CN1754330A - Communication system - Google Patents

Abstract

It is possible to improve the degree of freedom in the communication using a quasi-electrostatic field. A communication system (1) includes a card device (3) (ticket gate 2) generating from an internal electrode (8) (side electrode 7), a quasi-electrostatic field according to an identification signal S5 (communication signal S9) modulated according to identification information s4 (communication information S8), thereby charging a human body. The ticket gate (2) (card device 3) detects a displacement of intensity of the information transmission quasi-electrostatic field DTD formed isotropically in the vicinity of the human body, via the side electrode (7) (internal electrode 8) and FET (28) (FET 37) and demodulates the identification information S4 (communication information S8) according to the detection result. Thus, it is possible to realize information transmission/reception without posing direction constraint in the vicinity of a human body or requiring a predetermined action of a human body and while assuring secrecy. This significantly increases the degree of freedom in communication.

Description

Communication system

Technical field

The communication system that the present invention relates to a kind of communication system and be preferably applicable to for example be used for send and receive information via electric field.

Background technology

Usually, communication system has been applicable to for example uses radiation field (radio wave) to send and receive information between mobile phone, and for example the ticket checking that is provided in platform and receive data card reader on the ticket machine/write in the card device coil and the coil in the IC-card between send and receive information via electromagnetic induction.

Recently, proposed following communication system, this communication system has the people side communication equipment installed in contact with human body skin and near the equipment side communication equipment the user as shown in following table 1.In these communication systems, electrode via people side communication equipment imposes on human body with alternating voltage, as a result, the human body between the electrode of the communication equipment of communication equipment by using the intervener side and equipment side causes the electrostatic induction phenomenon as the electrode place that acts on equipment side communication equipment of the capacitor of medium.Use this electrostatic induction phenomenon, information is sent out and receives (for example, referring to non-patent literature 1).

Table 1

Except the communication system shown in the table 1, also proposed many communication systems of utilizing following electrostatic induction phenomenon to send and receive information of being suitable for, this electrostatic induction phenomenon is by using the human body got involved between sender electrode and the collecting electrode (referring to patent documentation 1-9 and the non-patent literature 2-5) that the collecting electrode place causes that act on as the capacitor of medium.

The country of [patent documentation 1] international patent application announces No.11-509380

[patent documentation 2] patent No.3074644

[patent documentation 3] Japan Patent spy opens No.10-228524

[patent documentation 4] Japan Patent spy opens No.10-229357

[patent documentation 5] Japan Patent spy opens No.2001-308803

[patent documentation 6] Japan Patent spy opens No.2000-224083

[patent documentation 7] Japan Patent spy opens No.2001-223649

[patent documentation 8] Japan Patent spy opens No.2001-308803

[patent documentation 9] Japan Patent spy opens No.2002-9710

[non-patent literature 1] internet＜URL:http: //www.mew.co.jp/press/0103/0103-7.htm〉(in retrieval on January 20th, 2003)

[non-patent literature 2] " Development of Information Communication Devicewith Human Body Used as Transmission Line (utilizing the exploitation of human body) " author Keisuke Hachisuka as the information communication device of transmission lines, Anri Nakata, Kenji Shiba, Ken sasaki, Hiroshi Hosaka and Kiyoshi Itao (Tokyo University); On March 1st, 2002 (Micromechatronics lecture meeting speech collected works, vol., 2002, spring, pp.27-28)

[non-patent literature 3] " Development of Communicaiton System withinOrganism (exploitation of communication system in the organism) " author Anrinakata, Keisuke Hachisuka, Kenji Shiba, Ken Sasaki, Hiroshi Hosaka, Kiyoshi Itao (Tokyo University); 2002 (Japanese precision engineering meeting lecture collected works, spring, p.640)

[non-patent literature 4] " Review on Modeling of Communicaiton SystemUtilizing Human Body as Transmission Line (about utilizing the summary of human body) " as the modeling of the communication system of transmission lines, author Katsuyuki Fujii (Chiba University), KoichiDate (Chiba University), Shigeru Tajima (Sony computer science laboratory, Co., Ltd); On March 1st, 2002 (the science and technology report Vol.26 of image information and vision engineering college, No.20, pp.13-18)

[non-patent literature 5] " Development of Information Communication Devicewith Human Body Used as Transmission Line (utilizing the exploitation of human body) " author Keisuka Hachisuka as the information communication device of transmission lines, Anri Nakata, KentoTakeda, Ken Sasaki, Hiroshi Hosaka, Kiyoshi Itao (Tokyo University, frontier is created scientific research institute), Kenji Shiba (Science and Engineering Course, TokyoUniversity of Science (Tokyo Polytechnics science and engineering course)); On March 18th, 2002 (Micromechatronics, Vol.46; No.2; Pp.53-64)

In having these communication systems of this configuration, because the human body of use getting involved between sender electrode and the collecting electrode is the prerequisite of physical action as the effect of the capacitor of medium, so the communication intensity in the communication between the electrode depends on the area of electrode.

In addition, because the human body between use intervention sender electrode and the collecting electrode is the prerequisite of physical action as the effect of the capacitor of medium, so when sender electrode is installed in people's right finesse, be impossible physically for example except the direction communication of right finesse to the direction of finger tip from the people.The chest that is installed in the people when sender electrode is impossible in the communication on the direction from people's chest direction forward physically nearby the time.

As mentioned above, in communication system, because the human body between use intervention sender electrode and the collecting electrode is the prerequisite of physical action as the effect of the capacitor of medium, so there is following problems: communication direction is subjected to electrode to be installed in the restriction of the position of human body, so and because the degree of freedom that communication intensity depends in the electrode area communication is low.

Summary of the invention

Consider that top problem has proposed the present invention, and the present invention proposes a kind of communication system, communication equipment and communication means that can strengthen the degree of freedom in the communication.

In the present invention, in order to address the above problem, a kind of communication system is configured to have first communication equipment, is used for making the sign target with charged (electrification) attribute charged by the quasi-electrostatic field (quasi-electrostatic field) that produces according to information modulation to be sent; And second communication equipment, be used to detect the sign target electriferous state variation and based on this this information of variation demodulation.

In this case, in this communication system, can be by make the charged and feasible sign target of sign target according to customizing messages as the antenna in surperficial isotropic quasi-electrostatic field of sign target.Thereby, can not be subjected under the condition of position constraint of electrode of first communication equipment and do not rely on executive communication under the condition of electrode area in communication intensity at communication direction, and can strengthen the degree of freedom in the communication thus.

In the present invention, even when sign target when being human body, also can so that human body as apart from the antenna in the isotropic quasi-electrostatic field of human body surface, and no matter whether human motion exists, this is because owing to the character of human body makes human body charged well.

In addition, in the present invention, having electrode according to the structure of reference frequency by formation makes the intensity of induction field of electric field be lower than the noise floor according to the communications band regulation, can reduce the energy that signal post needs to quasi-electrostatic field communication unnecessary induction field component and radiation field component by reducing, and can prevent unnecessary propagation to strengthen spatial resolution, this makes communication stable.Like this, can make communication stable.

As mentioned above, according to the present invention, make sign target charged by the quasi-electrostatic field that produces according to information modulation to be sent with charged attribute, and based on the variation demodulating information in the electriferous state of sign target, thereby can be by make the charged and feasible sign target of sign target according to customizing messages as the antenna in surperficial isotropic quasi-electrostatic field of range marker target.Thereby, can not be subjected under the condition of position constraint of transmitter side electrode and do not rely on executive communication under the condition of electrode area in communication intensity at communication direction, and can strengthen the degree of freedom in the communication thus.

In addition, according to the present invention, even when the sign target is human body, also can be so that human body is used as apart from the antenna in the isotropic quasi-electrostatic field of human body surface, and no matter whether human motion exists, this is because because the character of human body makes human body charged well.Like this, can strengthen the degree of freedom in the communication.

In addition, according to the present invention, having electrode according to the structure of reference frequency by formation makes the intensity of induction field of electric field be lower than the noise floor according to the communications band regulation, can reduce the energy that signal post needs to quasi-electrostatic field communication unnecessary induction field component and radiation field component by reducing, and can prevent unnecessary propagation to strengthen spatial resolution, this makes communication stable.Like this, can make communication stable and can strengthen the degree of freedom in the communication.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram that is provided with explaining polar coordinate system;

Fig. 2 is the figure that illustrates with respect to change (1) apart from the relative intensity of each electric field;

Fig. 3 is the figure that illustrates with respect to change (2) apart from the relative intensity of each electric field;

Fig. 4 is the figure that the relation between wavelength and the distance is shown;

Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram that illustrates according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of first embodiment;

Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram/block diagram that ticket checking is shown and receives the configuration of ticket machine;

Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram that is provided with explaining as the effect of the human body of antenna;

Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram that the electrical connection in the communication system is shown;

Fig. 9 is the circuit block diagram that the configuration of card apparatus is shown;

Figure 10 is the schematic diagram that is provided with explaining ticket checking and receives the basal plane (floor surface) of ticket machine;

Figure 11 is the schematic diagram that the equipotential plane of the quasi-electrostatic field that forms when making human body be used as desirable dipole antenna is shown;

Figure 12 is the schematic diagram that the equipotential plane of the quasi-electrostatic field that forms according to present embodiment is shown;

Figure 13 is provided with explaining preventing the schematic diagram that leaks electricity;

Figure 14 illustrates the schematic diagram that the example of card apparatus is installed among another embodiment;

Figure 15 is the schematic diagram that the configuration of noise absorption/ground path is shown;

Figure 16 illustrates the ticket checking among another embodiment and receives the schematic diagram/block diagram of the configuration (1) of ticket machine;

Figure 17 is the schematic diagram of the electrical connection (1) in the communication system that illustrates among another embodiment;

Figure 18 is the circuit block diagram that the configuration of the card apparatus among another embodiment is shown;

Figure 19 illustrates the ticket checking among another embodiment and receives the schematic diagram/block diagram of the configuration (2) of ticket machine;

Figure 20 is the schematic diagram that illustrates according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of second embodiment;

Figure 21 is the block diagram that the configuration of audio reproduction device is shown;

Figure 22 illustrates the block diagram that wear-type is listened the configuration of cylinder device;

Figure 23 illustrates to be used to use the FDTD method to carry out the schematic diagram of simulated person's phantom type example;

Figure 24 illustrates the schematic diagram that concerns between the current potential between the electrode area of receiver side and electrode;

Figure 25 illustrates the schematic diagram that concerns between the current potential between the interelectrode distance of receiver side and electrode;

Figure 26 illustrates the schematic diagram that concerns between the current potential between the electrode of the electrode area of transmitter side and receiver side;

Figure 27 illustrates the schematic diagram that concerns between the current potential between the electrode of the interelectrode distance of transmitter side and receiver side;

Figure 28 illustrates the electric field strength of total electric field and apart from the schematic diagram of the relation between the distance of electric field source;

Figure 29 illustrates the schematic diagram that concerns between the electric field strength of induction field and the distance apart from electric field source;

Figure 30 illustrates to apply the schematic diagram that concerns between current potential and the frequency; And

Figure 31 is the flow chart that design process is shown.

