimonide, lead selenide, perhaps other known photoconductions or photovoltage detecting device.
Preferably, source 12 maintains under the stationary temperature basically, for example by source 12 is encapsulated in the shell, makes it isolated atmospheric environment, for example sunlight, wind and rain.The temperature variation at 12 places may be brought extra error to measurement in the source.
According to one embodiment of the invention, processor 100 can be realized many functions, comprises the concentration of determining different emission components.As mentioned above, the several passages of the device monitoring of Fig. 1, each passage is used for independently emission components.
According to one embodiment of the invention, RES can be used for diesel vehicle and particularly heavy diesel vehicle, for example truck and motorbus.The present invention can also be used to measuring the concentration of many emission components in the diesel vehicle waste gas, and the amount of particulate emissions.Gas and particulate emissions are contributed a large amount of environmental contaminants together.Especially, heavy diesel vehicle produces a large amount of NO
xAnd particulate emissions.Because the character that diesel particulate emission possibility is carcinogenic is carried out strict regulation usually to this discharging.
Exhaust opacity is a kind of tolerance of vehicle particulate emission.
In the opacity of measuring vehicle discharging, can carry out opacity measurement, CO measurement and CO
2Measure and to obtain reliable and opacity measurement accurately.All inherent certain error factor that causes by atmospheric dilution waste gas stream that comprises of the measurement of any opacity.The corresponding CO that takes simultaneously with opacity measurement
2The measurement of concentration will reflect that atmosphere flows identical diluting effect to waste gas.Based on CO in the waste gas stream
2The preset expected value of level, and obtain opacity measurement and CO
2The ratio of measuring compensates dilution gfactor, thereby causes the accurate measurement of the peculiar opacity of fuel.
In the situation of diesel car, opacity measurement can confirm that further CO measures acquisition from identical waste gas stream under the substantially the same time by it and CO are measured relatively come.The amount of the opacity that the amount of CO flows with waste gas usually in the waste gas stream is relevant.Therefore, if opacity is high, the amount of CO also should be high.If the amount of CO is low, and the measurement amount of opacity is high, this can be used for showing and have error in opacity measurement so, perhaps because other factors may interferometry.
In embodiment more preferably, use independently the opacity passage to determine opacity.Independently the opacity passage preferably uses about 0.20～1.50 micron radiation of wavelength.Expect that this wavelength coverage can provide opacity measurement more accurately.This system can also comprise CO at least
2, CO and reference channel.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the method for analyzing emission can be described with reference to Figure 2.In step 300, provide certain standard.Being used for the standard of analysis to measure can change according to the specific emission of being concerned about.In step 302, if satisfy this standard, so in step 310, process is got back to step 300 and is determined whether to stay more standard and analyze.This process proceeds to the standard that no longer includes in step 310 analyze till.
In step 302, if do not satisfy this standard, this process settles the standard in step 304 and whether be not met the degree that they will be dropped in step 306 so, perhaps determine whether they will be in step 308 by mark simply.
After standard was satisfied, in step 320, the result can compensate atmospheric conditions.In step 322, system compensates system condition, and data can be analyzed further in step 324.With reference to the embodiment below the present invention, this whole method will be understood better.
According to one embodiment of the invention, standard can comprise the check of opacity.According to this embodiment, the output of one or more detecting devices of RES system is transfused to the processor 100 as describing among Fig. 3.Processor 100 can comprise definite device 102 of exhaust opacity.Processor 100 can be realized many known functions, comprises the concentration of determining many gaseous effluents.In addition, processor 100 can also determine that device 102 determines exhaust opacity from the measurement of obtaining by exhaust opacity.
According to an embodiment, use the reference channel of RES system, exhaust opacity determines that device 102 can determine exhaust opacity by measurement for opaque degree under the wavelength of about 3.9 μ m.Exhaust opacity determines that other passage that device 102 is concerned about from reference channel and at least one receives measurement.According to an embodiment, the passage of being concerned about can be CO
2Passage.
