CN1625641A - Extend of detonation determination method using seismic energy - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of determining the extent of detonation of a Well Perforating Gun is disclosed. The Perforating Gun is positioned in a borehole and the detonation is initiated at one point on the essentially curvilinear array of explosive charges. Seismic waves emanate from the series of explosions, propagate away from the Perforating Gun and are detected at a distance away from the Perforating Gun using seismic receivers consisting of single or arrayed transducers of conventional design. The seismic receivers may be placed at or near the earth's surface and/or in one or more boreholes. The recorded seismic waves are processed and analyzed, and may be decomposed through a novel inversion process. The combined results are further analyzed to determine the extent of detonation including whether the gun fired or not, and if there was a misfire or partial misfire, the quantitative extent of the detonation.

Description

Use seismic energy to determine the method for explosion expanded range

Technical field

The present invention relates to subterranean well, completion and well servicing.More particularly, the present invention relates to improve well production and the procedure of examining production zone perforation by the jet perforating blast.

Background technology

The people of petroleum industry are concerned about especially by extracting oil to underground dark rockhole.For improving hydrocarbon fluid from the inflow of country rock to wellhole, explosion equipment is put into wellhole and detonate, cause the rock perforation and break.These explosion equipments are called perforating gun, and it comprises a series of lined-cavity charges, and each lined-cavity charge has a detonator that is connected by the explosive line that is called exploding wire.This exploding wire also links to each other with an initiator in perforating gun.Blast is started by initiator, and propagates along exploding wire, by a series of lined-cavity charges, ignites each in them successively, last lined-cavity charge in perforating gun.In once successful explosion, all lined-cavity charges all explode.Explosive train stops before all perforating bullets all explode once in a while, and is opposite with plan with operator's hope.In the worst situation, it is quick-fried to upspring without any explosive hole, although the operator has started the igniting sequence.

Under the current state of industrial technology, still do not have the operator can with method can be fast and the quantitative estimation of perforating gun detonation expanded range is provided reliably.The quantitative estimation of a blast expanded range can be a kind of like this estimation, and it provides the perforating gun length of blast or the percentage that explosive component accounts for the perforating gun total length to the operator.Current only is that the operator is from being placed on well head or obtaining the indication that perforating gun may be lighted a fire near the transducer on the well construction of well head at most.May be that disappearance with a signal shows and wholely do not explode.This method often can not be drawn perforating gun detonation or the inexplosive correct indication as actual situation.Have, this well head sensor, method can not provide the inexplosive indication of part that the quantitative estimation of blast expanded range can not be provided again.

Tubing conveyed perforating gun (TCP Gun) explodes below packer usually, and permanently stays the original place will Petroleum Production is then carried out after blast the time.Like this, under the situation of TCP, the operator may learn with direct inspection from the recovery of perforating gun never, and partly blast has taken place.He may be owing to direct economic loss is only suffered by partial completion and by corresponding reduction of the Petroleum Production amount of perforation wellhole in the production rock stratum.Potential far away much bigger economic loss may be from the underestimation that than poor efficiency field produces potentiality caused of operator after according to partial completion, because he believes complete perforation for being the rock stratum to partial completion.The decision that the underestimation meeting of oil field potentiality is led to errors, as limit further drilling well action or even abandon this oil field and in the initial outlay in that oil field.

The other types perforating gun can be recycled to ground for checking after the blast of expection.The operator can understand the blast expanded range according to checking.Promptly use this method of operating, the operator knows the blast expanded range and needn't wait to be recycled and check is useful.If the operator knows the blast of failure immediately, he can take suitable remedial measure as well as possiblely.If available, can start standby destructor.Can allow the operator to be embodied as those procedures that strengthen this occasion worker safety and design to the understanding that has the perforating bullet that do not explode.

In the situation of TCP operation, direct perception blast is impracticable in the location of perforating gun own, because can be advantageously connected to perforating gun without any lead or cable.

Like this, need a kind of method of indirect remote sensing blast in petroleum industry, it can be fast and the blast expanded range of definite perforating gun reliably.

Summary of the invention

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is one group of seismicrophone, a seismographic record and a control system that links with the perforating gun detonation control system, wherein contain computer and be programmed to handle and analyze seismic amplitude, make the professional can determine to place the blast expanded range of the perforating gun of subterranean boreholes.

Seismicrophone is made up of traditional geophone or other transducers, and their single cloth is if form many transducer arrays or subarray.The placement location of seismicrophone can be beneficial to perception and handle the seismic wave that directly arrives from perforating gun near ground surface or wellhole around the perforating gun.

Perforating gun cloth as required is placed on any degree of depth in the wellhole and any attainable length or structural style can be arranged, to reach its purpose.It can be detonated by any available device.Supposing that blast is to be started by initiator, when perforating gun was advanced, blast was advanced to the distant place from the position of initiator in blast.

Borehole axis can be vertical, level, straight or curved, promptly can be any curve shape.

Propagate and arrive seismicrophone by the seismic wave that in succession blast causes along all directions.Detected, the record of seismic amplitude, processed then, estimate to improve signal to noise ratio and to form optimum signal.Control and process computer started record before instant of detonation, this is by realizing with linking of detonating control system.This link can be automatic electronic link, also can be simple voice communication between the operating personnel of seismic recorder and initiation system.

Optimum signal estimates analyzed and determines the blast expanded range (EOD) of perforating gun thus, and promptly whether perforating gun is successfully ignited, part is ignited or fully ignite, and determines the quantitative blast expanded range of perforating gun under the situation that part is not ignited.This determine to comprise optimum signal estimated to compare with signal according to model prediction and/or with estimate to compare from the signal of other blasts.This determine also can to comprise use new inversion algorithm and further analyze, quantitatively to determine the blast expanded range best.In all these procedures, thisly determine to depend on predetermined perforating gun potentiality.

This process can be finished fast and the result is provided at the scene, thereby makes the operator obtain the result rapidly after blast.

Description of drawings

For describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention in more detail, referring now to accompanying drawing, wherein:

Fig. 1 is the rock stratum sectional view, shows wellhole and system element and the synthetic small echo from perforating gun detonation that receives at ground surface.

Fig. 2 is that the part of preferred embodiment is positioned at the face of land or the view during near the face of land.

Fig. 3 is the view of the part of preferred embodiment, and its seismicrophone is laid in the deep bores.

Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram at the seismicrophone of ground surface.

Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram that is arranged in the seismicrophone of wellhole.

Fig. 6 describes signal processor, shows its primary element.

Fig. 7 is the processing controller schematic diagram.

Fig. 8 is the perforating gun schematic cross-section.

Fig. 9 is the timeline of blast and recording process.

Figure 10 describes the successive phases of perforating gun detonation and seismic energy propagation.

Figure 11 shows the simulation synthetic waveform and the auto-correlation of variable rifle length.

Figure 12 shows the basic small echo the when duration is 6,24 and 96 milliseconds (msec) and synthesizes.

The successive phases of synthetic small echo inverting when Figure 13 demonstration is done different supposition to the blast expanded range.

Figure 14 comprises three width of cloth figure, is presented at the input and output of determining the refutation process of duration under the 24msec situation.

Figure 15 comprises three width of cloth figure, is presented at the input and output of determining the refutation process of duration under the 6mse situation.

Figure 16 and Figure 14 compare, and display noise is to the influence of refutation process.

Figure 17 shows the autocorrelation method of estimating the duration.

Figure 18 shows the comparison by the synthetic small echo of curvilinear borehole of time shift method and pulse density method simulation.

Figure 19 shows sequential step table in synthetic small echo inverting phase I of curvilinear borehole simulation and the inverting second stage.

Figure 20 shows the result of the synthetic small echo inverting second stage of using the pulse density method simulation with figure.

Figure 21 show can with Figure 20 result relatively, but be to use the synthetic small echo of time shift method simulation here.

Figure 22 shows the sampling equation of the successive phases of synthetic wavelet decomposition.

Figure 23 show the duration and when walking to the value table of rifle section.

Figure 24 is the figure that perforating gun is divided into the rifle section, and shows not flashpoint and effectively rifle length.

Figure 25 shows the successful blast of a perforating gun and the seismographic record of not igniting fully.

The specific embodiment

With reference to figure 1, the some seismicrophones 100 of demonstration are positioned near the face of land 160 or the face of land 160 and with signal processor and link to each other with register 105 among the figure.This unit 105 further links with blast expanded range (EOD) controller 110.Whole elements of these controller 110 controls uniqueness of the present invention.These three subsystems constitute EOD system 115 completely together.Among Fig. 1 the remainder of equipment be generally used for boring out, perforation, completion and produce the equipment of the every business of oil from wellhole.Shown wellhole links to each other with wellhead assembly 120 with wellhole equipment.Shown perforating gun 140 is arranged in wellhole, has been ready to blast.

When perforating gun was prepared to detonate, perforating application person notified seismological observation person, and he starts the EOD system.EOD system opening entry is received and processed and digitized geological data in signal processor and register 105 by seismic sensor 100 then.The EOD system continues record data and data is stored in (as tape) on the memory neutralization medium, till the seismic energy that is caused by perforating gun detonation has reduced.