Embodiment

With reference now to accompanying drawing, describes the present invention in detail.

(1) brief summary of the invention

According to the present invention, use electric field to send and receive information.Now according to describing summary of the present invention with the relation of electric field.

(1-1) electric field

Usually, when electric current flows through eelctric dipole (dipole antenna), can provide with formula of reduction as follows according to the electric field E that produces apart from r to antenna:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100501.png,A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_0=A(\frac{1}{r^3}+\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="jk\; r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">jk</figure-callout>}}{r^{}}+\frac{k^2}{r^1})...\left(1\right)$

Wherein A and j are constants, and k is wave number (number of waves).

Shown in top formula (1), electric field E can be divided into roughly with the component that is inversely proportional to apart from the cube of r (hereinafter, claim that this component is a quasi-electrostatic field), with the component that is inversely proportional to apart from the secondary power of r (hereinafter, claim that this component is an induction field), the component (hereinafter, claiming that this component is a radiation field) that is inversely proportional to distance r linearly.

Radiation field is the superior component of transmission capacity, owing to it only is inversely proportional to distance r linearly, so even also decay rapidly when distance r is long, thereby it has been used as information-delivery media commonly used in the information communication field.

Although induction field is the very weak component of transmission capacity, when distance r extends its with decay inversely apart from the secondary power of r, its recently in a part of information communication field as information-delivery media.

Quasi-electrostatic field is and the cube of the distance r component of decay rapidly inversely, thereby do not have transmission capacity and its and only appear near the vibration source as vibration.Thereby radiation field and induction field are never to be utilized in the information communication field of prerequisite therein for they.

The present invention is suitable for utilizing adjacent communication (hereinafter the being called near-field communication) method of using the quasi-electrostatic field among the electric field and sends and receives information in contiguous communication range.

(1-2) quasi-electrostatic field

Quasi-electrostatic field is described now in more detail.At first, as shown in Figure 1, position P (r, θ, the electric field of φ) locating that the electric field E shown in the above-mentioned formula (1) is expressed as at distance initial point preset distance place.

In this case, exist apart from δ, and become " Qcos ω t " at moment t electric charge q if hypothesis electric charge q and electric charge-q are separated from each other, then with the position of electric charge q as initial point, can be respectively with position P (the electric field Er that φ) locates, E θ, E φ are expressed as following formula for r, θ:

$E_r=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{2\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}(1+\mathrm{jkr})\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})$

$E_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{2\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}(1+\mathrm{jkr}+{\left(\mathrm{jkr}\right)}^2)\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})$

E _φ＝0 ......(2)

In formula (2), electric field E φ is " zero ", and this means on the φ direction of position P and do not produce any electric field (Fig. 1).

If electric field Er and E θ that the component (that is, radiation field) that will be linearly be inversely proportional to distance r is represented from formula (2) separate, then position P (r, θ, radiation field E1r that φ) locates and E1 θ are with following formulate:

E _1r＝0

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100411.png,A200480005209.100421.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}{\left(\mathrm{jk}\right)}^2\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})...\left(3\right)$

If electric field Er and E θ that the component (that is, induction field) that will be inversely proportional to the secondary power of distance r is represented from formula (2) separate, then position P (r, θ, induction field E2r that φ) locates and E2 θ are with following formulate:

$E_{2r}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{2\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}\mathrm{jk}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})$

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{2\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}\mathrm{jk}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})...\left(4\right)$

In addition, if electric field Er and E θ that the component (that is, quasi-electrostatic field) that will be inversely proportional to the cube of distance r is represented from formula (2) separate, then position P (r, θ, quasi-electrostatic field E3r that φ) locates and E3 θ are with following formulate:

$E_{3r}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{2\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}$

$E_{3\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{Q\cos \mathrm{\&omega;t\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}...\left(5\right)$

In formula (3), having only radiation field E1r is " zero ", this means not produce any radiation field (Fig. 1) on the tangential direction of position P.

Now, in order to be illustrated in each the component of electric field strength of radiation field apart from the r place, induction field, quasi-electrostatic field, radiation field E1 θ, induction field E2 θ and the quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ of formula (3) in (5) described in more detail now.

Wave number k[m ^-1] meet the relation shown in the following formula, wherein ω represents angular frequency, c represents the light velocity:

$k=\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}...\left(6\right)$

If with wave number k substitution formula (6), cancellation " j.exp (jkr) " because it has exceeded the scope that this paper discusses, and change so supposition " cos ω t " is one (1) owing to will consider the maximum time between electric charge q and the electric charge-q, then can obtain following formula:

Radiation field

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100411.png,A200480005209.100421.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{\mathrm{Q\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}r\right)}^2$

Induction field

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{2\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{\mathrm{Q\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}r$

Quasi-electrostatic field

$E_{3\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{\mathrm{Q\&sigma;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}...\left(7\right)$

If by will apart from δ, electric charge q (=Q) and θ uses one (1) respectively, 0.001[C] and the pi/2 substitution rearrange formula (7), then obtained following formula:

Radiation field

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100411.png,A200480005209.100421.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{0.001}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;}}_{0}r}{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}\right)}^2$

Induction field

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}_{2\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{0.001}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;}{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_0\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}$

Quasi-electrostatic field

$E_{3\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{0.001}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;}}_0{r}^3}...\left(8\right)$

Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the result who is obtained by the component electric field strength of drawing radiation field E1 θ, induction field E2 θ, quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ based on formula (8) qualitatively.

But in Fig. 2 and 3, showing frequency is 1[MHZ] time component electric field strength, and in Fig. 3, (index measure (index scale)) replaced the component electric field strength shown in Fig. 2 with index (indexes).

Clear especially from Fig. 3, the component electric field strength of radiation field E1 θ, induction field E2 θ, quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ equates apart from r place (hereinafter being referred to as boundary point (boundary point)) a certain, and, at preponderate away from the radiation field E1 θ of this boundary point place (dominant).On the contrary, nearby locating before boundary point, quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ preponderates.

At the boundary point place, set up following formula according to top formula (8):

$\frac{\mathrm{\&omega;}}{c}\&CenterDot;r=1...\left(9\right)$

Relation shown in the formula below light velocity c satisfies, wherein λ represents wavelength, f represents frequency:

c＝λ·f ......(10)

Relation shown in the formula below angular frequency satisfies:

ω＝2πf ......(11)

Then, by with formula (10) and formula (11) substitution formula (9) and rearrange formula (9), the formula below having obtained:

$r=\frac{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}{2\mathrm{\&pi;}}...\left(12\right)$

According to formula (12), changing according to wavelength X from the initial point to the boundary point apart from r.As shown in Figure 4, wavelength X is long more, and wherein the dominant scope of quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ (initial point to boundary point apart from r) is wide more.

Sum up foregoing description, if the relative dielectric constant of hypothesis air be 1 and suppose that airborne wavelength is λ, then preponderate to the interior quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ of scope that meets " r＜λ/2 π " apart from r of initial point therein.

In the present invention, by when utilizing near field communication method to send and receive information, selecting to satisfy the scope of formula (12), send and receive information in the dominant space of quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ therein.

(1-3) quasi-electrostatic field and human body

Although apply electric current in human body so that human body produces radiation field or induction field is necessary, so physically be difficult to apply effectively electric current in human body because of the impedance of human body is very high.And do not wish on the physiology to apply electric current in human body yet.Yet for electrostatics, situation is different fully.

That is, as feeling that in our daily life human body is often charged as shown in the experiential fact of static.Quasi-electrostatic field is in response to the moving through the charged of human body surface of human body and produces as is well known, so do not need human body is powered up so that human body produces quasi-electrostatic field, is necessary and only make human body charged.

That is, make human body charged by few charge movement (electric current); Moment this charged variation of conduction around human body surface; And basically from isotropically having formed the equipotential plane of quasi-electrostatic field on every side.In addition, in the scope of the formula (12) that quasi-electrostatic field is dominant therein above satisfying, radiation field and induction field do not have a significant impact.As a result, human body is effectively as antenna.This has obtained checking from applicant's experimental result.

As the near-field communication technology, this information is suitable for according to customizing messages modulation by make the charged and quasi-electrostatic field that isotropically form of human body near human body, result as described modulation, near human body, formed quasi-electrostatic field, sent and received information by this quasi-electrostatic field that has information with information.

Summarize the present invention, as mentioned above, the present invention has utilized the character of quasi-electrostatic field and the character of human body; By making human body charged in the dominant scope of quasi-electrostatic field therein, make human body be used as antenna; Near the quasi-electrostatic field that forms human body thus is as information-delivery media.The embodiment that below describes the present invention and be suitable for.

(2) first embodiment

(2-1) according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of first embodiment

In Fig. 5, the total expression of label 1 is according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of first embodiment.This communication system is included in ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 and the card-like mobile device (hereinafter being called card apparatus) 3 that particular station provides, and this card apparatus 3 is inserted in the pocket of human body (hereinafter the being called the user) clothes that uses ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2.

Ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 and have as subscriber channel but the inlet/outlet channel part 4 in precalculated position of website and the outlet portal 5 of the switch that provides at the outlet side of inlet/outlet channel part 4 are provided.Side at the entrance side of inlet/outlet channel part 4 provides electrode (hereinafter being referred to as side electrode) 7.

Card apparatus 3 has the electrode 8 (hereinafter being referred to as internal electrode) that is positioned on the one surface and is positioned at another lip-deep electrode (hereinafter being referred to as outer electrode) 9.

Communication system 1 is suitable for activating the card apparatus 3 that just passes through the user of inlet/outlet channel part 4, the near-field communication between execute card equipment 3 and ticket checking and the receipts ticket machine 2, and open the outlet portal 5 that is in closed condition if desired.

(2-2) near-field communication

Use the figure that shows the ticket checking and the internal configurations of the internal configurations of receiving ticket machine 2 and card 3 to describe near-field communication performed in the communication system 1 in detail below.

(2-2-1) activation of card apparatus

As shown in Figure 6, ticket checking and the control section 20 of receiving ticket machine 2 are suitable for the overall control carrying out ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 according to predetermined communication processing program, and are suitable for the switching part 21a of route switching device (route switching device) 21 is switched to sending link 21b and receiving link 21c based on being stored in predetermined communication clock in the information storage memory in advance.