For each specific measuring intervals of TIME, if the intensity of reference channel is lower than the input intensity of the radiation source 12 normal radiation 20 that produce, processor 100 compares reference channel and CO so
2The strength retrogression of passage.If the reference channel intensity that detects reduces, a part of radiation 20 of can having determined particle blocking-up in the waste gas stream or deflection makes it not have the radiation 22 as after flowing by waste gas to turn back to detecting device 14.Opacity comes from the radiating scattering and the absorption of particle matter in the waste gas stream.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the output of one or more detecting devices can be used to determine that the waste gas of discharging flows opacity from test vehicle.The output of detecting device (voltage levvl) can be monitored by processor 100.The voltage drop of reference channel can be used to indicate and the opacity of definite waste gas.Therefore, wavelength or the wavelength band that can specifically select reference channel to detect are to such an extent as to the component of discharging (comprises CO
2, CO, HC, NO
x) can not disturb the reading of opacity.
Definite waste gas that can comprise from heavy diesel vehicle of opacity in the waste gas stream, wherein waste gas can comprise particle, for example dried flue dust (dry soot).Usually, the size of most diesel oil particle is from the 0.02-0.5 micron.According to the present invention, can use the output of one or more detecting devices to calculate the waste gas stream opacity of tested heavy diesel vehicle.The output of detecting device can be monitored radiation intensity because the change that particle in the diesel exhaust stream such as flue dust cause by processor 100.Then, can use the intensity of variation of the radiation intensity of detection to measure the opacity of diesel exhaust discharging.
Because dusty gas does not absorb in the reference wave strong point, so, can use the reduction of measured reference channel intensity to come correcting gas to measure wavelength for environmental noise, opacity and other factors.Then, the pollutant wavelength absorption of measurement can be converted into the apparent concentration value.If at least a apparent concentration value has surpassed predetermined minimum value, pollutant levels can with the CO that measures
2Related.Slope is to measure pollutant and measure CO
2Ratio.Can use these slopes to implement other local described other calculating as this paper.
In a more preferred embodiment, use opacity measurement to verify the measurement of other component in the waste gas stream.High opacity value is illustrated in the waste gas stream and has a large amount of particle matters, and this may cause scattering or absorption in the radiation of one or more characteristic wave strong points of waste gas stream different component.This just may cause inaccurate reading to these different components.
In the case, when having high opacity, RES can be labeled as reading suspicious or invalid.More preferably, it is invalid that these readings are marked as, and carry out other reading after time-delay.In order to realize this point, RES can monitor opacity and/or CO reading, is reduced to until opacity and/or CO concentration to be considered to carrying out different waste gas components such as CO, CO
2, HC, NO and NO
2Reading be below the acceptable predeterminated level.Can use CO
2Reading confirm to have sufficient waste gas stream for the measurement after the time-delay.In this manner, even have bring the high opacity of appreciable error can for usually this measurement the time at initial waste gas stream, RES also can provide accurately waste gas component to measure.
The percentage of opacity can be because of many factors, for example the turbulent flow behind air, wind and the vehicle and decay apace.Because CO
2Reading can flow visible tracer as waste gas, and if CO
2Related inaccurate (being that slope has big error), the measurement of opacity can be assumed to be and come from another kind of source so, the dirt of tire for example, and reading is rejected.If association is (being that slope has little error) accurately, to measure slope and correction factor so and produce standardized opacity as 1000 product, described correction factor depends on the calibration and the unit of used measurement.
Fig. 4 has described the process flow diagram that detects the method for exhaust opacity according to an embodiment of the present invention.In step 200, reference channel and one or more discharge-channel such as CO
2The output of passage can be received by processor 100.Can carry out the program of many checkings, error prevention or signal Processing for data, thereby guarantee that waste gas is enough to carry out determining of opacity.In step 202, be not enough if these proving programs are determined waste gas, waste gas can be marked as suspiciously so, prevents wrong opacity measurement thereby perhaps be rejected.
