CN1663139A - Data access arrangement using a high frequency transformer for electrical isolation - Google Patents
Data access arrangement using a high frequency transformer for electrical isolation Download PDFInfo
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- CN1663139A CN1663139A CN038138123A CN03813812A CN1663139A CN 1663139 A CN1663139 A CN 1663139A CN 038138123 A CN038138123 A CN 038138123A CN 03813812 A CN03813812 A CN 03813812A CN 1663139 A CN1663139 A CN 1663139A
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000009432 framing Methods 0.000 claims description 36
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0264—Arrangements for coupling to transmission lines
- H04L25/0266—Arrangements for providing Galvanic isolation, e.g. by means of magnetic or capacitive coupling
- H04L25/0268—Arrangements for providing Galvanic isolation, e.g. by means of magnetic or capacitive coupling with modulation and subsequent demodulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F19/00—Fixed transformers or mutual inductances of the signal type
- H01F19/04—Transformers or mutual inductances suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range
- H01F19/08—Transformers having magnetic bias, e.g. for handling pulses
- H01F2019/085—Transformer for galvanic isolation
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Abstract
An electrical isolation barrier for use in a Data Access Arrangement uses a high frequency (HF) transformer (24) to provide isolation. An input signal (21), which may be analog or digital, is connected to a modulator (22). The analog output of the modulator (26) is connected to the input of the HF transformer (24). The output of the HF transformer is connected to the input of a demodulator. Simple amplitude modulation can be used in the modulator (22) to modulate the input signal to the frequency range of operation of the HF transformer (24). A simple low pass filter (26) may be incorporated in the demodulator to remove harmonic distortion caused by the HF transformer (24). The output signal of the demodulator (26) is substantially the same as input signal (21).
Description
Technical background
The present invention relates to be used for isolation barriers (isolationbarrier) that circuit is isolated from each other.This isolation barriers is used for modulator-demodulator and other equipment, is particularly useful for the equipment that those need the electric isolation barrier between equipment and the public telephone network.
Provide isolation barriers between the circuit that is directly connected to dwelling house electric power (being called " system end " circuit) of the circuit (being called " line scan pickup coil side " circuit) that Federal Communications Committee's part 68 requirement, being connected electrically in of public telephone network are directly connected to this net and for example modulator-demodulator etc.This isolation barriers must provide isolation, makes a 50Hz between each point of the equipment that is applied to or the kilovolt of 60Hz rms or 1,005 hectovolt spies' high-tension electricity potential source cause the leakage current that is no more than 10 milliamperes.
The theory of isolation barrier is well known in the prior art.For example, United States Patent (USP) the 6th, 137 at length discloses the theory and the background of isolation barrier No. 827, has comprised the patent that isolation barrier much is shown and uses the equipment of isolation barrier with way of reference.Usually, in the DAA (DAA) of equipment, provide electricity to isolate.U.S. Patent number 6,137,827 reach the patent that wherein comprises with way of reference, all are included in the content of this paper with way of reference.
Traditional modulator-demodulator uses voice band transformer that electric isolation barrier is provided in its DAA.This transformer carries and sends signal and received signal.Use a kind of mixed type circuit of be used to be coupled four-wire circuit and two-wire circuit, carry out the separation of these two signals.Hybrid circuit is to know in the prior art, and it has the quadruplet terminal that is arranged in two pairs, is designed to when wherein pair of terminal is suitably stopped, and produces high loss between another two right cover terminals.The modulator-demodulator of known use voice band transformer DAA has high reliability.Yet voice band transformer must be handled low frequency (LF) signal of about 100-4000Hz.
The main source of distortion is cause signal harmonic non-linear in the transformer.For voice band signal, a lot of harmonic waves drop in the identical 100-4000Hz frequency band.Signal harmonic is characterised in that on a plurality of required signal frequencies and has unnecessary energy.So the signal frequency component at 500Hz place will cause the noise of 1000Hz, 1500Hz, 2000Hz, 2500Hz, 3000Hz, 3500Hz and 4000Hz; All drop in the required signal band.On the other hand, if signal is modulated onto on the high frequency, 1MHz for example, so required signal will be at 0.996MHz in the scope of 1.004MHz.Now, the 500Hz component is on 0.9995MHz and 1.0005MHz.Minimum harmonic is at 1.9999MHz, just in time on highest signal frequency 1.004MHz.Therefore, simple low pass filter just can be used for harmonic carcellation, and will can not cause distortion in required signal.The linearity of transformer depends on the magnetic induction density of its magnetic core to a great extent.Magnetic induction density is high more, and the linearity of transformer is low more, and the energy of signal harmonic is high more.Therefore, dialogue change of tune depressor has proposed the requirement of high linearity, and this can increase its size and cost usually.
In addition, use the modulator-demodulator DAA of voice band transformer generally to use the direct driver means.In this means, directly move ahead from the transmission signal of modem driver, and need not further amplification by transformer.These direct driver means need transformer to transmit high transmitted power, have further increased the linearity requirement to transformer.Because have these defectives, the gratifying voice band transformer with this type of electrical isolation is that volume is big and expensive.
These are several approach that address this problem.A kind of approach is to use digital transformers or pulse transformer to replace voice band transformer.Yet numeral or pulse transformer are binary, therefore can not carry two signals-transmission signal and received signal simultaneously.In order to allow to send signal and received signal is sent acceptably, perhaps use two pulse transformers, one is used to send signal, and another is used for received signal, perhaps seek help from the time division multiplexing method of some kinds, alternately carry and send signal and received signal.Yet this time division multiplexing method will be destroyed motor synchronizing (self-clock) ability of signal.Therefore, clock signal will be carried by different devices, usually uses another transformer, and then has increased the surcharge of product.Another shortcoming of numeral or pulse transformer is that they must be operated in their saturation range, and this similar transformer than operation in their unsaturation (or " linearity ") scope needs more power.
