CN1336530A - 低温液体贮罐的操作*** - Google Patents

低温液体贮罐的操作*** Download PDF

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CN1336530A
CN1336530A CN01124633A CN01124633A CN1336530A CN 1336530 A CN1336530 A CN 1336530A CN 01124633 A CN01124633 A CN 01124633A CN 01124633 A CN01124633 A CN 01124633A CN 1336530 A CN1336530 A CN 1336530A
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fluid
refrigerant fluid
cold
exch
basin
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N·H·怀特
K·K·王
W·M·格雷尼三世
D·P·博纳奎斯特
A·阿查亚
B·阿曼
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Publication of CN1336530A publication Critical patent/CN1336530A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012—Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F25J1/002—Argon
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
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    • F25J1/0007—Helium
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    • F25J2290/62—Details of storing a fluid in a tank

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

一种能使低温液体贮罐的闪蒸损失降低的***。在该***中,来自贮罐的流体被载冷的制冷剂流体冷凝和过冷,该载冷的制冷剂流体是由外源制冷***产生出来的。

Description

低温液体贮罐的操作***
技术领域
本发明一般地说涉及低温贮罐的操作，并对减少贮存在这种贮罐中的低温液体的闪蒸损失特别有用。
发明背景
低温液体如液态氩是要从生产厂运输到消费点去的。由于运输时向低温液体中的漏热，以及在消费点附近向贮藏设施中输送和在该贮藏设施中贮藏时向低温液体中的漏热，会发生低温致冷剂的损失。漏热会引起部分低温液体汽化，而使容器中压力升高到使蒸气通过安全阀放入大气的点。往低温液体中的漏热不仅会引起部分低温液体汽化，还会使液体升温，因而当把低温液体从贮藏设施送往使用点时会增大闪蒸损失。
有些本领域的技术人员曾经用过较廉价的低温液体，来冷凝已汽化的低温液体的办法来解决这一问题。例如，借助于用液态氮对着因漏热而汽化的气态氩进行沸腾，使氩被冷凝并从而得到回收。汽化的氮随后被放入大气。事实上这是用比较廉价的低温液体来交换比较昂贵的低温液体。但由于液态氮的贮存和使用仍需付出相当的代价，因此上述的交换低温液体的方法存在着它的缺点。
有鉴于此，本发明的目标是要提供出一种***，来冷却贮有低温液体的贮罐中的内容物，以减少因贮罐漏热而引起的损失。
本领域的技术人员在阅读过本公开内容后会明白，本发明已经达成了上述的其它的目标。本发明的一个方面是：
一种冷却贮有低温液体的贮罐中的内容物的方法，该方法包括：
(A)装备贮有低温液体及其蒸气的贮罐，并将蒸气从贮罐送入热交换器；
(B)在热交换器中借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换使至少一部分蒸气冷凝而产生出冷凝的蒸气；
(C)借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换使冷凝的蒸气过冷而产生出低温液体；以及
(D)将过冷的低温液体从热交换器送入贮罐。
本发明的另一个方面是：
用来冷却贮有低温液体的贮罐的装置，该装置包括：
(A)包括至少一个罐的贮罐、热交换器、以及将蒸气从贮罐送入热交换器的设备；
(B)制冷***，它包括产生载冷制冷剂流体的设备；
(C)用来将载冷制冷剂流体从制冷***送入热交换器的设备；以及
(D)用来将流体从热交换器送入贮罐的设备。
在此，术语“间接热交换”意指使两种流体发生热交换关系而相互间没有任何物质接触或流体混合。
术语“膨胀”意指实施减压。
术语“膨胀装置”意指实现流体膨胀的装置。
