CN1708671A - 多个方向上的距离的无接触测量设备 - Google Patents

多个方向上的距离的无接触测量设备 Download PDF

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CN1708671A
CN1708671A CNA2003801019471A CN200380101947A CN1708671A CN 1708671 A CN1708671 A CN 1708671A CN A2003801019471 A CNA2003801019471 A CN A2003801019471A CN 200380101947 A CN200380101947 A CN 200380101947A CN 1708671 A CN1708671 A CN 1708671A
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coil
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CN1332174C (zh
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菲利普·布勒
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Mecos AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C32/00Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/04Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
    • F16C32/0406Magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/044Active magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/0444Details of devices to control the actuation of the electromagnets
    • F16C32/0446Determination of the actual position of the moving member, e.g. details of sensors
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/20Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
    • G01D5/204Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the mutual induction between two or more coils
    • G01D5/2046Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the mutual induction between two or more coils by a movable ferromagnetic element, e.g. a core
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/20Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
    • G01D5/204Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the mutual induction between two or more coils
    • G01D5/2053Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the mutual induction between two or more coils by a movable non-ferromagnetic conductive element
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05GCONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/0474Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks characterised by means converting mechanical movement into electric signals
    • G05G2009/04755Magnetic sensor, e.g. hall generator, pick-up coil

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Mechanical Control Devices (AREA)
  • Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)
  • Position Input By Displaying (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于对导电体(2,22)的多个方向上的距离(10,20)进行无接触测量的设备,包括多个感应元件(1,4,7),所述多个感应元件(1,4,7)的至少一个(1)基本上绕所述体(2)放置。其他感应元件或其他磁场传感器(4,7)被提供在所述一个感应元件(1)的附近。具有这些特征的所述设备允许在单个电路板上集成多轴感应传感器。