Another kind of approach is to use capacitive coupling.This approach uses one or more high-voltage capacitors as electric isolation barrier, because capacitor generally presents the better linearity degree.Therefore, might use hybrid circuit to separate and send signal and received signal.On the other hand, the LF voice band signal that needs in the modulator-demodulator needs large capacitor.This high pressure large capacitor is expensive.Therefore, utilize some devices to modulate the signal on the upper frequency, reduce requirement capacitor.
Another kind of approach is to use high voltage optical couplers.Still because the exemplary height nonlinear characteristic of such optical device must be used to independent coupler send signal and received signal.In using the DAA of optical coupling, can use base band approach or pass band approach as electric isolation barrier.Under the situation of base band approach, voice band signal directly is sent out by optical coupler.Yet this has the nonlinear defective that needs good method to compensate optical coupler.Under the situation of pass band approach, use some devices to modulate the signal on the upper frequency, reduce the effect of nonlinear of optical coupler, thereby increased the extra cost and the complexity of this scheme.
The transmission that must send except the modulator-demodulator of the above-mentioned type and receiving the voice band signal also has control and status signal also to need by electric isolation barrier.These signals of mentioning later, or carry by independent isolation barrier, or multiplexed with voice band signal and carry by identical isolation barrier.
Summary of the invention
The linearity that we have investigated transformer depends on the magnetic induction density in its magnetic core to a great extent.Magnetic induction density is directly proportional with the power that this transformer is transmitted, and is inversely proportional to the volume of magnetic core, the number of turns and the signal frequency of transformer.In other words, signal power is more little, and magnetic core is big more, and wire circle is many more, and signal frequency is high more, and the linearity of transformer is high more so.In order to obtain identical linearity, less signal power and higher frequency will cause having less magnetic core and less wire circle in other words, thereby obtain less and not too expensive transformer.
The present invention uses two kinds of approach, obtains to use the low cost of a high frequency (HF) transformer, reliable electric isolation barrier.At first, we can add amplifier at the line scan pickup coil side of electric isolation barrier, reduce the power requirement to transformer.
Secondly, we use some devices to modulate the signal on the upper frequency.On upper frequency, by any harmonic wave of the non-linear generation of transformer all outside frequency band.Then, can use simple device, eliminate any remaining distortion that produces by transformer non-linearity.
Different with numeral or pulse transformer, the HF transformer is not driven to its saturation range.Therefore, the power ratio that realizes the present invention's needs uses traditional spacer assembly desired power of numeral or pulse transformer low.Equally, by at its range of linearity operation HF transformer, might carry transmission and received signal simultaneously by a transformer, and utilize the HF hybrid circuit to separate both direction.
Description of drawings
Can understand the present invention better with reference to accompanying drawing, accompanying drawing only shows the example of the embodiment of the invention, and should not be considered to limitation of the scope of the invention.The present invention can allow other embodiment of equal effect, and does not deviate from its scope.
Fig. 1 shows in the prior art based on the DAA circuit of voice band transformer, comprises the hybrid circuit that is used for four-wire circuit is converted to two-wire circuit.
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of the DAA isolation barrier that uses the HF transformer in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
Fig. 3 shows and uses a HF transformer isolation barriers and convert four-wire circuit the DAA of the hybrid circuit of two-wire circuit to, and wherein CODEC entirely is arranged in system side circuitry.
Fig. 4 shows the DAA that uses two HF transformer isolation barriers, and one is used for TX, and one is used for RX, and wherein CODEC entirely is arranged in system side circuitry.
Fig. 5 shows being connected between a HF transformer and two hybrid circuits that is used for Fig. 3 or Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 shows and uses a HF transformer isolation barriers and convert four-wire circuit the DAA of the hybrid circuit of two-wire circuit to, and wherein CODEC is distributed between line scan pickup coil side and the system side circuitry.
Fig. 7 has exported the DAA that uses two HF transformer isolation barriers, and one is used for TX, and one is used for RX, and wherein CODEC is distributed between line scan pickup coil side and the system side circuitry.
Fig. 8 shows the exemplary circuit that is used for power is delivered to from system side circuitry line side circuit.
Fig. 9 shows the multiplexer that is used for the present invention.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 shows the isolation barrier that is used for the DAA circuit in the prior art.In the figure, modulator-demodulator uses voice band transformer 1 in its DAA, electric isolation barrier is provided.Transformer carries and sends signal and received signal.The separation of these two signals is to use and four-wire circuit is converted to the mixed type circuit 2 of two-wire circuit carries out.Hybrid circuit is well known in the art, and it has the quadruplet terminal that is arranged in two pairs, is designed to when wherein pair of terminal is suitably stopped, and produces high loss between another two right cover terminals.Hybrid circuit shown in Figure 1 comprises 6 impedance unit Z1-Z6, impedance component Z1-Z6 use resistor, capacitor or they usually some make up and realize.In traditional transformer DAA, also can use other hybrid circuit structure.
Fig. 2 shows basic principle of the present invention.In the figure, HF transformer 24 provides isolation.Input signal 21 is connected to modulator 22, and input signal can be simulation or digital.The simulation output of modulator 22 is connected to the input of HF transformer 24 via circuit 23.The output of HF transformer 24 is connected to the input of demodulator 26 via circuit 25.Demodulator 26 produces output signal 27, and output signal 27 can be simulation or digital.No matter that input or output signal and be numeral or simulation, in all embodiment of the present invention, the signal that offers HF transformer 24 is all simulated.In modulator 22, can use simple amplitude modulation, come modulating input signal 21.This can be by carrying out with input signal 21 with the clock signal times.Similarly, demodulator 26 can use clock signal to multiply by signal from HF transformer 24.The clock signal of being used by demodulator 26 can obtain from signal, perhaps can provide by independent isolation barrier, as shown in Figure 8.In demodulator 26, can comprise simple low pass filter, eliminate the harmonic distortion that causes by HF transformer 24.Output signal 27 is identical with input signal 21 basically.
