CN1442096A - Cigarette containing loess and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Cigarette containing loess and its manufacturing method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1442096A
CN1442096A CN03119218A CN03119218A CN1442096A CN 1442096 A CN1442096 A CN 1442096A CN 03119218 A CN03119218 A CN 03119218A CN 03119218 A CN03119218 A CN 03119218A CN 1442096 A CN1442096 A CN 1442096A
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China
Prior art keywords
loess
cigarette
plasticity
mentioned
spices
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CN03119218A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
韩升熙
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DA-MIN BIOTECHNOLOGY Co
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DA-MIN BIOTECHNOLOGY Co
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/02Manufacture of tobacco smoke filters
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/16Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of inorganic materials
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/17Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a loess-containing tobacco that can be highly preferred by people and can reduce a harmful property of a tobacco to human bodies. The loess-containing cigarette is produced by absorbing loess plastic powder containing tobacco fragrance and grained loess plastic particle onto tobacco and a cigarette filter, respectively.

Description

The cigarette and the manufacture method thereof that contain loess
Technical field
The present invention relates to contain the cigarette and the manufacture method thereof of loess, more particularly, relate at the loess powder of plastification and granular loess particle and having adsorbed after cigarette adds spices, add cigarette and the manufacture method thereof made on cigarette tobacco leaf and the filter tip more respectively.
Prior art
Generally speaking, cigarette is because of containing the various harmful organic substances and the heavy metal of volume, and above-mentioned substance is concentrated in inside such as smoker's lungs and kidneys, and becomes carcinogenic factor.
Specifically, the content of organic harmful nicotine in a cigarette is about 2mg, its can raise blood pressure and impel agingly, and the tar that content is about 2.0~3.3mg in a cigarette is strong carcinogen.
In addition, about 2~6% the carbon monoxide that in the smog of cigarette combustion, contains, its adsorptivity to hemochrome exceeds 210 times of oxygen approximately, can cause anthracemia (air hunger).
Have again, contain the cadmium of 1~2mg/kg, the copper of 1~20mg/kg, the lead of 1~3mg/kg about cigarette greatly, and the zinc of about 30~50mg/kg etc. is the heavy metal of representative, very harmful to health.
These harmful substances in the cigarette are not only damaged smoker's health, and the smog that produces when smoking is also threatening non-smoking people's health.Therefore, each state is all restricted to the smoker, and makes great efforts to prevent the pollution that the tobacco leaf as raw material causes.On the other hand, also in various functional filter tips of research and development and smokeless cigarette etc., protection native subject's health.
Cigarette in the past is all by the cigarette tobacco leaf part that adds chocolate fragrance, mint flavored, cherry fragrance, citrus scented or other kind fruit flavor on the pipe tobacco that fritters, and the filtration fraction that is added with porous materials such as activated carbon or zeolite for harmful components such as filtering nicotine, tar is formed.
But come the employed activated carbon of filtration fraction of filter cigarette harmful substance or zeolite price all very high as porous material, and the operation that their are embedded in filtration fraction and the tobacco leaf part need other operation to finish.In addition, they can not be satisfactory to the removing ability of harmful substance.
According to cigarette material adding method in the past, back, cigarette case Kaifeng is public only through 1~2 day, and the fragrance of cigarette will disappear, thereby loses the fragrance function of cigarette.In addition, when smoking, because heat effect, spices will be thermal decomposited can not be scentetd.
For improving the rate of removing of above-mentioned harmful substance, the applicant once proposed the patent application (korean patent application 10-1998-0054034 number) of " manufacture method of loess cigarette " by name, and was awarded patent (patent registration No. 10-0289261).According to the technology of above-mentioned patent, tobacco leaf after mixing and stirring into uniformity under certain humidity, is chopped up into the size of regulation, the loess aqueous solution is coated on this thin pipe tobacco with spray pattern, and fine grain loess is added filter tip.Can be made into the loess cigarette that when smoking, filters oxious components such as tar, nicotine like this by the loess composition.
