CN1422363A - 海上发电设备的取决于塔架固有频率的管理 - Google Patents

海上发电设备的取决于塔架固有频率的管理 Download PDF

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CN1422363A
CN1422363A CN01807711A CN01807711A CN1422363A CN 1422363 A CN1422363 A CN 1422363A CN 01807711 A CN01807711 A CN 01807711A CN 01807711 A CN01807711 A CN 01807711A CN 1422363 A CN1422363 A CN 1422363A
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CN1237271C (zh
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S·西格弗里德森
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Aerodyn Engineering GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0276—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling rotor speed, e.g. variable speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0296—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor to prevent, counteract or reduce noise emissions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
    • E02B2017/0091—Offshore structures for wind turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/91—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure
    • F05B2240/913—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure on a mast
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/95—Mounting on supporting structures or systems offshore
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/107—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/334—Vibration measurements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/727—Offshore wind turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种操作风力叶轮设备的方法，该设备具有一调节转动体速度的装置。所述方法包括以下步骤：确定各叶轮机和/或叶轮机构件的临界频率，确定在临界频率附近整个叶轮机和/或单个叶轮机构件受激振的转动体的速度范围，使风力叶轮机设备仅在该临界速度范围以下和以上工作，并迅速通过该临界速度范围。

Description

海上发电设备的取决于塔架固有频率的管理
风力发电设备目前大部分安装在陆地上，它们建造在不同强度的地基土质上。如果土壤具有足够的支撑能力，平坦的混凝土地基就足够满足静态和动态要求。如果表面区域的支撑能力不足，可将桩柱导入下面的承载层，以将风力发电设备的载荷引入土壤。塔架和地基部分的结构尺寸的设计标准是最低塔架固有弯曲频率。
在发电设备的工作过程中，转动体的激振频率必须始终与上述塔架固有频率有一定间隔，否则会造成结构载荷的动态超高，导致构件过早地疲劳失效。激振频率是转动体速度和其叶片数的乘积。作为共振的结果，这种动态超高是必须避免的，以便使风力发电设备的载荷传递构件具有所期望的数学工作寿命。因此，通过对塔架和地面支撑发电设备的地基的结构度量，初始的塔架固有频率在传统上是这样解释的，即在所有工作条件下，激振频率必须与塔架固有频率相隔足够的间隔。
在所需固有频率的数学解释中，必须考虑周围土壤的特性。这些土壤特性影响地基加固的刚性，从而影响固有频率。在地面支撑的发电设备的场合，在第一个近似计算中，地基的加固刚性在一段时间内不发生变化。这样，发电设备的固有频率在其工作寿命中也基本保持恒定。
对于用一或多根桩柱固定于海床上的海上发电设备，情况就不同了。由于地基结构周围的流动变化、潮流或强大的波动，桩柱受到不同程度的冲刷。
这种现象称作侵蚀，其结果是造成桩柱的固定刚性改变，因而塔架的固有频率也改变。另外，发电设备的动态特性也造成桩柱周围的海床改变，因此造成固有频率改变。而且，在海上风区中，每个发电设备位置的土壤条件都不同。由于地基部分因成本原因都有相同的结构，因而每个发电设备的固定刚性、因而固有频率都是不同的。这些变化和差异无法预先计算，具有任意性，对于每个发电设备都不相同，并且在一段时间内是始终变化的。因此，在变化的固有频率下，发电设备可能受到超高工作强度的载荷，从而发生过早失效。
本发明的课题就是要避免发电设备的这种过早失效。
按照本发明，这一课题这样来解决，确定设备或其部件的临界固有频率，确定会对整个设备或单个设备部件产生激振的转动体的速度范围，在该范围内会产生临界固有频率，并使风力发电设备仅在该临界速度范围以下和以上工作，同时迅速通过临界速度范围。恒定地确定设备的临界固有频率，检测固定刚性的变化，在设备控制中相应地移动禁止的共振范围。
该临界固有频率最好是整个设备的固有弯曲频率，但具体说也可以是例如转动叶片的固有频率。
最好用加速度传感器、应变仪或路径传感器不断地确定该临界固有弯曲频率。
下面参照附图来说明本发明，附图中：
图1a、1b和1c表示一海上风力发电设备，其侵蚀从a到c逐渐加强。
图2是激振频率fa随转动体转动频率fR变化和禁止的速度范围B1、B2和B3随设备的临界频率f1、f2和f3变化的曲线图。
图3是动态超高Hdyn随激振频率与设备固有频率之比fR/f变化的曲线图。
图1a表示一海上风力发电设备的挠曲，其中还没有产生地基侵蚀。
在到达固有弯曲频率f1时，只有相对较有限的塔架弯曲。当侵蚀开始时(图1b)，挠曲更为显著，固有频率f2低于图1a所示情况的固有频率。在图1c中，侵蚀明显增大，固有频率f3低于图1b所示状态，挠曲相应也更大。
图2表示设备的禁止速度范围随变化的临界固有频率f1和f2变化的曲线。
为了避免设备在共振频率范围内工作，确定设备的临界固有频率，并确定设备在其临界固有频率范围内受激振的转动体的速度。在风力发电设备的工作过程中，使其在所述临界速度范围以上或以下工作，从而避开该速度范围，并且，如果需要的话，迅速地通过该临界速度范围。
图3将在到达给定的转动体频率时所造成的动态超高Hdyn表示为激振频率fR与固有频率f之比。如果该比值接近1，则到达“禁止范围”，必须迅速通过该范围(动态载荷超高10％会使工作寿命降低50％)。
固有弯曲频率可通过加速度传感器、应变仪或路径传感器来确定。重要的是，须定期地确定，这是因为它会在一段时间内变化，具体说，会随侵蚀的增加而变化。
显然，临界固有频率不一定仅为整个设备的临界固有频率，也可以是设备重要部件、尤其是转动叶片的临界固有频率。

Claims (4)

1.操作风力发电设备的方法，该设备具有一转动体速度调节装置，其特征在于，在每个情况下确定设备和/或设备部件的临界固有频率f，确定在该临界固有频率范围内对整个设备和/或单个设备部件产生激振的转动体速度范围，并使风力发电设备仅在该临界速度范围以上或以下工作，同时迅速通过该临界速度范围。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，该固有频率的确定为设备管理不断地提供用于禁止范围的一游动标称值，这进而设定设备相应的速度调节。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，该临界固有频率f是整个设备的固有弯曲频率。
4.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于，该临界固有弯曲频率通过加速度传感器、应变仪或路径传感器来确定。
CNB018077110A 2000-04-05 2001-03-28 海上发电设备的取决于塔架固有频率的管理 Expired - Fee Related CN1237271C (zh)

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CN102562491A (zh) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-11 通用电气公司 风力涡轮机以及操作架设在水体中的风力涡轮机的方法
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