Fig. 3 and 4 shows the use of the present invention in DAA uses, and wherein system side circuitry comprises CODEC.At first, with the TX signal path of describing among Fig. 3.With the modem signal that is sent on the circuit, sent to CODEC 33 with digital form from modem system, CODEC 33 is transformed into analog form with them, and they are sent to MUX 32.Control-signals generator 31 sends to MUX 32 with the control signal of analog form.MUX 32 is combined into " base band " signal with two analog signals.In a preferred embodiment, two signals are separated on frequency, and can be made up by direct summing circuit.Composite signal is sent to modulator 36, and modulator 36 moves on to composite signal on the higher frequency, thereby produces " passband " signal.Passband signal enters in the high frequency hybrid 38, and high frequency hybrid 38 is connected to high frequency transformer 39 with passband TX signal and passband RX signal.At the line scan pickup coil side of transformer, passband TX signal is by second high frequency hybrid 42.Then, passband TX signal is sent to clock recovery circuitry 41 and demodulator 43.Clock recovery circuitry 41 with the frequency lock of line scan pickup coil side demodulator 43 on the frequency of system end modulator 36.Demodulator 43 is moved back into signal frequency on the original base band.This line-side base band signal is sent to De-MUX 46, and De-MUX 46 isolates control signal from the TX line signal.In a preferred embodiment, this is undertaken by bank of filters (filter bank).This control signal is sent to control circuit 45, and the TX line signal then is sent to LF hybrid circuit 47, and LF hybrid circuit 47 is connected to line interface 50 with TX line signal and RX line signal.Control circuit 45 changes the characteristic of line interface 50 based on control signal.Line interface 50 is connected to telephone network.
Now, with the RX signal path of describing among Fig. 3.Simulation RX line signal entry-line interface 50 from telephone network.From here, it is sent to LF hybrid circuit 47, in LF hybrid circuit 47 it is separated from the TX line signal.Then, the RX line signal is sent to MUX 48.State signal generator 49 sends to MUX 48 with analog form with status signal.The condition that these signals are based in the line interface 50 produces.MUX 48 is combined into a baseband signal with two analog signals.Composite signal is sent to modulator 44, and modulator 44 is displaced to composite signal on the higher frequency, thereby produces passband signal.The frequency of modulator 44 is locked on the frequency of demodulator 43.This passband signal enters high frequency hybrid 42, and high frequency hybrid 42 is connected to high frequency transformer 39 with passband TX analog signal and passband RX analog signal.At the system end of transformer, passband RX signal is by second high frequency hybrid 38.Then, passband RX signal is sent to demodulator 37, and demodulator 37 is moved back into signal frequency on the base band.This baseband signal is sent to De-MUX 34, and De-MUX 34 isolates status signal from the RX line signal.This status signal is sent to status circuit 35, and status circuit 35 becomes these conversion of signals the numeral indication of modem system.For example, these digital indications may be ring (ring) indication forms, or the bit form in the status register.The RX line signal is sent to CODEX 33, and CODEX 33 converts thereof into the digital signal of modem system.
The operation of DAA shown in Figure 4 and the operation of Fig. 3 are closely similar.In this case, have two HF transformers, one is used for the TX signal path.One is used for the RX signal path.Owing to have this separation, do not need high frequency hybrid.
Fig. 6 and 7 shows the use of the present invention in DAA uses, and wherein the CODEC circuit is distributed between line scan pickup coil side and the system end.The simulation of this circuit partly is positioned at line scan pickup coil side, and numerical portion is positioned at system end.At first, with the TX signal path of describing among Fig. 6.The modem signal that is sent on the circuit is sent to ∑-Δ (Sigma Delta) CODEC numerical portion 63 with digital form, ∑-Δ CODEC numerical portion 63 converts thereof into (over-sampled) 1 digital bit form of over-sampling, and sends it to MUX 62.Control-signals generator 61 sends to MUX 62 with the control signal of digital form.MUX 62 becomes a digital signal with two digital signal combination.MUX 62 comprises framing (framing) circuit, is convenient to carry out in line side circuit synchronously.In a preferred embodiment, the digital signal that is produced is the twice from the bit rate of 1 bit digital signal of the over-sampling of ∑-Δ CODEC numerical portion 63.The digital signal of combination is sent to modulator 66, and modulator 66 uses it to modulate high frequency analog signals, thereby produces passband signal.For example, this can finish by digital signal being multiply by the simulated clock simulation clock signal.The signal that is produced enters high frequency hybrid 68, and high frequency hybrid 68 is connected to high frequency transformer 69 with passband TX and passband RX signal.At the line scan pickup coil side of transformer, passband TX signal is by second high frequency hybrid 72.Then, passband TX signal is sent to clock recovery circuitry 71 and demodulator 73.Clock recovery circuitry 71 with the frequency lock of line scan pickup coil side demodulator 73 on the frequency of system end modulator 66.Demodulator 73 recovers the bit of combined digital signal.These bits are sent on the De-MUX76, and De-MUX 76 isolates digital controlled signal from 1 digital bit TX line signal of over-sampling.De-MUX 76 comprises the frame checkout gear, is used for correctly locating (align) data.This digital controlled signal is sent to control circuit 75, and over-sampling 1 digital bit TX line signal is sent to ∑-Δ CODEC simulation part and LF hybrid circuit 77, ∑-Δ CODEC simulation part and LF hybrid circuit 77 convert this 1 bit oversampled digital signal to analog form, and TX line signal and RX line signal are connected to line interface 80.Control circuit 75 changes the characteristic of line interface 80 based on control signal.Line interface 80 is connected to telephone network.
