CN1682504A - 在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法 - Google Patents

在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN1682504A
CN1682504A CNA038223686A CN03822368A CN1682504A CN 1682504 A CN1682504 A CN 1682504A CN A038223686 A CNA038223686 A CN A038223686A CN 03822368 A CN03822368 A CN 03822368A CN 1682504 A CN1682504 A CN 1682504A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
time
user
datagram
area
transmission cycle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CNA038223686A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
CN100466638C (zh
Inventor
卡尔-海因茨·克劳斯
卡尔·韦伯
迪特尔·布吕克纳
迪特尔·克洛茨
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of CN1682504A publication Critical patent/CN1682504A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN100466638C publication Critical patent/CN100466638C/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/10—Code generation
    • H04J13/12—Generation of orthogonal codes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
    • G06F11/20—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements
    • G06F11/2002—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements where interconnections or communication control functionality are redundant
    • G06F11/2005—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements where interconnections or communication control functionality are redundant using redundant communication controllers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
    • G06F11/20—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements
    • G06F11/2002—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements where interconnections or communication control functionality are redundant
    • G06F11/2007—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements where interconnections or communication control functionality are redundant using redundant communication media
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
    • G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
    • G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
    • G06F21/6245—Protecting personal data, e.g. for financial or medical purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/10—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/12—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic shopping systems
    • G06Q20/123—Shopping for digital content
    • G06Q20/1235—Shopping for digital content with control of digital rights management [DRM]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/385—Payment protocols; Details thereof using an alias or single-use codes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/42—Confirmation, e.g. check or permission by the legal debtor of payment
    • G06Q20/425—Confirmation, e.g. check or permission by the legal debtor of payment using two different networks, one for transaction and one for security confirmation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/02—Marketing; Price estimation or determination; Fundraising
    • G06Q30/0241—Advertisements
    • G06Q30/0277—Online advertisement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00—Commerce
    • G06Q30/06—Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G06Q30/0601—Electronic shopping [e-shopping]
    • G06Q30/0609—Buyer or seller confidence or verification
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/10—Services
    • G06Q50/18—Legal services
    • G06Q50/188—Electronic negotiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/16—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for devices exhibiting advertisements, announcements, pictures or the like
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0602—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using antenna switching
    • H04B7/0604—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using antenna switching with predefined switching scheme
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/084—Equal gain combining, only phase adjustments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H04B7/15528—Control of operation parameters of a relay station to exploit the physical medium
    • H04B7/15535—Control of relay amplifier gain
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0064—Concatenated codes
    • H04L1/0066—Parallel concatenated codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0067—Rate matching
    • H04L1/0068—Rate matching by puncturing
    • H04L1/0069—Puncturing patterns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/08—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by repeating transmission, e.g. Verdan system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1812—Hybrid protocols; Hybrid automatic repeat request [HARQ]
    • H04L1/1819—Hybrid protocols; Hybrid automatic repeat request [HARQ] with retransmission of additional or different redundancy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1835—Buffer management
    • H04L1/1841—Resequencing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1848—Time-out mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/12—Arrangements for remote connection or disconnection of substations or of equipment thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H04L12/2869—Operational details of access network equipments
    • H04L12/287—Remote access server, e.g. BRAS
    • H04L12/2874—Processing of data for distribution to the subscribers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/40—Bus networks
    • H04L12/40052—High-speed IEEE 1394 serial bus
    • H04L12/40078—Bus configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/40—Bus networks
    • H04L12/40169—Flexible bus arrangements
    • H04L12/40176—Flexible bus arrangements involving redundancy
    • H04L12/40195—Flexible bus arrangements involving redundancy by using a plurality of nodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/44—Star or tree networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/64—Hybrid switching systems
    • H04L12/6418—Hybrid transport
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/12—Discovery or management of network topologies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/22—Traffic shaping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H04L47/2441—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS relying on flow classification, e.g. using integrated services [IntServ]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/28—Flow control; Congestion control in relation to timing considerations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/34—Flow control; Congestion control ensuring sequence integrity, e.g. using sequence numbers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/50—Queue scheduling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/50—Queue scheduling
    • H04L47/62—Queue scheduling characterised by scheduling criteria
    • H04L47/621—Individual queue per connection or flow, e.g. per VC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0042—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path intra-user or intra-terminal allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0078—Timing of allocation
    • H04L5/0082—Timing of allocation at predetermined intervals
    • H04L5/0083—Timing of allocation at predetermined intervals symbol-by-symbol
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
    • H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/06—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network
    • H04L63/065—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network for group communications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