But, be verified if measure, in step 204, processor 100 can be determined opacity number percent from remaining measurement so.Particularly, opacity number percent can pass through to calculate the slope of reference channel output to CO
2The slope of passage output is determined.In addition, can transform these results Lin Geerman (Ringelman) scale equivalent (scaleequivalent) is provided.In brief, Lin Geerman scale equivalent is determined by the number that makes opacity number percent be equal to 0 to 5.The Lin Geerman scale is the standard opacity scale that the observer that suitably trained uses, and the comparison of it and opacity can be as follows:
| Opacity | The Lin Geerman equivalent |
| 0％? | 0? |
| 15％? | 1? |
| 30％? | 2? |
| 50％? | 3? |
| 70％? | 4? |
| 100％? | 5? |
After having determined opacity number percent, preferably check the measurement of opacity by one or more proving programs.Particularly, according to an embodiment, all opacity number percents below scheduled volume should be marked as dubious value.In one embodiment, predetermined amount can be-5.0%, but also can use other value.
In addition, in the use least square method is determined with reference to slope, can also determine the error amount of slope according to known method.Based on this slope error, by being worth the error amount that multiplies each other to determine opacity with predetermined value.According to an embodiment, for example, predetermined factor can be 1000.According to another embodiment of the invention, this factor can be 100.If this opacity error has surpassed predetermined value, the opacity percentage measurements is marked as dubious value so.For example, the predetermined value of opacity error can be 2%.
In addition, can be marked as dubious value or be rejected at certain opacity percentage measurements more than the level of opacity.For example, can determine that the measured value that is higher than about 50% opacity should be rejected, because may be not easy accurately to be read by this high opacity value, the waste gas that do not reflect of possibility display light obstruction or other type flows the temporary problem of opacity on the contrary.For example can also use other predetermined value, for example 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%.
In the situation of diesel car, the most preferred method of inspection is comparison opacity measurement value and the CO measured value of gathering simultaneously, because between the CO of diesel vehicle discharging and the exhaust opacity relation is arranged.Use this method, the predetermined relationship between CO and the opacity measurement can be used for determining whether specific opacity measurement should be considered to effective, suspicious or invalid.
Therefore, according to device of the present invention can be in the brief time interval opacity of long-range definite moving vehicle.In addition, because many existing emission monitoring devices are used for other purpose with reference channel, can make the measurement that is used to provide opacity with existing system according to device of the present invention.According to an embodiment, use processor 100 to make existing emission monitoring system monitor opacity simultaneously with existing system.Therefore, can minimize the renewal cost.
The multi-wavelength opacity measurement
Fig. 5 is the synoptic diagram of multi-wavelength opacity measurement system according to an embodiment of the invention.This system can comprise the source 12 that can produce multi-wavelength EM radiation.For example, source 12 can comprise a large amount of sources (for example source 12A, source 12B......, source 12N) that can distinguish generation EM radiation in the district at EM spectrum.For example, in the embodiment of three-wavelength of the present invention, source 12 can comprise infrared (IR) source (for example silit electrothermal ignitor, tunable diode lasers etc.), visible source (for example He-Ne laser instrument) and ultraviolet (UV) source (for example xenon, mercury, deuterium or other arc lamp).
When representing, the present invention is not limited to this though source 12 is to comprise separation source (for example source 12A, source 12B......, source 12N) among Fig. 5.Can use can be in the combination that can distinguish in the wavelength zone the single source that produces the EM radiation (for example tunable laser source etc.), adjustable and discontinuous wavelength source, and perhaps some generations can be distinguished other scheme of wavelength EM radiation.
Illustrate to indicate as Fig. 5, the radiation that discharges from multi-source (for example source 12A, source 12B......, source 12N) can pool single beam line, but the present invention is not limited to this.The multi beam ray can be conducted through emission source (for example waste gas stream 16), perhaps can use other ray geometry, for example some ray can come from the position (for example ray can come from the source that is positioned at position, emission source opposite) that is different from other ray position.For example, in one embodiment, IR and UV source can be positioned at emission source one side, and visible source can be positioned at the opposite side of emission source.In this embodiment, IR and UV radiation are finished once and are flowed 16 by waste gas, and visible radiation realizes that secondary flows by waste gas.Can use retroreflector or other ray guiding device (for example lens, mirror, beam splitter etc.) to come navigation rays.