术语“压缩”意指实施增压。
术语“压缩机”意指实施流体增压的装置。
术语“多组分制冷剂流体”意指包括有两种或两种以上组分的能制冷的流体。
术语“可变负荷制冷剂”意指两种或两种以上组分的混合物，其组分的比例能使这些组分的液相在混合物的始沸点和露点之间，经历一次连续而渐增的温度变化。混合物的始沸点是在一定压力下混合物全部处于液相、但一加热就会开始形成与液相平衡的汽相的温度。混合物的露点是在一定压力下混合物全部处于汽相、但一取出热就会开始形成与汽相平衡的液相的温度。因此，混合物始沸点与露点之间的温度区域是液相和汽相两者平衡共存的区域。在本发明的优选实践中，可变负荷制冷剂始沸点与露点之间的温度差通常应至少有10℃，优选为至少20℃，最优选至少50℃。
术语“过冷”意指把液体的温度降到其在现有压力下的饱和温度以下的温度。
附图简述
附图1是本发明特别优选的低温液体贮罐操作***的简图，其中是由蒸气压缩***来供冷。
图2是本发明实践中使用的产生载冷制冷剂流体用的脉动管***的简图。
图3是本发明实践中使用的产生载冷制冷剂流体用的磁化制冷***的简图。
下面将参照附图对本发明作详细描述。请参看图1，贮罐51中贮有低温液体及其蒸气。在图1中，贮罐51被示为单个的罐并示为固定的。在本发明的实践中，贮罐可包括多个单罐并优选可通过管子互相流通。在本发明的实践中，罐可以是移动的，亦即可以是安装在挂车上的或是铁路罐车，在罐上也安装有制冷***，下面将会描述。
在本发明实践中可能用到的低温液体，可举出氩、氧、氮、氢、氦、氖、氪、氙、天然气、液化石油气、碳氢化合物、碳氟化合物、一氧化二氮、以及包括其中一种或多种的混合物。
从贮罐51中的单个罐的上部抽出蒸气(气流21)，通过阀75后以气流70被送入热交换器3。需要时，热交换器3可置于罐51内部。当蒸气以气流70通过热交换器3时，借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换、优选为逆流式间接热交换而使蒸气的至少一部分、优选全部被冷凝(下面将会详细描述)，然后借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换而过冷。随后，该所形成的过冷低温液体以液流71被从热交换器3中抽出然后返回贮罐。当贮罐包括一个以上的单罐时，过冷低温液体可返回抽出蒸气的同一个单罐中，也可以送入不同的单罐中。
图1示出本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案，其中还额外地从罐51中抽出低温液体，该液体本身又借助于与载冷制冷剂液体进行间接热交换而被过冷。在图1所示该实施方案的特殊例子中，低温液体以液流22被从贮罐51中抽出，通过液泵72后以液流73流至阀74，并以液流23在热交换器上比气流70送入处更冷的一点上送入热交换器3。如图1所示，优选液流23在热交换器3内部与气流70结合。液流23内的低温液体借助于通过热交换器3的冷端与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换而被过冷，随后返回贮罐。在图1所示的实施方案中，过冷的低温液体以液流71被返回贮罐51。必要时，优选从贮罐的不同高度处可取出两支或多支的低温液体液流，来借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换而使之过冷。低温液体送往使用点是以液流80从罐51中抽出的。
制冷剂液体68在通过压缩机30时被压缩，而形成压缩的制冷剂流体60。除油***40从制冷剂流体中除去压缩机润滑油，并将油返回压缩机30。最后除油在油分离器50内完成。所形成的压缩的制冷剂流体61在冷却器1中，借助于与冷却流体例如空气或水进行间接热交换，而把压缩热冷却掉，所形成的冷却的制冷剂流体62，借助于通过预冷器或热交换器2时，与返回的制冷剂流体进行间接热交换，而被进一步冷却。所形成的冷却的压缩制冷剂流体63，随后通过膨胀装置被膨胀而产生冷。在图1所示的本发明的实施方案中，膨胀装置是焦耳-汤普逊节流阀64。所形成的载冷制冷剂流体随后通过热交换器3，在此它被升温，以实现上述的来自贮罐51的蒸气的冷凝和液体的过冷。通常，进入热交换器3的制冷剂液体绝大部分或全部是液态的，而在流出热交换器3时，通常是两相的流体。两相的制冷剂液体66被送入预冷器2，在此借助于与上述的冷却的制冷剂流体62进行间接热交换而被加热，通常被完全汽化。所形成的变热的制冷剂流体以物流67被从预冷热交换器62送到缓冲罐41并从缓冲罐41以物流68被送入压缩机30，如此重新开始制冷循环。
任何有用的制冷剂流体都可用于本发明的实践中。在本发明实践中使用的制冷剂流体，优选为能在不同温度水平下更有效地发送致冷的多组分制冷剂流体。像图1所示的从贮罐向热交换器既供应蒸气又供应液体的***中，使用多组分制冷剂流体是特别优选的。当在本发明的实践中使用多组分制冷剂流体时，该流体优选包括选自碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟氯烃、氟代醚、氢氟化醚(hydrofluoroethers)、大气气体和碳氢化合物中的至少两种化合物，例如，该多组分制冷剂流体可以只包括两种碳氟化合物。对本发明的实践有用的多组分制冷剂优选是可变负荷制冷剂。