    • H04L63/0807—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using tickets, e.g. Kerberos
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/10—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for controlling access to devices or network resources
    • H04L63/102—Entity profiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/14—Session management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/2866—Architectures; Arrangements
    • H04L67/30—Profiles
    • H04L67/306—User profiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/51—Discovery or management thereof, e.g. service location protocol [SLP] or web services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
    • H04L69/168—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP] specially adapted for link layer protocols, e.g. asynchronous transfer mode [ATM], synchronous optical network [SONET] or point-to-point protocol [PPP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/253—Telephone sets using digital voice transmission
    • H04M1/2535—Telephone sets using digital voice transmission adapted for voice communication over an Internet Protocol [IP] network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M7/00—Arrangements for interconnection between switching centres
    • H04M7/0024—Services and arrangements where telephone services are combined with data services
    • H04M7/0057—Services where the data services network provides a telephone service in addition or as an alternative, e.g. for backup purposes, to the telephone service provided by the telephone services network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M7/00—Arrangements for interconnection between switching centres
    • H04M7/006—Networks other than PSTN/ISDN providing telephone service, e.g. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), including next generation networks with a packet-switched transport layer
    • H04M7/0066—Details of access arrangements to the networks
    • H04M7/0069—Details of access arrangements to the networks comprising a residential gateway, e.g. those which provide an adapter for POTS or ISDN terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client 
    • H04N21/61—Network physical structure; Signal processing
    • H04N21/6106—Network physical structure; Signal processing specially adapted to the downstream path of the transmission network
    • H04N21/6125—Network physical structure; Signal processing specially adapted to the downstream path of the transmission network involving transmission via Internet
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client 
    • H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
    • H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
    • H04N21/64723—Monitoring of network processes or resources, e.g. monitoring of network load
    • H04N21/64738—Monitoring network characteristics, e.g. bandwidth, congestion level
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client 
    • H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
    • H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
    • H04N21/64784—Data processing by the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
    • H04W28/14—Flow control between communication endpoints using intermediate storage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
    • H04W52/143—Downlink power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H04W52/245—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account received signal strength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/46—TPC being performed in particular situations in multi hop networks, e.g. wireless relay networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/48—TPC being performed in particular situations during retransmission after error or non-acknowledgment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/02—Hybrid access
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W8/00—Network data management
    • H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
    • H04W8/04—Registration at HLR or HSS [Home Subscriber Server]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
    • G06F11/1608—Error detection by comparing the output signals of redundant hardware
    • G06F11/1625—Error detection by comparing the output signals of redundant hardware in communications, e.g. transmission, interfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/2101—Auditing as a secondary aspect
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/2141—Access rights, e.g. capability lists, access control lists, access tables, access matrices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/2149—Restricted operating environment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0891—Space-time diversity
    • H04B7/0894—Space-time diversity using different delays between antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H04B7/15507—Relay station based processing for cell extension or control of coverage area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1835—Buffer management
    • H04L1/1845—Combining techniques, e.g. code combining
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link
    • H04L2001/0096—Channel splitting in point-to-point links
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/40—Bus networks
    • H04L2012/40208—Bus networks characterized by the use of a particular bus standard
    • H04L2012/40241—Flexray
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/40—Bus networks
    • H04L2012/40267—Bus for use in transportation systems
    • H04L2012/40273—Bus for use in transportation systems the transportation system being a vehicle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/64—Hybrid switching systems
    • H04L12/6418—Hybrid transport
    • H04L2012/6445—Admission control
    • H04L2012/6462—Movable boundaries in packets or frames
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/12—Details relating to cryptographic hardware or logic circuitry
    • H04L2209/127—Trusted platform modules [TPM]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
    • H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
    • H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
    • H04L69/324—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the data link layer [OSI layer 2], e.g. HDLC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/16—Discovering, processing access restriction or access information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/22—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands
    • H04W52/225—Calculation of statistics, e.g. average, variance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H04W52/241—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account channel quality metrics, e.g. SIR, SNR, CIR, Eb/lo
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H04W52/242—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account path loss
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W8/00—Network data management
    • H04W8/005—Discovery of network devices, e.g. terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
    • Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
    • Y10S707/99933—Query processing, i.e. searching
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
    • Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
    • Y10S707/99933—Query processing, i.e. searching
    • Y10S707/99936—Pattern matching access
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
    • Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
    • Y10S707/99939—Privileged access