The seismic ray path 145 that shows on Fig. 1 provides from perforating gun 140 to seismic sensor 106 approximate seismic propagation path.As shown in Figure 1, these ray paths are not perfect straight line, but crooked, because they pass the stratum with different earthquake velocity of wave and are reflected.The amplitude time, Figure 150 was called synthetic small echo, and representative is in seismic sensor 110 receptions and by the seismic amplitude of digital record and processing.Usually, if level of seismic noise is low, then receiving that the amplitude from before the energy of perforating gun 140 blasts is little, the initial stage amplitude of seismic wave by the blast radiation will be higher relatively, they will drop to reduced levels gradually after the hundreds of millisecond, and final the disappearance also only stays seismic noise once more after several seconds.

The seismic noise here is defined as ambient noise (promptly from uncontrolled external source, as wind and traffic, seismic wave) combination of the seismic wave (noise that rifle produces) that causes with perforating gun detonation, but be not to pass the seismic wave that the earth directly arrives by perforating gun itself.In order to determine perforating gun detonation expanded range this purpose, signal is defined as these seismic waves that directly arrives, promptly synthetic small echo 150.Like this, any other seismic wave that is directly or indirectly caused by ejected wave rifle blast process all is considered to the one-component of seismic noise.The example of this noise component(s) that is produced by rifle is to cause seismic wave that equipment causes and the seismic wave of propagating along indirect path by blast in wellhole and in the well head motion from the perforating gun to the sensor, comprises the reflection (but not being reverberation) from impedance boundary.Reverberation is defined as following the short-period multiple energy of direct event, and they are to source small echo contribution energy, and in order to determine blast expanded range this purpose, they are considered to signal.Signal is compressional wave energy usually, because its arrives in advance, so separate with the seismic noise that is produced by rifle better than other vibration shapes.Yet on principle, signal also can be the through seismic energy of shearing wave or other vibration shapes.

Fig. 2 provides the further details of EOD system 115.Seismic sensor 100 is linked at together and links to each other with signal processor 105 by surface seismic cable 200.Sensor can be commercially available geophone and/or underwater sound wave detector, and underwater sound wave detector is applicable to awash area.Sensor can be placed on ground surface or can be embedded in underground to improve coupling and to reduce ambient noise.Sensor can also be placed in the shallow well.Geophone can be vertically to and/or the horizontal earthquake wave detector, can the horizontal or vertical motion of perceiving ground.Geophone can be 3 component geophones, three quadrature components of its perceive motion.Also can use one vertically to sensor, two levels to sensor and pressure-sensitive sensor or underwater sound wave detector four sensors (being called the 4C sensor) altogether.In being full of the environment of water, can use underwater sound wave detector as unique sensor type.Any kind transducer or sensing device that energy perception pressure or earthquake change all may be applicable to the EOD purpose.

Fig. 4 display surface seismic sensor 100 is placed on ground surface with the one-dimensional array form, and each submatrix is shown 4 geophones, constitutes whole earthquake array aperture 410 by 7 subarrays.But the geophone additive combination in subarray is to improve signal noise ratio, and the preferred practice is to carry out single time shift with aligned signal before combination, perhaps can use other ARRAY PROCESSING algorithms to make up.Can utilize the poly array of various sensor types, each array is made of a plurality of subarrays.Can adopt different superposition, adaptive noise editor to have adaptive filtering, coherent filtering, Wiener filtering and additive method to utilize the multiple sensor subarray or the array of acquired signal ripple and noise waves.If desired, can utilize a plurality of subarrays,, be beneficial to strengthen signal noise ratio by ARRAY PROCESSING so that the more large redundancy of the channel with desirable signal and noise characteristic to be provided with suitable two dimension or three-dimensional geometric design.For example, little array can be placed on the rectangle region of a two-dimensional array, 49 subarrays altogether, and wherein 7 subarrays are arranged along survey line, and 7 submatrixs are crossed over surveys line.Utilize suitable processing, this expansion of being made great efforts by sampling can cause better signal to estimate.The utilization of these multiple subarrays, array and treatment technology can be considered to the best that obtains truly synthetic small echo and may represent.

Yet, can use single-sensor rather than above-described more complicated approach under ideal conditions, this can be because cost is former thereby preferred.Utilize experience, the professional can determine any effort level that desirable outcome quality degree will be provided.

Resulting signal is estimated, it is the best available expression 150 that desirable noiseless is synthesized small echo, be subjected to analyzing and further Mathematical treatment, to produce whether perforating gun is detonated or not ignition, part is ignited, and if the quantitative blast expanded range that part is not ignited its perforating gun as how definite result.

Stube cable 200 can be substituted by the radio link to signal processor and register 105, so that a kind of equivalent method of transmission geological data to be provided.Another kind of equivalent method is at each sensor or sensor groups place record data and thereafter with its emission or be sent to the central signal processor and register 105.

The another kind of method of configuration EOD system is shown in Fig. 3.Seismic sensor is placed in the deep-well 300, to substitute or to replenish the seismic sensor that is placed on ground surface.This wellhole or can be the same wellhole 170 that contains perforating gun 140, perhaps it can be another but adjacent wellhole.Downhole seismic sensors 330 can be connected to each other and upwards arrive ground by downhole cable 320 along well head and be connected to signal processor and register 105.The another kind of practice is that information that they can store them is provided with the back and reclaims.In this modification, can after returning ground, downhole seismic sensors therefrom reclaim seismic record, perhaps,, be sent to ground as the EM or the wellhole pressure waves method of telemetering by other methods availalbes.With the applications similar of ground transaucer subarray, can use multiple treatment technology to make up a plurality of downhole sensors, as described, to strengthen signal estimated signals noise ratio to ground transaucer.Downhole sensor can be placed but replace to be defined in along a wellhole not according to area distribution.Yet downhole sensor can be placed in a plurality of wellholes.As in the situation of ground transaucer, the signal of best of breed is estimated to be subjected to further to analyze and handle, with determine to detonate successfully, part success or failure, and quantitative to the blast expanded range.

Fig. 5 shows the details of downhole seismic sensors 330 when they are laid for use.Single geophone is contained in the container with hammerlock, and hammerlock can activated.These hammerlocks can be used for sensor is pressed in the borehole wall or chamber wall, to improve the coupling of the sensor and the earth.Downhole seismic receiver in this configuration is that tradition in the field of business is used.Perhaps, can use the other types downhole seismic sensors, as underwater sound wave detector.The multi-component seismic wave detector can make up with voltage sensitive sensor, as in the ground transaucer method.

Compare with surface process because when using wellhole seismic sensor can place more close blast, so can improve the device of seismic signals noise ratio by the use of down-hole method.More close placement provides higher seismic energy level and more high-frequency signals, but also simplified the seismic ray path geometries that seismic energy arrives sensor, this helps method of the present invention, and another benefit that place the down-hole is that ambient noise level is generally much lower than ground surface.Yet what be unfavorable for downhole sensor placement strategy is the cost of laying sensor.This cost is significantly higher than the cost of surface deployment usually.A kind of half-way house is that sensor is placed on the shallow degree of depth in the wellhole or just sensor is embedded in below ground.

Place the sensor both of these case for ground and down-hole, the professional should consider that the noise that is produced by rifle may be to the influence of direct signal incident.Sensor is set on a distance makes the noise event that produces by rifle can not arrive simultaneously, may need to keep in some cases one for this reason to the minimum range of entering the hole with signal event.Perhaps under the situation of downhole sensor, keep the minimum range of perforating gun to sensor.This is may interfere because of the fast wave of upwards propagating along wellhole, or closely excites the secondary noise vibration shape at well head or well head hole, and this can interfere the direct wave of propagating by the earth.Experience will provide about when there being the guidance of this condition.Solution is that sensor is placed on beyond this critical minimum range.

Fig. 6 shows the element of signal processor and register 105.Fig. 7 shows the EOD controller.These two computers that equipment is commercially available those types basically.The all hardware parts all are the types be familiar with and commercially available.Use the software and the method for EOD control that uniqueness of the present invention is provided.

With reference to figure 6, seismic signal is input to equipment 105 via cable 100 or 300.These seismic signals can be analog signals, as supposing among this figure, perhaps can be at the seismic sensor place or digitized in its vicinity signal.In the later case, can send order to the online equipment of control sensor by CPU640.If seismic signal is to be sent to equipment 105 with analog form as the voltage in the cable, then in A/D converter 620, carry out before the analog-to-digital conversion amplifying by preamplifier 610 and regulating this seismic signal.The digital seismic amplitude can be stored in the memory and can write physical medium by I/O equipment 650, as tape.His standard subsystem of the base of equipment 105 comprises power supply 680, monitor and keyboard 670 and clock 630.Shown in be used for signal processor and register 105 system element be to be present in commercially available system for acquiring seismic data based on PC with integrated form, as the ARAMARIES that makes by Geo-X Systems Ltd. company.

Show second computer system among Fig. 7.Be designated as EOD controller 110.It can be to be networked to or to be connected to signal processor and register 105 as Fig. 7 points out, perhaps just utilizes physical medium that is write down by equipment 105 and the interface of being realized EOD controller 110 and equipment 105 by the control information that EDO controller 110 provides to equipment 105 via physical medium.