Detect at the same time in the embodiment of the present invention that waste gas flows 16 concentration of component, one or more source 12A..., source 12N can be tuned to the wavelength of suitable absorption wavelength.Also can use other scheme.For example, can provide independent source 12 for absorptiometry and opacity measurement, perhaps identical source 12 can alternately be tuned to be absorbed and the opacity measurement wavelength.
When by emission source (for example waste gas stream 16), part incident radiation 20 may be discharged component particles absorption, the scattering in the source or weaken.After leaving emission source, be imported in the suitable detecting device 14 by the radiation 22 behind the waste gas stream.For example, in the trilete rays embodiment, the UV radiation can use monochromator or diode array (for example silicon diode array) to detect, visible radiation can be used photomultiplier (PMT) (if desired, and light filter) detect, and the IR radiation can detect with suitable IR detecting device (for example photodiode etc.).Also can use other detecting device (for example charge-coupled device (CCD), or other radiation detector).
Fig. 5 for the source detector combination once by geometric graph (be radiation 20 before arriving detecting device 14, pass through emission source once), but the present invention is not limited to this.For example, source 12 and detecting device 14 can be positioned at the same side of emission source, and can use suitable optical device (for example lens, mirror or other beamguide) to guide by the 22 arrival detecting devices 14 of the radiation behind the waste gas stream.Other geometry also is possible.
The signal of detecting device 14 is transfused to processor 100.Processor 100 can comprise any suitable treating apparatus.For example, personal computer, on knee or notebook, handheld processor, treating apparatus independently, perhaps any other can be implemented the device of processing capacity described herein.
As shown in Fig. 1,3 and 6, processor 100 can comprise the module of a large amount of execution processing capacities.For example, processor 100 can comprise opacity determination module 102, intensity comparison module 602, relative concentration module 604, correction module 606 and processing module 608.Though shown in processor 100 have a large amount of standalone modules, the present invention is not limited to this.Module (for example 102,602 etc.) can comprise single software package, stand alone software bag, perhaps can make processor 100 realize the subroutine of other software module combination of function described herein.
The operation of opacity detection system can be described with reference to Fig. 7.Fig. 7 represents to determine according to an embodiment of the invention the method for emission source opacity.The EM radiation of different wave length is conducted through the waste gas stream shown in 700.As mentioned above, radiation can use suitable beamguide to guide, and can comprise the ray of one or more EM radiation.Also as mentioned above, at least some EM radiation wavelengths are selected to come corresponding to absorbing owing to " flue dust " particle and/or the wavelength of scattering (is the 0.8-4 micron for IR for example easily; For visible light is 400～800 nanometers; For UV is 200～223 and 233～400 nanometers).They are called " opacity wavelength " jointly.In addition, can select one or more EM wavelength to come easily corresponding to one or more emission source components (for example CO, CO
2, NO, NO
x, HC, H
2O etc.) absorbing wavelength.
The EM radiation is detected according to shown in 702.As mentioned above, the EM radiation can detect by any number of times of emission source in any suitable manner and in the EM radiation afterwards.Come the signal of self-detector (for example detecting device 14) to be led to processor (for example processor 100).
Next carry out the information processing in the detector signal.Processing can be carried out to be different from the order shown in Fig. 7.This schematically represents by 704 and 706 arranged adjacent among Fig. 7.
The relative concentration value can be used for related with the opacity measurement value.It is related to use any concentration value, and still, uses CO and CO
2The concentration value sum can be favourable.For example, if CO
2The result of measurement of concetration is effective CO
2Value, and if the result of CO measurement of concetration be effective CO value, absorb at opacity wavelength place and the CO, the CO that observe so
2With related be exactly the measurement of the unit opacity (being the flue dust of per gallon fuel) of fuel.Alternately, association can be at the total carbon in the emission source, is equivalent to CO for most of hydrocarbon fuels
2+ CO+6HC.In most of the cases, CO
2Item is preponderated and itself can be as the first approximate relating value.