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Development Economics (AREA)
  • Economics (AREA)
  • Marketing (AREA)
  • Bioethics (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Tourism & Hospitality (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Game Theory and Decision Science (AREA)
  • Technology Law (AREA)
  • Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
  • Human Resources & Organizations (AREA)
  • Primary Health Care (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
  • Communication Control (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Small-Scale Networks (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法，该通信***例如是具有线形或环形用户设置的通信***(38、39)。在该方法中，在一个传输周期(31)的保留的第一区域(20)中传输实时临界数据电报，而无需在转发的用户中事先计划其发送和接收时刻，其中由所有用户在所有传输周期中通过监控保证一个传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的时间开始(21)。一个传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的持续时间在此例如可以固定地预先给定或设置，但优选的可以例如采用超时方法来自动设置。

Description

在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法。此外，本发明还涉及一种对应的通信***和这种通信***的用户。
背景技术
通信***应当理解为具有多个用户的***，这些用户为了相互交换数据或者说相互传输数据的目的而借助网络连接相互连接。在此，待传输的数据作为数据电报发送，也就是说，将该数据组合成一个或多个分组，并以这种形式通过网络连接发送到相应的接收者。因此也称为数据分组。在此，“传输数据”的概念与上面提到的传输数据电报或数据分组的概念同义。
通信***的用户例如是中央自动化设备，编程、设计和操作设备、诸如输入/输出组件的外设，驱动器，执行器，传感器，存储可编程控制器(SPS)或其它检查单元，计算机或与其它机器交换电子数据、尤其是处理其它机器的数据的机器。用户还可以称为网络节点或节点。
控制单元在下面理解为各种类型的调节单元或控制单元，但也可以是耦合节点(所谓的交换机)和/或交换机控制器。作为通信***或者说数据网络，例如采用交换通信***，例如交换以太网、工业以太网，尤其是等时实时以太网。
传输速率≥100MB/s的通信***通常是交换高导电数据网络，并由具有所谓的活跃节点或耦合节点(也称为交换机)的分别连接在各用户之间的单个点对点连接组成。每个耦合结点一般都具有多个端口，并因此能根据端口数与对应数目的用户连接。交换机一般是独立的设备，也就是本身也可以是用户，但交换机被放大地直接集成到所连接的设备或用户中。
在分布式自动化***中，例如在驱动技术领域，特定数据必须在特定时刻到达对此特定的用户，并由该接收者进行处理。在此，将其称为实时临界数据或者说是数据交换，因为数据的非实时到达特定地点会在用户中引起不期望的后果。
在这种分布式自动化***中，在硬件和软件中并行使用互联网通信技术以及连接到互联网或企业内部网是非常有利的。但是，互联网通信是自发性的通信，也就是说一次数据传输的时间和数据量是无法预先确定的。由此可能发生的在网络连接线(在共享介质数据网络中)或在交换机(交换数据网络)中的冲突/等待状态会导致非确定性的行为。
交换机中的不可预见的延迟有两个原因：
-在进行的数据传输不能被中断。因此在每个交换机中，实时临界数据电报都可能遭遇到正在传输的最大长度的数据电报。该最坏情况下的延迟时间在此虽然可以计算，但由此产生的时间在具有很多串行连接的交换机的数据网络中是不可接受的。
-在过载情况下，在存储器紧缺时一个交换机有时不能再接收数据电报。可能情况下甚至会丢失数据电报。在这种情况下，对最坏情况的预见根本是不可能的。
由此，无法保证如实现如很多自动化技术任务所需要的时间高度精确的通信。尤其是，不能将这种实时通信与其它自发互联网通信混合。
迄今为止公知的方法都以调度为前提。由此避免了等待状况。在交换网络中，强迫所有交换机参与该调度就足够了。由此可以连接任意终端用户。为此公知的用于通过交换数据网络(尤其是以太网)传输数据的***和方法作为等时实时通信或IRT通信由德国专利申请DE10058524.8公开，其中该***允许混合运行实时临界和非实时临界的、尤其是基于互联网或企业内部网的数据通信。
在该专利申请中公开的***和方法使得可以在交换数据网络中、由例如分布式自动化***的用户和耦合单元组成的数据网络中，通过周期运行来实现实时(RT)临界和非实时(NRT)临界通信。
实时临界通信要事先计划，由此对于所有要传输的实时临界的数据电报，在数据传输之前就已知发送时刻或转发该实时临界数据电报的时刻，也就是说用于传输非实时临界数据的持续时间段自动由用于传输实时临界数据的持续时间段来确定。
传输周期的持续时间是可变的，但是应当在数据传输的时刻之前例如通过控制计算机至少一次性确定，并且对于交换数据网络的所有用户和耦合单元都是等长的。
利用在德国专利申请DE10058524.8中描述的方法，可以建立基于以太网的通信网络，尤其是基于等时以太网的通信网络，
-其节点在亚微秒范围内是同步工作的，
-周期通信恰好在所计划的时刻实施(等时实时通信或IRT通信)，不依赖于该网络内其它任何自发性通信(非实时通信或NRT通信)。
但是，所有参与等时实时通信的用户必须基于特殊的通信硬件，以便