EOD controller 110 comprises standard type equipment: CPU720, memory 740, clock 710, I/O equipment 730, monitor and keyboard 750 and power supply 760 as shown in the figure.It is shown as with the controller 130 that explodes and links.The blast controller can be to be used to ignite or control any device of igniting perforating gun 140.It can be comprised near be arranged in the well head individual equipment and with the perforating gun combined communication of wellhole.The another kind of practice is, blast controller 130 can be the cooperative inclusion that is arranged in some equipment of the ground surface of well and wellhole, for example physically with those equipment of perforating gun coupling.The EOD controller can utilize physics, electronics or the electric link of any kind, and perhaps it can comprise the communication link of being realized by radio, cell phone or other devices.The purpose of this link is that notice seismological observation person makes it correct moment before perforating gun is just ignited start seismographic record and allows the activity aspect the well to carry out the generality coordination with the activity of seismological observation aspect.

Signal processor and register 105 can make up with EOD controller 110, thereby only need a computer generation to finish needed action for two, as the realization of another kind of the present invention and equivalence.

Perforating gun 140 is shown in Fig. 8.The primary element of perforating gun 140 comprises: the electric lead that has been connected to weldering device 850 at the top of rifle; Draw bonding wire 860 and a series of lined-cavity charge 855.Provide ignition charge 870, container 875, lining 880 and main explosive charge 890 to each lined-cavity charge 855.

Although in Fig. 8, only described four lined-cavity charges, in the perforating gun of common used length, can comprise much more lined-cavity charge.The manufacturing of perforating gun each several part makes total rifle pattern length can realize the change from several feet to hundreds of feet.Lined-cavity charge will be distributed on the whole length of perforating gun combination live part usually equably, interval between the perforating bullet is less than 1 foot, stay being designed to pierce through a plurality of zones in the perforating gun that is not pierced the zone of some insertions, the some parts of rifle will not have lined-cavity charge.

Common practice is the upper end that as shown in the figure initiator 850 is placed on the perforating gun combination, thereby makes blast from the upper end.In this case, blast will be from initiator along detonating cord 860 advances in succession along the low each point of detonating cord and ceases until blast.When the detonation front reaches each ignition charge 870, detonating cord will make ignition charge 870 blasts, unless the situation of not exploding takes place.The blast of ignition charge 870 will make main explosive charge 890 blasts of its lined-cavity charge 855.

If interrupt before perforating gun and then not the detonation front as desired, each lined-cavity charge in succession will be detonated successively, and until the blast of the hole of last cumulative bullet, it is apart from farthest one of initiator 850, thereby finishes blast process.

If when the operator attempts to ignite initiator 850, it fails to detonate, and perforating gun then takes place " do not ignite fully ".If detonator detonates, but in the end previous ignition that be detonated of lined-cavity charge interrupted the detonation front along the advancing of detonating cord, and " part is ignited " then take place.If all lined-cavity charge all explodes, comprise apart from initiator lined-cavity charge farthest, " igniting fully " or " successfully igniting " then takes place.

Can obtain some kinds of perforating gun combinations in industrial quarters, industry professional provides the whole bag of tricks of igniting perforating gun.Method of the present invention is not limited to the perforating gun combination or the igniting method of any particular type, but can work effectively, as long as blast a bit beginning and begin to advance along perforating gun from that at perforating gun top or low side.

Fig. 8 points out three kinds of key parameters of perforating gun, and they are that position deemed " rifle top " 800, " at the bottom of the rifle " 810 and " rifle is long " 820, " rifle top " are defined as along the center of wellhole axle lined-cavity charge topmost." at the bottom of the rifle " is the center of lined-cavity charge minimum in wellhole.These two positions all are to utilize three-dimensional X, Y, the definition of Z coordinate.Be placed on the position of preparing blast with its perforating gun." rifle is long " is along the distance between borehole axis " rifle top " and " at the bottom of the rifle ".

Similarly, the position of seismicrophone is provided by the three-dimensional coordinate with respect to seismic sensor array aperture 420 geometric centers.

Fig. 9 shows that working as perforating application person notifies his plan of seismological observation person to specify the moment to carry out the sequence of steps that explosion time took place one.Seismological observation person is at moment t ₀Start EOD 115 (Fig. 1) of system, laid seismic sensor this moment and tested all subsystems.The t zero hour may explode the earliest ₃Before, he makes signal processor and register 105 geological data that begun to write down, and record is from this t constantly ₁Proceed to t ₆Perforating application person is at moment t ₀Take action, start blast process according to the needs of perforation system particular type and according to the timetable of notifying seismological observation person.At (t sometime thereafter ₄), the blast beginning, promptly initiator 850 detonates.The amount of delay that the blast process initial sum is carried out between the instant of detonation is variable, depends on the type of used ignition system and control system.In any situation, the seismographic record process all must begin before blast and proceed to perforating gun detonation at t ₅In the time of after ceasing certain.

The unique features of the inventive method is in order to determine that successfully the blast expanded range does not need to know burst period.Do not measure so need not take measures, determine or know the specific moment, the i.e. time break with additive method.This aspect simplified recording process the field realize because needn't between blast controller 130 and EOD system 115, set up link electronics or electricity.

Yet, if between rifle ignition system and seismic recording system, there is link, if perhaps these two systems are equipped with or are addressable accurately by synchronous clock or such as the external signal from gps satellite, thereby accurately know the time break, so inferior one-level benefit can come on professional's head.Understanding to definite time of ignition allows to use the perforating gun seismographic record to survey as single shot point VSP (vertical seismic profiling (VSP)).The method of using this information and those skilled in the art to be familiar with is surveyed deeply and can be calibrated and combine with this blast record with this blast record in this regional earthquake, and and then in conjunction with wellhole geology.With reference to figure 1, if the blast controller 130 from electric ignition system of Ground Control, it can easily be linked to process controller 110.This will help recorded data is used for this secondary purpose.

The additional hours area of a room that must write down depends on distance, wave speed of the earthquake and other factors between seismic sensor and the perforating gun.Usually after expection burst period at the latest, to write down at least 20 seconds data.Only comprise first arrival and be useful for refutation process of the present invention immediately following their several leading hundred milliseconds of data of repercussions, yet, from data after this, may collect the additional evidence of this blast even perforating gun detonation scope.An example like this is by the Kong Jingzhong gas seismic energy that motion caused afterwards, and these gases are produced by this blast.Such seismic energy can arrive seismic sensor with diverse non-direct reach path, can be used for sure blast and in fact take place really.

Figure 10 shows perforating gun 140 sectional view in the stratum around in the four-stage in succession of blast of this rifle and radiation seismic wave.At t ₄,, back down the beginning blast at rifle as among the last width of cloth figure.After a while, at t _4.5, the detonation front is along perforating gun 50% distance of having advanced, reach at the bottom of rifle top and the rifle between along the centre position of borehole axis.At moment t ₅, detonation front 1030 just starts the blast of lowermost end lined-cavity charge in the perforating gun.Advance along perforating gun axis and the own axis of wellhole that almost is in common location with constant speed Vd in detonation front 1030.

This detonation velocity Vd is a characteristic of the particular design of the perforating gun type selected of operator.It will be a known quantity of having measured in the laboratory.The representative value of Vd is 10 feet/millisecond.This speed is less than half of the detonation velocity of the detonating cord 860 that carries detonation front 1030.This deceleration is that those lined-cavity charges are placed around the perforating gun axis, and the various orientations of from 0 to 360 degree are arranged because the detonating cord in perforating gun splits and can have helical configuration during perforating bullet decline when being bound to from jet perforating.Because detonating cord is taked this not directapath along the rifle axle usually, the length of required detonating cord may be greater than the twice of perforating gun length.For typical perforating gun, this causes effective detonation velocity of measuring along the rifle axle significantly to be lower than absolute detonation velocity along detonating cord itself.

Yet some perforating gun perhaps for the whole length of rifle or some part of rifle just, does not have this spirality detonating cord configuration, and what are the detonating cord of straight line but replace along the perforating gun axle.Certainly, these perforating gun design expression go out the absolute detonation velocity that effective detonation velocity approaches detonating cord itself, for example greater than 20 feet/millisecond.

Figure 10 also describes and the related earthquake small echo of propagating to the face of land from detonation gun of seismic energy.Certainly, the earthquake small echo is propagated along all directions, but only considers the upwards ripple of propagation here.Ripple A in Figure 10 is the guiding edge of Mintrop wave 1000, and Mintrop wave 1000 is promptly upwards propagated first seismic energy in the earthquake small echo from first lined-cavity charge of blast.It upwards advances with speed Vr, and Vr is the compressional velocity (p wave velocity) of its rock of passing, and it is normally by first energy from blast of seismic sensor array record.

As shown in the figure, at moment t _4.5, ripple A1000 will reach a position on the rifle top.At this moment detonation front 1030 has reached a half-way along perforating gun.Along with each lined-cavity charge blast, new seismic energy emits.A quasi-continuous little wave train, each mixes mutually when they upwards advance from each lined-cavity charge.Figure show from along the Mintrop wave forward position of the lined-cavity charge in perforating gun centre position at t _4.5Begin to form.

