CN1726678A - 使用“虚拟时钟”适配多媒体流送服务器的传输速率的***和方法 - Google Patents

使用“虚拟时钟”适配多媒体流送服务器的传输速率的***和方法 Download PDF

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CN1726678A
CN1726678A CNA2003801058654A CN200380105865A CN1726678A CN 1726678 A CN1726678 A CN 1726678A CN A2003801058654 A CNA2003801058654 A CN A2003801058654A CN 200380105865 A CN200380105865 A CN 200380105865A CN 1726678 A CN1726678 A CN 1726678A
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actual clock
network
clock
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Q·李
M·范德沙尔
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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Abstract

提供一个具有变化频率的所谓“虚拟时钟”,它能被多媒体流送服务器使用来把其传输速率动态地适配于变化的网络情况。本发明的“虚拟时钟”***和方法补偿了因特网实时传输协议(RTP)的一个潜在缺陷,它用一个时间戳标记它所递送的每个分组,并因此预期服务器使用这个时间戳来调度这个特定分组的传输。因此,当RPT被使用时,传输速率由已编码多媒体内容预先确定。使用本发明的“虚拟时钟”,流送服务器有一个机制来克服这个RTP缺陷,并能够按照一种能够平衡内容的带宽要求与网络的带宽可用性的方式来实施传输速率适配。