-达到时间同步性，和
-恰好在计划的时刻发送电报。
该方法适用于任何拓扑结构，但需要不仅在参与的终端节点中，而且在所有参与转发的交换机中都存储确定的通信交换的计划数据。
发明内容
因此，本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种改进的方法、改进的通信***以及该通信***的用户，在不需在所有参与转发的交换机中存储确定的通信交换的计划数据的情况下允许进行确定的数据通信。
该技术问题是通过一种用于在具有多个用户的交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法解决的，多个用户借助网络连接相互连接，其中每个用户配置为数据电报的发送者和/或接收者，每个用户具有至少一个用于存储数据电报的缓冲存储器，数据电报以传输周期传输，并且每个传输周期具有至少一个用于传输具有实时临界数据的数据电报的第一区域，以及至少一个用于传输具有非实时临界数据的其它区域，所述方法具有以下步骤：
-标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报；
-确定一个传输周期的第一区域在该传输周期内的时间开始；
-确保非实时临界数据电报的传输在该传输周期的第一区域的开始时结束；
-在该传输周期的第一区域中传输实时临界数据电报。
作为本发明基础的该技术问题同样也是通过具有独立权利要求11的特征的通信***的用户来解决的，以及通过具有独立权利要求24的特征的通信***来解决的。
在本发明的优选实施方式中，通信***是由一个或多个分段构成的，其中至少一个分段不具有分支和/或不具有连结点。对于这种通信***，尤其是只由没有分支和/或连结点的分段组成的通信***，也就是对于诸如线形拓扑结构或环形拓扑结构的简单拓扑结构，本发明的方法可以使用得特别有效。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方式，用唯一的报头来标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报。由此引入特殊的、例如由硬件识别的电报类型，由此可以将包含非实时临界数据的数据电报与实时临界数据电报区分开来。
根据本发明另一优选实施方式，如果在传输周期的第一区域开始之前就在用户中的待发送的非实时临界数据电报的发送直到该传输周期的第一区域开始时不能结束，则不发送该待发送的数据电报，而是将其临时存储在该用户的缓冲存储器中，并且在该传输周期的第一区域结束之后才发送。由此对于为传输实时临界数据电报而保留的传输周期的第一区域(该第一区域例如不是一定要直接位于一个传输周期的开始)，保证该第一区域在一固定的预定时刻开始，并保证该开始。这由相应的用户监控准备用于发送的、上述非实时临界数据电报的数据传输是否没有在第一区域的时间段内。如果是，则不开始有关非实时临界数据电报的发送过程，而是将相应的数据电报立即临时存储在该用户的缓冲存储器中，并在实施临界数据传输结束之后、也就是在第一区域结束之后才进行发送。因此保证了，在传输周期的第一区域的时间段内仅仅传输相应的对于发送或转发具有最高优先级的实时临界数据电报，并因此忽略其它流控制机制。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方式，传输周期的第一区域的时间长度是可以固定设置的。可以这样减小发送实时临界数据电报所需的、并在这种情况下事先已知的相应时间区域，使得不出现其中无法发送数据电报的不需要的等待时间。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方式，可以借助超时方法自动设置传输周期的第一区域的时间长度。超时时间在传输周期的第一区域开始时或直接在传输周期的第一区域内的实时临界数据电报发送结束之后开始运行，其中如果在该超时时间内没有开始发送实时临界数据电报，则该传输周期的第一区域随着该超时时间的运行而结束，或者如果在该超时时间内开始发送实时临界数据电报，则该发送区域就不结束。通过该超时方法保证能在当前传输周期内分别传输所有准备传输的实时临界数据。同时，只利用那些在一个传输周期内的、传输实时临界数据电报所需的时间段。如果例如在当前传输周期内没有发送实时临界数据电报，则有关传输周期的第一区域直接随着超时时间的结束而结束。相反，在发送实时临界数据电报时，当这种发送过程的开始位于超时时间过程内，也就是在超时时间过程结束之前时，该当前传输周期的第一区域分别随着实时临界数据电报的发送而延长。
在实时临界数据电报的传输结束之后，重新开始超时时间的运行。如果在超时时间过程之前开始发送另一个实时临界数据电报，则该当前传输周期的第一区域继续延长，直到该发送过程结束为止。此后又开始运行超时时间。该方法一直继续下去，直到一个超时时间结束，并且在该超时时间内没有开始重新发送一个实时临界数据电报。然后，随着该超时时间的结束，该当前传输周期的第一区域结束，并采用该当前传输周期的另一个直到该传输周期结束时还能利用的区域来传输非实时临界数据电报，尤其是自发互联网或企业内部网数据交换的非实时临界数据电报。
根据本发明一特别有利的实施方式，可以设置超时时间的持续长度。可以根据需要匹配所需的持续时间。
根据本发明另一优选实施方式，为了在相应用户的缓冲存储器中临时存储实时临界数据电报，保留空闲的存储空间，其中，待保留的空闲存储空间的最大数量对应于在该用户中存储的数据或数据电报的数量。在此，为了控制在该用户的缓冲存储器中的空闲存储空间的保留，设置一个对应于待保留空闲存储空间的最大量的标记。此外，在没有超过由该标记表示的该用户的缓冲存储器中的待保留空闲存储空间时，从该用户接收实时临界数据电报和/或控制电报，或者拒绝和/或丢弃非实时临界数据电报。由此，可能临时存储实时临界数据电报所需的最大空闲存储空间总是可供利用，也就是说，保证了实时临界数据电报不会由于存储空间问题(例如缺乏空闲存储空间)而丢失，由此避免了对相应通信***、尤其是分布式自动化***的可能的明显干扰。