Generally speaking, loess belongs to the inorganic ceramic material, and chemical property is stable, has and the organic matter characteristic of chemically reactive not.In addition, when being heated to more than 1200 ℃, want variable color and tool dissolubility, be the nonirritant material, to human body nonhazardous effect.In all age, people often are applied to burn site with water-soluble loess, and drink loess water (pulp-water) when digestive discomfort.
In addition, people when making pickles, soy sauce, salty sauce etc., for impelling its fermenting-ripening, the pottery that usually uses loess to make.People can persistence in the loess cave to treat various diseases or difficult disease.Since ancient times, people just have to lick and taste loess is suffered from unusual and so on the mouth disease of tongue fur with treatment custom.
At " Dong-eui-bo-gam ", on " the integrated side of the local rules and regulations valid for all the inhabitants of a township " medical literatures in the past such as " distillation books on Chinese herbal medicine ", at length putting down in writing the drug effect of loess.Loess is nontoxic, and property is warm, and is slow steady, useful to spleen and stomach, has good detoxification and sedation, thereby in heatstroke and when sensation such as desiring to tell result of treatment is arranged.To dysentery, redness, traumatic injury has therapeutic action, can be used for treating the poisoning that malicious mushroom and filefish etc. cause.
Mainly can be formed by rock decay on the mountain and the loess that can get on the field.The mineral composition of loess is: 40~80% for quartzy, and 10~20% is feldspar and mica, and 5~35% is the carbonate mine material, and 2~5% is mud matter.Mud matter wherein is made up of following heavy mineral matter: hornblend, apatite, biotite, chlorite, kyanite, allochite, garnet, pyroxene, rutile, sillimanite, staurolite, calcium carbide and silicon etc.Particulate is then by imvite, and illite, clay minerals such as kaolinite are its main component.
Loess fine grained composition wherein is a porous structure, and surface area is very big, adsorptivity and reactive extremely strong, and particularly the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of imvite is very big, reaches 80~150meq/100g.
In addition, through a lot of results of study, the effect of having come to understand the different inorganic matters that loess contains can be radiated the far infrared to the human body beneficial.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, as the inventor for the variety of issue that solves cigarette in the past and the result who studies, the alternative spices of in the past directly cigarette being used is added on the method in the tobacco leaf, and adopt the spices that will add in the cigarette earlier by porous material absorption as loess one class, with the tobacco leaf part of formation cigarette and the method for filter tip part.Can improve the hobby of people to cigarette so on the one hand, the porous type structure of the available loess of one side filters the absorption of the harmful substance in the cigarette, thus protection smoking people and indirect smoker.Again because the effect of the inorganic matter that contains radiates out in the loess handles to human body beneficial's far infrared and with the Chinese medicine of traditional Chinese medicine extraction and the effective components of Chinese medicinal interpolation that obtains, thereby can promote people's health.Like this, the inventor develops the cigarette of containing loess, and has reached the present invention.
In sum, the purpose of this invention is to provide and a kind ofly will reduce harmful cigarette composition, will improve it simultaneously by the cigarette of containing loess of the property liked.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of above-mentioned method that contains loess cigarette of making.
According to the cigarette of containing loess of the present invention, comprise and add offer incense in a temple cigarette tobacco leaf and filter tip and constitute respectively having adsorbed the loess plastic powder of cigarette flavoring and granular loess plasticity particle.
Promptly, the replacement flavor component with cigarette in the past directly adds the method in tobacco leaf and the filter tip, employing is adsorbed in the porous loess them and then the mode of adding, nuisance can be eliminated effectively, improve the hobby of people to cigarette simultaneously, radiation that can be by far infrared etc. is used for improving health.
The invention is characterized in: in the cigarette of containing loess of the present invention, the ratio of loess plastic powder that it is contained and graininess loess plastic particles and cigarette tobacco leaf and filter tip gross weight is 1~50% weight ratio.Because if during the weight of less than 1%, the efficient of removing nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide is very low, but if surpass 50%, then the soakage during smoking seldom, the taste deficiency of cigarette, also improper.