Send part 23 and offer side electrode 7, to produce according to electrostatic field via the alternating signal S1 vibration of side electrode 7 at the alternating signal S1 of the preset frequency that regularly will produce based on AC power 15 via route switching device 21 based on the transmission of communication clock.

Particularly, as top with reference to as described in figure 2 and 3, by to produce frequency be the alternating signal S1 of f and signal S1 offered side electrode 7, transmission part 23 is suitable for from the side, and electrode 7 generation quasi-electrostatic fields prevent radiation field and induction field simultaneously, wherein, frequency f satisfies by with formula (12) and substitution after rearrangement 12 obtain below the formula of top formula (10) above the substitution, and the relative dielectric constant ε that wherein supposes air is 1, airborne wavelength is represented with λ, ultimate range when card apparatus 3 and ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 communicate with one another between outer electrode 9 and the side electrode 7 represents that with r the frequency of alternating signal S1 is represented with f:

$f<\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="c"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">c</figure-callout>}}{2\mathrm{\&pi;}\&CenterDot;r}...\left(13\right)$

In this case, in the time of in the user enters the quasi-electrostatic field that electrode from the side 7 produces (, when the user attempts by inlet/outlet channel part 4), user in quasi-electrostatic field is according to the displacement (displacement) of side electrode 7 and the charged antenna that thus serves as, and quasi-electrostatic field (hereinafter being referred to as the to exchange quasi-electrostatic field) TD according to displacement isotropically propagates around user's surface simultaneously.

In this case, as shown in Figure 7, thereby the internal electrode of the card apparatus 3 that the user carries 8 has formed capacitor c2 with the static coupling of user, thus simultaneously outer electrode 9 and ground static coupling formation capacitor C3 and via the user with side electrode 7 (having the current potential that equals ground) thus static the coupling formed capacitor C1.

As a result, as shown in Figure 8, formed charged route via side electrode 7, user, internal electrode 8, outer electrode 9 in turn, and outer electrode 9 provides reference potential via charged user for the AC power in the card apparatus 3 15.Thus, ticket checking and the voltage of receiving the AC power 15 on ticket machine 2 sides are applied to via charged user between the internal electrode 8 and outer electrode 9 in the card apparatus 3.

In this case, as shown in Figure 9, card apparatus 3 is connected the switching part 31a of internal electrode 8 sides with reception link 31c, and the switching part 31b of outer electrode 9 is connected with reception link 31e; Alternating signal (electric current) S1 that externally produces between electrode 9 and the internal electrode 8 by 33 pairs of rectification circuits carries out full-wave rectification; And with result's direct current S2 as electrical power storage in smmothing capacitor (smoothing capacitor) HC.

Power control part divides 32 to be suitable for activating card apparatus 3 when it detects the electric power that is stored among the smmothing capacitor HC and has reached predetermined voltage level.

By this way, in communication system 1, by making the user charged with from obtain to be used for the electric power of card apparatus 3 as the user of big antenna (electrode), can help from ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 supply capabilities, and can obtain electric power and do not rely on the electrode area of internal electrode 8 and outer electrode 9 and need not and provide battery for card apparatus 3 in card apparatus 3 sides.

In realizing the process of this task, communication system 1 is suitable for strengthening from ticket checking and receives the efficient that ticket machine 2 is supplied with to the electric power of card apparatus 3, and can realize the miniaturization of whole system and card apparatus 3 self.

Card apparatus 3 utilizes clock generator 4 to produce corresponding to the synchronised clock S3 of ticket checking with the communication clock of receiving ticket machine 2, and synchronised clock S3 is offered control section 30 based on the frequency f of the alternating signal S1 that is provided by ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2.

Control section 30 is suitable for the overall control according to predetermined communication processing program execute card equipment 3, and switches switching part 31a and the 31b that receives link 31 based on the synchronised clock S3 that clock generator 4 is provided.

Control section 30 be suitable under based on the transmission of synchronised clock S3 situation regularly with switching part 31a with receive link 31d and be connected and switching part 31b is connected with ground connection link 31f, and under the situation of reception timing, switching part 31a is connected with reception link 31c and switching part 31b is connected with reception link 31e.

(2-2-2) from the card apparatus to the ticket checking and receive the near-field communication of ticket machine

In transmission timing based on synchronised clock S3, whether control section 30 information storage memory (not shown) internally reads sign and allows the user to enter or leave the identification information S4 of website, for example, such as site name or rail fare (train fare) and information should be offered and send part 35.

Send part 35 and produce the identical alternating signal of frequency and ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 based on being stored in electric power among the smmothing capacitor HC; According to predetermined modulator approach to alternation information and executing modulation treatment so that identification information S4 is placed on it; And result's id signal S5 is provided between internal electrode 8 and the outer electrode 9 via receiving link 31.

In this case, internal electrode 8 produces quasi-electrostatic field (id signal S5) according to the frequency vibration of id signal S5 and according to this vibration.As a result, charged in response to the vibration user of internal electrode 8, thus formed isotropic quasi-electrostatic field around the user that id signal S5 has (information that hereinafter is referred to as transmits quasi-electrostatic field) DTD according to this vibration.

In this case, user and side electrode 7 be by with coupled to each other with reference to effect identical in figure 7 and 8 situations about describing, and detect information by side electrode 7 and transmit quasi-electrostatic field DTD.

In this way, at radiating portion 35, by as toply change user's electriferous state about the quasi-electrostatic field (id signal S5) that produces according to electrode 8 internally in the described space that has prevented radiation field and induction field therein of formula 12, can be so that the user transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD as antenna and formation information.

In this case, be ticket checking and the reception timing of receipts ticket machine 2 (Fig. 6) setting based on communication clock, and field-effect transistor (hereinafter being referred to as FET) 28 detects the intensity displacement that transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD by side electrode 7 detected information as via the variation in the current potential of the grid of FET28, and it is offered receiving unit 24 as id signal S6 via the amplifier (not shown).

Receiving unit 24 is carried out demodulation process to extract identification information S7 and identification information S7 to be offered the passage determining section 25 of control section 20 according to predetermined demodulation method to id signal S6.

Receive identification information S7 from receiving unit 24, passage determining section 25 is based on identification information S7 and be stored in definite processing that the definite information and executing in the information storage memory is scheduled in advance, and determines whether to allow the user who attempts by inlet/outlet channel part 4 (Fig. 5) to pass through.

When the positive result that obtains to allow the user to pass through, passage determining section 25 provides part 27 to provide to outlet portal control section 26 and information to pass through grant instruction.On the contrary, when obtaining not assent the negative decision of passing through at family allowable, passage determining section 25 provides part 27 to provide by the refusal instruction to outlet portal control section 26 and information.

When receive from passage determining section 25 pass through grant instruction the time, the outlet portal 5 that outlet portal control section 26 is opened inlet/outlet channel part 4 (Fig. 5) passes through to allow the user.On the contrary, when when instruction refusal of passing through that receives from passage determining section 25, outlet portal control section 26 keeps the outlet portal 5 of inlet/outlet channel parts 4 to close to stop the user to pass through.

(2-2-3) from ticket checking and the near-field communication of receipts ticket machine to card apparatus

Receive passing through grant instruction or passing through the refusal instruction from passage determining section 25, information provides part 27 to produce the announcement information S8 that will be notified to the user, such as permission or by refusal and out of Memory, regularly this announcement information is offered in transmission then and send part 23 based on communication clock.

Send part 23 and alternating signal S1 is carried out modulation treatment so that announcement information S8 is placed on it according to predetermined modulator approach, and result's notification signal S9 is offered side electrode 7 via route switching device 21, with the quasi-electrostatic field of electrode 7 generations from the side according to notification signal S9 vibration.

Thereby, send part 23 and can change user's electriferous state so that the user is used as antenna according to quasi-electrostatic field (notification signal S9), and prevented in the space of radiation field and induction field that in induction formation information transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD near the user owing to the above-mentioned quasi-electrostatic fields of describing with reference to figure 7 and 8.

In this case, in card apparatus 3 (Fig. 9), the reception timing based on synchronised clock S3 is set, and internal electrode 8 detects the information transmission quasi-electrostatic field DTD that forms near the user.FET 37 detects the intensity displacement that transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD by internal electrode 8 detected information as via the variation in the current potential of the grid of FET 37, and it is offered receiving unit 24 as notification signal S9 via the amplifier (not shown).

Receiving unit 24 is carried out demodulation process to extract identification information S10 and identification information S10 is offered control section 30 according to predetermined demodulation method to id signal S9.

In this case, control section 30 is for example by notifying the content of subscriber-related announcement information S10 via display part (not shown) displaying contents based on announcement information S10.

In this way, ticket checking is alternately switched the notification signal S9 (id signal S5) (so-called signal eavesdropping (signal sneaking)) that transmission route and receipt routing can avoid reception to send via side electrode 7 (internal electrode 8) with the half-duplex method that sends and receives information with receipts ticket machine 2 (card apparatus 3) by carrying out based on communication clock (synchronised clock S3).

In this case, ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 (card apparatus 3) can only utilize a side electrode 7 (internal electrode 8) to use following two kinds of functions, promptly be used for making the function of the charged electric induction electrode of user and be used for detecting the function of detecting electrode of the variation of the user's electriferous state that causes by card apparatus 3 (ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2), can make ticket checking thus and receive 2 miniaturizations of ticket machine.

In addition, thereby ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 and can use an alternating signal S1 both to be used for electric power to supply with and also be used for side electrode 7 of information communication and both can supply with the sender electrode of signal and also can need not to provide separately respectively such electrode, can make ticket checking thus and receive 2 miniaturizations of ticket machine with acting on electric power with the collecting electrode that acts on the information communication signal.

(2-3) servicing unit in the near-field communication

Except top configuration, as shown in figure 10, in communication system 1, the basal plane of inlet/outlet channel part 4 (floor surface) (hereinafter being referred to as the route basal plane) Y1 is provided as making basal plane Y1 not receive ground (hereinafter being referred to as to build basal plane) Y2 but separates with the building basal plane with predetermined interval dx (gap).

In this case, static capacity between user's foot and the building basal plane Y2 can reduce to than the static capacity between user and the side electrode 7 lack amount corresponding to the interval dx between route basal plane Y1 and the building basal plane Y2, can prevent thus information transmission quasi-electrostatic field DTD (alternation quasi-electrostatic field TD) from foot to the leakage of building basal plane Y2.