可以在简单拓扑结构中，也就是没有分支和/或没有连结点的通信***(例如通信***的线形或环形用户结构)中在本地简单地计算该最大所需的空闲存储空间。在数据传输率在各用户之间的相应网络连接段上都相等这个前提条件下，该最大所需的空闲存储空间分别对应于相应用户本地存储的数据或数据电报的数量。在此，最坏情况假设的基础在于，在待转发数据或数据电报被转发之前，首先发送所有本地存储的数据或数据电报。该存储空间必须相应地事先保留。为此设置一个标记，即用于流控制的现有低水位线。所谓的低水位线是对于相应用户的缓冲存储器中还可供利用的空闲存储空间的一种度量。如果没有超过该界限，则该用户还只能接受、即接收、必要时临时存储和转发实时临界数据电报。此外，还只能接收用于流控制的数据电报，而拒绝或丢弃所有其余的数据电报，尤其是非实时临界数据电报。
在复杂的拓扑结构中，保留增大的最大所需存储空间来临时存储到达的数据电报，尤其是在出现连结点的网络节点中，因为在这种连结点中可能出现回堵(Rueckstau)情况。
如果在用户中的所有实时临界数据电报的相应存储时刻都事先计划在通信网络中，则在对应用户的该缓冲存储器中的存储空间需求可以下降到取决于实施的恒定最小值。由此，从通过两个用户之间的连接段传输的实时临界数据量和直到该连接段所需的传输时间中，可以获得相应当前传输周期的保留时间段的长度(在该时间段内保证传输所有实时临界数据电报)。
此外特别有利的是，所公开的方法可以用于自动化***，尤其是在包装机器、印刷机、塑料喷射机、纺织机、压力机、制造机床、机器人、处理***、木材加工机、玻璃加工机、陶瓷加工机以及起重机。
附图说明
下面借助附图详细解释本发明的优选实施例。其中示出：
图1是本发明的线形通信***的实施例的框图，
图2是本发明的环形通信***的实施例的框图，
图3是示出传输周期以及自动确定保留的时间段原理的框图。
具体实施方式
图1示出本发明线形通信***38的实施例的框图。所示通信***38例如为分布式实时临界的自动化***。该通信***38还可以是交换通信网络，其中该交换通信网络是实时以太网。该通信***38是周期工作的***，也就是说，在一个或多个传输周期或通信周期内进行数据传输。
所示通信***38由多个用户1、2、3、4和5组成，这些用户同时作为数据电报的发送者和接收者。用户1、2、3、4和5可以例如实施为计算机，其它自动化设备、例如驱动器，或单独的耦合单元(也就是交换机)、优选实施为实时以太网交换机。但是，通信***38的每个用户1、2、3、4、5都可以具有一个集成在该用户中的耦合单元，尤其是实时以太网交换机。为了简略显示，省略了集成交换机的显示。交换机用于存储和/或接收和/或转发待传输的数据电报，尤其是实时临界数据电报。用户1、2、3、4、5还称为网络节点。
每个用户1、2、3、4、5都具有至少一个缓冲存储器，其中为简略起见只示出和标示了用户2的缓冲存储器40。通信***38的用户1、2、3、4、5线形设置，并通过网络连接6、7、8、9相互连接。
为了将包含实时临界数据的数据电报和包含非实时临界数据的数据电报区分开来，实时临界数据电报例如在存储时通过用户(例如用户1)设置一个唯一的报头标识。由此，每个用户或者说交换机可以根据到达的数据电报的内容来区分该到达的数据电报，并在转发时进行相应的处理。这是很有必要的，因为是周期性的通信***，其中正如已提到的，在一个或多个传输周期内传输数据。根据本发明，每个通信周期或传输周期在该传输周期内都具有至少一个仅为传输实时临界数据电报而保留的第一区域。该区域在时间上例如位于各传输周期内，从而在该第一区域开始之前和该第一区域结束之后还在该传输周期内提供其它仅为非实时临界通信、也就是例如自发互联网数据交换而保留的传输区域。在图3的描述中可以找到其详细解释。
在通信***38中，例如用户1(控制计算机)向用户5(例如是任何自动化设备，尤其是驱动器)发送实时临界数据。用户5除了从用户1那里获得实时临界数据之外，还从用户2、3、4那里获得实时临界数据，例如实时临界的外设图像。
在实时临界通信***中，通常所有实时临界数据电报的存储时刻都通过相应用户或在该用户中事先计划和已知。在简单拓扑结构中，例如在通信***38的线形拓扑结构中，或者图2的通信***39的环形拓扑结构中，与目前公知的方法相反，根据本发明，不需要象德国专利申请DE10058524.8公开的IRT通信方法那样，必须事先计划接收时刻或由转发用户(例如用户2、3、4)转发存储的数据电报的时刻。
但尽管如此，与此无关地需要一方面不丢失实时临界数据电报，另一方面每个实时临界数据电报都能在正确时刻到达正确的接收者。通过由用户1、2、3、4向用户5提供或转发实时临界数据电报，可能在相应的转发用户2、3、4中发生等待情况。由于这个原因，在各用户1、2、3、4、5中，根据本发明设置了至少一个缓冲存储器，其中为简略起见只在图1中示出用户2的缓冲存储器40。通过在该缓冲存储器中临时存储数据电报，可以防止丢失实时临界数据电报。
在此，在每个缓冲存储器中，尤其是用户2的缓冲存储器40中，分别需要一个最大空闲存储空间，其中也可以实际临时存储所有待转发的实时临界数据电报。在简单拓扑结构中，例如在通信***38的用户1、2、3、4、5的线形结构中，可以在本地简单计算该所需的最大存储空间。如果具有这样的前提条件，即数据传输率在用户1和2之间的相应网络连接线6上、在用户2和3之间的网络连接线7上、在用户3和4之间的网络连接线8以及用户4和5之间的网络连接线9上都分别相等，则该最大所需的空闲存储空间分别对应于由各用户本地存储的数据量或数据电报量。在此，最坏情况假设的基础是，在允许继续发送准备转发的数据电报之前，首先发送所有本地存储的数据或数据电报。该存储空间必须相应地事先在每个用户中进行保留。
为此，根据本发明，在各用户的缓冲存储器中(尤其是用户2的缓冲存储器40)设置一个相应的标记，该标记对应于流控制所需的现有低水位线。该所谓的低水位线是对相应用户的缓冲存储器中(尤其是用户2的缓冲存储器40)还可供利用的空闲存储空间的一种度量。如果没有超过该界限，则用户、尤其是用户2还只能接受或接收和转发、或在转发之前在该缓冲存储器中临时存储实时临界数据电报。该规则的唯一例外是用于流控制的数据电报。该数据电报同样可以被接收，而拒绝或丢弃所有其余的数据电报，尤其是例如在自发互联网交换中出现的非实时临界数据电报。由于在每个用户中设置的标记，也就是低水位线对应于要保留的空闲存储空间的最大值，因此总是为可能的实时临界数据电报的临时存储提供了最大所需的空闲存储空间，也就是说，可以保证不会由于存储空间问题而丢失实时临界数据电报，由此防止出现对相应通信***38的明显干扰。