Now, with the RX signal path of describing among Fig. 6.Simulation RX line signal entry-line interface 80 from telephone network.From here, it is sent to ∑-Δ CODEC simulation part and LF hybrid circuit 77, and here it is separated from the TX line signal, and is converted into 1 digital bit form of over-sampling.Then, 1 bit digital signal of over-sampling is sent to MUX 78.State signal generator 79 sends to MUX 78 with digital state signal.The condition that these signals are based in the line interface 80 produces.MUX 78 becomes a digital signal with these two digital signal combination.MUX78 comprises framer circuit, is convenient to carry out in system side circuitry synchronously.Composite signal is sent to modulator 74, and modulator 74 uses this digital signal to modulate high frequency analog signals, thereby produces passband signal.The frequency of modulator 74 is locked on the frequency of demodulator 73.Passband signal enters high frequency hybrid 72, and high frequency hybrid 72 is connected to high frequency transformer 69 with passband TX and passband RX signal.At the system end of transformer, passband TX signal is by second high frequency hybrid 68.Then, passband RX signal is sent to demodulator 67, and demodulator 67 recovers the bit of combined digital signal.This digital signal is sent on the De-MUX 64, and De-MUX 64 isolates status bits from 1 digital bit RX line signal of over-sampling.De-MUX 76 comprises the frame checkout gear, is used for locator data correctly.This status signal is sent to status circuit 65, and status circuit 65 becomes these conversion of signals the numeral indication of modem system.For example, these digital indications can be the form of ring indication or the bit form in the status register.Over-sampling 1 digital bit RX line signal is sent to ∑-Δ CODEC numerical portion 63, and ∑-Δ CODEC numerical portion 63 converts thereof into the digital signal of modem system.
The operation of DAA shown in Figure 7 and operation shown in Figure 6 are closely similar.In this case, have two HF transformers, one is used for the TX signal path, and one is used for the RX signal path.Owing to have this separation, do not need high frequency hybrid.
The logical circuit of control
A lot of integrated DAA use integration control signal to carry out unusual branch (hook) control, line impedance control etc.The state of these integration control signals is programmed in the line side circuit by system side circuitry usually, and is preserved by line side circuit.Yet because line side circuit for example connects under the anti-situation at line voltage distribution usually by the line voltage distribution power supply, the interruption of line voltage distribution can destroy the state of control signal.Prevent that suffering the traditional approach of this destruction is to freeze the control signal state at this intercourse, perhaps powers from system end at least in part.In the present invention, use a kind of new way to come to preserve state of a control information, and often upgrade control signal at line scan pickup coil side at system end.Because the just control information of system for tracking end of line scan pickup coil side electricity, therefore this mode can logically form the control circuit of separation.Line side circuit is the retentive control state only, till upgrading next time.Time between the renewal is variable, usually on the microsecond order of magnitude.At intercourse, the state of a control of line scan pickup coil side may be destroyed temporarily.Yet renewal subsequently will make state of a control return to correct state.Under the situation that renewal stops, if system end sudden power for example, line side circuit will make its control signal return to default setting.This will prevent to occur a kind of like this defective in the programmable scheme, and promptly when system end took place to interrupt, line side circuit remained under the error condition.
Control/status signal and line signal multiplexed
In order to reduce the quantity of the HF transformer isolation barriers in using DAA of the present invention, preferred embodiment uses multiplexing scheme to make up TX and RX line signal and control and/or status signal.Usually, control signal and TX line signal is multiplexed, and status signal and RX line signal is multiplexed.In as Fig. 3 and 4 shown DAA, use the multiplexing scheme of simulation, usually, the signal with different frequency content is simply sued for peace.Demultiplexing is to use bank of filters to finish.In the embodiment of the Fig. 3 that uses a HF transformer by the HF hybrid circuit, use different frequencies for control with state, feasible echo from an end can not cause obscuring of another end.
In the DAA shown in Fig. 6 and 7, preferred embodiment uses the digital multiplex scheme.The digital multiplex scheme can provide two kinds of functions: the 1) mechanism of framing and the 2) mechanism of ∑-Δ clock recovery.For simplifier clock recovers, the bit rate that makes multiplexed data is the integral multiple of ∑-Δ clock frequency.In a preferred embodiment, multiplexed bit rate is the twice of ∑-Δ bit rate.This means that half bit in the multiplexed data stream can be used for control/state and framing.A kind of plain mode of allocation bit is to make each other bit be used for digital signal, and gives framing and control/state with remaining Bit Allocation in Discrete.
Suppose that 1 bit digital signal is 1 and 0 of a random distribution, and do not need framing.Therefore, only need framing bit to make state/control information synchronous.A kind of framing method that can use is that state/control information is divided into N group n bit.For framing, before each group n bit, add 0, before N group, add (n+1) individual 1.Synchronization mechanism can find that to follow 0 (n+1) thereafter individual 1, thereby detects frame.This pattern only can be used for a kind of location of frame; For state/control information, just have no chance to imitate this pattern.1 bit digital signal might be imitated this pattern, but because the stochastic behaviour of those signals, follow-up frame will can not imitate identical pattern.Have only real bit frame just can as one man mate this pattern.The framing efficient of this scheme can be calculated as n*N/[(n+1) * (N+1)].