In addition, can also prevent to sense the user from route basal plane Y1, the discharge noise that this ambient noise KN causes such as the electric labile state that is caused by getting rusty of connection surface gaps of building the steel among the basal plane Y2 or steel by the inconsistent noise that causes (hereinafter the being referred to as ambient noise) KN of building basal plane Y2.

Like this, in communication system, can be formed on the equipotential plane that information that the charged and electric variation of user moment fully isotropically forms transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD (alternation quasi-electrostatic field TD) when user's surface periphery conduct around user's surface with stable status more, near-field communication is stablized.

From showing as Figure 11 of the equipotential plane of the quasi-electrostatic field of human body when the desirable dipole antenna and showing according to the comparison between Figure 12 of the experimental result of present embodiment, this will visually be perfectly clear.

In addition, as shown in figure 13, the ticket checking of communication system 1 and receive ticket machine 2 and be suitable for preventing in the leakage of electrode 7 from the side via FET 28 signal to the route of receiving unit 24.Particularly, at first, provide housing 28A promptly to cover the conductor of the periphery of FET 28 with the state that separates with FET 28 electricity; Secondly, receiving unit 24 ground connection only on receipt routing.

Moreover, as the device that prevents this leakage, with comparing ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 and for example be suitable for reducing static capacity SC1 between FET 28 and the ground by the spacing (highly) between increase FET 28 and the ground to the static capacity SC2 on the route of receiving unit 24 via receiving unit 24 from FET 28.

Like this, ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 can will transmit quasi-electrostatic field DTD (alternation quasi-electrostatic field TD) by side electrode 7 detected information effectively sense receiving unit 24 via FET 28, receive the information that is formed by the user with high sensitivity thus and transmit quasi-electrostatic field DTD (Fig. 5).

(2-4) operation and effect

In the communication system 1 that on have, disposes, utilize the character of quasi-electrostatic field and user's's (human body) character, make the user charged with as antenna, and thereby near the user, form quasi-electrostatic field as information-delivery media.

Particularly, as top with reference to as described in figure 6 and 9, card apparatus 3 in communication system 1 (ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2) side, the quasi-electrostatic field of the id signal S5 (notification signal S9) that obtains according to the modulation based on identification information S4 (announcement information S8) electrode 8 (side electrode 7) internally produces so that the user is charged.In ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 (card apparatus 3), the variation that transmits near the isotropic information that forms the user on the intensity of quasi-electrostatic field DTD (Fig. 5) is detected via side electrode 7 (internal electrode 8) and FET 28 (FET 37) in turn, and based on this testing result to identification information S4 (announcement information S8) demodulation.

Therefore, in communication system 1, can make the information of propagating from the abundant isotropism in user's surface according to id signal S5 (notification signal S9) formation under the charged condition of user transmit quasi-electrostatic field DTD very well.In addition, under the situation that does not rely on the mode of carrying or installing card apparatus 3 and the internal electrode 8 that is not relying on card apparatus 3 whether with situation that the user contacts under, it is possible sending and receiving.

In addition, in communication system 1, owing to make charged user as antenna, transmit quasi-electrostatic field so can form the information of propagating from user surface isotropism, and it is irrelevant with user's motion, thereby, in communication, carry out under the situation of predetermined action in force users not, can send information and reception information.

In addition, in communication system 1, owing to make charged user as antenna, and the information via near the non-propagation that therefore forms the user transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD, information is sent out and receives, thus can avoid and other radio wave (induction field or radiation field) between interference and avoid interception (interception) from the communication space outside to guarantee the confidentiality of Content of Communication.

In this way; in communication system 1; by making the user who gets involved between sender electrode and the collecting electrode be used as antenna; rather than as conventional institute does, the user is treated as medium; can realize the transmission and the reception of information; and near the user, do not having the direction restriction, and can guarantee confidentiality and need not force users to carry out predetermined actions.

Except top configuration, in communication system 1,, select the ultimate range r of the signal of giving side electrode 7 to be supplied and the relation between the frequency f with the formula (13) above satisfying as top described with reference to formula (12).

Therefore, in communication system 1, when making the user that must pass through inlet/outlet channel part 4 be used as antenna with the execution near-field communication, communication space can form the always dominant space of quasi-electrostatic field E3 θ (enclosure space of essence) of wherein non-propagation.As a result, communication output can be attenuated to the degree that Content of Communication is not propagated outside communication space, guarantee the confidentiality of Content of Communication thus more fully.

According to top configuration, in communication system 1, utilize the character of quasi-electrostatic field and the character of human body, make the user charged with as antenna, and near the information that forms thus the user transmit quasi-electrostatic field DTD as information-delivery media.Like this, can realize the transmission and the reception of information, and near the user, not have the direction restriction, and guarantee confidentiality and need not force users to carry out predetermined actions, can strengthen the degree of freedom of using in the quasi-electrostatic field communication thus.

(2-5) other embodiment

In above-mentioned first embodiment, just situation about wherein being inserted in the pocket of user's clothes as the card apparatus 3 of first communication equipment is described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, and as shown in figure 14 card apparatus 3 can be installed in arm around.Perhaps, it may be incorporated in mobile phone or the pedometer (pedometer), perhaps can be placed in the bag.That is, as mentioned above, can near the human body that sends and receive, provide card apparatus 3, and whether the internal electrode 8 that does not rely on the mode of carrying or installing it and do not rely on card apparatus 3 contacts with the user.Finally, unique requirement card apparatus 3 should be near the user.

In above-mentioned first embodiment just wherein card apparatus 3 have the situation that card forms and be described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, and card apparatus 3 can have other different shape.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein route basal plane Y1 is described in itself and situation that building basal plane Y2 (Figure 10) is provided for inlet/outlet channel part 4 under with the separated state of preset space length dx.But the present invention is not limited thereto, can fill the structure material with low relative dielectric constant between route basal plane Y1 and building basal plane Y2.

In this case, if it is ε that supposition is filled in the relative dielectric constant of the structure material between route basal plane Y1 and the building basal plane Y2, suppose that the gap between route basal plane Y1 and the building basal plane Y2 is dx, suppose that permittivity of vacuum (permittivity of vacuum electric constant) is ε 0, and supposition user sole floor space is S, and then the static capacity CY2 between user's foot and the building basal plane Y2 is approximately the value that obtains from the relation of following equation expression:

$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="CY"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">CY</figure-callout>}2={\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_0\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&epsiv;}\frac{S}{\mathrm{dx}}...\left(14\right)$

Thereby, if in the consideration relation of plane come between selection schemer basal plane Y1 and the building basal plane Y2 apart from dx and be filled in route basal plane Y1 and building basal plane Y2 between the relative dielectric constant ε of structure material, then user's foot certainly can be less than the static capacity between user and the side electrode 7 with the static capacity CY2 that builds between the basal plane Y2.Thus, the information that can more safely prevent transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD (alternation quasi-electrostatic field TD) and leaks to building basal plane Y2 from user's foot, and can more safely make near-field communication stable.

In above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein route basal plane Y1 is described in itself and situation that building basal plane Y2 (Figure 10) is provided for inlet/outlet channel part 4 under with the separated state of preset space length dx, and wherein route basal plane Y1 is used to prevent to identify target as the anti-locking apparatus of coupling and the building basal plane is electrically coupled to one another.But the present invention is not limited thereto, is laid on the noise absorption ground path 40 that route basal plane Y1 went up and be grounding to building basal plane Y2 but can provide as shown in figure 16.

In this case, similar with above-mentioned first embodiment, can prevent to sense the user and make near-field communication stable thus from route basal plane Y1 as the caused noise of inconsistency (hereinafter being referred to as ambient noise) KN by building basal plane Y2.In addition, if between route basal plane Y1 (Figure 10) and building basal plane Y2, spacing dx not only is provided but also provides noise to absorb ground path 40, then can strengthen the stability of near-field communication more.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just the side electrode 7 of wherein supplying with electrode as detecting electrode and electric power uses an alternating signal S1 both to supply with signal as electric power also to be described as the situation of carrier signal.But the present invention is not limited thereto, but can be provided for electric power electrode of supplying with and the electrode that is used for information communication respectively separately.

Particularly, as wherein with shown in Figure 16,17,18 that the corresponding parts of parts among Fig. 6, Fig. 8, Fig. 9 are represented with identical label and character, in ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2, on the surface, inside of the inlet/outlet channel part 4 of entrance side, newly provide the electric power that separates with side electrode 7 to supply with electrode 51, and supplied with between electrode 51 and the ground at electric power AC power 15 is provided.Side electrode 7 only is used for near-field communication.In card apparatus 3, replace route switching device 31, inner collecting electrode 52 and inner sender electrode 53 are provided on a surface, and outside collecting electrode 54 and outside sender electrode 55 are provided on another surface.If in transmission and reception and transmission on the information communication route and the reception carried out separately respectively between ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 and the card apparatus 3 on electric power supply route, then can obtain effect same as the previously described embodiments as mentioned above.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, be described with regard to following situation, in this case, the variation in detected user's the electriferous state (information transmits quasi-electrostatic field DTD) is detected by the FET 28 as checkout gear as identification information S7 as the side electrode 7 of detecting electrode, and by 24 pairs of these identification informations of the receiving unit S7 demodulation as modulating device.But the present invention is not limited thereto, but can come the demodulation to identification information S7 by the variation that metrical information transmits in the impedance of quasi-electrostatic field DTD.

Particularly, as shown in the Figure 19 that wherein represents with same label corresponding to the parts among Fig. 6,, ticket checking and receipts ticket machine 2 use transmission parts 23 to offer side electrode 7 to produce quasi-electrostatic field via route switching device 21 based on the alternating signal S1 with preset frequency that AC power 15 produces.Thereby, can obtain the effect same as the receiving unit 60 of separating the mediation impedance measurement device with the foregoing description.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein the change in user's the electriferous state is described by FET 28 or 37 detected situations as id signal S6 (notification signal S9).But, the present invention is not limited thereto, but the change in user's the electriferous state can be detected by various other checkout gears, the induced electricity polar form field strength meter that is used to measure the voltage of responding to by induced voltage that has transistor or FET configuration such as utilization, be used for passing through to use breaker circuit, the direct current signal that the induction electrode of capacitance-type vibration etc. obtains carries out the induced electricity polar form modulation amplification system field strength meter of AC conversion, be used for applying the photoelectric effect type field strength meter of electric field in variation with optical transmission characteristics that photoelectric material causes with measurement of species, and the electrometer that only is used for card apparatus 3, shunt resistance type field strength meter, electric current assembly type field strength meter etc.

In addition, in first embodiment, just wherein the situation that alternating signal S1 offers side electrode 7 continuously is described by transmission part 23 as modulation and power supply device.But, the present invention is not limited thereto, can be only detects during the field displacement that the user is caused by the user according to user's walking action during just near inlet/outlet channel part 4 at the side electrode 7 as detecting electrode alternating signal S1 is offered side electrode 7.