图2示出本发明环形通信***39的另一个实施例的框图。该通信***39由用户10、11、12、13、14组成，这些用户通过连接用户10和用户11的网络连接线15、连接用户11和用户12的网络连接线16、连接用户12和用户13的网络连接线17、连接用户13和用户14的网络连接线18以及连接用户14和用户10的网络连接线19连接，并由此构成一个闭合的环。在该简单拓扑结构中，在该情况下是通信***39的环形结构，根据本发明，为每个用户10、11、12、13、14分别提供了至少一个缓冲存储器，其中为简略起见只画出了用户10的缓冲存储器41。
在图2中，例如用户10(控制计算机)向用户13(例如同样是自动化设备，尤其是驱动器)发送实时临界的数据，此外，其余用户11、12、14也向用户13发送实时临界的数据，尤其是实时临界的外设图像。线形通信***38的、根据图1描述的实施也同样适用于通信***39用户的环形结构。
图3示出借助超时方法示出传输周期31以及自动确定保留时间段、即第一区域20的原理的框图。
通信周期或传输周期31示例性地在图3中分为3个区域，其中第一区域20用于传输实时临界数据电报，其它区域34和35用于传输非实时临界数据电报。在此，另一个区域34在时间上设置在第一区域20之前，而另一个区域35与第一区域20相接。
传输周期31的第一区域20用于传输包含实时临界数据的数据电报，并通过时间上的开始21以及结束22来界定。在所示例中，这样划分通过时间上的开始32和结束33来相应地在时间上界定的传输周期31，使得另一个用于传输非实时临界数据电报、尤其是自发式互联网交换的区域34随着传输周期31的开始而开始，具有时间开始21的第一区域20与该区域34相接，该第一区域20是为传输实时临界数据电报而保留的，另一个区域35与第一区域20的结束22连接，在该另一个区域35中又可以传输非实时临界数据电报，尤其是自发式互联网交换。
根据本发明，优选在开始时，例如在第一传输周期开始前至少一次确定一个传输周期31的第一区域20的时间开始21。根据本发明，每个通信***的用户保证，该时间开始21在每另一个传输周期中同样发生在该当前传输周期内的同一时刻。这意味着，所保留的时间段，即一个传输周期的第一区域20，在每个传输周期中在每个用户那里都发生在同一时刻。同时，由每个用户确保，在达到传输周期31的第一区域20的时间开始21之前，完全结束传输应当在第一区域20之前的传输周期31的另一个区域34中传输的非实时临界数据电报36和37。也就是说，该有关用户检查，在达到时间开始21之前，是否可以完全结束例如非实时临界数据电报37的传输。这可以毫无问题的由该用户计算，因为有关数据电报37的大小以及传输速度对该用户是已知的。如果发送过程真的在时间开始21之前可以结束，则还可以发送非实时临界数据电报37。在另一种情况下，则不启动数据电报37的发送过程，而是将相应的数据电报临时存储在该用户的缓冲存储器中，并在第一区域20的结束22之后才向对应的接收者转发，前提是在该用户的缓冲存储器中有足够的空闲存储空间。否则就拒绝和/或丢弃数据电报37。
由此，第一区域20的时间开始21可以总是在固定的预定时刻开始，并且由于该用户相应地监控，上述待发送的非实时临界数据电报37是否没有在第一区域20的时间段内，因此也可以保证该开始。如果达到第一区域20的结束，则在另一个区域35内直到该传输周期31结束33为止都可以传输其它非实时临界数据电报26。
第一区域20的时间长度可以固定设置，但优选还可以例如借助超时方法自动设置该时间长度。例如，超时时间27随着传输周期31的第一区域20的时间开始21而开始。这可以通过在各用户中实现的定时器实现，或者通过其它软件或硬件技术的解决方案来实现，这些解决方案相应地与传输周期的时间状况进行适当的耦合。这种超时时间27的持续长度在此是可以参数化并且是相应可调的。如果在运行的超时时间27内例如出现待发送的实时临界数据电报23，则发送该实时临界数据电报23，并且随着该发送过程的结束重新开始运行超时时间28。超时时间28在此优选具有与超时时间27相等的时间长度。如果在超时时间28运行之前出现待发送的另一个实时临界数据电报24，则发送该数据电报并继续延长第一区域20的时间长度。在该数据电报24的发送过程结束之后重新开始运行超时时间29，后者优选地也具有与相应的超时时间27和28相等的时间长度。如果在运行超时时间29之前又出现待发送的实时临界数据电报25，则也发送该数据电报25，并继续延长传输周期31的第一区域20，也就是为传输实时临界数据电报而保留的区域。在实时临界数据电报25的发送过程结束之后，重新开始运行超时时间30，其同样具有与超时时间27、28、29相同的时间长度。如果例如直到超时时间30运行完为止都没有出现待发送的其它实时临界数据电报，则第一区域20随着超时时间30的结束而终止，从而第一区域20的结束22与超时时间30的结束重合。由此，第一区域20的时间长度可自动调整。如果存在其它实时数据电报需要转发和/或传输，则相应地继续延长第一区域，直到必要时达到传输周期31的结束33。在这种情况下不存在另一个区域35，从而不能传输其它非实时临界数据电报。在另一种情况下，如果在超时时间27运行时没有出现待传输的诸如实时临界数据电报23的实时临界数据电报，则传输周期31的第一区域20就随着超时时间27的结束而立即终止，从而相应地扩展了用于传输非实时临界数据电报的另一个区域35。
根据本发明，在转发用户中的转发期间，诸如数据电报23、24、25的实时临界数据电报的发送和接收时刻不是象在IRT方法中那样需要事先计划。只有诸如数据电报23、24、25的实时临界数据电报在通信***中的相应存储时刻才必须事先计划。当根据IRT方法在所有参与的用户中事先对实时临界数据电报的所有发送和接收时刻进行计划时，根据本发明的方法当然也适用。但是，在这种情况下，这种计划在应用本发明方法时正如所述的那样不是必需的。
总而言之，本发明涉及一种在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法，该通信***例如是具有线形或环形用户设置的通信***38、39。在该方法中，在一个传输周期31的保留的第一区域20中传输实时临界数据电报，而无需在转发的用户中事先计划其发送和接收时刻，其中由所有用户在所有传输周期中通过监控保证一个传输周期31的第一区域20的时间开始21。一个传输周期31的第一区域20的持续时间在此例如可以固定地预先给定或设置，但优选的可以例如采用超时方法来自动设置。