" cigarette flavoring " described in the present invention is meant except that general interpolation spices is chocolate fragrance, vanilla fragrance, mint flavored, cherry fragrance and other fruit aroma spices, also includes the traditional Chinese medicine extraction material.These Chinese medical extracts for example are: cloves, the banksia rose, frankincense, agalloch eaglewood, fennel, sparrow head perfume (or spice), dutchmanspipe root, wrinkled giant hyssop, kapur, minty note, santal, styrax, spices such as Moschus, and Chinese cassia tree, rhizoma zingiberis, the root of Dahurain angelica, windproof, the root of Chinese wild ginger, the osmanthus heart, ligusticumic wood (angelica tenuissima), the stem of noble dendrobium, levisticum, realgar, rhizoma atractylodis, myrrh, it grass (zanthoxyli pericarpium), garlic, yellow wax, sulphur is selected the hot water extract of one or more mixture in the medicinal material groups such as genseng, or extractive with organic solvent etc.
These Chinese medicines still have the nourishing drug effect except that having its intrinsic fragrance, can promote smoker's health.In addition, the faint fragrance that loess had adds from various cigarette flavorings by the composite fragrance of ratio miscellaneous, can have multiple fragrance offerings to taste according to the difference of hobby.
Can and use the activated carbon and the zeolite of graininess loess plasticity particle of the present invention and original cigarette filter composition.But, form filter tip with alternative expensive activated carbon of loess or zeolite and also be fine in order to save cost.
The cigarette of containing loess with above-mentioned composition, owing to contain porous materials such as loess, zeolite, activated carbon, cigarette fragrance can be kept for a long time and gently distribute.Moment before smoking, because 50~120 ℃ temperature, flavouring ingredient is wanted and because the far infrared that the heat that takes place during smoking causes loess itself to be launched gives out fragrance together naturally is absorbed by the body.Going out the pore that stays owing to flavouring ingredient is volatilized can absorption and harmful substances such as filtered tar, nicotine, heavy metal, thereby can reduce smoker and smoker's extent of injury indirectly.
In addition, about the manufacture method that contains loess cigarette of the present invention, can be divided into following several step:
(1) the loess powder is mixed stirring with water, make it have plasticity;
(2) loess of above-mentioned band plasticity is pulverized, made it become the loess plastic powder;
(3) make the absorption of above-mentioned loess plastic powder go up the spices that cigarette adds after, add in the cigarette tobacco leaf, make and contain the loess tobacco leaf;
(4) the loess plasticity composition granuleization that above-mentioned steps (1) is obtained and
(5) make above-mentioned graininess loess or other porous material absorption cigarette add spices after, add the tobacco filters of offering incense in a temple, thus produce the filter tip that contains loess and
(6) will combine by above-mentioned steps (3) and step (5) tobacco leaf of making that contains loess and the filter tip that contains loess, thereby make the cigarette of containing loess.
Loess manufacturing method of power described in the above-mentioned steps (1) is: after will adopting next loess process washing earlier, be ground into most powder below the granularity 100 μ m that are finely, add the water stirring and get final product when stirring the degree of nothing else resistance (being easy to stir).The purpose of above-mentioned plasticity operation is to remove the impurity in the loess, and increases the porosity (the present invention carries out under 1000~1300 ℃ temperature) of powder.If this moment is 1000 ℃ of the temperature deficiencies of plastic clay, the plasticity deficiency of loess then, if surpass 1300 ℃ then loess with variable color be melted, thereby make its porous degree decline.
The purpose of the described plasticity thing of above-mentioned steps (2) pulverizing process is in order to increase the surface area of loess.In step (3), when making the cigarette tobacco leaf, mix equably, the present invention requires the granularity of 0.5~5 μ m degree that is crushed to.
In above-mentioned steps (3) and step (5), the cigarette flavoring that is adsorbed generally comprises, for example, chocolate fragrance, vanilla fragrance, mint flavored, cherry fragrance, in addition citrus scented and other fruit aroma, also include Chinese medical extract etc.Here said Chinese medical extract is for example by cloves, frankincense, agalloch eaglewood, fennel, sparrow head perfume (or spice), dutchmanspipe root, wrinkled giant hyssop, kapur, minty note, santal, styrax, spices such as Moschus, and from Chinese cassia tree, rhizoma zingiberis, the root of Dahurain angelica, windproof, the root of Chinese wild ginger, the osmanthus heart, ligusticumic wood, the stem of noble dendrobium, levisticum, realgar, rhizoma atractylodis, myrrh, day grass, garlic, yellow wax, sulphur, the mixed medicinal material of one or two or more kinds that select in the middle of the medicine classes such as genseng extracts and the extract of acquisition through hot water extracting or organic solvent.In addition, the method that the spices that cigarette is added adsorbs can be to add the composition heating of spices, make its evaporation and by the adsorbed evaporation of the pore of loess particle, or under the situation of Chinese medical extract, with it mix with loess plasticity thing or other porous material stir after, carry out method dry and that pulverize again.In addition, for add loess on the cigarette tobacco leaf, if the effect of loess and composition are brought into play fully, then being added on the thin tobacco leaf that has cut or adding in the chopping operation of tobacco leaf can.