Particularly, ticket checking with receive ticket machine 2 under the control of control section 20 with the switching part 21a of route switching device 21 with receive link 21c and be connected up to it and detect the user who is about to by inlet/outlet channel part 4 (Fig. 5), the displacement that detects the quasi-electrostatic field in the advancing of causing by user via side electrode 7 and FET 28 in turn near inlet/outlet channel part 4, and by control section 20 switching part 21a is connected to give side electrode 7 with alternating signal S1 with the transmission link during to transmission part 23 in the transmission testing result.On the other hand, when ticket checking with receive ticket machine 2 can not detect the quasi-electrostatic field the advancing of being caused by the user who leaves from inlet/outlet channel part 4 in turn via side electrode 7 and FET28 displacement, thereby no longer send testing result when sending part 23, its by control section 20 switching part 21a is connected with reception link 21c once more and stop supplies alternating signal S1 to side electrode 7.Like this, ticket checking and receive ticket machine 2 except when it does not provide alternating signal S1 to side electrode 7 outside detecting when walking the displacement of the quasi-electrostatic field (electric) in the advancing that action causes by the user is compared with the foregoing description thus and can be strengthened energy-efficient more.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, with regard to wherein as near the card apparatus 3 of mobile model first communication equipment that providing the user with as the ticket checking of the second communication equipment that provides at predetermined control target place and receipts ticket machine 2 between carry out near-field communication situation be described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, can be provided at one on the user card apparatus 3 and be provided at via this user or another user between the card apparatus 3 on another card apparatus 3 and carry out near-field communication.In this case, can be any number from being provided at a card apparatus 3 on the user to being provided at the number that card apparatus 3 on another user carries out the user of near-field communication via it.In this case, can obtain the effect same with the foregoing description.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein the ticket checking second communication equipment that 2 conducts provide at predetermined control target place with receipts ticket machine is applicable to that situation of the present invention is described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, for example can on video tape recorder, television set, electronic equipment, modality, automobile, desk and other controlled target to be controlled such as mobile phone or personal computer or near second communication equipment is provided.In this case, can obtain the effect same with the foregoing description.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein human body is applicable to that as the sign target situation of the present invention is described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, and such as the organism of mammal, reptile, plant, even predetermined electric conducting material and any other object with charged attribute to be identified can be widely applicable for the present invention as the sign target.

In addition, in above-mentioned first embodiment, just wherein the present invention is applicable to that the situation of following communication system 1 is described, and this communication system 1 is opened outlet portal 5 in case of necessity to allow to enter or leave the inlet/outlet passage 4 as communicating route.But, the present invention is not limited thereto but can be widely applicable for communication system into various other purposes, such as being used for opening in case of necessity the communication system of door with the inlet/outlet passage that allows to enter or leave company, has the communication system that is used for opening if desired during near desk the door of desk as the user near the communicating route the desk, has the communication system that is used for opening during near personal computer personal computer as the user near the communicating route the personal computer, the passage that transports that use is used to transport predetermined sign target is used for switching if desired the communication system of transporting passage as communicating route when transporting the sign target to the precalculated position, that is, make human body charged so that human body is used as antenna and use near the quasi-electrostatic field that forms human body to carry out any communication system that information sends and receives as information-delivery media.

(3) second embodiment

(3-1) according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of second embodiment

In Figure 20, label 100 expression is according to the configured in one piece of the communication system of second embodiment, and it comprises that audio reproduction device 102 in the buttocks pocket that inserts the human body clothes and the wear-type that is worn on the human body head listen cylinder device 103.

Audio reproduction device 102 has card-like, and parallel plate type electrode part (hereinafter being referred to as the sender electrode part) 105 is provided in audio reproduction device 102, and sender electrode part 105 comprises sender electrode 105a and the reference electrode 105b paired with sender electrode 105a.

In this case, audio reproduction device 102 produces the quasi-electrostatic field of modulating according to the voice signal that reproduces and makes human body charged thus from sound store media reproducing voice signal and from sender electrode part 105.

Wear-type listens cylinder device 103 that hair band part 103A and a pair of ear pad part 103L, the 103R that provide at the end of hair band part 103A are provided.Hair band part 103A has parallel plate type electrode part (hereinafter being referred to as the collecting electrode part) 106, and collecting electrode part 106 comprises the collecting electrode 106a that generally is positioned at its center and the reference electrode 106b paired with collecting electrode 106a.

In this case, wear-type listens cylinder device 103 to detect by audio reproduction device 102 to make it to change in the electriferous state of charged human body as near the variation in the electric field of collecting electrode part 106, the electrode 106a of collecting electrode part 106 and the potential difference between the 106b particularly, to the voice signal demodulation that as a result of obtains, the output of the loud speaker (not shown) from be included in ear pad part 102L, 102R is based on the sound of voice signal then.

As mentioned above, communication system 100 is suitable for detecting the quasi-electrostatic field that produces from the sender electrode part 105 of audio reproduction device 102 and listens the electrode 106a of collecting electrode part 106 of cylinder device 103 and the potential difference between the 106b so that realize carrying out via human body the near-field communication of voice signal as wear-type.

In above-mentioned first embodiment, near-field communication utilization is carried out at electrode that provides on the human body (internal electrode 8) and the potential difference between the electrode (side electrode 7) that pre-position (on inlet/outlet channel part 4) provides.But, because arriving the phase place of the signal that phase place and the electrode via the equipment of the electric field that forms in air from the receiver side of the signal of the equipment on the receiver side receive via human body is physically opposite, thereby these signals cancel each other out (counteract) and thereby can not receive them sometimes.

Especially at transmitter side, compare with quasi-electrostatic field and to be not easy the waste that induction field and radiation field with respect to range attenuation cause transmitted power, and because these and can not obtain advantage as " be difficult to propagate far away " of the characteristic of near-field communication.

Thereby, in this embodiment, in communication 100, will as the audio reproduction device 102 of transmitter and as the wear-type of receiver listen cylinder device 103 design make that radiation field and induction field are lower than that noise floor level (noise floor level) and hypothesis surpass in the electrode 106a of the collecting electrode part 106 of the position of using collecting electrode part 106 and the potential difference between the 106b can be by preamplifier 121 detected level.

Thereby, the required energy of near-field communication that communication system 100 can optimization be carried out by transmitter and receiver (audio reproduction device 102 and wear-type are listened cylinder device 103), and can prevent unnecessary propagation and improve spatial resolution to strengthen the stability of communication.

(3-2) configuration of audio reproduction device

As shown in figure 21, audio reproduction device 102 comprises audio reproduction part 111, modulation processing section 112, amplifier 113, sender electrode part 105.

Sender electrode part 105 has the electrode structure of selecting according to the method for designing of the transmitter that is used for describing after a while and receiver and transmitter (electrode shape, electrode area and distance between electrodes).Particularly, it forms with the electrode structure according to reference frequency, and the intensity of the induction field component of the feasible electric field that is produced is lower than the noise floor according to the communications band regulation.

Audio reproduction part 111 is reproduced sound signal S1 from the sound store medium that is installed in unshowned mounting portion, and the voice signal S1 that transmission is reproduced is to modulation processing section 112.

Modulation processing section 112 comprises signal supply part 112a and modulating part 112b.Supply with part 112a for signal, be set to the current potential of giving the voltage signal of sender electrode part 105 to be applied corresponding to the current potential of preassigned initial frequency (operating frequency).

Signal is supplied with part 112a and is suitable for regularly will having the initial frequency of appointment and the voltage signal of current potential offers modulating part 112b predetermined.Modulating part 112b is suitable for according to predetermined modulator approach voltage signal being carried out modulation treatment with voice signal S1 is placed on it and the signal after the consequent modulation is applied to the sender electrode 105a of sender electrode part 105 via amplifier 113.

In this case, sender electrode 105a is according to the initial frequency vibration of the signal S2 after modulating; The quasi-electrostatic field that produces in response to this vibration makes human body charged; As a result of, around human body, be close to the quasi-electrostatic field that has isotropically formed according to this vibration.

In this way, audio reproduction device 102 is suitable for sending information (voice signal) via human body.

(3-3) wear-type is listened the configuration of cylinder device

As shown in figure 22, wear-type listens cylinder device 103 to comprise collecting electrode part 106, preamplifier 121, demodulation part 122, sound amplifier section 123 (123L and 123R), loud speaker 124 (124L and 124R).

Collecting electrode part 106 forms with the electrode structure of selecting according to the method for designing of receiver that is used for describing after a while and transmitter.Particularly, under relying on electrode area and having, do not form collecting electrode part 106, make the intensity of induction field component of the electric field that produced be lower than noise floor according to the communications band regulation according to the condition of the distance between electrodes of reference frequency.

Preamplifier 121 detects the electrode 106a of collecting electrode parts 106 and the potential difference between the 106b and its signal S2 after as modulation is sent to demodulation part 122.Since the input signal of preamplifier usually a little less than, so expectation be to use preamplifier as preamplifier 121 with high input impedance.

Demodulation process is carried out according to the signal S2 of predetermined demodulation method after to the modulation that is provided by demodulation part 122 in demodulation part 122, and has produced voice signal S1 thus.It sends voice signal S1 to loud speaker 124 (124L and 124R) via sound amplifier section 123 (123L and 123R) then.

As a result of, from the sound of loud speaker 124 (124L and 124R) output based on voice signal S1.

As mentioned above, wear-type listens cylinder device 103 to be suitable for sounding based on the voice signal S1 that sends from audio reproduction device 102.

(3-4) method for designing of transmitter and receiver

Now to listening the method for designing of cylinder device 103 to be described as the audio reproduction device 102 of transmitter with as the wear-type of receiver.

(3-4-1) design parameter

At first, the design parameter that designs in transmitter and the receiver (audio reproduction device 102 and wear-type are listened cylinder device 103) is described below.

Below utilizing (A) and (B) as guide (hereinafter being referred to as design guidelines) design transmitter and receiver: (A) should control from the induction field of sender electrode part 105 generations and make it to be lower than noise floor; And the current potential that (B) obtains between the electrode 106a of collecting electrode part 106 and 106b should be higher than the noise of the preamplifier 121 (Figure 16) self that is installed on the receiver (wear-type is listened cylinder device 103).

In order to design transmitter and the receiver that satisfies design guidelines, preprocessing part as design, various design parameters below the descending selective sequential of importance: (a) initial frequency and communications band, (b) electrode area in the sender electrode part 105 (comprises electrode shape; Hereinafter herewith) and distance between electrodes, and electrode area in the collecting electrode part 106 and distance between electrodes, (c) collecting electrode part 106 and the position of sender electrode part 105 on human body, and (d) preamplifier 121.