Description

多个方向上的距离的无接触测量设备
本发明涉及一种用于对多个方向上的距离进行无接触测量的设备,并且特别涉及一种多轴位置传感器。
对于无接触位置测量,感应传感器可被使用。这种传感器的工作原理是基于对依赖于传感器和目标体之间的距离的传感器线圈的电感或阻尼的测量。依赖于目标材料(铁磁性或导电性,或者两者)和测量频率,线圈的电感或阻尼会是产生主导效应的因素。
为以低成本获得高可再现性,扁平传感器线圈可被集成在电路板上。使用扁平线圈的依照现有技术的传感器显示出垂直于传感器线圈平面的高位置灵敏度。对传感器线圈平面内的侧向x-和y-位置的测量原本是困难的。为在单个电路板上集成用于测量多个方向上的距离的多轴感应传感器,线圈绕组必须接近于目标体所处的电路板的边缘而被集中以获得足够大的灵敏度。然而,当使用电路板时,绕组将总是被散布在表面上以获得足够高的匝数。因此,该设置的电感或灵敏度将是低的,并且对应地,单个电路板上传感器的集成不能被认为是令人满意的。
US 4,642,595公开了一种操纵杆,其具有绕所述体的同心线圈,以及在主线圈旁的许多附加线圈,其中,所述体被形成为由铁氧体材料制成的芯。
US 4,825,157公开了另一种操纵杆,其作为霍尔传感器工作并且使用磁芯。
两个现有技术文档都公开了磁性且非导电性芯体的用途。
依照所述现有技术,本发明的目的是克服所述缺点。
在本发明中,找到了对这些问题的解决方案,从而允许在单个电路板上集成多轴感应传感器。
依照从属权利要求的各种实施例包括在这些传感器的应用中的进一步的优点。
典型地被实现为线圈的若干电感以使目标体的位置可被测量的方式被设置。在该情况下的位置测量指的是对所述体可在空间上进行的所有旋转和平移的测量。根据设置,一个、两个或直至所有六个轴可被同时测量。在旋转对称体的情况下,绕其对称轴的旋转不能被测量(5自由度(DOF)测量)。与该领域内的大多数其他公知设备形成对比,绕其对称轴的旋转被认为是较不重要的。
在如US 4,642,595中的现有技术的解决方案中,磁场被引导于磁体内。如果所述体正在一个方向上移动(例如向左),则所述侧上的检测器较邻近于铁氧体芯并且收到较大的磁场。
依照本发明,转子由全导电性圆柱制成,例如钢或铝。涡流避免了磁场存在于所述材料内。因此,如果所述体正在一个方向上移动(例如向左),则磁场在所述侧上被目标体的涡流部分抑制。总磁场向相反方向移动(例如向右)。相反侧上的检测器接收较大的信号。如果同心线圈和目标体之间的间隙与其直径相比是小的,则总磁场的运动比目标体的运动大得多。这导致高灵敏度。
现在将结合在附图中示出的示例性实施例来描述本发明,在附图中:
图1示出依照本发明的设备的第一配置的示意性透视图,
图2示出依照图1的设备的示意性平面图,
图3示出依照本发明的设备的第二配置的示意性平面图,
图4示出依照本发明的设备的第三配置的示意性平面图,其具有信号处理设置,
图5示出依照本发明的设备的第四配置的示意性平面图,
图6示出依照本发明的设备的第五配置的示意性平面图,
图7示出依照图6的设备的示意性断面侧视图,
图8示出依照本发明的设备的第六配置的示意性平面图,
图9示出依照图8的设备的示意性断面侧视图;
图10示出依照本发明的设备的第七配置的示意性平面图,并且
图11示出依照图10的设备的接线电路布局。
图1示出依照本发明的设备的第一配置的示意性透视图。线圈1被缠绕于导电性可移动目标体2上并且由通过线3和发生器13的高频电流来激励。目标体2是导电体但不是由铁磁材料制成。与小独立线圈仅绕目标体放置的常规设置不同,所述线圈以使其绕组完全包围所述体的方式被设置。因此,与常规设置相比,线圈1的电感是高的。这种线圈1的场被在导电体2中感应的涡流抑制。这导致可移动体2和线圈1之间的间隙10中的场集中。所述场高度依赖于间隙大小10。这样,体2的位置对总的场分布具有大影响。
该效应并不改变线圈1的电参数,这是因为所述体的一侧上增加的间隙11被相反侧上减小的间隙补偿。总场大约是恒定的,然而,场的分布随***置而变化。磁场传感器4被用于沿线圈1的绕组绕所述体2测量场分布的不对称性。传感器4被或多或少地设置在空心圆柱设备的相同平面14内。所得到的设置对于小的侧向目标体运动(X和Y方向)具有好的灵敏度,易于制造,并且由于线圈1的大电感,可以以相对低的频率来工作。
申请人准备有依照本发明的设备,其中,体2的直径为20毫米。形成绕体2的平面的基板14的内边缘具有21毫米的直径。因此,依照本发明的一个实施例,间隙大小10是0.5毫米。
该实施例被选择和设置以使体2的直径和间隙10的宽度之间有40∶1的关系。如果体2向右移动例如0.3毫米,则间隙12减小到0.2毫米,相反的间隙增加到0.8毫米。因此磁场将向左侧移动大约12毫米。
设备的工作如下。静止线圈1在环形基板14上尽可能邻近于基板14的内周边地包围可移动目标体2。这样的距离可降低到0.2毫米。典型地处于100千赫到10兆赫范围内的高频交流电3被产生于发生器13内并且通过线圈1。这种设置的好处是其紧凑性一可仅使用小空间来实现大线圈电感。磁场传感器4被实施为线圈。绕目标体2设置的这些附加线圈4被用于测量由高频场感应的电压,所述场由线圈1产生。这些电压依赖于目标体的位置并因此得到用于X-和Y-方向的独立位置信号。
线缆3与设备的尺度相比可以是长的,例如100比1,并且仅允许相对低的频率。
用于高频交流电的可能频率范围依赖于设备的尺度。所述频率必须足够高以使所产生的磁场的实质部分(substantial part)不能进入导电体2;换句话说,在导电体2中感应的涡流移位和抑制线圈1的磁场。
图2示出依照图1的设备的示意性平面图。在所有附图中,相同的特征具有相同的参考数字。在图1和2的实施例内,使用四个线圈4。