另一种本发明可用的多组分制冷剂流体，优选包括有至少一个组分是选自碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟代醚的氢氟化醚；以及至少一个组分是选自碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟氯烃、氟代醚、氢氟化醚、大气气体和碳氢化合物。
另一种本发明可用的优选多组分制冷剂流体，包括有至少两个组分是选自碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟代醚和氢氟化醚；以及至少一个组分是选自碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟氯烃、氟代醚、氢氟化醚、大气气体和碳氢化合物。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中，多组分制冷剂流体仅由碳氟化合物组成。在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中，多组分制冷剂流体仅由碳氟化合物和碳氢氟化合物组成。在另一个本发明的优选实施方案中，多组分制冷剂流体仅由碳氟化合物、氟代醚、氢氟化醚和大气气体组成。最优选的是多组分制冷剂流体中的每一个组分是碳氟化合物、碳氢氟化合物、氟代醚、氢氟化醚或大气气体中的任一种。
除图1所示的为本发明的操作***使用而产生载冷制冷剂流体的蒸气压缩制冷***以外，载冷制冷剂流体还可用图2所示的脉动管***和图3所示的磁力制冷***来产生。
现请参看图2，基本的小孔脉动管制冷器320是一个封闭的制冷***，它使制冷剂在封闭的循环中产生脉动，脉动时把热量从冷段传送到热段。脉动的频率和相位调整取决于***的构形。气体的运动是靠压缩机的活塞或某种另外的声波发生器300来推动，使气体容积内部产生出压力波。压缩气体流过后冷却器301，在此把压缩热转移进入流体302中。被压缩的制冷剂随后流过回热段303，在通过时冷却下来。回热器将进入的高压工作流体在它到达冷端以前预冷下来。工作流体先进入冷端热交换器305，然后进入脉动管306，并向着脉动管的热端压缩残留在脉动管中的流体。脉动管热端内的较热的被压缩流体流过热端热交换器308，并随后通过管道309进入贮存器311。与压力同相的气体运动是由小孔310和贮存器的容积结合实现的，气体在半个循环中被贮存在贮存器中。贮存器311的容积是够大，因此在振荡式流动中，贮存器内基本上不发生压力振荡。通过小孔的振荡气流引起了加热效应和冷却效应的分离。来自波动发生装置/活塞300的输入气流停止后，管内压力降到较低水平。来自贮存器311的在平均压力下的气体，当它通过小孔进入压力较低的脉动管时会冷却下来。在脉动管306冷端处的气体则被绝热冷却到更低，以便从冷端热交换器吸取热量。较低压力的工作流体当它流向波动发生装置/活塞300内时会在回热段303内被升温。热量则被转移到流体307内。在本发明实践中被用作载冷制冷剂流体的流体304，由于通过冷端热交换器305而如图示那样被冷却。
小孔脉动管制冷器的理想工作状态是在脉动管中进行绝热的压缩和膨胀。活塞首先压缩脉动管中的气体。由于气体被加热，被压缩气体的压力高于贮存器中的平均压力，它就流过小孔进入贮存器，并在通过位于脉动管热端的热交换器时与周围介质进行热交换。当脉动管中的压力降到平均压力时，流动就停止。活塞往回移动并使脉动管中的气体绝热膨胀。脉动管中的低压冷气体被通过小孔从贮存器进入脉动管的气流推向冷端。当冷制冷剂流过位于脉动管冷端的热交换器时，就从被冷却的流体中取走热量。当脉动管中的压力增高到平均压力时，流动就停止。然后再重复该种循环。
还可利用磁力制冷***或活性磁力制冷***来制冷。磁力制冷器采用绝热去磁作用来提供低温冷能。尽管对指定的磁性材料来说其制冷的温度变化范围是有限的，但若在活性磁力制冷器构形中使用一系列的磁性材料，则可获得很大的温度变化范围。
图3示出联接磁力制冷***的简图。由泵或压缩机421加以再循环的热交换流体420，作为物流422在通过冷却器423时被冷却掉压缩热，然后作为物流424通过磁力制冷***402，在此它被冷却而产生物流425。物流425在热交换器426中被升温，并以物流427返回磁力制冷***。物流425从制冷剂流体中把热负荷Q收集起来。该制冷剂流体可能是气态制冷剂如氦、或液态制冷剂如碳氟化合物、或相变制冷剂如氮、氩。该制冷剂在热交换器426中被冷却后就是本发明的操作***中所用的载冷制冷剂流体。床402借助于移进移出磁场而周期性地被磁化或去磁，进出磁场是借助于移动磁铁401或将磁铁接通或断开。
虽然本发明是参照某些优选实施方案来作详细描述的，但本领域的技术人员会承认，在权利要求的精神和范围之内还会有本发明的其它实施方案。