In fact, selecting various design parameters (a) in the process of (d), various conditions (hereinafter being referred to as design condition) have been considered, such as the purposes of communication system, the communications applications that is used to communicate by letter even be enough to sender electrode part 105 (collecting electrode part 106) is installed to space size on the audio reproduction device 102 (wear-type is listened cylinder device 103).

(3-4-2) current potential between the electrode in the collecting electrode part

Be described with regard to the current potential (hereinafter being referred to as current potential between electrode) that produces between the collecting electrode 106a of collecting electrode part 106 and the reference electrode 106b below.

Current potential is one and we can say the important elements that means communication performance between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106.Utilize FDTD method (Finite Difference Time Domain (finite difference time domain): a kind of finite difference and time domain utilized found the solution method as the Maxwell equation of basic electromagnetic equation) to simulate current potential between this electrode.

Particularly, as shown in figure 23 sender electrode part 105 is being placed under the condition that is placed on corresponding to the position of the buttocks pocket of manikin and with collecting electrode part 106 corresponding to the position on the crown, based between the electrode of sender electrode part 105, applying 100[MHz] 1[V] the hypothesis of voltage, and under various other conditions, simulate.Figure 24 to 27 shows Simulation result.

Figure 24 shows the relation between the current potential between the electrode of the electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 and collecting electrode part 106.In this case, the electrode area of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 8 * 4[cm ²]; The interelectrode distance of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 2[cm]; And the interelectrode distance stuck-at-[cm] of collecting electrode part 106.

Very clear from Figure 24, even the electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 changes, current potential is also almost constant between electrode.Also can guarantee the stability of communicating by letter even this means the electrode area that in design transmitter and receiver process, reduces the collecting electrode part 106 of receiver-side.

Figure 25 shows the relation between the current potential between the electrode of the interelectrode distance of collecting electrode part 106 and collecting electrode part 106.The electrode area of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 8 * 4[cm ²], the interelectrode distance of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 2[cm]; And the electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 is fixed on 4 * 4[cm ²].

Very clear from Figure 25, if the interelectrode distance dR[m of collecting electrode part 106] current potential V between the electrode of expression and collecting electrode part 106 _R[V] expression, then interelectrode distance d _RAnd current potential V between electrode _RThe relation that meets following equation expression.

V _R(d _R)＝0.0005·d _R .......(15)

In addition, Figure 26 shows the relation between the current potential between the electrode of the electrode area of sender electrode part 105 and collecting electrode part 106.In this case, the interelectrode distance of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 2[cm]; The electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 is fixed on 4 * 4[cm ²]; And the interelectrode distance stuck-at-[cm] of collecting electrode part 106.

Very clear from Figure 26, the electrode area of current potential and sender electrode part 105 is proportional between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106.

Figure 27 shows the relation between the current potential between the electrode of the interelectrode distance of sender electrode part 105 and collecting electrode part 106.In this case, the electrode area of sender electrode part 105 is fixed on 8 * 4[cm ²]; The electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 is fixed on 4 * 4[cm ²]; And the interelectrode distance stuck-at-[cm] of collecting electrode part 106.

Very clear from Figure 27, the interelectrode distance of current potential and sender electrode part 105 is proportional between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106.

From top analog result [Figure 24 to 27], if the interelectrode distance d of collecting electrode part 106 _R[m] expression, the electrode area A of sender electrode part 105 _S[m ²] expression, the interelectrode distance d of sender electrode part 105 _S[m] expression, and the sender electrode 105a and the current potential between the reference electrode 105b (hereinafter being referred to as to apply current potential) that will be applied to sender electrode part 105 are used V _S[V] expression, then current potential V between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106 _R[V] illustrated by following formula:

V _R＝α×V _S×A _S×d _S×d _R ......(16)

The reason of not considering the electrode area of collecting electrode part 106 in the superincumbent formula (16) is as shown in figure 24 current potential V between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106 like that _R[V] also do not rely on electrode area.

Superincumbent formula (16), constant alpha be with respect to the electric potential gradient between the electrode of the collecting electrode part 106 of the current potential that is applied to sender electrode part 105 and be depend on consider that design condition selects parameter (b) and constant (c) (claiming that hereinafter this constant is a parameter dependent form constant) be set.

Impose on the current potential V of sender electrode part 105 _SDepend on frequency f, and thereby by the actual expression of following formula.

V _R(f)＝a×V _S(f)×A _S×d _S×d _R

As mentioned above, current potential can be formulated as the relative current potential according to design parameter (b) with respect to the current potential that is applied to sender electrode part 105 as shown in Equation (17) between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106.

(3-4-3) parameter dependent form constant determines

Therefore, have only and selected to be provided with parameter (b) and (c) just can determine parameter dependent form constant alpha by the simulation that utilizes predetermined electric field simulation device to carry out as shown in figure 23.

Promptly, definition manikin and each of parameter (b) and content (c) is set in electromagnetic field simulation device, then, the signal that has definite frequency and predetermined amplitude by utilization causes the electrode 105a of sender electrode part 105 and the excitation between the 105b, by analog computation current potential V between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106 places generation _R(f).

Here, because all key elements of formula (17) are all known except parameter dependent form constant alpha, so can be by determining parameter dependent form constant alpha in the known value substitution formula (17).

For example, in the following cases,, suppose the electrode area A of sender electrode part 105 as the various conditions of the simulation that is used for Figure 24 to 27 _SBe 8 * 4[cm ²], suppose the interelectrode distance d of sender electrode part 105 _SBe 2[cm], suppose the interelectrode distance d of collecting electrode part 106 _RBe 2[cm], suppose to impose on the current potential V of sender electrode part 105 _S(f) be the 1[V of single-frequency], suppose that sender electrode part 105 is positioned at buttocks pocket place, and hypothesis collecting electrode part 106 is positioned at the crown of human body, then current potential V between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106 places generation _R(f) as in the analog result among Figure 25 and be 0.0005[V as shown in the formula (15)].Then,, obtain 0.0005=α * 1 * 0.0032 * 0.02 * 0.01, thereby can determine that parameter dependent form constant alpha is 781.25 by with in the analog value substitution formula (17).

As mentioned above, can determine from electric field simulation device and formula (17) based on selected parameter (b) and the parameter dependent form constant alpha (c) of being provided with.But, between the distance between frequency and transmitter side and the receiver side, have certain corresponding relation, if thereby in case determined to be provided with the initial frequency of parameter (a) then just determined to be provided with parameter (c) in a way.

(3-4-4) can put on sender electrode maximum potential partly

When utilization is provided with parameter (a) to (c) design transmitter and receiver, determines to be provided with parameter (d) (will offer the current potential of sender electrode part 105) and make the intensity of induction field component of the electric field that produces from sender electrode part 105 be lower than noise floor.Here the maximum potential that can put on sender electrode part 105 will be described.

By under the condition of hypothesis " cos ω t=1 " (electric field strength E maximum this moment) and for simplifying, discussing under the condition of hypothesis θ=pi/2, rearrange formula (2), near the formula of the electric field strength E at moment t r place, position the electric field source (sender electrode part 105) in free space below can being expressed as:

$E=E_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="ql"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">ql</figure-callout>}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}\&CenterDot;(1+\mathrm{jkr}+{\left(\mathrm{jkr}\right)}^2)\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})...\left(18\right)$

By having aperture area K[m ²] the received power p[W that receives of antenna (collecting electrode part 106)] by following formulate:

$p=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="SK"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">SK</figure-callout>}}{4\mathrm{\&pi;}}...\left(19\right)$

Received power density S[W/m wherein ²] expression.Received power density S[W/m ²] with the relation of received electric field strength E with following formulate:

$S=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="E"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">E</figure-callout>}}^2}{120\mathrm{\&pi;}}...\left(20\right)$

Therefore, received power p[mW] use the following formulate that formula (20) substitution formula (19) is obtained:

$p=\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="SK"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">SK</figure-callout>}}{4\mathrm{\&pi;}}=\frac{E^{2}K}{480{\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}=1000\&CenterDot;\frac{E^{2}K}{480{\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}\left[\mathrm{mW}\right]...\left(21\right)$

By " E " in formula (18) the substitution formula (21) made that to determine electric charge q and the product ql apart from l to the electric charge of small dipole near the position r place of product ql electric field source (sender electrode part 105) is than noise floor nf[dBm] little 10[dB], obtain following formula:

$1000\&CenterDot;\frac{E^{2}K}{{480\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}=1000\&CenterDot;\frac{{(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="ql"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">ql</figure-callout>}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}\&CenterDot;|\mathrm{jkr}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})\left|\right)}^2\&CenterDot;K}{{480\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}<{10}^{\frac{\mathrm{nf}-10}{10}}...\left(22\right)$

Following formula shows maximum (hereinafter be referred to as literary composition and the be max product) ql of product ql _Max:

$1000\&CenterDot;\frac{{(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="q\; l\; max"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">q</figure-callout>}{l}_{\max }{}_{}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}\&CenterDot;|\mathrm{jkr}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})\left|\right)}^2\&CenterDot;K}{{480\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}=10^{\frac{\mathrm{nf}-10}{10}}...\left(23\right)$

And the formula below obtaining by the formula above rearranging can obtain max product ql _Max:

${\mathrm{ql}}_{\max }=\sqrt{{10}^{\frac{\mathrm{nf}-10}{10}}\&CenterDot;\frac{{480\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}{1000\&CenterDot;K}}\&CenterDot;\frac{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="r"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^2}{|\mathrm{jkr}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})|}...\left(24\right)$

Noise floor nf is by following formula definition:

nf＝-174[dBm/Hz]+NF+10logB[dBm] ……(25)

Wherein NF is a noise figure, and B is a communications band.

In fact, for example, frequency f is 4[MHz therein], noise figure NF is 10[dB], communications band B is 100[kHz], the aperture area K of collecting electrode part 106 is 0.03[m ²], and under the situation of θ=pi/2, from formula (24) if very clear max product ql _MaxBe 1.5 * 10 ^-16Then at distance sender electrode part 105 0.05[m] output of the induction field located can be lower than noise floor nf (=-174+10+10log (1000000)=114[dBm].Yet, in fact, if product ql satisfies " ql＜ql _Max", then apart from sender electrode part 105 0.05[m] the induction field component at nearby r place, position can be lower than noise floor nf.

Here, below will to communication distance and comprise quasi-electrostatic field, induction field, radiation field total electric field electric field strength and only and the relation between the electric field strength of induction field confirm.