Claims (27)

1.一种用于在具有多个用户(1，2，3，4，5)的交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法，所述多个用户借助网络连接(6，7，8，9)相互连接，其中每个用户(1，2，3，4，5)被配置为数据电报的发送者和/或接收者，以及每个用户(1，2，3，4，5)具有至少一个用于存储数据电报的缓冲存储器(40)，其中，所述数据电报以传输周期传输，并且每个传输周期(31)具有至少一个用于传输具有实时临界数据的数据电报的第一区域(20)，以及至少一个用于传输具有非实时临界数据的另一个区域(34，35)，所述方法具有以下步骤：
-标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报；
-确定一个传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)在该传输周期(31)内的时间开始；
-确保非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)的传输在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的开始时结束；
-在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)中传输实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述通信***(38，39)是由一个或多个分段构成的，其中至少一个分段不具有分支和/或不具有连结点。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，用唯一的报头标识来标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报。
4.根据上述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，如果在所述传输周期(31)的第一区域开始(21)之前在用户(1，2，3，4，5)中出现的待发送的非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)的发送直到该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)开始(21)时不能结束，则不发送该待发送的数据电报(26，36，37)，而是将其临时存储在该用户(1，2，3，4，5)的缓冲存储器(40)中，并且在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)结束(22)之后才发送。
5.根据上述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的时间长度可以固定设置。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的时间长度可以借助超时方法自动设置。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，超时时间(27)在所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)开始(21)时或在一个实时临界数据电报(23)发送结束之后开始运行，其中，如果在该超时时间(27)内没有开始发送实时临界数据电报(23)，则该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)随着该超时时间(27)的运行而结束，或者如果在该超时时间(27)内开始发送实时临界数据电报，则该第一区域(20)不结束。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述超时时间(27)的持续长度可以设置。
9.根据上述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，为了在一个用户(1，2，3，4，5)的缓冲存储器(40)中临时存储实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)而保留空闲存储空间，其中，保留的空闲存储空间的最大量对应于在该用户(1，2，3，4，5)中存储的数据或数据电报的数量。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，为了控制在所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)的缓冲存储器(40)中对空闲存储空间的保留，设置一个对应于待保留空闲存储空间的最大量的标记。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的方法，其特征在于，在没有超过由所述标记表示的所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)缓冲存储器(40)的保留空闲存储空间时，从各用户(1，2，3，4，5)接收实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)和/或控制电报，或者拒绝和/或丢弃非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)。
12.一种用于由一个或多个分段组成的交换周期通信***(38，39)的用户，其中至少一个分段没有分支和/或没有连结点，其中所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)配置为数据电报的发送者和/或接收者，并具有至少一个用于存储数据电报的缓冲存储器(40)，其中所述数据电报以传输周期传输，并且每个传输周期(31)具有至少一个用于传输具有实时临界数据的数据电报的第一区域(20)，以及至少一个用于传输具有非实时临界数据的另一个区域(34，35)，所述用户具有：
-用于标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报的装置；
-用于确定一个传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)在该传输周期(31)内的时间开始的装置；
-用于确保非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)的传输在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的开始时结束的装置；
-用于在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)中传输实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)的装置。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)用唯一的报头标识来标记包含实时临界数据的数据电报。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的用户，其特征在于，如果在所述传输周期(31)的第一区域开始(21)之前在用户(1，2，3，4，5)中出现的待发送的非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)的发送直到该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)开始(21)时不能结束，则所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)不发送该待发送的数据电报(26，36，37)，而是将其临时存储在该用户(1，2，3，4，5)的缓冲存储器(40)中，并且在该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)结束(22)之后才发送。
15.根据权利要求12至14中任一项所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)固定设置所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的时间长度。
16.根据权利要求12至14中任一项所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)借助超时方法自动设置所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)的时间长度。
17.根据权利要求16所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)使得超时时间(27)在所述传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)开始(21)时或在一个实时临界数据电报(23)发送结束之后开始运行，其中如果在该超时时间(27)内没有开始发送实时临界数据电报(23)，则所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)随着该超时时间(27)的运行而结束该传输周期(31)的第一区域(20)，或者如果在该超时时间(27)内开始发送实时临界数据电报，则所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)不结束该第一区域(20)。
18.根据权利要求16或17所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)设置所述超时时间(27)的持续长度。
19.根据权利要求12至18中任一项所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)为了在缓冲存储器(40)中临时存储实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)而保留空闲存储空间，其中，保留的空闲存储空间的最大量对应于在该用户(1，2，3，4，5)中存储的数据或数据电报的数量。
20.根据权利要求19所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)为了控制在缓冲存储器(40)中的空闲存储空间的保留，设置一个对应于待保留的空闲存储空间的最大量的标记。
21.根据权利要求19或20所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)在没有超过由所述标记表示的缓冲存储器(40)的保留空闲存储空间时，接收实时临界数据电报(23，24，25)和/或控制电报，或者拒绝和/或丢弃非实时临界数据电报(26，36，37)。
22.根据权利要求12至21中任一项所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)是具有集成的耦合单元的网络节点。
23.根据权利要求22所述的用户，其特征在于，所述集成的耦合单元是实时以太网交换机。
24.根据权利要求12至23中任一项所述的用户，其特征在于，所述用户(1，2，3，4，5)是自动化设备。
25.一种具有多个根据权利要求12至24中任一项所述用户的通信***。
26.根据权利要求25所述的通信***，其特征在于，所述通信***是自动化***。
27.根据权利要求25或26所述的通信***，其特征在于，所述通信***由线形或环形的用户设置组成。
CNB038223686A 2002-09-20 2003-09-08 在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN100466638C (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10243850.1 2002-09-20
DE10243850A DE10243850A1 (de) 2002-09-20 2002-09-20 Verfahren zur Übertragung von Datentelegrammen in einem geschalteten, zyklischen Kommunikationssystem

