CN1344588A - 从废品混合物中检出塑料混合物的方法和废品分检装置 - Google Patents
从废品混合物中检出塑料混合物的方法和废品分检装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种从废品混合物中分检出塑料混合物的方法。其中分检出的塑料混合物除主要含有塑料物件外还含少量干扰物质的技术问题是用这样的方法解决的。先从废品混合物中分检出至少含有塑料物件和饮料纸箱的废品部分,然后从废品混合物中分检出饮料纸箱,再借助于抛掷式分离机从饮料纸箱已被减少的废品部分中分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。解决的另一个技术问题是在废品部分被送到抛掷式分离机之前,废品部分中的含有金属的物件已被分离出来。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种从废品混合物中检出塑料混合物的方法和一个合适的废品分检装置。
背景技术
目前在德国,轻质包装材料与其他家庭废品被分开收集,使轻质包装材料能被再循环使用。这种分离废品的方法被称为“二元***”。在检出轻质包装废材时,必须运用广泛的多种技术来使材料互相分开,目的是要得到高纯度的单一部分。例如用磁性原理来操作金属分离器将磁性金属和其他金属分离开,用空气分级装置将重型部分与轻质部分离开,用各种形式的筛子来将大小不同的物件分离开,还可设分检区用人工来检出某些废品。
在具体回收废品和轻质包装废材方面,特别引人注意的是将塑料制品按照塑料型式即聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)分开。目前,这工作是用自动分类装置来完成的,在该装置内使用红外光谱来分辨,通过有控制的分离,可以达到单一塑料部分的高纯度。塑料物件是用光学装置辨认的,但它们的分离还得例如借助于压缩空气吹动装置。这样就能从轻质包装废材中分离出只含有一种型式塑料的单一塑料部分。
另外,在本行业中还知道有一种所谓抛掷式分离机,在废品处理中可被用来分离型式不同的材料。抛掷式分离机具有一个或多个叶轮叶片,它们被安排得与水平方向成一倾斜角,并被合适的驱动机构驱动作圆运动,圆运动的平面取向在每一叶轮叶片的纵向长度上。抛掷式分离机利用动态弹道的实际差异来分离不同的材料,在那里材料由于大小和重量的不同而造成的弹道性能的差异被分离成为轻质部分和重型部分。
因此抛掷式分离机比空气分级装置更为优越,它不仅可根据物件的重量来分离,还可根据物件的形状来分离。如果将叶片设计成为筛子,从而分离出物件的大小,那么就有可能使用抛掷式分离机在一个工步内根据平/圆、重/轻、和大/小等判据将一材料的混合物分离出来。
不管使用哪一种分检方法,都会遇到一个问题,那就是饮料纸箱也会闯到塑料的部分内,因为饮料纸箱通常为层压的纸板加上一种型式的塑料如聚乙烯(PE)。这样,在要被检出的塑料部分中,饮料纸箱在广义上应被认为是干扰物质,因为纸的成分会减少最后得到的塑料部分的纯度。
其他干扰材料包括在其他复合材料中,特别是金属如铝和塑料如聚乙烯(PE)的层压片常会出现在废品混合物内,例如牙膏管和食品容器。
最后,另一个问题是用来检出单一塑料物件的压缩空气吹动装置会在相当大的程度上被弄脏,这是由于粘结在塑料物件上的液体或粘性材料如食品的残渣汽化而造成的。
发明内容
本发明根据上述技术问题设计并改进了检出方法和废品分检方法,使基本上具有塑料物件和少量干扰材料的塑料混合物能被检出。
上述技术问题按照本发明可使用按照权利要求1的方法在废品分检装置内从废品混合物中检出塑料混合物来解决。在该分检装置内至少含有塑料物件和饮料纸箱的废品部分可从废品混合物中被检出,从该废品部分中可检出饮料纸箱,再从去除饮料纸箱的废品部分中借助于抛掷式分离机,可分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。
由此可见,按照本发明,由于综合使用饮料纸箱的分检装置加上抛掷式分离机,形式为饮料纸箱的干涉材料的比例含量可大为减少。饮料纸箱是在分检装置内借助于光学方法和压缩空气操作的排出装置从废品混合物中检出的。具体地说,可将红外线投射到废弃物件上,将反射出来的光谱记录下来,与每一型式塑料已知的光谱比较,便可知道该废品是否为所要检出的塑料。因为所说光谱是每一型式塑料以及含有该塑料和纸的复合材料的特征,因此可以作为辨别的判据。
被送到抛掷式分离机的废品部分于是用叶轮叶片将它分离为一个含有塑料物件和增添的干扰材料的轻质部分及一个含有要被检出的塑料物件的重型部分。轻质部分还含有轻质的塑料物件如薄膜或泡沫材料。
抛掷式分离机并不能明确地分离出饮料纸箱,从而重型部分仍会有相当大的饮料纸箱的含量。因此本发明的优点为在废品混合物到达抛掷式分离机之前饮料纸箱就已被检出。