Description

使用“虚拟时钟”适配多媒体流送服务器的传输速率 的***和方法
本发明涉及网络上的多媒体流送(streaming)。更具体地说,本发明涉及使所流送的多媒体的传输速率适配于变化的网络情况。最特别地,本发明引入了一个“虚拟时钟”的概念以作为流送服务器的一个机制,用来以平衡待传输内容的带宽要求与因特网的可用带宽的这样一种方式执行动态传输速率适配。
现有技术的流送服务器的设计和实现方式通常包括一个恒定频率的时钟,它基本上与作为服务器应用主机的计算机的计算机时钟相同。按照此时钟的恒定速率来实现分组调度和传输。传输速率只由已编码内容来预先确定。这在Darwin流送服务器的实现方式中被证明,其由苹果(Apple)公司开发并且它的源代码对公众公开可用,例如参见http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/streaming/。
由于分组交换网络的可用带宽是时变的,所以流送应用必须能够根据网络情况调整它的传输速率。目前可用的速率适配技术包括层切换以及选择性层预订(layer subscription)。
在层切换中,服务器保持同一内容的多个拷贝,但是以不同质量、并因此以不同的比特率编码所述拷贝。服务器可以在这些拷贝(或层)之间动态地切换以便获得速率适配。
在选择性的层预订中,服务器只储存用可扩展编码方案(比如细粒度可扩展性(FGS)或其它类似的方案)所编码的内容的一个拷贝。一个可扩展编码方案生成多个累积层,它们可以在接收机侧按顺序加起来以便获得越来越好的解码质量。在实时情况下,服务器只传输已被接收机明确请求(即,被预订)的那些层的子集。当接收机根据所获悉的网络情况改变它的层预订时,实现速率适配。上述的后一个方案被广泛建议用于多点传送,并且通常被称为接收机驱动的层多点传送。
上述技术的缺陷是它们的适配粒度。两个方案都只能实现粗粒度(coarse-grained)的速率适配。换言之,它们对速率的适配不够频繁。可是,实验已经表明,由于动态背景业务量或者无线链路的临时恶化,网络情况会在相对小的时间尺度上极大地变化。
一种自适应播放技术已被建议。在此技术中,接收机动态地改变视频播放速度,以避免在网络拥塞时缓存器不足或溢出。可是,此技术只被建议用于接收机侧,而对网络上的分组传输没有效果。实际上,本发明与所述建议的自适应播放策略的结合可以产生一个更有效且强健的流送技术。
因此,在流送应用中能够实现细密粒度(fine-grained)速率适配的方法是非常希望的。本发明提供一个具有可变频率的“虚拟时钟”,它能被多媒体流送服务器使用,来使传输速率动态地适配于变化的网络情况。这个“虚拟时钟”补偿因特网实时传输协议(RTP)的一个潜在缺陷,其用一个时间戳(timestamp)标记它所递送的每个分组并且预期服务器使用这个时间戳来调度这个特定分组的传输。因此,当RTP被使用时,传输速率被已编码多媒体内容预先确定。通过提供根据本发明的一个“虚拟时钟”,多媒体流送服务器有一个机制来克服这个RTP缺陷,并以平衡内容的带宽要求与网络的带宽可用性的方式来执行传输速率适配。
本发明的“虚拟时钟”处理细密粒度速率适配的问题。流送服务器需要时钟来调度加了时间戳的RTP分组的传输。如果时钟以一个恒定速率前向移动,那么传输速率将被通常在编码阶段生成的RTP时间戳预先确定。
相比之下,根据本发明的“虚拟时钟”采用一个时变频率。当这样一个时钟被服务器使用来调度传输时,它提供一个变量来加到被编码器预先确定的传输速率上。用这种方式,传输速率能够按照它对变化的网络情况的响应而富有弹性。
例如,如图1a中所示,假定一个实际时钟频率为1100。分别如图1b和1c中所示,“虚拟时钟”能够采用一个较大的频率102或较小的频率104。当“虚拟时钟”的频率变成与1相比较大的频率104时,它将比实际时钟移动更快。然后,即使一组RTP分组的时间戳序列保持不变,连续分组之间的间隔101也通过使用“虚拟时钟”被缩短103,以便对它们进行调度。RTP分组在网络接口处比正常的更频繁地出现,导致在编码器预先确定的那个传输速率上的增加。相比之下,当“虚拟时钟”采用比1更小的一个频率104时,连续分组之间的间隔101被延长105,并且分组在网络接口处比正常的更不频繁地出现,导致在编码器预先确定的那个传输速率上的降低。每当“虚拟时钟”的频率有一个变化时,在传输速率中将有一个对应变化。因此,根据本发明的“虚拟时钟”是一种有效***和方法,其用于流送应用以便使加了时间戳的RTP分组序列的传输速率适配于网络情况。
因为能够在任何时间尺度上(特别是在小时间尺度上)执行“虚拟时钟”的频率调整,本发明的“虚拟时钟”可用于实现细密粒度的速率适配,并且是“虚拟时钟”的最重要特性。通过把“虚拟时钟”与其它方法组合,比如在上面呈现的示例中,一个流送服务器能够在较大和较小的时间尺度上匹配它的传输速率,从而实现对动态网络情况的更好的响应性。改良了的响应性导致更好的网络资源利用和更好的视频质量。
图1a说明了对于一个实际的时钟、在网络接口处的分组到达时间。
图1b说明了对于根据本发明的其频率大于图1a中说明的实际时钟频率的“虚拟时钟”、在网络接口处的分组到达时间。
图1c说明了对于根据本发明的其频率小于图1a中说明的实际时钟频率的“虚拟时钟”、在网络接口处的分组到达时间。
假定f(t)是“虚拟时钟”的频率,R0(t)是预先确定的RTP分组速率,RL(t)是这种流送应用可用的网络带宽,并且实际时钟频率是1。同时假定T是一个时间周期,其间实际时钟和“虚拟时钟”在时间空间中前进相同的距离。即:
T = ∫ 0 T f ( t ) dt - - - ( 1 )
在一个优选实施例中,“虚拟时钟”的频率被配置如下
公式(1)规定一个关于如何配置“虚拟时钟”的频率的总原则,如此以使在每T时间之后,两个时钟重新同步,这是实时流送应用所需要的。
从储存在服务器中的已编码内容中获得R0(t)。RL(t)由服务器处的网络接口驱动器或者驻留在网络中或接收机处的某些专用网络组件来测量,并且其计算流送应用的可用带宽。
例如,在图2中说明的无线家中流送200的情况中,由于射频干扰和信道衰落,无线链路容量(比如RL(t))会随着时间改变。在图2中说明的一个优选实施例中,一个监视器被放置到无线网络驱动器203中,以使该驱动器测量RL(t)并将测量结果发送回205流送服务器206,从而允许传输速率被实时适配于无线链路状态。用这种方式,可以避免不必要的分组丢弃,并且整体吞吐量能够被改良。
在另一优选实施例中,为了与实际时钟服务并行地由主计算机提供“虚拟时钟”服务给流送应用,一个内核函数被实现,其具有如下形式:
void getvirtualclockfrequency(double demandbandwidth,double*virtualfrequency)。
当被调用时,此函数与网卡驱动器或较低层协议交互作用,以便返回一个虚拟频率给服务器。然后服务器把实际时钟映射到该“虚拟时钟”。
如图3所示,本发明的“虚拟时钟”可以在应用层300实现,但是它的频率由一个较低层控制,在一个优选实施例中这是链路层(或层2)301。链路层持续监视链路状态。如果可用容量比目标容量(一个控制参考)更高,那么链路层将向上发送一个大于1或者小于1的时钟频率f(t)302。
如上所述并且如附图中示出的那样,本发明的***和方法基于变化的网络情况提供了一个“虚拟时钟”。本领域技术人员应该理解:在不偏离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在本发明的方法和***中可以进行各种修改和变化。因此,本发明意图包括落在所附权利要求书及其等效表述的范围内的修改和变化。