In order to explain multiplexed and framing notion, suppose that frame is based on 32 bits.Select n=3 and N=3, so frame is made up of 16 bit digital signal, 7 bit framing and 9 bit status/controls.The bit stream that is produced is as follows:
| Bit data | 0 0 | 01 | ?0 ?2 | ?03 | ?0 ?4 | ?05 | ?0 ?6 | ?07 | ?0 ?8 | ?09 | ?1 ?0 | ?11 | ?1 ?2 | ?13 | ?1 ?4 | ?15 |
| F 0 | DD | ?F 1 | ?DD | ?F 2 | ?DD | ?F 3 | ?DD | ?F 4 | ?DD | ?S 0 | ?DD | ?S 1 | ?DD | ?S 2 | ?DD | |
| Bit data | 1 6 | 17 | ?1 ?8 | ?19 | ?2 ?0 | ?21 | ?2 ?2 | ?23 | ?2 ?4 | ?25 | ?2 ?6 | ?27 | ?2 ?8 | ?29 | ?3 ?0 | ?31 |
| F 5 | DD | ?S 3 | ?DD | ?S 4 | ?DD | ?S 5 | ?DD | ?F 6 | ?DD | ?S 6 | ?DD | ?S 7 | ?DD | ?S 8 | ?DD |
DD=1 bits digital data stream
[F
0F
1F
2F
3F
4F
5F
6]＝1111000
S
n=the n state/control bit
For the embodiment of the invention according to Fig. 6, need select different frame synchronization modes for TX with the RX direction, make any pattern in echo-signal, to occur.Because high frequency hybrid made up TX and RX signal, demodulator 67 and 73 it will be appreciated that respectively the signal echo from modulator 66 and 74.Hybrid circuit reduces echo level, but can not eliminate echo fully.For example, in Fig. 6, De-MUX 64 should not lock onto the combined digital signal from MUX 62; Only should lock onto combined digital signal from MUX 78.Also need to select frame synchronization mode, make the binary inverse (binary inverse) of synchronous mode of a direction can not appear on another direction.This is because the polarity of echo-signal is uncertain.Exist the possible frame synchronization mode that much satisfies these requirements right.An example below is shown:
| Bit data | ?00 | ?01 | ?02 | ?03 | ?04 | ?05 | ?06 | ?07 | ?08 | ?09 | ?10 | ?11 | ?12 | ?13 | ?14 | ?15 |
| ?F0 | ?D ?D | ?F1 | ?D ?D | ?S0 | ?D ?D | ?S1 | ?D ?D | ?S2 | ?D ?D | ?S3 | ?D ?D | ?S4 | ?D ?D | ?F2 | ?D ?D | |
| Bit | ?16 | ?17 | ?18 | ?19 | ?20 | ?21 | ?22 | ?23 | ?24 | ?25 | ?26 | ?27 | ?28 | ?29 | ?30 | ?31 |
| ?F3 | ?D | ?S5 | ?D | ?S6 | ?D | ?F4 | ?D | ?S7 | ?D | ?F5 | ?D | ?S8 | ?D | ?F6 | ?D |
| Data | D | ?D | ?D | ?D | ?D | ?D | ?D | ?D |
DD=1 bits digital data stream
For a direction, [F0F1F2F3F4F5F6]=0000011
For another direction, [F0F1F2F3F4F5F6]=0100011
N state/control bit of Sn=
For these frame synchronization modes, synchronization mechanism must be checked all 7 frame bits correct location in 32 bit frame.
Above-mentioned digital multiplex scheme can also be understood with reference to Fig. 9.In the figure, multiplexer 91 has two inputs: one be used for control or 92, one of status bits be used for 1 bit digital signal 93.The control of first quantity or status bits input framer 94, framer 94 makes up it with the frame pattern that is fixed into second number of bits, to form framer output 95.Framed mode is so to select, and makes that it indicates the correct framing position location of framing output bit onlyly for all combinations of state or control bit.Framer output 95 and 1 bit digital signal 93 input interleavers 96.Interleaver 96 takes out the bit of the 3rd quantity from framer output 95, the 3rd quantity equal first and second quantity and.Interleaver 96 interweaves the bit of the 3rd quantity with the bit of the corresponding quantity that is directly proportional of taking out from 1 bit digital signal input 93, form the 1 digital bit output 97 with the 4th quantity.
In a preferred embodiment, DAA as shown in Figure 6 uses two multiplexers, and each all has function as shown in Figure 9.It will be understood to those of skill in the art that the HF hybrid circuit among this DAA will make the demodulator of the same side that is in the HF transformer see the echo of modulator output.In common operation, recently the echo-signal from the modulator of the same side that is in the HF transformer is strong from the signal of the modulator of the other end that is in the HF transformer, so demodulator is decoded to correct bit.Yet if be in the not energising of circuit of the other end of HF transformer, demodulator can only be seen the echo-signal from the modulator of the same side that is in the HF transformer so.In this case, demultiplexer just might be seen the bit from the multiplexer of the same side that is in the HF transformer, rather than from the required bit of the other end.For this reason, preferred embodiment uses different framed mode for each multiplexer, makes that the framed mode of each end can prevent that multiplexer output from producing other end framed mode for any combination of control or status bits.In addition, because echo-signal may be inverted, each framed mode can prevent that multiplexer output from producing the logical inverse of other end framed mode.
Hybrid circuit
Figure 5 illustrates the high frequency hybrid that can be used in Fig. 3 and 6.Fig. 5 shows two high frequency hybrid 52 and 54, and each can be in arbitrary end of HF transformer 51.Hybrid circuit structure is identical with as shown in Figure 1 the structure based on the low frequency mixer circuit among the DAA of traditional voice frequency band transformer.The main distinction is, the value that is used for the impedance component Z7-Z12 of high frequency hybrid and Z13-Z18 usually is different from the value of the impedance component Z1-Z6 that is used for low frequency mixer circuit.The design of hybrid circuit is the content of knowing in the prior art.
The power supply of line side circuit
In a preferred embodiment, line side circuit is obtained its power supply from telephone network fully.Yet the present invention can also be used for a kind of like this structure, and wherein line scan pickup coil side does not have power supply, the situation of ADSL DAA for example, and perhaps power supply is inadequate.In these cases, can increase additional supply to power to line side circuit.For example, can use circuit shown in Figure 8, come to power to line scan pickup coil side from system end.In this circuit, the clock of system end/power supply signal generator 81 produces periodic power supply signal on circuit 82, and it is connected to transformer 83.At line scan pickup coil side, the output signal of the transformer on the circuit 84 can be capacitively coupled to the clock input of modulator and/or demodulator.The output signal of transformer also is subjected to the adjustment of half-wave rectifying circuit, so that on outlet line 87, provide stable power, this half-wave rectifying circuit is made up of diode 85 and capacitor 86, and outlet line 87 can be connected to the power supply (Vcc) and ground connection (GND) input of line side circuit.Power circuit as shown in Figure 8 is the content of knowing in the prior art.
Though foregoing illustrates and illustrates with reference to specific embodiment of the present invention, but those skilled in the art should understand that, under the situation that does not break away from principle of the present invention and essence, the various changes that can carry out these embodiment, scope of the present invention is limited by claims.