That is, by with θ=pi/2 and ql _Max=1.5 * 10 ^-16In the substitution formula (18), the electric field strength E of total electric field (E θ) is with following formulate:

$E=E_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="ql\; max"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">ql</figure-callout>}}_{\max }}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}(1+\mathrm{jkr}+{\left(\mathrm{jkr}\right)}^2)\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})=\frac{{1.5\&times;10}^{-16}}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}(1+\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}r+{\left(\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}\right)}^2)\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})...\left(26\right)$

By with permittivity of vacuum ε=8.85e-12, frequency f=4, and wavelength k=2 π f/c (c: substitution formula (26) light velocity), the electric field strength E of total electric field with near electric field source, can draw by the relation shown in Figure 28 apart from r.

The induction field component part of electric field intensity E that defines by following formula:

$E=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="ql\; max"\; filenames="A200480005209.100611.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">ql</figure-callout>}}_{\max }}{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;r}}^3}\left(\mathrm{jkr}\right)\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{jkr})...\left(27\right)$

With the distance electric field source nearby can Figure 29 apart from r shown in relation draw.

Clearer from Figure 28 and Figure 29 can be confirmed, near the r place, position electric field source (sender electrode part 105), and the intensity of induction field is compared fully little with quasi-electrostatic field.Because not the strength ratio of the radiation field shown in Figure 28 and Figure 29 induction field little at position r place nearby, so obviously the intensity than quasi-electrostatic field is little for it.

In this way, if the aperture area K of frequency f, noise figure NF, communications band B, collecting electrode part 106, apart from nearby specifically the determining of sender electrode part 105, then electric charge q and max product ql apart from l apart from the electric charge of small dipole apart from r _MaxCan determine from formula (24).

Max product ql _MaxCorresponding to the maximum potential that can put on sender electrode part 105.Thereby, if to be appliedly apply current potential V in sender electrode part 105 _S(A _S, d _S, f) can use the electric field simulation device to determine to make from having that sender electrode part 105 produces as the electrode area A that parameter (b) is selected is set _SAnd interelectrode distance d _SElectric field substantially corresponding to the curve among the Figure 28 that obtains as the result who draws based on formula (26), so with sender electrode part 105 as the limit positions r in the communication range at its center _Neighbor(=nearby is apart from r) intensity of locating induction field can be lower than noise floor nf.

For example, as electrode area A _SBe 4 * 4[cm ²] and interelectrode distance d _SBe 4[cm] sender electrode part 105 be disposed in the free space, and with single-frequency f ₀Current potential 1[V] when putting on sender electrode part 105, be multiplied by 0.002 the electric field that produces from sender electrode part 105 almost corresponding to the curve of Figure 28.

This means, if with 0.002[V] current potential V _S(0.04 * 0.04,0.04, f ₀) put on sender electrode part 105, so with sender electrode part 105 as the limit positions r in the communication range at its center _NeighborThe intensity of the induction field at place is lower than noise floor nf.

Thus, can put on sender electrode part 105 and corresponding to the maximum ql that depends on f _Max(f) maximum potential (hereinafter be referred to as maximum and can apply current potential) AV _Smax(A _S, d _S, f) with following formulate:

${\mathrm{AV}}_{S\max }(A_S,d_S,f)=\sqrt{{10}^{\frac{-174+10+10\log \left(B\right)-10}{10}}\&CenterDot;\frac{480{\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}{1000\&CenterDot;K}}\&CenterDot;$ $\frac{{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;}\&CenterDot;r}_{\mathrm{neighbour}}}^3}{|\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}{r}_{\mathrm{neighbour}}\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}{r}_{\mathrm{neighbour}})|}\&times;\frac{V_S(A_S,d_S,f_0)}{{\mathrm{ql}}_{\max }\left(f_0\right)}...\left(28\right)$

The single-frequency f that in simulation, adopted of electric field simulation device wherein ₀Expression is by the current potential V that is obtained of simulation acquisition _S(A _S, d _S, f ₀) expression.

As example, when by the corresponding entry in each value substitution formula (28) will be put on electrode area A _SBe 4 * 4[cm ²] and interelectrode distance d _SBe 4[cm] analog result (the current potential V of sender electrode part 105 _S(0.04 * 0.04,0.04,4)) for 0.002[V] condition add to and wherein suppose the max product ql that draws from formula (24) _MaxBe 1.5 * 10 ^-16(single-frequency F ₀Be 4[MHz], noise figure NF is 10[dB], communications band B is 100[kHz], the aperture area K of collecting electrode part 106 is 0.03[m ²], and θ=pi/2) the condition of situation on the time, maximum can apply current potential with following formulate

${\mathrm{AV}}_{S\max }(0.04\&times;\mathrm{0.04,0.04},f)=\sqrt{{10}^{\frac{-174+10+10\log \left(100000\right)}{10}}\&CenterDot;\frac{{480\mathrm{\&pi;}}^2}{{1000\&CenterDot;0.03}^2}}\&CenterDot;\frac{{4\mathrm{\&pi;\&epsiv;}\&CenterDot;0.05}^3}{|\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}0.05\&CenterDot;\exp (-\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="j"\; filenames="A200480005209.100441.png,A200480005209.100501.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}\frac{2\mathrm{\&pi;f}}{c}0.05)}\&times;\frac{0.002}{\mathrm{ql}(4\&times;{10}^6)}...\left(29\right)$

Figure 30 shows frequency f based on top formula (29) and maximum can apply current potential AV _Smax(0.04 * 0.04,0.04, the f) relation between.Very clear from Figure 30, apart from electric field source (sender electrode part 105) 5[cm] electric field strength of the induction field located can be lower than the noise floor at any frequency f place.

As mentioned above, can apply current potential AV according to the selected maximum that parameter (a) to (c) is set _Smax(A _S, d _S, f) can obtain from electric field simulation device and formula (28).

(3-4-5) selection of preamplifier

When having

The preamplifier 121 of voltage noise when being installed in wear-type and listening on the cylinder device 103, preamplifier 121 can detect to have with respect to communications band B[Hz] current potential Signal.

Therefore, can select the formula of preamplifier 121 below satisfying:

$V_R\left(f\right)=\mathrm{\&alpha;}\&times;V_S\left(f\right)\&times;A_S\&times;d_S\&times;d_R>n/\sqrt{B}...\left(30\right)$

(3-4-6) conclusion

Sum up above description, can carry out the design of transmitter and receiver (audio reproduction device 102 and wear-type are listened cylinder device 103) according to the design process RT among Figure 31.

That is, at first carry out (a) initial frequency f and communications band B, (b) the interelectrode distance d of sender electrode part 105 as the preliminary treatment of design _SWith electrode area A _SAnd the interelectrode distance d of collecting electrode part 106 _R, (c) sender electrode part 105 and the position of collecting electrode part 106 on human body, and (d) selection (step SP1) of the voltage noise n of preamplifier 121.

Then, sender electrode part 105 and the collecting electrode part 106 that in the electric field simulation device, defines manikin and have parameter of being provided with (b); Sender electrode part 105 and collecting electrode part 106 are placed in corresponding on the position on the manikin that parameter (c) is set on the human body; When by the predetermined current potential V that applies with initial frequency f _SCurrent potential V between the electrode of shown collecting electrode part 106 when (f) between the electrode 105a of sender electrode part 105 and 105b, causing excitation _R(f) be determined (step SP2).

Afterwards, defined the appropriate section with formula (17) is replaced parameter (b) is set and (c) designs parameter dependent form constant alpha (SP3) under the situation of transmitter and receiver in utilization determining.

Then, determine collecting electrode part 106 aperture area K, noise figure NF, with sender electrode part 105 as the limit positions r in the communication range at its center _Neighbor, and with determined and parameter (a) is set substitutes to determine max product ql with the appropriate section of formula (24) _Max.

In electric simulator, determine to be appliedly to apply current potential V in sender electrode part 105 _S(A _S, d _S, f ₀), make parameter (b) to be set and the electrode area A of selection from having conduct _SAnd interelectrode distance d _SThe electric field that produces of sender electrode part 105 in fact corresponding to as will be about determined max product ql _MaxItem substitution formula (18) in the electric field strength E (E of the total electric field that obtains of result _θ) (step SP4).

Then, apply current potential V by what will be scheduled to _S(A _S, d _S, f ₀) in the substitution formula (28), such maximum can apply current potential AV _Smax(A _S, d _S, f) make with sender electrode part 105 as the limit positions r in the communication range at its center _NeighborThe intensity of induction field at place in free space less than noise floor nf (step SP5).

At last, confirm whether to exist and be lower than maximum and can apply current potential AV _Smax(A _S, d _S, f) and satisfy current potential V between the electrode of collecting electrode part 106 _R(f) equal or be higher than any current potential V that applies of condition of the voltage noise of selected preamplifier 121 _S(f), as to be supplied give sender electrode part 105 apply current potential V _S(f) (step SP6).

If there is no satisfy such current potential V that applies of these conditions _S(f), then check once more parameter (a) all or part of to (d) is set, and based on this inspections cross and change after the parameter that is provided with repeat process from step SP2 to step SP6.

On the contrary, if satisfy these conditions apply current potential V _S(f) exist, the design that then this means transmitter and receiver is successful.So setting up procedure finishes.

By carrying out aforesaid design process RT shown in Figure 31, can determine to be provided with according to optional that parameter is to be applied to apply current potential V in sender electrode part 105 _S(f), thus the intensity of the induction field component in the preset range of the electric field that produces from electric field source is lower than the noise floor level.

When supposition can be with transmitter and receiver during attached to a plurality of position, can by all these positions are carried out in turn process from step SP1 to step SP6 come for determine in each of the transmitter of these positions and receiver according to be provided with parameter to be applied apply current potential V _S(f).

(3-5) operation and effect

In the superincumbent configuration, in communication system 100,, make the intensity of induction field component of electric field be lower than noise floor according to the communications band regulation to form sender electrode part 105 according to the structure of reference frequency.

Therefore, in communication system 100, by reducing quasi-electrostatic field communication unnecessary induction field and radiation field component have been reduced the energy that signal post needs, thereby and owing to prevented that unnecessary propagation from having increased spatial resolution.Like this, can strengthen the stability of communication.

In addition, in communication system 100, can strengthen the stability of communication more according to the reference frequency voltage between sender electrode to be applied by restriction.

According to top configuration,, make the intensity of induction field component of electric field be lower than noise floor according to the communications band regulation to form sender electrode part 105 according to the structure of reference frequency.Therefore, by reducing quasi-electrostatic field communication unnecessary induction field and radiation field component have been reduced the energy that signal post needs, thereby and owing to prevented that unnecessary propagation from having increased spatial resolution.Like this, can strengthen the stable degree of freedom that also can strengthen in the communication of communication.