In above-mentioned steps (5), so-called " porous material " comprises in the past activated carbon and zeolite as the filter tip composition.The indirect interpolation spices method that this spices that makes cigarette is adsorbed by these porous materials is because the operation of adding is simple, and spices is adsorbed by porous material and distributes slowly, thereby can keep long time.
In above-mentioned steps (6), the cigarette tobacco leaf combines with filter-tip, can adopt the method identical with common cigarette manufacture to finish.
According to the manufacture method of the cigarette of containing loess of the invention described above, wherein can contain the fine fragrance of loess itself and the fragrance of the various spices selected, thereby can make cigarette according to each one difference of hobby with multiple taste and fragrance.
Embodiments of the invention
The following describes embodiments of the invention, these are just understood in order to help for example, rather than will limit the present invention.Embodiment 1: contain the manufacturing of the cigarette of the loess that is adsorbing mint flavouring
The loess that to gather from nature is through pulverizing (particle mean size: 10 μ m), after the screening, washing, add water again and stir.Then in 1200 ℃ heating furnace, make its plastification, obtain loess plasticity thing, (granularity: 1~1.5 μ m), a part is made granular loess plasticity particle (granularity: 200~500 μ m) then a part wherein to be made the loess plastic powder through the pulverizer pulverizing.Adhere to mint flavouring by evaporation on the loess plasticity particle after making, this loess plasticity particle adds in the tobacco leaf that chops up according to the percentage by weight that accounts for gross weight 10%, thereby produces the cigarette tobacco leaf that contains loess.
Then, mint flavouring is adsorbed in the common filter tip of " adsorbate " embedding that above-mentioned graininess loess plasticity particle forms by evaporation, has promptly made the filter tip that contains loess.
With above-mentioned tobacco leaf of making that contains loess and the filter-tip that contains loess, be combined as a whole by common cigarette manufacture operation, promptly produce the cigarette of containing loess of the present invention.Embodiment 2: contain the manufacturing of cigarette of the loess of ginseng extract
End user's conopsea extraction substitutes mint flavouring, and employing and loess plasticity thing mixing stirring, drying and pulverizing process substitute the evaporation adhering mode and make loess plastic powder and loess plasticity particle, then they added respectively among offer incense in a temple cigarette tobacco leaf and the filter tip.In addition, it is identical with the foregoing description 1 to make the operation contain loess cigarette.Evaluation test
The nicotine contained in the cigarette of containing loess of making according to the foregoing description 1 and 2 and the content of tar are measured, the sensation of please smoker 10 people judging its smoking, the result thinks: nicotine and tar content significantly reduce, and the taste of cigarette is compared also very superior with hobby aspects such as fragrance with cigarette on the market.
The cigarette of containing loess constructed in accordance, because the harmful substance that it contained is adsorbed and filtration by the structure of porous masses such as loess, so contained harmful substance declines to a great extent than original content, the composition of the cigarette flavoring that interpolates will slowly distribute, thereby can keep long-time.And owing to inspiration the far infrared that radiates of the effect of the contained inorganic matter of loess, and from the beneficiating ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine extraction, so can improve health.
Have again, the cigarette of containing loess of the present invention is owing to used the abundant loess of reserve, can with existing cigarette filter with activated carbon or zeolite like this cooperation ratio of high price material reduce or be alternative fully, also be favourable therefore reducing aspect the economy such as cost.
In addition, according to the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess of the present invention, the operation of adding spices is simple, and the spices of cigarette is adsorbed and distribute slowly by porous material, therefore can reduce the addition of spices.