The association of opacity wavelength measurement is carried out shown in 708.Association can be carried out in any suitable manner.For example, the Strength Changes of opacity wavelength (for example in 704 obtain) can with the CO that during the identical time interval, carries out
2Measured change is compared.
The degree of association can be estimated in any suitable manner.For example, association can come relatively with predetermined standard (for example the slope standard error is lower than the tropic of 20% slope value), thereby determines whether the opacity wavelength measurement is effective.This represents in 710.
If the wavelength measurement of 710 evaluation indication opacity is invalid, shown in 712, data can be transferred to other handling procedure so.Other processing can comprise sign or flag data be suspicious or invalid, give up data or other suitable processing.
If the wavelength measurement of 710 evaluation indication opacity is effectively, so by continuing processing shown in 714.At 714 places, a plurality of opacity wavelength measurements of predetermined quantity are compared.Can more any amount of opacity wavelength measurement.For example, in the embodiment of three-wavelength, can compare the opacity wavelength measurement of IR, UV and visible wavelength.
Can compare the opacity wavelength measurement and estimate any suitable standard.The Strength Changes (for example by and do not pass through emission source) that for example, can compare the opacity wavelength ray of predetermined quantity.
At 716 places, can estimate 714 comparison.Can use any suitable evaluation.For example, can estimate the degree of equal value of the Strength Changes measurement of predetermined quantity.
If 714 evaluation result is for relatively being invalid (for example measuring the predetermined degree of equal value that do not meet), data can be carried out other processing shown in 718 so.The processing at 718 places can comprise any suitable handling procedure (for example mark, give up etc.).
If 714 evaluation result is handled so and can be continued for relatively being effectively (for example to measure and meet predetermined degree of equal value), calculate the emission source opacity value.This represents in 720.
The calculating of emission source opacity value can realize in any suitable manner.For example, effective variation of can mean intensity measuring (for example 704 determine and in 710 and 716 checkings), thereby the opacity value of report emission source.Can also calculate opacity value with weighted mean value or other method of operating of data.
Monochromatic opacity measurement
The medium and small non-absorbing particles (for example flue dust) of EM radiation ray has reduced the transmission energy of ray.The reduction amount of monochromatic EM ray is typically by defining than ear (Beer) law:
In the formula, T is an optical transmission ratio under the specific wavelength, n
sBe the fume amount of light beam per unit xsect, and k
sIt is the extinction coefficient that is applicable to specific wavelength EM radiation and given particle diameter.k
sUnit and n
sOn the contrary.
As discussed above, the CO in the vehicle exhaust gas stream 16
2That measures determines it is known.Also as mentioned above, from the CO of waste gas
2It is the direct result of the combustion process of generation in the vehicle.The CO that produces in the waste gas
2Amount is proportional to the fuel quantity that relates in the combustion process usually.
The composition of flue dust also is the result of combustion process usually in the waste gas stream.Therefore, for given engine operating condition, suppose the fume amount that produced also with the CO that produces
2It is rational measuring proportional.That is:
In the formula, n
sBe fume amount, k is a proportionality constant, and
Be CO
2Amount.
Top formula is applied to whole waste gas stream usually, supposes that perhaps all measurements are applied to part waste gas stream when relating to identical part.Therefore, law of Beer can be expressed as follows again:
K in the formula
sBe k
sProduct with k.
Above formula mean by with EM radiation ray while measure CO
2Amount
And measure transmittance (T), the value K of opacity with another EM radiation ray by identical spatial volume then
sCan followingly calculate:
In the formula, T is the measurement transmittance (T) of monochromatic EM radiation, its wavelength is enough short in the induction soot dust granule, and is the wavelength that absorbed by the automobile exhaust gas representative gases (for example 0.8～4 micron, 400～800 nanometers, UV200～223,233～400 nanometers etc.).From K
sMeasured value and k
sLiterature value can directly be determined the granular mass that every kilogram or per gallon fuel discharge.