Claims (20)

1.一种通信网络(207),包括:
一个实际时钟(100),它基于已编码内容为一个流送应用确定一个预先确定的RTP分组传输速率R0(t);
一个具有频率f(t)的实际时钟(102)(104),所述频率确定流送应用的动态传输速率;
一个流送服务器(206),它以流送应用的确定的动态传输速率传输多个RTP分组;和
一个网络组件(203),它计算流送应用的可用带宽RL(t)(202),
其中,基于RL(t)(202)和R0(t)动态地调整f(t)。
2.根据权利要求1的通信网络(207),其中流送服务器(206)是一个多媒体流送服务器。
3.根据权利要求1的通信网络(207),其中实际时钟(102)(104)的频率f(t)被配置如下:
如果实际时钟(100)被假定具有频率f(t)=1并且T是一个其间实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)在时间空间中前进相同距离的时间周期,即
T = ∫ 0 T f ( t ) dt ,
则有
其中τ由 T = ∫ 0 τ f ( t ) dt 确定,并且
R0(t)是基于内容的一个预先确定的RTP分组速率,
其中,在每T时间之后,实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)重新同步。
4.根据权利要求3的通信网络(207),其中RL(t)由流送服务器(206)处的一个网络接口驱动器、驻留在网络(207)中的一组一个或多个专用网络组件(203)、以及在接收机处的一组一个或多个专用组件之一来测量。
5.根据权利要求4的通信网络(207),其中网络(207)是一个无线网络,并且接收机处的该组一个或多个专用组件是放置到无线网络驱动器中的一个监视器,如此以使该驱动器测量RL(t)(202)并且发送所测量的RL(t)(202)到流送服务器(206)。
6.一种用于动态地调整在流送服务器(206)的网络(207)上的传输速率的设备,包括:
一个实际时钟(100),它基于已编码内容为一个流送应用确定一个预先确定的RTP分组传输速率R0(t);
一个具有频率f(t)的实际时钟(102)(104),所述频率确定流送应用的动态传输速率;和
一个网络组件(203),它计算流送应用的可用带宽RL(t)(202),
其中,基于RL(t)(202)和f(t)(302)动态地调整f(t)。
7.根据权利要求6的设备,其中流送服务器(206)是一个多媒体流送服务器。
8.根据权利要求6的设备,其中实际时钟(102)(104)的频率f(t)被配置如下:
如果实际时钟(100)被假定具有频率f(t)=1并且T是一个其间实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)在时间空间中前进相同距离的时间周期,即
T = ∫ 0 T f ( t ) dt
则有
Figure A2003801058650003C2
其中τ由 T = ∫ 0 τ f ( t ) dt 确定,并且
R0(t)是基于内容的一个预先确定的RTP分组速率,
其中,在每T时间之后,实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)重新同步。
9.根据权利要求8的设备,其中RL(t)由流送服务器(206)处的一个网络接口驱动器、驻留在网络(207)中的一组一个或多个专用网络组件(203)、以及在接收机处的一组一个或多个专用组件之一来测量。
10.根据权利要求9的设备,其中网络(207)是一个无线网络,并且接收机处的该组一个或多个专用组件是放置到无线网络驱动器中的一个监视器,如此以使该驱动器测量RL(t)(202)并且发送所测量的RL(t)(202)到流送服务器(206)。
11.一个用于使流送服务器(206)能够执行动态传输速率适配的实际时钟(102)(104),包括:
一个实际时钟(100),它基于已编码内容为一个流送应用确定一个预先确定的RTP分组传输速率R0(t);
用于动态地设置实际时钟(102)(104)的频率f(t)的装置,所述频率确定流送应用的RTP分组传输速率;和
一个网络组件(203),它计算流送应用的可用带宽RL(t)(202),
其中,基于RL(t)(202)和R0(t)动态地调整f(t)(302)。
12.根据权利要求11的实际时钟(102)(104),其中流送服务器(206)是一个多媒体流送服务器。
13.根据权利要求11的实际时钟(102)(104),其中用于确定实际时钟(102)(104)的频率f(t)的装置是如下配置频率f(t)的模块:
如果实际时钟(100)被假定具有频率f(t)=1并且T是一个其间实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)在时间空间中前进相同距离的时间周期,即
T = ∫ 0 T f ( t ) dt ,
则有
Figure A2003801058650004C2