产生这种位置信号的类似设置亦可通过提供较多或较少的传感线圈来实现,如针对图3和4中所示的实例。在图3内,依照本发明的设备的第二配置使用3个线圈4,而图4示出六个线圈4。
即使每线圈的绕组数是低的(例如五匝),并且即使线圈大小是小的(例如10毫米线圈直径),依照本发明的线圈的设置亦导致足够大的电感。结果,该测量原理适合于在电路板(PCB)上的集成。电路板的使用亦确保了在与图1中所示相同的平面14中在一个生产步骤中提供所有线圈1和4的可能性,允许可再现及低成本的制造过程以及最优的线圈布置。线圈1和线圈4可以很接近于目标体2地被竖起放置为多层设置,得到更加改进的分辨率,见图7。对于所有提及的实施例,在导电体2中感应的涡流抑制线圈1的场。导电体2然后几乎没有磁场线。这导致可移动体2和固定线圈1之间的间隙10中的所述场集中。
通过添加附加的线圈,与常规传感器原理的组合允许测量垂直的z方向上的距离。
只要涡流效应占优,就有可能使用铁磁目标体,因此所述电感设置仍可使用。
线圈1和4形成耦合电感的***。所得到的信号可基于对线圈阻抗的测量而被估计。这可以按照不同方式来实现。高频交流电3亦可被施加于线圈4,代替将其连接到线圈1,这样的电流,从而在线圈1中产生可测量的信号。被施加于线圈4的电流可被选择具有彼此的相位偏差或具有不同的频率。
典型为约100皮法的电容器可被并联连接到线圈4和1以补偿线圈的感抗电流,其由此降低线缆中的电流。这得到强烈地依赖于目标体2的位置的谐振电路。在所呈现的设置中,由于电感的耦合,与单个独立线圈相比,谐振频率变得明显较低。较低的电流和较低的频率两者对通过连接到该设置的线缆进行的信号传输都是有利的。
图4示出依照本发明的设备的第三配置的示意性平面图,其具有信号处理装置。通过图4中的装置5进行的信号处理可被差动地实现以消除传感器漂移。此外,公知的同步解调6可被使用。然而,我们必须注意,对信号的多个不同的处理装置和处理方法可从现有技术中获得。信号处理装置5优选地与线圈1和4一起被集成在基板上。然而,必须指出,馈线3和测量线的小灵敏度允许分离传感器及其信号处理装置。
可使用其他磁场传感器来代替线圈4,比方说例如,如霍尔传感器可被使用。图5示出依照本发明的设备的第四配置的示意性平面图,其具有三个磁场传感器,使用霍尔传感器4而不是线圈。
图6示出依照本发明的设备的第五配置的示意性平面图,并且图7示出依照图6中的线VII-VII的依照图6的设备的示意性断面侧视图。在图6的实施例内,Z-方向上轴向目标***置可另外通过测量到目标体2上的台阶或槽口(notch)22的距离(或间隙)来确定。在该设置中,距离测量可通过估计线圈4的信号之和或通过估计线圈1的阻抗来实现。图7实际上在一个附图中示出了两个不同的实施例。在图7的左手侧,线圈1在基板上和下被准备于最内的周边上,并且线圈4在距离z轴的较大距离内被准备在与线圈1相同的平面内。在图7的右手侧,多层设置被示出,其中线圈4被准备成夹在线圈1的两个部分之间。
图8示出依照本发明的设备的第六配置的示意性平面图,并且图9示出依照图8的设备的断面侧视图。借助附加线圈7,测量装置可以被扩展到附加的自由度(DOF)。图8示出这种附加线圈7分别在线圈1和4的径向外侧被提供的设置。在图8的实施例内,Z-方向上轴向目标体的位置可另外通过测量到目标体2的较大圆柱部分22的间隙20来确定。除了X-、Y-和Z-方向上的位移以外,这些线圈7还允许估计关于X-和Y-轴的旋转(倾斜)角度。从图9中可以看出,线圈4和7被提供在面对较大圆柱部分22的基板14的下表面上,而圆柱包围线圈1在另一个基板侧上被提供于基板14的内周边处。
图10示出依照本发明的设备的第七配置的示意性平面图,并且图11示出依照图10的设备的接线电路布局。线圈1由4个分离的绕组组成。每个线圈4都被串联连接到线圈1的对应绕组。这导致较少的连接接线。为较好地观察,图10仅示出绕组的一匝。激励信号13被馈送给所有线圈4,并且线圈4的阻抗被测量。图11示出两层接线板。实线示出顶层上的接线,虚线示出底层上的接线,并且点是两个层之间的互连。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于对导电体(2,22)的多个方向上的距离(10,20)进行无接触测量的设备,包括多个感应元件(1,4,7),特征在于所述多个感应元件(1,4,7)的至少一个(1)基本上在所述体(2)周围放置,并且在于其他感应元件或其他磁场传感器(4,7)被提供在所述一个感应元件(1)的附近。
2.如权利要求1的设备,其中,所述感应元件(1,4,7)是线圈,尤其是印刷线圈。
3.如权利要求2的设备,其中,所述其他线圈(4,7)是在所述体(2)周围不同角度位置上放置的单个线圈,并且所述一个线圈(1)被绕在所述体(2)上。
4.如权利要求2或3的设备,其中高频电流被馈送给所述一个线圈(1),并且来自其他线圈(4,7)的输出信号被检测。
5.如权利要求1到3中一项的设备,其中,所述高频电流被馈送给绕所述体(2)的感应元件(1),其中,所述频率足够高以使所产生的磁场的大部分不能进入所述导电体(2)。
6.如前述权利要求中任何一项的设备,其中,所述其他线圈(4;7)以偶数被提供并且其中相对的线圈被差动地耦合。
7.如前述权利要求中任何一项的设备,其中,所述其他线圈(4,7)被并联地提供有电容以形成谐振电路。
8.如前述权利要求中任何一项的设备,其中,所述体(2)包括法兰部分(22),并且其中另外的单个线圈(7)在法兰部分(22)的表面附近所述体(22)周围的不同角度位置上被放置。
9.如权利要求1到8中任何一项的设备用于操纵杆、转向齿轮、马达转子或计算机输入装置的角度检测。
10.如权利要求1到8中任何一项的设备用于控制磁性轴承的位置。
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