按照本发明在权利要求4中提出其特征的另一个较优的实施例,基本上可不依靠使用饮料纸箱的分检装置而具有独立的创意,即含有金属的废品在送往抛掷式分离机之前已将金属检出。具体地说,至少含有某些金属如铝的复合材料的废品已先检出。这样,上述不能明确地被抛掷式分离机分离到轻质部分内的干扰材料如牙膏管和食品包装在送往抛掷式分离机之前就已从废品流中被除去。分检装置按已知方式用永久磁场来分离磁性金属,而用交变磁场来分离非磁性金属。
在综合使用饮料纸箱的分检装置和含有金属的废品的分检装置时,废品混合物在送往抛掷式分离机之前将先通过这两个装置。这样,两个有效的作用便可结合起来,从而可大大减少出现在塑料部分内的干扰材料。至于顺序在原理上是不能预定的,但将金属的分检装置布置在饮料纸箱分检装置的上游比较好一点。
另外,最好把抛掷式分离机检出的轻质部分进一步利用,其中适宜再循环和再加工的各种干扰材料不管其在复合材料中的作用至少能被部分分离出来。
按照本发明的另一个启示,借助于抛掷式分离机可将废品混合物中的小尺寸部分分离出来。这样做的时候,至少在一个叶轮桨叶上要有多个小孔能将供应到其上的废品部分粗放地筛选。具体地说,由于重型和轻质部分在被分检时叶轮叶片的强烈运动,液体或粘性物质如粘结在废品上的食品残渣可有效地被检出。因此对下一步用压缩空气操作排出装置来检出单一塑料的设备,污染要小得多。筛选过程也比过去所用的转筒筛好得多。
另外,单一的塑料部分能在移动通过抛掷式分离机后借助于分开的分检设备从塑料混合物中分检出来。具体地说,主要含有由聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)制成的物件的塑料部分能在此时被检出。
本发明在下面将根据从德国目前所使用的废品分离二元***得到的含有轻质包装材料的塑料部分来进行说明。但应知道,这并不是一个限制,因为从原理上说,这个废品分检方法能在含有家庭废品轻质包装材料和其它型式废品的混合物上进行。
上述技术问题的解决还由于具有权利要求8或10中特征的废品分检装置,这将在下面较详细地说明。
附图说明
图1和图2均为方块图分别示出在按照本发明的第一和第二实施例的废品分检装置内从废品混合物中检出塑料混合物的方法的顺序,
图3为将图1和图2中按照本发明的两个实施例结合起来的方块图,
图4为抛掷式分检机一部分的略图。
在图1、2和3的方块图中,各种传送设施均用箭头表示,指出废品混合物或其部分在不同的分检装置之间的传送。
具体实施方式
按照图1,废品混合物用传送设施2传送到多个不同的分检装置4上,借助于筛网级、空气分级装置、振动槽和磁性装置,多个不同的废品部分如箭头6所示从废品混合物中被分离出来。由于这个分检的结果,可以得到含有塑料物件和饮料纸箱的废品部分,其中至少部分其他干扰材料已被去掉,用传送设施8将这个废品部分送到分检装置,饮料纸箱就从这个废品部分中被该装置分离出来。这个分离例如可用光学方法检测含有纸加上一种型式塑料的物件,然后将它从废品部分中检出。检出的饮料纸箱被传送设施11送走以便进一步分检及/或再循环,其时大多数饮料纸箱已被除去的废料部分被传送设施12送到抛掷式分离机14上。如同下面对图4所作的说明,抛掷式分离机14可将供应给它的废料部分分离成重型部分、轻质部分和小尺寸部分。重型部分也可称为塑料混合物,主要含有塑料物件可用传送设施16将它送走以便进一步分检成塑料部分,每一部分含有一种型式的塑料。从抛掷式分离机14分离出的轻质部分主要含有轻质的及/或扁平的物件如纸、膜片、家庭废品的零件、织物和那些曾经通过而未能被装置4和10检出的其他材料。这个轻质部分被传送设施18送走以便进一步加工。还可能在抛掷式分离机14上使用具有一定大小孔眼的筛网来分离出小尺寸部分。然后用传送设施20将这小尺寸部分送走以便进一步加工。
图2示出按照本发明的废品分检装置的另一个实施例,其中相同的标号用于与图1相同的构造部分上。
在图2所示的实施例中,废品混合物在移动通过各种分检装置4后被传送设施8送到分检装置22上以便分离出含有金属的物件。在这装置内,用永久的磁场或交变的磁场将磁性金属或非磁性金属从废品部分中取出。具体地说,这样就可能将含有铝的复合材料如用于牙膏管和食品包装上的材料检出,然后用传送设施23将检出的物件送走以便进一步加工。
除去含有金属的物件以后的废品部分被传送设施24送到抛掷式分离机14上,进一步以上面所说的方式被分离为重型部分即塑料混合物、轻质部分和小尺寸部分。
图3所示为将上面所说两种方法顺序结合起来。相同的标号用于与图1和2中相同的构造部分上。
在图3所示的实施例中,废品部分首先被送到分检装置22将含有金属的物件检出。这样加工后的废品部分被传送设施24送到分检装置10以便检出饮料纸箱。大部分饮料纸箱被除去后的废品部分于是被传送设施12送到抛掷式分离机14上,在那里废品部分以上面所述的方式进一步被加工。