At moment t5, ripple A and follow-up ripple further upwards advance, and further advance downwards and just cause the blast of lowermost lined-cavity charge in the detonation front.Carve ripple B at this moment and begin upwards radiation, the forward position of representative hangover small echo.Because the explosive material in perforating gun is all used up now, further do not initiate small echo again.

After a while at moment t _5.5, on ripple B upwards advances at the bottom of the rifle somewhere a bit, and the ripple C on the small echo tail edge that is defined as trailing upwards advances to a short distance that makes progress at the bottom of the rifle.All ripples between A and C continue upwards, finally reach the synthetic small echo of seismic sensor and conduct and note.

This synthetic small echo 1100 can be regarded one group of single basic small echo 1210 sum as, each is from one section perforating gun, each follow-up small echo postpones a small amount of time than its previous small echo, and to be blast propagate into the used period of next section downwards along rifle to its amount of delay adds from low section sum when the seismic wave than epimere is.

Rifle section 2410 may be defined as the arbitrarily small length of perforating gun live part, wherein contains one or more (but being an integer) lined-cavity charge.Utilize this definition, any perforating gun can be divided into the rifle section (final stage may make an exception) of a series of constant powers.Under identical explosion condition, each rifle section will produce identical basic small echo 1210.Figure 24 shows the perforating gun that is divided into one group of rifle section 2410.

In the country rock environment of a constant speed, each rifle section 2410 has identical shaped a series of up earthquake small echo with generation.These small echos separate with identical incremental time when arriving seismicrophone also near leaving rifle the time except shape is identical each other in time.This has just proposed a kind of method of simulating synthetic small echo 1100, and synthetic small echo 1100 is used for Figure 11 and each is schemed thereafter, and with the synthetic small echo of an arbitrarily basic small echo 1210 of simulate given, this basic small echo is the small echo from a rifle section of perforating gun.

Figure 11 shows to come since 13 feet synthetic small echos to 320 feet 5 different length perforating guns.The auto-correlation of each synthetic small echo appears at the right side of figure.Along with the increase of perforating gun length, its form has gradually become two-part small echo from quite simple small echo, and it the first half mainly is positive and the second half mainly bears.In fact the second half appearance and first half-phase with but polarity is opposite.Really be this situation.The synthetic small echo of a long perforating gun the first half can be that bear or positive, depends on the initial polarity of basic small echo, but opposite with the second half polarity forever.320 feet perforating guns also find a time-delay is arranged, the time between " the Mintrop wave forward position " that equals definitely to simulate and " executing the coda wave forward position " (see figure 10) between first half-sum the second half.Auto-correlation also reveals a strong minus side lobe with respect to the zero propagation peak value at this timetable.

Figure 12 provides three synthetic small echos 1210 for example, and they have the different duration: 6,24 and 96 milliseconds.Also demonstrate basic small echo 1210, it is summed to produce synthetic small echo.Basic small echo is the small echo from one section of perforating gun.Duration is defined as the time interval between " Mintrop wave forward position " and " hangover wavefront ", can be by the two addition calculation of seimic travel time between the position of the time interval between the blast of the first rifle section and last rifle section quick-fried and the rifle fragment position of exploding at last and the first rifle section is come out in simple perpendicular geometry situation.

The duration of a given blast of given perforating gun is the function of seismic sensor array position.For vertical borehole and homogeneous geology, will observe the maximum duration at well head.In this case, leave the well head place if sensor array is positioned at, then the duration reduces, and finally is kept to zero from the well head place far.For non-perpendicular wellhole, in a certain group of position leaving well head, will there be maximum value this duration.If can observe the duration maximum value, definite favourable to EOD then is so the professional should consider this point when decision sensor array column position.The ray path simulation can be instructed this decision.Need make the duration maximum and to reach the optimum signal noise ratio compromise between the two in some cases.

Do not demonstrate the second half of the first half-sum opposite polarity that is separated into a polarity with reference to the synthetic small echos of Figure 12,6 milliseconds and 24 milliseconds duration again.This is owing to oversize with respect to its basic small echo of duration, does not allow this appearance, causes two parts overlapping.Yet the synthetic small echo of 96 milliseconds of duration demonstrates this really clearly to be separated, and becomes half of two opposite polarities.At leading peak 1220 and negative homologue thereof, the time interval between the promptly follow-up trough 1230 accurately equals 96 milliseconds, is strict duration value.

This is at least long perforating gun, and promptly rifle is considerable between first section (first polarity) of synthesizing small echo and hangover section (with first opposite polarity second polarity) two halves the good situation of separating to be arranged, and a kind of method of definite blast expanded range is provided.It's a pity, many perforating guns do not have sufficient length to make it this thing happens.But, when the perforating gun long enough provides this separation to synthesize in the small echo, can estimate the expanded range that explodes like this, if known rifle and seismicrophone how much distribute and the position, if can simulate ray path geometry and known detonation velocity and seimic wave velocity.The time interval between synthetic small echo first half-sum the second half can directly be measured, or preferably by auto-correlation.This time equal from the first rifle section to a last rifle section the detonation propagation time and to the seimic travel time difference sum of the two of receiver.Be to realize best equivalence, the position that is assumed to last rifle section that reality exploded changes in calculating.If in calculating perforating gun, do not obtain best equivalence during last physical gun segment, determine thus that then part has taken place ignites.

Use autocorrelation method or direct the sight to look into seismographic record, also can determine easily fully to ignite.During a known tranquil period, there is not a remarkable higher level if the auto-correlation of the geological data that has received shows after the perforating gun expection has been lighted a fire, then may have taken place not ignite fully.A further evidence of not igniting is not have first energy on seismographic record fully, as determining veteran aspect the seismic method, this first energy should have the measurable time-delay from an earthquake subarray to next earthquake subarray, and its typical waveform and Energy distribution style are arranged.

Figure 25 a describes the seismographic record that obtains with the typical ground seismicrophone 210 that shows in detail among EOD system 115 and Fig. 4.In this record, perforating gun is successfully ignited.Characteristic seismic energy pattern shows as then occurring in succession from the nearest seismic sensor subarray to farthest of distance perforating gun in succession as ray-trace modeling is predictable.Seismic energy is on the seismic noise energy level.The measurement constantly of similar small echo crest and trough can be with the using when rifle pushes up walking of each earthquake subarray of ray-trace modeling prediction, with the origin of determining seismic energy whether in the position of perforating gun.Although relevant seismic events style can occur on the seismic noise record, they do not show as the style of distribution then of the energy that sends from the perforating gun position.They do not show as the second half wavelet shape feature of the first half-sum opposite polarity with a polarity of long perforating gun yet.At last, the level of typical earthquake noise does not reach the amplitude level from the characteristic energy of perforating gun detonation.All these criterions can be used to verify that the seismic energy that is observed in fact is from perforating gun detonation.

Figure 25 b is presented at the seismographic record of being done during the perforating gun expection is ignited.Characteristic seismic energy pattern from perforating gun is not obvious.Only being indicated as the amplitude of seismic noise and Energy distribution style can distinguish and draw.The evidence of the record from Figure 25 b can draw the conclusion that this perforating gun is not ignited.Only in the relative very high situation of level of seismic noise, when promptly being high enough to cover the energy from perforating gun, this conclusion just may be incorrect.Experience can tell people which type of level of seismic noise can be covered as the seismic energy by the detected particular perforations rifle of given seismic sensor array.The seismic energy of like this, directly observing and analyzing by the EOD system log (SYSLOG) can be used for determining the not generation of ignition fully with the height certainty.

Irrelevant with wavelet shape, the synthetic little wave amplitude that is observed by perforating gun detonation also can be pointed out the detonation length of perforating gun.To the various measurements of amplitude, comprise for example passages, rms amplitude, average absolute amplitude and mean power, can be used for synthetic small echo and other synthetic small echos of a specific observation are compared.With reference to Figure 11, the synthetic small echo of various rifle length shows as from the shortest perforating gun to the most progressive increase (the left side mark perforating gun characteristic signal of figure) of long perforating gun.These wavelets are simulated, and with the small echo that emulation can observe under the same physical condition, these physical conditions comprise the type and the position of geology, perforating gun type, rifle position, top and seismicrophone.If to these identical conditions but there is the synthetic small echo of another perforating gun of different rifle length to simulate, it can easily compare with these six small echos, so can calculate its effective perforating gun length, interpolation between short and long rifle.So just, the new quantitative estimation of synthesizing the perforating gun length of small echo of generation can obtain exploding.Certainly, wavelet shape and amplitude can use together to improve estimated result.

If relatively the available words of small echo also can be used this Same Way process in the synthetic small echo situation of actual observation.Preferably, obtain the comparison small echo from same rifle type in the similar degree of depth under similar geological conditions, certainly, it will be impossible identical condition being arranged be in above-mentioned analog study.If in a given geological environment, write down perforating gun detonation routinely, as in a geologic basin or in oil field, then can obtain one group of relatively small echo, be used for comparison and calculate effective rifle length and the blast expanded range, as mentioned to model description like that.Can use simple correction factors, to improve definite degree of accuracy to varying depth, perforating gun type and its dependent variable.As in the situation of model, the two can separately use wavelet shape and amplitude and be used in combination, to improve the degree of accuracy that the blast expanded range calculates.