Claims (10)

1. a cigarette of containing loess is characterized in that, contains respectively to be adsorbed with loess plastic powder and the graininess loess plasticity particle that cigarette is added spices in the tobacco leaf of described cigarette and filter tip.
2. the cigarette of containing loess as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
The ratio of contained loess plastic powder and graininess loess plasticity particle and cigarette tobacco leaf and filter tip gross weight is 1~50% weight ratio in above-mentioned cigarette tobacco leaf and filter tip.
3. the cigarette of containing loess as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
It is chocolate fragrance that above-mentioned cigarette is added spices, and vanilla fragrance is mint flavored, cherry fragrance, citrus scented and one or more the mixture of selecting from the group that Chinese medical extract constituted.
4. the cigarette of containing loess as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that:
Above-mentioned Chinese medicine is meant one or more mixtures of material in following one group of material, and this group material is: cloves, the banksia rose, frankincense, agalloch eaglewood, fennel, sparrow head perfume (or spice), dutchmanspipe root, wrinkled giant hyssop, kapur, minty note, santal, styrax, spices such as Moschus, and Chinese cassia tree, rhizoma zingiberis, the root of Dahurain angelica, windproof, the root of Chinese wild ginger, the osmanthus heart, ligusticumic wood, the stem of noble dendrobium, levisticum, realgar, rhizoma atractylodis, myrrh, it grass, garlic, yellow wax, sulphur, genseng.
5. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 1 comprises the steps:
(1) the loess powder is mixed with water stir after, make it have plasticity and become loess plasticity thing;
(2) above-mentioned loess plasticity thing is pulverized, made the loess plastic powder;
(3) after making above-mentioned loess plastic powder absorption cigarette add spices, add in the cigarette tobacco leaf of offering incense in a temple, make the tobacco leaf that contains loess;
(4) the loess plasticity composition granuleization that above-mentioned steps (1) is made is made loess plasticity particle;
(5) after making above-mentioned loess plasticity particle or other porous material adsorb cigarette interpolation spices, add in the filter tip of cigarette, make the filter tip that contains loess;
That (6) above-mentioned steps (3) and (4) are made contains loess cigarette tobacco leaf and contains the combination of loess filter tip, makes the cigarette of containing loess.
6. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that:
The described plasticity of above-mentioned steps (1) forms down for 1000~1300 ℃ in temperature.
7. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that:
Loess powder described in the above-mentioned steps (2) has the granularity of 0.5~5 μ m.
8. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that:
The adsorption method of above-mentioned steps (3) and the described cigarette flavoring of step (5) is: cigarette is added the composition heating evaporation of spices and adsorbed by above-mentioned loess plastic powder or loess plasticity particle; Perhaps the composition that described cigarette is added spices mixes stirring with loess plasticity thing or porous material after, drying and crushing again.
9. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that:
The granularity of above-mentioned graininess loess plasticity particle is 200~500 μ m.
10. the manufacture method that contains the cigarette of loess as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that:
Porous material described in the above-mentioned steps (5) is meant activated carbon, zeolite, or the two or more mixtures of material of selecting from the material group that loess plasticity particle, activated carbon and zeolite constitute.
CN03119218A 2002-03-05 2003-03-05 Cigarette containing loess and its manufacturing method Pending CN1442096A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20020011701 2002-03-05
KR10-2002-0011701A KR100483951B1 (en) 2002-03-05 2002-03-05 Loess-containing cigarette and method for producing the same

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1442096A true CN1442096A (en) 2003-09-17

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US (1) US20030168071A1 (en)
JP (1) JP3718200B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100483951B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1442096A (en)

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CN103005696A (en) * 2012-12-14 2013-04-03 袁恩泽 Agilawood cigar and preparation method thereof
CN103005696B (en) * 2012-12-14 2016-01-27 袁恩泽 Agilawood cigar and preparation method thereof
CN103013668A (en) * 2012-12-20 2013-04-03 吉林烟草工业有限责任公司 Tobacco essence extracting solution, extracting method and prepared tobacco essence and tobacco products
CN103013668B (en) * 2012-12-20 2015-08-05 吉林烟草工业有限责任公司 A kind of flavouring essence for tobacco extract, extracting method, obtained flavouring essence for tobacco and tobacco product
CN105992522A (en) * 2013-12-20 2016-10-05 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 Wax encapsulated zeolite flavour delivery system for tobacco
CN105992522B (en) * 2013-12-20 2019-07-30 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 Formula zeolite flavor delivery system of sealing with wax for tobacco
US11785979B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2023-10-17 Philip Morris Products S.A. Wax encapsulated zeolite flavour delivery system for tobacco
CN110731538A (en) * 2019-11-08 2020-01-31 广东中烟工业有限责任公司 composite particles and application thereof in cigarette filter

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KR100483951B1 (en) 2005-04-18
JP3718200B2 (en) 2005-11-16
JP2003289844A (en) 2003-10-14
US20030168071A1 (en) 2003-09-11

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