图4示出本行业公知的抛掷式分离机的功能,按照本发明,该机被用来从废品部分中分检出塑料混合物。
抛掷式分离机14具有一个或多个叶轮叶片28,该叶片与水平方向成α角并具有一个阶梯状的上表面30。该表面上的阶梯并不是必需的,但它确实支持所需的分离作用。要被分离的废品部分从上面被输送到叶轮叶片28上,同时叶轮叶片被驱动机构32和34驱动进行圆运动。
在叶片向上运动时,废品撞击在表面30的倾斜部上。在这过程中,圆形及/或重型物件被向上向左加速如图4所示,这些物件所造成的抛物线如箭头36所示。这样,一个主要含有塑料物件的重型部分便被分离出来,该重型部分随后被送走以便进一步被分检成单一的塑料部分,目的是要使各单一的塑料部分得到最大可能的纯度。
但在叶轮叶片28向上运动时,扁平及/或轻质的废品只是被稍稍升起,因此它们被加速向右上端运动如图4所示,这样一个轻质部分便被分离出来。
Claims (11)
1.一种在废品分检装置内从废品混合物中分检出塑料混合物的方法,包括下列步骤:
从废品混合物中分检出至少含有塑料物件和饮料纸箱的废品部分,
从废品部分中分检出饮料纸箱,及
从饮料纸箱已被减少的废品部分中借助于抛掷式分离机分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征为,饮料纸箱是借助于光学方法从废品混合物中分检出来的。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征为,这样检出的饮料纸箱被送走供进一步利用。
4.一种在废品分检装置内从废品混合物中分检出塑料混合物的方法,特别是按照权利要求1到3中任一项的方法包括下列步骤:
从废品混合物中分检出至少具有塑料物件和含有金属的废弃物件的废品部分,
分检出含有金属的废弃物件,及从饮料纸箱已被减少的废品部分中借助于抛掷式分离机分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征为,由具有某些金属特别是铝的复合材料构成的废弃物件被分检出来。
6.根据权利要求1到5中任一项的方法,其特征为,用抛掷式分离机分检出的轻质部分被送走供进一步使用。
7.根据权利要求1到6中任一项的方法,其特征为,借助于抛掷式分离机,废品混合物中的小尺寸部分被分检出来。
8.一种废品分检装置具有:
至少一个分检单元(10),从至少含有塑料物件和饮料纸箱的废品部分中分检出饮料纸箱,
传送设施(12),用来传送饮料纸箱已被减少的废品部分,及
一个抛掷式分离机(14),用来从废品部分中分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。
9.根据权利要求8的废品分检装置,其特征为,分检装置(10)具有用来检测饮测纸箱的光学设施和用来检出饮料纸箱的排放设施。
10.根据权利要求8或9的废品分检装置,其特征为,具有:
至少一个分检单元(22),从至少由塑料物件和含有金属的废弃物件构成的废品部分中分检出含有金属的废弃物件,
传送设施(24),用来传送饮料纸箱已被减少的废品部分,及
一个抛掷式分离机(14),用来从废品部分中分离出作为重型部分的塑料混合物。
11.根据权利要求8、9或10的废品分检装置,其特征为,抛掷式分离机(14)的叶轮叶片(28)具有许多孔眼可用来分检出小尺寸部分。
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EP20000120091 EP1188491B1 (de) | 2000-09-15 | 2000-09-15 | Verfahren zum Aussortieren eines Kunststoffgemisches aus einem Abfallgemisch und Abfallsortieranlage |
EP00120091.4 | 2000-09-15 |
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JP (1) | JP2002159920A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1344588A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE257045T1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2354254A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE50004931D1 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK1188491T3 (zh) |