An embodiment of monochrome opacity measurement system can comprise the long-range discharging sensor-based system (RES) that can detect automotive exhaust gas and measure and compensate the soot dust granule in the waste gas in addition.This as shown in Figure 8.For example, RES can comprise the source 12 that emission can detect the EM radiation of waste gas component, and can detect the monochrome that waste gas flows 16 opacities (be single or almost single wavelength) EM radiation source 800.Source array 12,800 can comprise a plurality of emission different wave length EM radiation the source, can be adjusted to the single source of multi-wavelength, perhaps other combination of some EM transmission source.
Fig. 9 sets forth to calculate opacity value K
sThe process flow diagram of method.The amount of emission source component is measured at 900 places.Measurement can carry out at any reasonable time (for example monochromatic EM radiation by emission source slightly before, slightly back or while).Measure 900 and can also be used for any suitable emission source component (for example NO, NO
x, CO, CO
2, H
2O, HC etc.), but as discussed above, measure CO
2Amount be favourable.
Monochromatic EM radiation is conducted through the emission source shown in 902.As mentioned above, this operation also can be carried out (before, afterwards or simultaneously) at any reasonable time.But, should guarantee monochromatic EM radiation carefully and measure 900 and carry out at the emission source of equal volume basically.For example, the measurement of substantially the same emission source volume can be used the delay (for example 0～5 millisecond) in few second between ray transmission, perhaps realizes by the emission source volume by making up ray.
The measurement of monochromatic EM radiation transmission ratio is carried out 904.Transmittance can be measured (for example measuring with detecting device 14 as mentioned above) in any suitable manner.
Opacity value K
sCalculating carry out 906.Calculating can be carried out in any suitable manner.For example, can use processor 100 to calculate opacity value according to following relational expression:
In some embodiments, the measurement of opacity can with the comparable wavelength of the equal diameter of the matter of non-absorption soot dust granule (mass mean diameter) under implement.For example, can use the wavelength (for example the 200-400 nanometer does not comprise the 224-232 nanometer) of EM spectrum ultraviolet (UV) part.
In addition, the EM radiation wavelength that opacity is selected can be selected from the UV spectra part, waste gas component (for example CO, CO
2, NO, NO
x, HC etc.) can ignore basically the absorption of this part wavelength.This just makes transmittance measure and can not be subjected to the waste gas component inhalation effects relatively.
In addition, being used for the wavelength of measurement for opaque degree can be monochromatic basically, perhaps has narrow relatively bandwidth.By keeping the EM radiation of narrow relatively bandwidth, come from the more accurate and good consistent (K for example of the computing application of law of Beer with test
sWith
Between about linear correlation).For example, can use laser instrument or spectrometer that the EM radiation of relative monochromatic measurement is provided.Can use other source.
The detecting device that is used for detecting the EM radiation can be selected according to the type of used EM radiation source.For example, if, can use the UV detecting device so from source emission UV radiation.In certain embodiments, can use the UV spectrometer to detect the EM radiation of launching by the source.Can use other detecting device.
In one embodiment of the invention, the measurement of opacity can realize according to following scheme in the toxic emission.EM source 12,800 guiding EM radiation rays (for example 20) are by toxic emission stream 16.For example, the combination ray of infrared (IR) and UV radiation can be conducted through the waste gas stream of vehicle.Can be in a known way with the IR of the ray measure CO that becomes to assign to
2Amount and other waste gas component.The UV composition of ray can be used to measure the transmission of radiation ratio by waste gas stream same section (being spatial volume).As mentioned above, transmittance (T) and waste gas component are (for example
) the formula that can be used for below the basis as implied above of the measurement of amount calculate opacity value (K
s):
Can use other scheme to write down waste gas component (CO for example
2) and the measurement of opacity.For example, first EM radiation ray (for example from source 12) can at first be guided by a part of waste gas stream, and second EM radiation ray (for example from source 800) can (for example several milliseconds) guiding be flowed 16 by waste gas by after a while, thereby record waste gas component amount and transmittance.