(3-6) other embodiment

In above-mentioned second embodiment, just the situation of wherein selecting electric structure according to reference frequency to make the intensity of induction field component of electric field be lower than according to the noise floor of communications band regulation based on formula (16) is described.But the present invention is not limited thereto, can select this structure such as improved formula on the basis of formula (16) based on any formula except formula (16).

In addition, in above-mentioned second embodiment, just wherein to be applied in the generation device that has according to the signal on the electrode of the electrode structure of institute's frequency of utilization as being used to produce, be provided with current potential, and the situation that produces and applied the signal with set current potential is described corresponding to preassigned initial frequency (operating frequency).But, the present invention is not limited thereto, also can in table, keep a plurality of frequencies and corresponding to the current potential of frequency, show with definite current potential with reference to this, and produce signal in turn to apply this current potential with predetermined potential by switching predetermined current potential in predetermined timing corresponding to employed frequency.

In this case, owing to can use a plurality of frequency utilization wear-types to listen cylinder device 103 executive communications, so can strengthen the stability that communication efficiency is kept communication simultaneously.

In addition, in above-mentioned second embodiment,, just wherein audio reproduction device 102 is placed the buttocks pocket place of human body clothes and place the situation on the human body crown to be described on wear-type receiver 103 about the position of transmitter and receiver.But the present invention is not limited thereto, transmitter and receiver (audio reproduction device 102 and wear-type are listened cylinder device 103) can be placed in various other positions.

In addition,, can adopt various other combinations of transmitter and receiver, be included in the situation of communicating by letter between mobile phone and the personal computer about the combination of transmitter and receiver.In this case, one group of sender electrode part 105 and collecting electrode part 106 all have been installed on transmitter and receiver.

In addition, in this case, information to be sent and that receive can be any information except sound; The information transmission via the human body number can be any number, and alternative human body can adopt organism, even predetermined electric conducting material and various other target such as mammal, reptile, plant.

Industrial applicibility

The present invention goes for wherein utilizing the interelectrode potential difference of transmitter and receiver to carry out the situation of near-field communication, especially is applicable to situation about wherein sending and receiving information via human body.

Claims (29)

1. communication system is characterized in that comprising:

First communication equipment is used for making the sign target with charged attribute charged by the quasi-electrostatic field that produces according to information modulation to be sent; And

Second communication equipment, be used for detecting the sign target electriferous state variation and based on this this information of variation demodulation.

2. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described sign target is a human body.

3. communication equipment as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, each of described first communication equipment and second communication equipment all belongs to handy type, and described first communication equipment and second communication equipment be provided at respectively different human body near.

4. communication equipment as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, described first communication equipment belongs to handy type and provides near human body; And

Described second communication equipment on the expectant control target or near provide.

5. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described first communication equipment comprises:

Modulating device is used for by the signal after modulating according to the modulation generation of described information; With

Charged induction electrode is used for making the sign target charged by produce quasi-electrostatic field according to the signal after this modulation; And

Described modulating device control is to be supplied to the power of the signal after the modulation of charged induction electrode or at least one of electric charge.

6. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described first communication equipment comprises:

Modulating device is used for by the signal after modulating according to the modulation generation of described information; And

Charged induction electrode is used for making the sign target charged by produce quasi-electrostatic field according to the signal after this modulation;

Described second communication equipment comprises the detecting electrode of the variation in the electriferous state that detects the sign target; And

Select distance and the wavelength of the signal after the modulation of charged induction electrode of giving to be supplied between described charged induction electrode and the detecting electrode to make described quasi-electrostatic field among electric field, preponderate.

7. communication equipment as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, selects the feasible relation that satisfies r=λ/2 π of described distance and wavelength, and wherein the ultimate range when executive communication between first communication equipment and second communication equipment is that r and wavelength are λ.

8. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Checkout gear is used for detecting the variation of the electriferous state that identifies target as signal;

Demodulating equipment is used for based on coming the described information of demodulation by the detected signal of described checkout gear; And

Leakage preventing device is used to prevent that the electricity of the route from the Charging system to the demodulating equipment from leaking.

9. communication equipment as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, described leakage preventing device makes from checkout gear via demodulating equipment to the static capacity on ground greater than the static capacity checkout gear and ground.

10. communication equipment as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, described electric leakage preventing device comprises:

Detecting electrode is used for detecting the variation of the electriferous state that identifies target and this variation is directed to checkout gear; With

Be used to surround the housing of described checkout gear; And

Physically described detecting electrode and described housing are separated.

11. communication equipment as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, described electric leakage preventing device only is connected to ground with demodulating equipment on the route from the checkout gear to the demodulating equipment.

12. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Electric power is supplied with electrode, is used to produce quasi-electrostatic field and thinks the first communication equipment supply capability; And

The anti-locking apparatus of coupling is used to prevent to identify the electric coupling between target and the ground, provides this coupling to prevent locking apparatus on the passage that the sign target is passed through.

13. communication system as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that, utilizes the basal plane that provides at preset distance place, distance ground to form the anti-locking apparatus of described coupling.

14. communication system as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that, utilizes the structure material cover on the described passage and to be connected to the low-k on ground to form the anti-locking apparatus of described coupling.

15. communication equipment as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Electric power is supplied with electrode, is used to produce quasi-electrostatic field and thinks the first communication equipment supply capability;

Detecting electrode is used for detecting the variation of the electriferous state of the human body that causes when human body walking; And

Power supply device is used for only just being provided for the electric power signal supplied when described detecting electrode detects the variation of electriferous state.

16. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Detecting electrode is used for detecting the variation of the electriferous state that identifies target; With

Electric power is supplied with electrode, is used to produce quasi-electrostatic field and thinks the first communication equipment supply capability; And

This electric power is supplied with electrode and this detecting electrode is same electrode.

17. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Electric power is supplied with electrode, is used to produce quasi-electrostatic field and thinks the first communication equipment supply capability; With

Power supply device is used to be provided for the electric power signal supplied and supplies with electrode for this electric power; And

Described power supply device is also supplied with signal with this electric power and is used as the carrier signal that will send to first communication equipment.

18. communication system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described second communication equipment comprises:

Electric power is supplied with electrode, is used to produce quasi-electrostatic field and thinks the first communication equipment supply capability; With

Power supply device is used to be provided for the electric power signal supplied and supplies with electrode for this electric power; And

Described first communication equipment is via charged sign target obtains electric power by supplying with the quasi-electrostatic field of electrode generation by this electric power.

19. one kind is used for first communication equipment and second communication equipment via the communication means that quasi-electrostatic field sends and receives information, it is characterized in that comprising:

Make the charged first step of sign target by the quasi-electrostatic field that produces according to information modulation to be sent with charged attribute; And

Detect the variation in the electriferous state of sign target and change second step of this information of demodulation based on this.

20. communication means as claimed in claim 19 is characterized in that described sign target is a human body.

21. a communication equipment is characterized in that comprising charged induction installation, this charged induction installation is used for making the sign target with charged attribute charged by the quasi-electrostatic field that produces according to information modulation to be sent; And

Make this sign target come work as the antenna in the quasi-electrostatic field.

22. communication equipment as claimed in claim 21 is characterized in that described sign target is a human body.

23. communication equipment as claimed in claim 21 is characterized in that, described charged induction installation comprises parallel-plate electrode; And

Described parallel-plate electrode is to form with interelectrode distance and electrode area according to reference frequency, makes the intensity of induction field component of electric field be lower than the noise floor according to the communications band regulation.

24. communication equipment as claimed in claim 21 is characterized in that, described charged induction installation comprises with electrode area A _SWith interelectrode distance d _SThe transmitter side parallel-plate electrode that forms, this electrode area A _SWith interelectrode distance d _SWhen at interelectrode distance d _RTo have current potential V between the electrode of reference frequency under the fixing condition _SFormula below satisfying when offering this transmitter side parallel-plate electrode:

V _R＝α×V _S×A _S×d _S×d _R

Wherein, suppose that current potential is V between the electrode of receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[V]; Distance is d between the receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[m]; The electrode area of transmitter side parallel-plate electrode is A _S[m ²]; Distance is d between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[m]; Current potential is V between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[V]; And depend on interelectrode distance d _R, electrode area A _S, and interelectrode distance d _SConstant be α.

25. communication equipment, it is characterized in that comprising the conciliation device of the variation of the electriferous state that is used for detecting the sign target, as making it be used as the result of the antenna in the quasi-electrostatic field, this sign target is close to and isotropically forms the quasi-electrostatic field with information, and described demodulating equipment also is used for based on this variation demodulating information.

26. communication equipment as claimed in claim 23 is characterized in that described sign target is a human body.

27. a communication equipment that is used for the relative side communication of scheduled communication is characterized in that comprising the transmission parallel-plate electrode that is used to produce electric field; And

Described transmission parallel-plate electrode is with electrode area A _SWith interelectrode distance d _SForm this electrode area A _SWith interelectrode distance d _SWhen at interelectrode distance d _RTo have current potential V between the electrode of reference frequency under the fixing condition _SFormula below satisfying when offering this transmitter side parallel-plate electrode:

V _R＝α×V _S×A _S×d _S×d _R

Wherein, suppose that current potential is V between the electrode of receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[V]; Distance is d between the receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[m]; The electrode area of transmitter side parallel-plate electrode is A _S[m ²]; Distance is d between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[m]; Current potential is V between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[V]; And depend on interelectrode distance d _R, electrode area A _S, and interelectrode distance d _SConstant be α.

28. communication equipment as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that comprising being used for producing the generation device that will impose on the signal that sends parallel-plate electrode according to operating frequency.

29. a communication equipment that is used for the relative side communication of scheduled communication is characterized in that comprising the reception parallel-plate electrode that is used to detect the electric field that produces from this communication phase the other side; And

Under the condition of the electrode area that does not rely on this reception parallel-plate electrode, form this reception parallel-plate electrode, make and work as current potential V between the electrode that will have reference frequency _SOffer electrode area A _SWith interelectrode distance d _SShould receive the formula of parallel-plate electrode below satisfying during fixing transmitter side parallel-plate electrode:

V _R＝α×V _S×A _S×d _S×d _R

Wherein, suppose that current potential is V between the electrode of receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[V]; Distance is d between the receiver side parallel-plate electrode _R[m]; The electrode area of transmitter side parallel-plate electrode is A _S[m ²]; Distance is d between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[m]; Current potential is V between the transmitter side parallel-plate electrode _S[V]; And depend on interelectrode distance d _R, electrode area A _S, and interelectrode distance d _SConstant be α.

Images