The another kind of method of perforating gun detonation expanded range is determined in open below explanation.This method depends on synthetic small echo inverting and looks into, compares and calculate to replace previously described sight.Similar to the method that preamble is described, this inversion method also depends on theoretical prediction and/or the predetermined perforating gun potentiality of actual observation according to physical condition, calculating, synthetic small echo.This method can independently be used or determine with the independent quantitative that additive method provides the blast expanded range.

When perforating gun is when being detonated in the also non-perpendicular a part of wellhole of non-complete linearity at one, blast expanded range of the present invention determines that method can work effectively.In many cases, wellhole will not be vertical, and promptly perforating gun is often used in the horizontal wellbore or represents the not extreme case but still be again non-vertical well bore so of non-perpendicular property.Have, borehole axis differs and is decided to be straight line again; It can be two dimension or three-dimensional curve.Wellhole crooked in three-dimensional is known as curvilinear borehole or 3D wellhole here.

One of supposition of being done when the synthetic small echo of structure Figure 11 and Figure 12 is that the seimic wave velocity around perforating gun is a constant.For the many situations that relate to relatively short perforating gun, this supposition may be good, but wishes that a kind of method is arranged, and it will be disobeyed speed and rely in such supposition.Become generally can be general and can dispose the method for moderate-length and longer perforating gun, the method for the expanded range of determining to explode must be able to be disposed in the perforating gun country rock situation of seismic velocity changeably.

Thisly invented the methods of getting up all these hope and used analogue data to demonstrate its work with important property combination; This method is the theme of these all the other contents of preferred embodiment part.

A kind of two stage refutation processes have been invented, it is applicable to the synthetic small echo of record when perforating gun is detonated, the phase I of inverting (stage 1) produces output small echo (stage 1 small echo) ideally, and it equals the convolution that basic small echo and zero positive unit pulse (+1) heel constantly equal the negative unit pulse (1) at place of synthetic small echo duration constantly.Perhaps statement in another way, stage 1 small echo are in a just basic small echo of zero (t=0) beginning constantly and a negative basic small echo sum of time-delay duration (t=duration).

Only this desirable output just can take place in stage 1 refutation process under the key condition.That condition is to give the correct duration value of this process for using.But the professional does not know this value, is the whole purpose of this practice because know the actual value of duration.So, must carry out a series of stage 1 invertings, suppose the duration value that each is possible.The maximum possible duration is corresponding to whole perforating gun detonation.Minimum duration is corresponding to having only first rifle section igniting.From the duration scope that is up to minimum duration is that for example an interval is equivalent to perforating gun and adds the duration increment that single rifle section causes with suitable little interval sampling.

When in stage 1 refutation process, using correct actual duration value, just cause desirable output.For long perforating gun, stage 1 output will be similar to the synthetic small echo from longer perforating gun on form.The second half will be the repetition of the first half polarity inversion; Yet different with synthetic small echo, the first half will not be to be main polarity with a kind of polarity (first polarity), and the second half neither be main polarity with a kind of polarity (opposite with first polarity).Each partly will have zero-mean, and being about to is vibration around zero amplitude.

For short and perforating gun moderate-length, the first half will be with the second half overlapping, makes the positive and negative basic Wavelet Component that is difficult to observation stage 1 wavelet.For long perforating gun, might distinguish possible correct duration value by on the duration value scope of supposition, comparing each stage 1 small echo.For short and perforating gun moderate-length, this is impossible.

The second stage of refutation process (stage 2) is applied to stage 1 small echo and produces an output, and this output is at the single basic small echo of constantly zero (t=0) beginning, does not contain every other information.This has solved the problem of all length of perforating gun being explained its correct duration value, comprises short and perforating gun moderate-length.

The identical value of supposing in stages 2 invertings supposition and stage 1 inverting of duration, thereby these two stages unanimity each other in this respect.Like this, can show at one-to-one basis from the small echo of this two stages output, as shown in Figure 13.The left side shows five stage 1 small echos in the drawings, and each from 11 milliseconds to 15 milliseconds, is interval with 1 millisecond corresponding to a different supposition duration value.The right side is corresponding stages 2 small echo in the drawings.

In the example of Figure 13, the duration value that is used to simulate as the synthetic small echo of refutation process input is 13 milliseconds.By examining, people can tell the most perfect repetition that stage 1 small echo 1310 for 13 milliseconds of invertings is positive the first half heels opposite polarity the second half.Yet each in these five provides the reasonable good performance of this form, therefore, only determines that from this evidence the correct duration will be certain challenge.

On the right side of Figure 13, demonstrate stages 2 inverting small echo.Be assumed to 13 milliseconds stages 2 small echo 1320 for the duration, clearly illustrate the least energy in the middle of these five.The afterbody of its calmness of initial small echo heel, and for other duration values, this afterbody continues vibration, for 11 milliseconds of duration and 15 milliseconds, its amplitude even also increase.Each stages 2 small echo is compared on mathematics and visually by the user, so that correct duration value is determined in the blast that is taken place.Selected right value is duration=13 millisecond.

Then, this selected duration value must be converted into the length value of the actual perforating gun that is detonated.This is to use detonation velocity, seimic wave velocity and receiver and these given values of perforating gun position and simulated earthquake ray path to determine what seimic travel time was finished.The first step in this process is to make up the duration table, as shown in Figure 23, wherein comprises from each rifle section center and to walk duration and corresponding duration value to seismicrophone.If perforating gun is not detonated, will observes these duration values after rifle section 2410.Flashpoint 2440 and effective rifle length 2430 are not shown in Figure 24.

If can obtain vertical seismic profiling (VSP) (VSP) observation when walking, then they can be used for making up the duration table.If can not get the VSP observation, the then preferred practice is by ray tracing, use about around the wellhole in time-all available informations of the seismic wave velocity field of spatial variations, obtain away duration.Simplify in the variant at one of this method, the user can suppose that the straight line ray path propagates, and this supposition (for example when speed is almost constant) under certain conditions is a kind of enough approach accurately of simulating ray path.

If effective detonation velocity Vd of known perforating gun then applies to the following relationship:

The duration=(L/Vd)+DT formula 1

Here:

L is effective rifle length 2430, promptly ignites the not rifle length of flashpoint, or arrives the length at the bottom of the rifle, if ignite.

Vd is effective detonation velocity, and

DT is that (arriving receiver) seimic travel time of the first rifle section of igniting and last rifle section is poor.

Determining selected actual duration value by preamble is described, or use the more generally 3D borehole method of describing thereafter to determine the duration, the professional finds the duration of walking corresponding to this duration value in table (Figure 23), in case of necessity interpolation between the table intermediate value.The another kind of practice is to carry out strict special ray tracing corresponding to this duration value.

In each situation in both of these case, its difference is asked in the duration of walking of walking the duration and the first rifle section of last rifle section, to calculate DT, so formula 1 is rearranged to calculate L (expression multiplication).

L=(duration-DT) Vd formula 2

Value L is the primary measured value of perforating gun detonation expanded range, is the purpose of preamble and all processes of the present invention described below.A correlation measure of blast expanded range is the percentage that the actual length that is detonated accounts for total rifle length, and it is L divided by total rifle length and multiply by 100 and obtain.

In a word, the duration value that the actual perforating gun length that is detonated equals to determine deduct the first rifle section and last rifle section of being detonated between seimic travel time poor, this amount multiply by effective detonation velocity Vd of perforating gun then.

Because this result depends on travel-time difference rather than when always walking, so this result relies on the high accuracy simulation to intermediary's geology between rifle top and the receiver.Have only and to finish exactly the simulation of ray path around the rifle itself.If as industrial quarters is known, use traditional logging technique to measure seismic wave velocity field around the perforating gun, and used that available tectonic geology figure extrapolates to it in the oil field usually, just so can be easily and finish this simulation exactly.

If before carried out the VSP seismic survey,, will be total seimic travel time of having measured exactly along a plurality of positions of wellhole then for the propagation between wellhole and the selected landscape position for the well that will carry out perforation.In this case, recommend to occupy again a subclass of these landscape position,, thereby can verify the degree of accuracy of ray path simulation or it is adjusted to consistent whole propagation path with observation time as EOD receiver position.Can adjust analog parameter, when the walking of simulation with between VSP is when observing away, reach the coupling of getting well.The another kind of practice is to replace in the time of can being observed away by VSP simply when simulation is walked.

Figure 14 shows the result of another example, and rifle is shorter here, thereby the two halves of synthetic small echo and stage 1 small echo are all seriously overlapping.The last figure of Figure 14 shows for the duration=24 millisecond synthetic small echo 1100 that estimates, stage 1 small echo 1310 and stages 2 small echo 1320.Middle figure shows three 23,24 and 25 milliseconds stages 2 different supposition duration small echos 1320.Figure below is the RMS amplitude of stages 2 small echo tail energy.In this example, making up the duration value that model uses is 24 milliseconds.Each stages 2 small echo has the period 1 much at one, but their high degree of dispersion of time thereafter.Stages 2 small echo of duration=24 millisecond becomes calmness after several vibrations, but the vibration of adjacent wavelet height, demonstrates the unsettled tail energy of distortion.The RMS amplitude image demonstrates that there is very distinguished minimum 1410 at millisecond this right value place in duration=24.Like this, this process can (be passed through power calculation) well and find correct duration value by visual evidence (wavelet shape) on mathematics.Utilize this discovery, can easily calculate the actual perforating gun length that is detonated as previously described like that.