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Cited By (2)
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CN109317418A (zh) * | 2018-06-18 | 2019-02-12 | Srw金属浮点股份有限公司 | 一种用于制备具有部分高比例粘塑性成分的搅碎残余物的细粒金属混合物的方法和设备 |
CN112387622A (zh) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-02-23 | 湖北三峡职业技术学院 | 干制蔬菜色选机及色选方法 |
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GB0305738D0 (en) | 2003-03-13 | 2003-04-16 | Next Tec Ltd | Recycling of plastics material |
CA2771978A1 (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2011-04-21 | Mba Polymers, Inc. | Reducing the content of heavy metals in recovered plastics |
ES2584425B1 (es) * | 2015-03-24 | 2017-10-18 | Ricardo ALONSO PÉREZ | Dispositivo separador de residuos |
CN114210568B (zh) * | 2022-02-18 | 2022-05-06 | 潍坊科技学院 | 一种农业用玉米种子筛分装置 |
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GB2109707B (en) * | 1981-11-21 | 1985-08-07 | Bootham North Engineering Limi | Separating apparatus |
DE19750464C2 (de) * | 1997-11-14 | 2000-09-14 | U T G Ges Fuer Umwelttechnik G | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Aufbereitung von Gemischen von Haushaltsabfällen und/oder Verpackungsabfällen |
DE19753203A1 (de) * | 1997-12-01 | 1999-06-10 | Trienekens Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Aufbereitung von Verpackungsabfällen |
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2001
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109317418A (zh) * | 2018-06-18 | 2019-02-12 | Srw金属浮点股份有限公司 | 一种用于制备具有部分高比例粘塑性成分的搅碎残余物的细粒金属混合物的方法和设备 |
CN112387622A (zh) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-02-23 | 湖北三峡职业技术学院 | 干制蔬菜色选机及色选方法 |
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DK1188491T3 (da) | 2004-05-10 |
CA2354254A1 (en) | 2002-03-15 |
DE50004931D1 (de) | 2004-02-05 |
EP1188491A1 (de) | 2002-03-20 |
EP1188491B1 (de) | 2004-01-02 |
JP2002159920A (ja) | 2002-06-04 |
ATE257045T1 (de) | 2004-01-15 |
PT1188491E (pt) | 2004-04-30 |
ES2212950T3 (es) | 2004-08-16 |
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