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1682504A true CN1682504A (zh) 2005-10-12
CN100466638C CN100466638C (zh) 2009-03-04

Family

ID=31969339

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CNB038223686A Expired - Fee Related CN100466638C (zh) 2002-09-20 2003-09-08 在交换周期通信***中传输数据电报的方法

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US7656865B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP1540905B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN100466638C (zh)
AT (1) ATE330404T1 (zh)
CA (1) CA2499618A1 (zh)
DE (2) DE10243850A1 (zh)
ES (1) ES2266870T3 (zh)
WO (1) WO2004030297A1 (zh)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102684992A (zh) * 2011-03-15 2012-09-19 西门子公司 用于在通信网络中进行实时数据传输的方法
CN105573193A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2016-05-11 西门子公司 网络布置和融合承载网络中实时电报区分优先次序的方法

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005053103B4 (de) 2005-11-04 2008-04-24 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren sowie System zur Übertragung von zyklischen und azyklischen Daten
US9197576B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2015-11-24 Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for allocating and prioritizing data transmission
WO2017063016A1 (de) * 2015-10-16 2017-04-20 Fts Computertechnik Gmbh Verfahren und computersystem zur schnellen übertragung von zeitgesteuerten echtzeitnachrichten
EP3226484A1 (de) 2016-03-31 2017-10-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur datenübermittlung in einem kommunikationsnetz eines industriellen automatisierungssystems und kommunikationsgerät
US10397010B2 (en) * 2017-11-30 2019-08-27 International Business Machines Corporation Customized multicasting
JP6570804B1 (ja) * 2018-11-19 2019-09-04 三菱電機株式会社 通信システム、通信装置及びプログラム
US12041134B1 (en) * 2023-04-11 2024-07-16 Bank Of America Corporation System and method for replication and transmission of critical data using ultra reliable low latency communication network architecture

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5343473A (en) * 1992-08-07 1994-08-30 International Business Machines Corporation Method of determining whether to use preempt/resume or alternate protocol for data transmission
US5570355A (en) * 1994-11-17 1996-10-29 Lucent Technologies Inc. Method and apparatus enabling synchronous transfer mode and packet mode access for multiple services on a broadband communication network
US5757784A (en) * 1996-01-04 1998-05-26 Orion Atlantic, L.P. Usage-based billing system for full mesh multimedia satellite network
US6483846B1 (en) * 1998-07-10 2002-11-19 Honeywell Inc. Middleware-based real-time communication system
US6246702B1 (en) * 1998-08-19 2001-06-12 Path 1 Network Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus for providing quality-of-service guarantees in computer networks
US6108346A (en) * 1998-08-27 2000-08-22 Xiox Corporation Combined synchronous and asynchronous message transmission
ES2272541T3 (es) * 2000-08-23 2007-05-01 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Sistema y dispositivo de comunicaciones.
US7031308B2 (en) * 2000-10-30 2006-04-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Tree-based ordered multicasting method
DE10058524A1 (de) 2000-11-24 2002-06-13 Siemens Ag System und Verfahren zur parallelen Übertragung von echtzeitkritischen und nicht echtzeitkritischen Daten über schaltbare Datennetze, insbesondere Ethernet
US20030069988A1 (en) * 2001-10-09 2003-04-10 Johan Rune In-band signaling
US7154910B2 (en) * 2002-03-05 2006-12-26 Sony Corporation Method for any speed dubbing using isochronous packets on isochronous channels or on asynchronous streams over an IEEE 1394-2000 serial bus network

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102684992A (zh) * 2011-03-15 2012-09-19 西门子公司 用于在通信网络中进行实时数据传输的方法
US9100209B2 (en) 2011-03-15 2015-08-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for real-time data transmission in a communication network
CN105573193A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2016-05-11 西门子公司 网络布置和融合承载网络中实时电报区分优先次序的方法
US10313268B2 (en) 2014-11-04 2019-06-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Network arrangement and method prioritization of real-time telegrams in a convergent network
CN105573193B (zh) * 2014-11-04 2019-06-11 西门子公司 网络布置和融合承载网络中实时电报区分优先次序的方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10243850A1 (de) 2004-04-01
EP1540905A1 (de) 2005-06-15
DE50303865D1 (de) 2006-07-27
EP1540905B1 (de) 2006-06-14
ATE330404T1 (de) 2006-07-15
US7656865B2 (en) 2010-02-02
WO2004030297A1 (de) 2004-04-08
US20060018327A1 (en) 2006-01-26
ES2266870T3 (es) 2007-03-01
CN100466638C (zh) 2009-03-04
CA2499618A1 (en) 2004-04-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN100499639C (zh) 通信***及通信控制方法
RU2454815C2 (ru) Система управления с переводом домена беспроводного адреса в домен адреса полевого устройства
JP5207192B2 (ja) 無線メッセージの局所的にアクティブにされた高速アクティブスケジューリングをもつ無線メッシュネットワーク
US7411966B2 (en) Method and system for coupling data networks
CN1886667A (zh) 可靠多播通信
US7508824B2 (en) Method and system for transmitting data via switchable data networks
KR100643323B1 (ko) 지그비 시스템에서 데이터 송수신 방법 및 그 방법을사용하는 코디네이터 및 디바이스
US7656865B2 (en) Method for transmission of data telegrams in a switched cyclical communication system
US20090129395A1 (en) Method, communication network, and control unit for the cyclical transmission of data
CN1531262A (zh) 实现网络负载分担功能的网络通信方法
CN114450922B (zh) 运行无线通信***的方法、无线通信***
CN100579040C (zh) 通信控制***
CN108809949A (zh) profinet、FF H1、CAN和profibus协议之间转换和调度的方法
US7852879B2 (en) Method for transmitting real-time data messages in a cyclic communications system
US7428250B2 (en) System and associated method for receiving data telegrams in communication systems having redundant network paths
CN101150412A (zh) 一种网卡实现双协议栈切换的方法
CN1572075A (zh) 用于运行等时、周期通信***的终端用户的方法
CN1565108A (zh) 用于高性能通信***的用户设备
JPS62155646A (ja) リンク制御装置
US20220209985A1 (en) Data transmission method, segment telegram and automation communication network
JP4527523B2 (ja) サーバ選択方法およびサーバ選択方式およびサーバおよびクライアント端末
US20140207948A1 (en) Network interface on a chip with an adaptive system to trigger data forwarding
CN1314238C (zh) 实现嵌入式***中任务间自适应通讯的方法
JP2011151592A (ja) 通信装置
US7940804B2 (en) Communication system

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
C14 Grant of patent or utility model
GR01 Patent grant
CF01 Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee
CF01 Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee

Granted publication date: 20090304

Termination date: 20200908