Figure 15 shows a similarly example of simulation, wherein supposes 6 milliseconds of much smaller duration values.This situation is the bigger challenge to this method, because have extreme overlappingly in synthetic small echo and stage 1 small echo, promptly rifle is very short.Three width of cloth figure of Figure 14 are corresponding to three width of cloth figure of Figure 13.Observe less difference in three phases 2 small echos in middle figure.More stable and demonstrate the high frequency distortion littler from the duration=6 millisecond small echo in stage 2 than its neighbor, but its difference not as in the previous case obviously.The RMS amplitude demonstrates at 6 milliseconds of places minimum 1410, but not as before distinguishing like that well.Like this, this method can be worked, but for the perforating gun of very short duration, this method is not strong like that and not have such high resolving power.In general, by this process, people can expect that medium and longer perforating gun small echo is recently had better resolution capability from the small echo of short arm.This blast expanded range that converts to longer perforating gun has better resolving power.For given blast, the seismicrophone position of optimization increases the duration of synthetic small echo, and the professional should think that this is a kind of method that improves resolving power.

The research seismic noise is to the influence of refutation process in Figure 16.In actual conditions, stay in the final estimation of true synthetic small echo having some seismic noises.The model that Figure 14 uses is modified to the adding random noise and handles by the two-stage inverting once more.Noise occurs with signal in stage 1 small echo 1310 and stages 2 small echo 1320.The RMS amplitude image is presented at 23 milliseconds minimum value, has replaced 24 milliseconds of correct duration values.Like this, noise has caused a little error in the duration that this process calculates.Curve fit to the RMS amplitude can reduce influence of noise and allow to calculate in this case 24 milliseconds of right values.

Seismicrophone array and subarray that use designs well, receiver is placed on the position of more close perforating gun, receiver is placed on distance enough far away can reduces seismic noise with signal interference and by the signal processing method that uses preamble to describe, thereby reduce seismic noise influence and enhancing signal estimated value with the noise of avoiding producing by rifle.

Method of the present invention can be finished in the mode of next describing.This method is applicable to the final estimation to the true synthetic small echo of preamble definition.The basis of this method is that the synthetic small echo of supposition is the basic small echo sum from a series of rifle sections, this perforating gun is divided into the section of a series of homogeneous arbitrarily, every section contains identical or is one group of similar substantially blast parts at least, has only last rifle section to make an exception.

At first consider a naive model, wherein perforating gun is vertical, and the seimic wave velocity of rock is a constant, and receiver is in the vertical direction of perforating gun, find out that easily synthetic small echo is basic small echo sum, each basic small echo has delay slightly with respect to the basic small echo that comes the previous rifle section of order.First sample of synthetic small echo equals first sample of basic small echo simply.Know this point,, just can calculate second sample of basic small echo by from second value of synthetic small echo, deducting first value of basic small echo.Now, two samples in the basic small echo are known.This process can be proceeded whole synthetic small echo, until the duration value that reaches a supposition, so no longer continue.Its result will be a negative duplicate of pure basic this basic small echo of small echo heel, and it began constantly in the duration of synthetic small echo, if the duration of being supposed is correct.

To attempt each possible duration value and compare its result by this same process, the output of inverting phase I be called stage 1 small echo.These stage 1 small echos also will become the input to stages 2 inverting; Stages 2 inverting will be used and obtain the employed same supposition duration value of that moment 1 result.

For obtaining stage 1 small echo, shape and length such as basic small echo are done any supposition, when carrying out stages 2 invertings, also will not do any such supposition.Like this, this inverting does not need the priori of wavelet character.

Aforementioned process is to be applicable to straight vertical hole and stage 1 of the inversion method of the simple scenario of seismic velocity consistently.Its work has utilized first sample of the first basic small echo not covered this fact.This allows to peel overlay information off in succession and finally discloses the pole reversal version sum that basic small echo and the quilt of itself are delayed time, if the duration supposition is correct.If this supposition is incorrect, the result who obtains when then exporting the result and making correct supposition compares bigger RMS amplitude and asymmetry.

Stages 2, anti-refutation process was applied to stage 1 result, if the duration supposition is correct, then will produce simple and pure basic small echo.Otherwise will observe the sign of incorrect duration supposition, comprise the tail amplitudes of higher RMS amplitude and unsettled or high frequency.

Stages 2 inverting is very simple, by deducting stage 1 inverting amplitude first stage afterwards 1 amplitude that equals to suppose the duration from time-delay one by one, has just finished stages 2 inverting sample.This process is corrected amplitude from being in first of moment of equaling the duration, proceeds to significantly till the basic small echo total time greater than prediction.In stages 2 inverting, after the moment that equals 2 times of duration, value of corrected stages 2 (rather than corresponding stage 1 amplitude) is used to cut from next stage 1 value; Like this, for greater than 2 times the moment of duration, stages 2 inverting iteration once.

Select the part of rifle, its basic small echo separates with a unit interval sample with the basic small echo of adjacent gun section, can define the perforating gun part that constitutes a rifle section 2410 thus easily.The size of selected rifle section should be suitably little for the seismic signal bandwidth that institute receives and writes down.For example, if 1 millisecond of record sample cycle is suitable to seismic signal, then rifle section size should be elected as and make synthetic small echo 1100 interior adjacent basic small echos 1320 be separated from each other/millisecond or littler.For detonation velocity 10,000fps (feet per second) and seimic wave velocity 8000fps, the rifle section will for 4.44 feet with consistent with 1 millisecond of sampling.This result is by determining the synthetic little wave duration to the supposition rifle is long like that as previously described, looks except that rifle with this duration again.The rifle segment length can be provided with short interval, makes that each the rifle section in the perforating gun comprises a lined-cavity charge number integer and constant, to avoid occurring in each rifle section the lined-cavity charge of variable number.

Next the more ordinary circumstance that synthetic small echo from a curvilinear borehole in the rock of seismic velocity is changeably carried out inverting is described.

In this case, at first calculate from each rifle section center to the ray path and the corresponding seimic travel time of receiver.This can finish by the various analogy methods of using in the industry.Preferably, will use the three-dimensional earth model that (as the information that obtains from drilling well, well logging and previous seismic survey) derives from all available subsurface information sources, and the coordinate of each rifle section and receiver.Also use the detonation velocity of perforating gun, as the detonation velocity that from previous test, obtains to same perforating gun.The seimic travel time of each rifle section is added in its blast time-delay, and the first rifle section with respect at constantly zero (t=0) provides each rifle section at the receiver place then.

This then array be used to calculate an amount that is defined as impulse density.Impulse density is exactly the umber of pulse and the ratio that arrives the umber of pulse in synthetic small echo first sample that time per unit arrives receiver.For example, if first sample in the synthetic small echo just arrives from the basic small echo first of the first rifle section, and one of synthetic small echo afterwards sample be to arrive sum (because the curvature of well, ray path geometry etc.) from first of two rifle sections, claim that afterwards sample impulse density 2 is arranged.This agreement is arbitrarily, but it makes and might be modified as the consideration ordinary circumstance to previously described inversion method easily.It has also utilized the sampling density of a function and the equivalence of amplitude.This equivalence enables to replace with the single sampled value that doubles amplitude the sampled value that equates of a pair of while.Use this relation,, make and to represent synthetic small echo with sample of time per unit by revising the basic small echo that amplitude considers to be derived from a plurality of coincidences in the time samples with impulse density.

Derive a series of pulse density values, each unit interval increment has a value, and it is that incremental time when being sampled to has identical basic small echo number then at the receiver place.Then fully owing to the seismic wave velocity field of space-variantization (this be based on ray path is calculated or VSP observation obtains) at any time between three-dimensional borehole curvature and perforating gun and the receiver, and the time lag that causes is propagated in the detonation front along perforating gun.For having non-homogeneous perforating bullet distribution and/or, then can correspondingly being calculated, thereby allow impulse density owing to these factors along the variable perforating gun of gun axis line detonation velocity.When this class perforating gun is generally used for will staying some zone lines when piercing through a plurality of zones and is not pierced.It is variable that the formation of this class perforating gun can make them show as along the detonation velocity of gun axis line.

Substantially little wave amplitude is subjected to their influences from origin rifle section to spherical diffusion loss, absorption and loss the receiver propagation periods.Owing to the propagation distance difference and because of different absorptions and loss being arranged, be different for each these loss of rifle section by different rocks.For relatively short perforating gun away from receiver, these losses may not can cause obvious change in the middle of basic small echo, yet, for long rifle and short propagation path, these difference are significant, thereby must pay attention in process of the present invention.