Claims (52)
1. electric isolation barrier that is used for DAA comprises in combination:
Input circuit and output circuit;
High frequency transformer is used for providing between input circuit and output circuit electricity to isolate, and has the frequency range of action required, and described transformer has two ports:
Modulator has input and output,
Described modulator input is connected to input circuit, and described modulator is modulated to change with input signal
On the frequency in the frequency range of depressor;
Described modulator output is connected to first port of transformer, so that modulation signal is offered
Transformer;
Demodulator has input and output,
The input of described demodulator is connected to second port of transformer, described demodulator with signal from becoming
The frequency range of depressor is demodulated into the output signal of being used by output circuit.
2. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 1, wherein,
Described modulator comprises multiplier, and described multiplier is connected to clock, so as with the clock signal times with input signal;
Described demodulator comprises multiplier, and described multiplier is connected to clock, so that multiply by the output of transformer with described clock signal; And
Described demodulator comprises low pass filter, so that eliminate the distortion of restoring signal.
3. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 1, wherein,
The input signal of described modulator is the one 1 bit digital signal;
Described modulator converts described the one 1 bit digital signal to the analog input signal with the frequency in the transformer frequencies scope;
Described demodulator is changed the signal with the frequency in the transformer frequencies scope, so that recover the one 1 bit digital signal.
4. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 1 also comprises multiplexer, be used for state or control signal and line signal multiplexed so that transmit by electric isolation barrier.
5. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 4, wherein, the signal of exporting from described demodulator comprises state or control information.
6. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 3 wherein, is to use ∑-Δ technology to produce to small part the one 1 bit digital signal.
7. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 3, wherein, described input circuit comprises multiplexer, be used for digital state or control signal and the 21 bit digital signal multiplexed so that form described the one 1 bit digital signal.
8. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 7, wherein, described output circuit comprises demultiplexer, is used for extracting described digital state or control signal and described the 21 bit digital signal from described the one 1 bit digital signal.
9. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 8, wherein, described the 21 bit digital signal is to use ∑-Δ technology to produce.
10. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 8, wherein, described multiplexer comprises frame and produces circuit, is used for digital state or control signal location.
11. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 8, wherein, described demultiplexer comprises frame detecting circuit, is used to detect the location of digital state or control signal.
12. the method that electric isolation barrier is provided in modem system may further comprise the steps:
Provide high frequency transformer in the DAA part of modulator-demodulator, described transformer has predetermined frequencies operations scope and input port and output port;
Input signal is modulated to the frequencies operations scope of transformer, and will offers the transformer input port through first signal of ovennodulation;
Obtain output signal from the output port of transformer; And
Demodulated output signal is so that recover input signal.
13. method as claimed in claim 12, wherein,
Described input signal is 1 bit digital signal; And
The step of described modulating input signal comprises the simulated clock simulation clock signal times with described 1 bit digital signal, so that form high frequency analog signals; And
Described demodulated output signal multiplies each other the demodulation high-frequency signal so that the step of recovery input signal comprises by simulated clock simulation clock.
14. method as claimed in claim 13, wherein, at least some bits in 1 bit digital signal are to use ∑-Δ technology to produce.
15. an electric isolation barrier that is used for DAA is used for providing between line side circuit and system side circuitry electricity to isolate, and comprises in combination:
The first pair of input and output circuit that is used for the TX signal, with the second pair of input and output circuit that is used for the RX signal, wherein first input circuit and second output circuit are arranged in line side circuit, and second input circuit and first output circuit are arranged in system side circuitry;
First high frequency transformer is used for providing between first pair of input and output circuit electricity to isolate, and has the frequency range of action required, and described first transformer has two ports:
First modulator has input and output,
Described first modulator input is connected to the input circuit of first pair of input and output circuit, and on the frequency in the frequency range that input signal is modulated to first transformer;
Described first modulator output is connected to first port of first transformer, so that modulation signal is offered first transformer;
First demodulator has input and output,
The input of described first demodulator is connected to second port of first transformer, is used for signal is demodulated into the output signal that the output circuit by first pair of input and output circuit uses from the frequency range of first transformer;
Thereby the harmonic wave of the RX signal by first transformer drops on outside the frequency range of modulation signal;
Second high frequency transformer is used for providing between second pair of input and output circuit electricity to isolate, and has the frequency range of action required, and described second transformer has two ports:
Second modulator has input and output,
Described second modulator input is connected to the input circuit of second pair of input and output circuit, and
And on the frequency in the frequency range that input signal is modulated to second transformer;
Described second modulator output is connected to first port of second transformer, so that modulation signal is offered second transformer;
Second demodulator has input and output,
The input of described second demodulator is connected to second port of second transformer, is used for signal is demodulated into the output signal that the output circuit by second pair of input and output circuit uses from the frequency range of second transformer;
Thereby the harmonic wave of the TX signal by second transformer drops on outside the frequency range of modulation signal.
16. an electric isolation barrier that is used for DAA is used for providing between system side circuitry and line side circuit electricity to isolate, and comprises in combination:
High frequency transformer has required operating frequency range, and has first port and second port;
First modulator is coupled to first port of described transformer, and described first modulator is modulated into the first simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with first baseband signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
First demodulator is coupled to second port of described transformer, and described first demodulator carries out demodulation to described first passband signal, so that recover described first baseband signal, and sends to described line side circuit.
17. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 16, wherein, described first modulator is coupled to described transformer by first high frequency hybrid, and described transformer is coupled to described first demodulator by second high frequency hybrid.
18. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 16, wherein, described system side circuitry comprises (1) codec, be used for becoming simulation to send signal the digital modulation and demodulation conversion of signals, (2) first multiplexers are connected to described first modulator, and described first multiplexer receives analog control signal and described simulation sends signal, and multiplexed described analog control signal and described simulation send signal, so that form described first baseband signal.
19. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 17 comprises the clock recovery circuitry that is connected to described second high frequency hybrid, is used for the frequency lock of described first demodulator frequency to described first modulator.
20. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 18, wherein, described line side circuit comprises first demultiplexer that is connected to first demodulator, described demodulator is moved back into the frequency of described first passband signal on the original base band, and described first demultiplexer is isolated described analog control signal from described simulation transmission signal.
21. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 16, wherein, described line side circuit comprises the low frequency mixer circuit that is coupled to communication line, is used to receive analog receiving signal and sends simulation send signal.
22. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 17 comprises:
Second modulator, be coupled to described second port of described transformer by described second high frequency hybrid, described second modulator is modulated into the second simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with second baseband signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
Second demodulator is coupled to described first port of described transformer by described first high frequency hybrid, and described second demodulator carries out demodulation to described second passband signal, recovers described second baseband signal, so that send to described system side circuitry.
23. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 22, wherein, described line side circuit comprises second multiplexer that is connected to described second modulator, receive emulation mode signal and analog receiving signal, described multiplexer makes up described emulation mode signal and described analog receiving signal, to form described second baseband signal.
24. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 23, wherein, described system side circuitry comprises (1) codec, converts analog receiving signal to the digital modulation and demodulation signal; (2) second demultiplexers are connected to second demodulator, and described demodulator is moved back into raw baseband signal with the frequency of the described second simulation passband signal, and described second demultiplexer is isolated described emulation mode signal from described analog receiving signal.
25. an electric isolation barrier that is used for DAA is used for providing between system side circuitry and line side circuit electricity to isolate, and comprises in combination:
High frequency transformer has required operating frequency range, and has first port and second port;
First modulator is coupled to first port of described transformer, and described first modulator is modulated into the first simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with the one 1 bit digital signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
First demodulator is coupled to described second port of described transformer, and described first demodulator carries out demodulation to described first passband signal, so that recover described the one 1 bit digital signal, and sends to described line side circuit.
26. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 25, wherein, described first modulator is coupled to described transformer by first high frequency hybrid, and described transformer is coupled to described first demodulator by second high frequency hybrid.
27. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 25, wherein, described system side circuitry comprises the numerical portion of (1) ∑-Δ codec, be used for the digital modulation and demodulation conversion of signals is become the 21 bit digital signal, (2) first multiplexers, be connected to described first modulator, described first multiplexer receives digital controlled signal and described the 21 bit digital signal, and multiplexed described digital controlled signal and described the 21 bit digital signal are so that form described the one 1 bit digital signal.
28. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 27, wherein, described first multiplexer comprises the first frame generative circuit, so that the location digital controlled signal.
29. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 26 comprises the clock recovery circuitry that is connected to described second high frequency hybrid, is used for the frequency lock of described first demodulator frequency to described first modulator.
30. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 27, wherein, described line side circuit comprises first demultiplexer that is connected to first demodulator, and described first demultiplexer is isolated digital controlled signal and the 21 bit digital signal from the one 1 bit digital signal of recovering.
31. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 30, wherein, described first demultiplexer comprises frame detecting circuit, so that detect the location of digital controlled signal.
32. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 30, wherein, described line side circuit comprises the simulation part of ∑-Δ codec, is coupled to described first demodulator, and the 21 bit digital signal that the simulation part of ∑-Δ codec will be recovered converts simulation to and sends signal.
33. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 25, wherein, described line side circuit comprises the low frequency mixer circuit that is coupled to communication line, is used to receive analog receiving signal and sends simulation send signal.
34. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 26 comprises:
Second modulator, be coupled to described second port of described transformer by described second high frequency hybrid, described second modulator is modulated into the second simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with the 31 bit digital signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
Second demodulator is coupled to described first port of described transformer by described first high frequency hybrid, and described second demodulator carries out demodulation to described second passband signal, recovers described the 31 bit digital signal, so that send to described system side circuitry.
35. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 34, wherein, described line side circuit comprises the simulation part of ∑-Δ codec, and described simulation part converts analog receiving signal to the 41 bit digital signal.
36. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 35, wherein, described line side circuit comprises second multiplexer that is connected to described second modulator, receive digital state signal and described the 41 bit digital signal, described multiplexer makes up described digital state signal and described the 41 bit digital signal, to form described the 31 bit digital signal.
37. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 36, wherein, described second multiplexer comprises the second frame generative circuit, so that the location digital state signal.
38. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 36, wherein, described system side circuitry comprises (1) second demultiplexer, be connected to described second demodulator, described second demultiplexer recovers described digital state signal and described the 41 bit digital signal from the 31 bit digital signal of recovering, (2) numerical portion of ∑-Δ codec is used for converting described the 41 bit digital signal to the digital modulation and demodulation signal.
39. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 38, wherein, described second demultiplexer comprises second frame detecting circuit, so that detect the location of digital state signal.
40. a multiplexer that is used for DAA comprises:
First input is used to receive 1 bit digital signal;
Second imports, and is used to receive the digital state or the control bit of first quantity;
Framer circuit is used for making up the framing bit of second quantity and the digital state or the control bit of first quantity according to first framed mode, to form the framing output bit of the 3rd quantity, wherein, described the 3rd quantity equal first and second quantity and; With
Interleaver, the framing output bit of described the 3rd quantity that interweaves and the bit from first respective numbers of importing are so that form the multiplexer output bit of the 4th quantity;
Wherein, for all combinations of described state or control bit, described first framed mode is indicated the correct framing position location of described framing output bit onlyly.
41. multiplexer as claimed in claim 40, wherein, for all possible combination of described state or control bit, and all possible location of described framing output bit, described first framed mode prevents that framing output bit from comprising second framed mode.
42. multiplexer as claimed in claim 41, wherein, for all possible combination of described state or control bit, and all possible location of described framing output bit, described first framed mode prevents that framing output bit from comprising the logical inverse of described second framed mode.
43. the one-to-many path multiplexer, each all is positioned at the opposite end of electric isolation barrier, and each described multiplexer comprises:
First input is used to receive 1 bit digital signal;
Second imports, and is used to receive the digital state or the control bit of first quantity;
Framer circuit is used for making up the framing bit of second quantity and the digital state or the control bit of first quantity according to first framed mode, to form the framing output bit of the 3rd quantity, wherein, described the 3rd quantity equal first and second quantity and; With
Interleaver, the framing output bit of described the 3rd quantity that interweaves and the bit from first respective numbers of importing are so that form the multiplexer output bit of the 4th quantity;
Wherein, first framed mode of each multiplexer equals second framed mode of another multiplexer.