其中τ由 T = ∫ 0 τ f ( t ) dt 确定,并且
R0(t)是基于内容的一个预先确定的RTP分组速率,
其中,在每T时间之后,实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)重新同步。
14.根据权利要求11的实际时钟(102)(104),其中RL(t)由服务器处的一个网络接口驱动器、驻留在网络(207)中的一组一个或多个专用网络组件(203)、以及在接收机处的一组一个或多个专用组件之一来测量,并且其计算流送应用的可用带宽。
15.根据权利要求11的实际时钟(102)(104),其中网络(207)是一个无线网络,并且接收机处的该组一个或多个专用组件是放置到无线网络驱动器中的一个监视器,如此以使该驱动器测量RL(t)(202)并且发送所测量的RL(t)(202)到流送服务器(206)。
16.一个在协议的应用层(300)处实现权利要求13的实际时钟(102)(104)的操作***内核函数,
其中该函数与协议的较低层(301)交互作用以便返回虚拟频率f(t)(302)。
17.一种用于实现实际时钟(102)(104)的方法,以使流送服务器(206)能够执行对网络(207)上的RTP分组传输的动态传输速率适配,该方法包括如下步骤:
提供一个实际时钟(100),它基于已编码内容为一个流送应用确定一个预先确定的RTP分组传输速率R0(t);
动态地配置实际时钟(102)(104)的频率f(t),所述频率确定一个流送应用的RTP分组传输速率;和
监视流送应用的可用带宽RL(t)(202),
基于RL(t)(202)和R0(t)动态地调整f(t)(302)。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中配置步骤还包括如下步骤:
a.如果实际时钟(100)被假定具有频率f(t)=1并且T是一个其间实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)在时间空间中前进相同距离的时间周期,即
T = ∫ 0 T f ( t ) dt ,
则计算
Figure A2003801058650006C2
其中τ由 T = ∫ 0 τ f ( t ) dt 确定,并且
R0(t)是基于内容的一个预先确定的RTP分组速率,
b.在每T时间之后,重新同步实际时钟(100)和实际时钟(102)(104)。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,还包括如下步骤:
由服务器处的一个网络接口驱动器、驻留在网络(207)中的一组一个或多个专用网络组件(203)、以及在接收机处的一组一个或多个专用组件之一来测量RL(t),并且其计算流送应用的可用带宽。
20.根据权利要求18的方法,其中:
网络(207)是一个无线网络;
接收机处的该组一个或多个专用组件是放置到无线网络驱动器中的一个监视器;
所述监视步骤还包括如下步骤:
c.由监视器RL(t)(202)测量RL(t)(202);和
d.发送所测量的RL(t)(202)到流送
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CN100450103C (zh) * 2006-09-20 2009-01-07 华为技术有限公司 流量整形的方法和装置
CN101212690B (zh) * 2006-12-26 2011-04-20 中兴通讯股份有限公司 多媒体视音频流唇音同步的调测方法
CN109560894A (zh) * 2018-12-24 2019-04-02 京信通信***(中国)有限公司 一种直放站传输速率适配的方法及设备

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CN100450103C (zh) * 2006-09-20 2009-01-07 华为技术有限公司 流量整形的方法和装置
CN101212690B (zh) * 2006-12-26 2011-04-20 中兴通讯股份有限公司 多媒体视音频流唇音同步的调测方法
WO2008106887A1 (fr) * 2007-03-06 2008-09-12 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Procédé de réglage de fréquence d'horloge et client et système associés
CN109560894A (zh) * 2018-12-24 2019-04-02 京信通信***(中国)有限公司 一种直放站传输速率适配的方法及设备
CN109560894B (zh) * 2018-12-24 2021-06-22 京信通信***(中国)有限公司 一种直放站传输速率适配的方法及设备

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