In certain embodiments, opacity value (K
s) can be as the correction factor of other toxic emission measured value.For example, in some cases, K
sCan related scaling factor be used for proofreading and correct waste gas component (for example CO, NO, NO together with wavelength
x, HC etc.) measured value of relative quantity of concentration.
In addition, opacity value K
sCan be as the independent measurement value that can in the toxic emission monitoring, use.For example, can write down K
sBe worth and its predetermined value with expression suitable vehicles operating conditions is compared.For example, the K outside preset range
sRecord value may cause monitored vehicle " defective " in the emission testing.Other purposes of opacity value also is possible.
Consider that from instructions of the present invention disclosed herein and practice other embodiment of the present invention and purposes are tangible for those skilled in the art.It only is exemplary that this instructions and embodiment should be considered to.Scope of the present invention is only limited by additional claim.
Claims (6)
1. the method for a definite toxic emission stream opacity value, this method comprises:
Obtain the measured value of waste gas component amount in the toxic emission fluid space volume;
Basically the spatial volume that monochromatic rays of electromagnetic radiation is flowed by toxic emission basically;
Measure the transmittance of monochromatic basically rays of electromagnetic radiation;
Calculate opacity value K according to following relational expression
s:
Wherein n is the measured value of waste gas component amount; T is the transmittance of monochromatic basically rays of electromagnetic radiation.
2. the process of claim 1 wherein that the measured value of described waste gas component amount comprises the measured value of amount of carbon dioxide.
3. the process of claim 1 wherein that described monochromatic basically rays of electromagnetic radiation comprises:
Basically be the ray of UV radiation.
4. the system of a definite toxic emission stream opacity value, this system comprises:
Measure the waste gas component system for measuring quantity of waste gas component amount in the toxic emission fluid space volume;
Can form the source of the monochromatic radiation basically of radiation ray;
The transmittance measuring system of measuring radiation transmission of radiation ratio; And
Processor, this processor further comprises:
Calculate opacity value K according to following relational expression
sComputing module:
Wherein n is the measured value of waste gas component amount; T is the radiation ray transmittance.
5. the system of claim 4, the source of wherein said monochromatic radiation basically produces UV radiation.
6. the system of claim 4, wherein said waste gas component system for measuring quantity is measured amount of carbon dioxide.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US31857401P | 2001-09-11 | 2001-09-11 | |
| US60/318,574 | 2001-09-11 | ||
| US10/093,714 | 2002-03-11 | ||
| US10/093,714 US6701256B2 (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2002-03-11 | Exhaust opacity measuring device |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB028177878A Division CN100491969C (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Exhaust opacity measuring device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1808105A CN1808105A (en) | 2006-07-26 |
| CN1808105B true CN1808105B (en) | 2011-06-08 |
Family
ID=36840120
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2006100067416A Expired - Fee Related CN1808105B (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2002-09-11 | Exhaust opacity measuring device |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1808105B (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2360084T3 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1009575B (en) * | 1985-07-30 | 1990-09-12 | 报知机株式会社 | Photoelectric smoke sensor |
| US5831267A (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-11-03 | Envirotest Systems Corp. | Method and apparatus for remote measurement of exhaust gas |
| US5884226A (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1999-03-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | System and method for modelling moderate resolution atmospheric propagation |
| US6025920A (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 2000-02-15 | Sandia Corporation | Opacity meter for monitoring exhaust emissions from non-stationary sources |
-
2002
- 2002-09-11 ES ES02759607T patent/ES2360084T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-11 CN CN2006100067416A patent/CN1808105B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1009575B (en) * | 1985-07-30 | 1990-09-12 | 报知机株式会社 | Photoelectric smoke sensor |
| US6025920A (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 2000-02-15 | Sandia Corporation | Opacity meter for monitoring exhaust emissions from non-stationary sources |
| US5884226A (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1999-03-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | System and method for modelling moderate resolution atmospheric propagation |
| US5831267A (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-11-03 | Envirotest Systems Corp. | Method and apparatus for remote measurement of exhaust gas |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2360084T3 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
| CN1808105A (en) | 2006-07-26 |
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