44. one kind is used for the multichannel multiplexing method that DAA provides multiplexed output bit, comprises:
Receive the one 1 bit digital signal;
Receive the digital state or the control bit of first quantity;
The framing bit of second quantity is provided;
First framed mode is provided;
Make up the framing bit of second quantity and the digital state or the control bit of first quantity according to first framed mode, to form the framing output bit of the 3rd quantity, wherein, described the 3rd quantity equal first and second quantity and; And
The framing of described the 3rd quantity that interweaves output bit and bit from the respective numbers of the one 1 bit digital signal are so that form the multiplexed output bit of the 4th quantity;
Wherein, for all combinations of described state or control bit, described first framed mode is indicated the correct framing position location of described framing output bit onlyly.
45. multichannel multiplexing method as claimed in claim 44, wherein, for all possible combination of described state or control bit, and all possible location of described framing output bit, described first framed mode prevents that framing output bit from comprising second framed mode.
46. multichannel multiplexing method as claimed in claim 45, wherein, all possible combination for described state or control bit, and all possible location of described framing output bit, described first framed mode prevents that the framing output bit of the 3rd quantity from comprising the logical inverse of described second framed mode.
47. multichannel multiplexing method as claimed in claim 46, wherein, described first framed mode and described second framed mode are interchangeable.
48. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 4, wherein, described status signal has different frequencies with described control signal.
49. one kind is passed through a high frequency transformer and transmit the method that sends signal and received signal simultaneously on different direction, may further comprise the steps:
This high frequency transformer of operation in the linear working range of high frequency transformer; And
Provide two high frequency hybrid, so that will separate in transmission signal that sends by high frequency transformer on the first direction and the received signal that on second direction, sends by high frequency transformer.
50. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 30, wherein, the described separation of carrying out in described first multiplexer is to use bank of filters to finish.
51. an electric isolation barrier that is used for DAA is used for providing between line side circuit and system side circuitry electricity to isolate, and comprises in combination:
High frequency transformer has required operating frequency range, and has first port and second port;
First modulator, be coupled to first port of described transformer by first high frequency hybrid, described first modulator is modulated into the first simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with the one 1 bit digital signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
First demodulator is coupled to described second port of described transformer by second high frequency hybrid, and described demodulator carries out demodulation to described first passband signal, recovers described the one 1 bit digital signal, so that send to described line side circuit;
Second modulator, be coupled to described second port of described transformer by described second high frequency hybrid, described second modulator is modulated into the second simulation passband signal in the described required frequency range with the 31 bit digital signal, and modulation signal is sent to described transformer;
Second demodulator is coupled to described first port of described transformer by described first high frequency hybrid, and described second demodulator carries out demodulation to described second passband signal, recovers described the 31 bit digital signal, so that send to described system side circuitry;
The numerical portion of ∑-Δ codec is included in the described system side circuitry, is used for the digital modulation and demodulation conversion of signals is become the 21 bit digital signal, and converts the 41 bit digital signal to the digital modulation and demodulation signal;
First multiplexer, be included in the described system side circuitry, and be connected to described first modulator, described first multiplexer receives digital controlled signal and described the 21 bit digital signal, and they are carried out multiplexed so that form described the one 1 bit digital signal;
First demultiplexer is included in the described line side circuit, and is connected to first demodulator, and described first demultiplexer is isolated digital controlled signal and the 21 bit digital signal from the one 1 bit digital signal of recovering;
The simulation part of ∑-Δ codec is included in the described line side circuit, and described simulation part converts analog receiving signal to the 41 bit digital signal, and converts the 21 bit digital signal to simulation transmission signal;
Second multiplexer, be included in the described line side circuit, and be connected to described second modulator, described second multiplexer receives digital state signal and described the 41 bit digital signal, and they are made up, to form described the 31 bit digital signal; With
Second demultiplexer is included in the described system side circuitry, and is connected to described second demodulator, and described second demultiplexer recovers described digital state signal and described the 41 bit digital signal from the 31 bit digital signal of recovering.
52. electric isolation barrier as claimed in claim 51, wherein,
Described first multiplexer comprises the first frame generative circuit, so that the location digital controlled signal;
Described first demultiplexer comprises first frame detecting circuit, so that detect the location of digital controlled signal;
Described second multiplexer comprises the second frame generative circuit, so that the location digital controlled signal; And
Described second demultiplexer comprises second frame detecting circuit, so that detect the location of digital state signal.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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|---|---|---|---|
| US10/146,200 | 2002-05-14 | ||
| US10/146,200 US7277491B2 (en) | 2002-05-14 | 2002-05-14 | Data access arrangement using a high frequency transformer for electrical isolation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1663139A true CN1663139A (en) | 2005-08-31 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN038138123A Pending CN1663139A (en) | 2002-05-14 | 2003-05-12 | Data access arrangement using a high frequency transformer for electrical isolation |
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| US (2) | US7277491B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1504543A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2005525770A (en) |
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-
2002
- 2002-05-14 US US10/146,200 patent/US7277491B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-05-12 AU AU2003237829A patent/AU2003237829A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-12 WO PCT/US2003/014949 patent/WO2003098644A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-05-12 JP JP2004506047A patent/JP2005525770A/en active Pending
- 2003-05-12 EP EP03736589A patent/EP1504543A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-05-12 CN CN038138123A patent/CN1663139A/en active Pending
-
2004
- 2004-04-27 US US10/833,772 patent/US20040202204A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7277491B2 (en) | 2007-10-02 |
| WO2003098644A3 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
| AU2003237829A8 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
| US20040202204A1 (en) | 2004-10-14 |
| JP2005525770A (en) | 2005-08-25 |
| AU2003237829A1 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
| US20030215020A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
| WO2003098644A2 (en) | 2003-11-27 |
| EP1504543A4 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
| EP1504543A2 (en) | 2005-02-09 |
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