Can pass through the earthquake simulation process, the technology of using earthquake processing and simulation field technician to be familiar with can calculate pre-its spherical diffusion loss that can take place, and absorbs and loss.The another kind of practice is directly to measure these losses in the seismographic record that can obtain from the VSP exploration.These losses, each rifle Duan Youyi value can multiply by pulse density values, easily to calculate the pulse density values of correction.Remove the modified pulse density values of each rifle section then with the modified pulse density values of the first rifle section, so obtain normalized value.This method for normalizing guarantees complete refutation process, comprises stage 1 and stage 2, is a true amplitude process.This normalized realization is at the first rifle section initial modified pulse density to be resolved into each modified pulse density values.These normalized modified pulse density values are known as " weight ".

In stage 1 refutation process of the present invention, such normalized modified pulse density of using as described below, the influence of the amplitude losses that causes because of cited reason will fully be admitted, thereby can not cause error in the calculating of stage 1 small echo.

Be preparatory stage 1 inverting, normalized modified pulse density values converts so-called regulatory factor to by following:

β _i=[(MPD) _i-1] * (1) formula 3

Here:

β _iBe i regulatory factor,

(MPD) _iBe i normalized modified pulse density.

For along Figure 19 separate diagonal 1900 a bit, the general expression formula of stage 1 Inversion Calculation is

Y ⁿ _m=[' A (n-1) ' _n-' A (n-1) ' _N-1]+β ₀X ₀+ β ₁X ₁+ β ₂X ₂+ ...+β _N-3' A (n-1) ' ₃+ β _N-2' A (n-1) ' ₂+ β _N-1' A (n-1) ' ₁ Formula 4

Here:

N is a footnote of separating point on the diagonal 1900, also is the footnote of stage 1 small echo output sample;

M is to be the duration of the supposition of unit with the chronomere;

' A (n-1) ' is A, the row of first when n=2 in the dematrix; B, the secondary series when n=3, or the like;

A _nBe in the capable value of A row n in the dematrix;

β ₀, β ₁, β ₂..., β _N-1It is regulatory factor;

A ₁, B ₁, C ₁... comprise synthetic small echo; And

X ₀=' A (n-1) ' _n+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-m+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-2m+ ... proceed to (n-im) for negative;

X ₁=' A (n-1) ' _N-1+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-(m+1)+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-(2m+1)+ ... proceed to n-(im+1) for negative;

X ₂=' A (n-1) ' _N-2+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-(m+2)+ ' A (n-1) ' _N-(2m+2)+ ... proceed to n-(im+2) for negative;

Continue Xi series, till first footnote change is negative.

Put it briefly the Y in the formula 4 ⁿ _mBe for the supposition length be n amplitude of stage duration 1 small echo of m chronomere.

Formula 4 is used for the amplitude of progression ground calculation stages 1 small echo, with second value beginning, proceeds to last value.The position of last value is to be provided with arbitrarily, but will comprise the whole signal portion of stage 1 small echo.The value of first amplitude of stage 1 small echo always is made as first amplitude A1 that strictness equals basic small echo.

Do like this is because first value covering of not being subjected to arrive finally and because initial regulatory factor is always zero, this is the result of aforementioned normalization process.Can see, if importantly this process will keep real amplitude then the initial value of synthetic small echo must keep not being corrected, because the still initial value of concealed basic small echo not of this value.

Separating diagonal 1900 calculates from first point (upper left corner) to a last point (lower right corner) progression.In the moment that is later than this solution point, the value in this matrix is that the previous value of separating that deducts from previous value in separating diagonal is calculated.

Figure 22 a shows that the supposition duration is applied to along the equation of separating cornerwise representative point for example when being 3 chronomeres (m=3).Shown in be based on the expansion of general agenda formula 4 from n=2 to n=7 entirely along cornerwise calculating.For higher n value, calculating will be carried out in the same manner, and its item number increases.

Figure 22 b shows and to be used for equation that matrix separates each point beyond the diagonal for example.The particularly importantly calculating in the sub-district below separating diagonal 1900.Note that along with the finishing of stage 1 each consecutive value of small echo, next cutting in its before anterior all values that decomposes.This on effect be peel off gradually covering information disclose stage 1 small echo sought with pointwise.The value that right-hand column comprises among the figure is with identical along the value of separating diagonal formation, and they comprise stage 1 small echo.

Use formula 4 and previously described other relations that are used to realize dematrix, any curvilinear borehole in variable wave speed of the earthquake medium all can be converted with announcement stage 1 small echo, as before to as described in the simple scenario more.

For adapting to the ordinary circumstance of three-dimensional borehole,, need not previously described process is made amendment for stages 2 inverting.

Be the application of demonstration generalized method to analogue data, Figure 18 shows two the synthetic small echos for curvilinear borehole that use two kinds of distinct methods to calculate.Pulse density method produces 1800, one simple time-shifting methods of synthetic small echo and produces synthetic small echo 1810.Observe little difference in these two small echos, this is owing to the little error in the used interpolating method (linear interpolation), rather than any false defect in the impulse density universal method.By handling these synthetic small echos based on the vague generalization refutation process of formula 4.

The stage 1 of vague generalization inverting the results are shown in Figure 19 a, 19b and 19c.This is separated along separating diagonal 1900 and forms.Final stage 1 result 1910 appears in Figure 19 c.Stages 2, result 1920 came across the right side.These results in Figure 20 with diagrammatic representation.Stages 2 result 1920 ideally reproduces the simulation small echo that is used to make up synthetic small echo, and this synthetic small echo is the input of refutation process.As seeing in the drawings, correct duration value (13 milliseconds) produces minimum RMS amplitude 1410, has confirmed by the selection of supposing that relatively basic small echo that duration value calculates when being 12,13 and 14 milliseconds will be made.

Result displayed is that synthetic small echo 1800 from input obtains among the calculating of Figure 19 and Figure 20, and synthetic small echo 1800 is to use pulse density method to form, the small echo that writes down in actual conditions with the emulation meeting.Figure 21 shows by the synthetic small echo 1810 of time shift and uses the inversion result that same vague generalization inversion method obtains as shown in Figure 19 and Figure 20.

Resulting basic small echo 2120 demonstrates and basic small echo 1920 form much at one, but little tail amplitudes rather than null value are arranged.At 13 milliseconds of places of correct duration, significantly sharp-pointed minimum is arranged in the RMS amplitude.Like this, for using one group the synthetic small echo that supposition produced different with the supposition of inversion method itself, this vague generalization inversion method can be worked well.

The another kind of method of finishing inversion procedure is the stage of crossing 1 inversion step and the best estimate of true synthetic small echo is carried out stages 2 inverting.By stages 2 result this in correct duration the place produce stable decay small echo, its difference is that this output is not a single basic small echo, but on the duration section a series of basic small echo sums.Can carry out vision and analysis mathematics to the output of stages 2 inverting, such as previously described, to find out the best estimate of perforating gun duration and blast expanded range.The benefit of this approach is that comparable stage 1 inverting of stages 2 inverting is more sane when having seismic noise.These two kinds of approach all can be attempted and be compared in practice.

Have, in this another kind of approach, stage 1 inverting can be applicable to stages 2 output again.Like this, the order in two stages can be reversed.In desirable noise-free case, the result who explains is identical.

Definite another kind of vital method based on model of exploding expanded range is the synthetic synthetic small echo of the theory of computation, synthetic as shown in Figure 11 small echo, and the best fit of the synthetic small echo estimation of calculating and reality.The substantially little wave energy of a supposition postpones repeated addition with reasonable time, and this time lag is to provide for the physical environment of perforating gun and position.The basic small echo of supposing can be selected from the physical record before conditions of similarity explodes down carefully, and inverting according to the present invention obtains from previous blast, is perhaps provided by other modes.Various supposition to the blast expanded range can be used to calculate the synthetic synthetic small echo of its corresponding theory.Then, theoretical synthetic synthetic small echo and actual synthetic small echo (the truly best estimate of synthetic small echo) compare.Comparative approach can have various selections, comprises visual comparison, difference, power calculation, minimum mean-square error (LSME) match measurement, spectrum match and additive method.

Technician in art of mathematics can replace other mathematical methods realization vague generalization invertings.

Although shown and described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make amendment and not break away from spirit of the present invention and instruction them.The embodiments described herein is example rather than restriction.Many changes and modification to system and device are possible, and all within the scope of the invention.Therefore, scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but only is subjected to the restriction of claim subsequently, and its scope will comprise whole equivalents of the theme of these claims.

Claims (75)

1. find out in the wellhole expection of the perforating gun successful method of whether exploding, described method comprises following steps:

(a) the seismic wave sensor is placed on the select location that relatively approaches the perforating gun in the wellhole;

(b) blast of the described perforating gun of startup;

(c) perception, record and analysis are passed the seismic wave that the earth is propagated from the position of described wellhole to seismic sensor location; And

(d) analysis result of described seismic wave and predetermined possible outcome from described perforating gun are compared.

2. the process of claim 1 wherein that described seismic wave is subjected to Mathematical treatment and is beneficial to analysis to described seismic wave.

3. the method for claim 2, wherein said digital processing comprises the sensor signal that processes sensor signal and combined treatment are crossed.

4. the method for claim 2, wherein said Mathematical treatment comprise carries out sensor signal after time shift and the combination time shift to the single-sensor signal.

5. the method for claim 2, wherein said Mathematical treatment comprise carries out filtering and these filtered signals of combination to the single-sensor signal.

6. the method for claim 2, wherein said Mathematical treatment comprises noise editor and calibration, heel is to the combination of single-sensor signal.

7. the process of claim 1 wherein the process that the described seismic wave heel of described perception makes up the single-sensor signal.

8. the process of claim 1 wherein and select described select location to cause more effective analysis to seismic wave.

9. the method for claim 8 wherein selects described optimum position to increase the duration of the through seismic wave from described perforating gun to described sensor.

10. the method for claim 8 wherein selects described optimum position to increase through seismic wave and the described seismic wave that arrives with non-through different paths the separating in time from described perforating gun to described sensor.

11. the process of claim 1 wherein that described seismic wave sensor is a geophone.

12. the process of claim 1 wherein that described seismic wave sensor is a wave detector in the water.

13. the process of claim 1 wherein that described seismic wave sensor is positioned at or approaches earth surface.

14. the process of claim 1 wherein and place described seismic wave sensor to form one or more one-dimensional arraies.

15. the process of claim 1 wherein and place described seismic wave sensor to form one or more two-dimensional arraies.

16. the process of claim 1 wherein and place described seismic wave sensor to form one or more cubical arraies.

17. the process of claim 1 wherein that described seismic wave sensor is placed in the wellhole.

18. the process of claim 1 wherein described analysis and the described definite result whether described perforating gun is exploded or fail to explode that relatively produces.

19. the process of claim 1 wherein described analysis and the described definite result that described perforating gun part is not ignited that relatively produces.

20. the process of claim 1 wherein described analysis and the described quantitative estimation that relatively produces described perforating gun detonation expanded range.

21. the method for claim 20, wherein said quantitative estimation are to compare definite by the synthetic earthquake small echo with simulation.

22. the method for claim 21, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation are calculated according to the earthquake small echo of the observation that is obtained by previous perforating gun detonation at least partially.

23. the method for claim 21, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation are not to calculate according to the earthquake small echo of observing.

24. the method for claim 20, relatively the finishing of synthetic small echo of wherein said and simulation by optimum fitting method.

25. the method for claim 20, the interpolation between wherein using a model is with quantitatively described quantitative estimation more accurately.

26. the method for claim 20, wherein said quantitative estimation is to determine by the result who analyzes one or more mathematical inversion processes.

27. the method for claim 26 is wherein used a single refutation process.

28. the method for claim 27, wherein said single refutation process is employed repeatedly, supposes the different synthetic earthquake small echo duration at every turn.

29. the method for claim 26, wherein order is used two or more refutation processes.

30. the method for claim 29, wherein given refutation process sequence is employed repeatedly, supposes the different synthetic earthquake small echo duration at every turn.

31. the method for claim 26, the analysis of residual energy helps to determine the described blast expanded range of described perforating gun in wherein inverting being exported.

32. the method for claim 20, wherein said analysis or the described amplitude measurement that comprises that relatively use is derived from described seismic wave.

33. the method for claim 20, wherein said analysis or the described wavelet shape information that comprises that relatively use is derived from described seismic wave.

34. obtain the method for vertical seismic profiling (VSP) information, described method comprises following steps:

(a) the seismic wave sensor is placed on the select location that relatively approaches the perforating gun in the wellhole;

(b) use the blast controller to start the blast of described perforating gun; And

(c) use second controller to pass the seismic wave that the earth is propagated from the position of described perforating gun to described seismic sensor location with perception and record.

35. the method for claim 34, the controller that wherein explodes directly link to transmit the information about burst period with blast expanded range controller.

36. the method for claim 34, the controller that wherein explodes does not directly link with second controller at explosion time, and wherein two controllers utilize independently clock to allow to determine burst period.

37. the method for claim 34, the controller that wherein explodes does not directly link with second controller at explosion time, and one of them or two controllers utilize external timing signal to allow to determine burst period.

38. be suitable for a kind of system that utilizes the seismic wave whether perforating gun in definite wellhole successfully explodes, comprise a blast controller device that described perforating gun is started blast is provided, one or more seismic wave sensors are positioned at the optimum position that relatively approaches described perforating gun, a signal recorder, a blast expanded range system controller, and the device of analyzing described seismic wave and described seismic wave and the possible outcome of being scheduled to from described perforating gun being compared.

39. the system of claim 38 also has and makes up the individually device of seismic wave sensor signal.

40. the system of claim 38, wherein corresponding with described seismic wave signal is imported into a processor, and it is handled these signals and is beneficial to compare with the predetermined potential ability of described perforating gun on mathematics.

41. the system of claim 40, Mathematical treatment wherein comprise the described signal of combination.

42. the system of claim 38, wherein said blast controller and described perforating gun do not link with any other parts of this system.

43. the system of claim 38, it also comprises the device of selecting described optimum position, to increase the duration of the through seismic wave from described perforating gun to described sensor.

44. the system of claim 38 wherein also comprises the device of selecting described optimum position, to increase from described perforating gun to described sensor through seismic wave and the seismic wave that arrives with non-through different paths separating in time.

45. the system of claim 38, wherein said seismic wave sensor is a geophone.

46. the system of claim 38, wherein said seismic wave sensor is a wave detector in the water.

47. the system of claim 38, wherein said seismic wave sensor is positioned at or approaches earth surface.

48. described seismic wave sensor is wherein placed to form one or more one-dimensional arraies by the system of claim 38.

49. described seismic wave sensor is wherein placed to form one or more two-dimensional arraies by the system of claim 38.

50. described seismic wave sensor is wherein placed to form one or more cubical arraies by the system of claim 38.

51. claim 38 system, wherein said seismic wave sensor is placed in the wellhole.

52. the system of claim 38, wherein said analysis and the described definite result whether described perforating gun is exploded or fail to explode that relatively produces.

53. the system of claim 38, wherein said analysis and the described definite result that described perforating gun part is not ignited that relatively produces.

54. the system of claim 38, wherein said analysis and the described quantitative estimation that relatively produces described perforating gun detonation expanded range.

55. the system of claim 54, wherein said quantitative estimation is to compare definite by the synthetic earthquake small echo with simulation.

56. the system of claim 55, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation calculates according to the earthquake small echo of the observation that is obtained by previous perforating gun detonation at least partially.

57. the system of claim 55, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation is not to calculate according to the earthquake small echo of observing.

58. the system of claim 54, relatively the finishing of synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said and simulation by optimum fitting method.

59. the system of claim 54, the interpolation between wherein using a model is with quantitatively described quantitative estimation more accurately.

60. the system of claim 54, wherein said quantitative estimation is to determine by the result who analyzes one or more mathematical inversion processes.

61. the system of claim 60 wherein uses a single refutation process.

62. the system of claim 61, one of them single refutation process is employed repeatedly, supposes the different synthetic earthquake small echo duration at every turn.

63. the system of claim 60, wherein order is used two or more refutation processes.

64. the system of claim 63, wherein given refutation process sequence is employed repeatedly, supposes the different synthetic earthquake small echo duration at every turn.

65. the system of claim 60, the analysis of residual energy helps to determine the described blast expanded range of described perforating gun in wherein inverting being exported.

66. the system of claim 54, wherein said analysis or the described amplitude measurement that comprises that relatively use is derived from described seismic wave.

67. the system of claim 54, wherein said analysis or the described wavelet shape information that comprises that relatively use is derived from described seismic wave.

68. obtain the system of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) information, described system comprises that device is used for:

(a) the seismic wave sensor is placed on the selected optimum position of the perforating gun that relatively approaches in the wellhole;

(b) use the blast controller to start the blast of described perforating gun; And

(c) use second controller to pass the seismic wave that the earth is propagated from the position of described perforating gun to described seismic sensor location with perception and record.

69. the system of claim 68, wherein said blast controller directly links to transmit the information about burst period with described second controller.

70. the system of claim 68, the controller that wherein explodes does not directly link with second controller at explosion time, and wherein two controllers utilize independently clock to allow to determine burst period.

71. the system of claim 68, the controller that wherein explodes does not directly link with second controller at explosion time, and one of them or two controllers utilize external timing signal to allow to determine burst period.

72. the method for claim 21, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation is to use pulse density method to calculate, this pulse density method is considered the seimic travel time of prediction, considers that also three-dimensional geologic structure, variable detonation velocity and the perforating bullet of described perforating gun distribute.

73. the method for claim 26, wherein at least one described mathematical inversion process, use pulse density method, this pulse density method is considered the seimic travel time of prediction, considers that also three-dimensional geologic structure, variable detonation velocity and the perforating bullet of described perforating gun distribute.

74. the system of claim 55, the synthetic earthquake small echo of wherein said simulation is to use pulse density method to calculate, this pulse density method is considered the seimic travel time of prediction, considers that also three-dimensional geologic structure, variable detonation velocity and the perforating bullet of described perforating gun distribute.

75. the system of claim 60, wherein at least one described mathematical inversion process, use pulse density method, this pulse density method is considered the seimic travel time of prediction, considers that also three-dimensional geologic structure, variable detonation velocity and the perforating bullet of described perforating gun distribute.

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