Claims (10)

1.一种冷却贮有低温液体的贮罐内容物的方法，它包括：
(A)装备贮有低温液体及其蒸气的贮罐，并将蒸气从贮罐送入热交换器；
(B)在热交换器中，借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换，使至少一部分蒸气冷凝而产生出冷凝的蒸气；
(C)借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换，使冷凝的蒸气过冷而产生出低温液体；以及
(D)将过冷的低温液体从热交换器送入贮罐。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中的制冷剂流体是多组分制冷剂流体。
3.权利要求1的方法，它还包括将低温液体从贮罐送入热交换器，借助于与载冷制冷剂流体进行间接热交换，使低温液体过冷而产生出额外的过冷低温液体，并将该额外的过冷低温液体从热交换器送入贮罐。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中的载冷制冷剂流体是借助于压缩制冷剂流体、冷却该压缩的制冷剂流体、膨胀该冷却的压缩制冷剂流体使之制冷而产生出来的，并将所形成的载冷制冷剂流体送入热交换器。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中的载冷制冷剂流体是用脉动管装置产生出来的，在脉动管装置中，用脉动来压缩工作流体，使之膨胀以降低其温度，并用以冷却一种流体，该流体就变成了用于送入热交换器中的载冷的制冷剂流体。
6.权利要求1的方法，其中的载冷制冷剂流体是用磁力制冷***产生出来的，在该***中，工作流体借助于通过可磁化颗粒的床而被冷却，并用以冷却一种流体，该流体就变成了用于送入热交换器中的载冷的制冷剂流体。
7.一种用来冷却贮有低温液体的贮罐的内容物的装置，它包括：
(A)包括至少一个罐的贮罐、热交换器、以及将蒸气从贮罐送入热交换器的设备；
(B)制冷***，它包括产生载冷制冷剂流体的设备；
(C)用来将载冷制冷剂流体从制冷***送入热交换器的设备；以及
(D)用来将流体从热交换器送入贮罐的设备。
8.权利要求7的装置，其中的制冷***包括有：压缩机；预冷却器；膨胀装置；将制冷剂流体送入压缩机的设备；将制冷剂流体从压缩机送入预冷却器的设备；以及将制冷剂流体从预冷却器送入膨胀装置以产生出载冷制冷剂流体的设备。
9.权利要求7的装置，其中的制冷***包括有脉动管装置，该装置中具有：内贮工作流体的脉动管；向工作流体提供脉动的设备；以及借助于与制冷剂流体进行间接热交换使工作流体升温以产生出载冷制冷剂流体的设备。
10.权利要求7的装置，其中的制冷***包括有磁力制冷***，该***具有：可磁化颗粒的床；周期性地使该床磁化和去磁的设备；将工作流体通过床的设备；以及借助于与制冷剂流体进行间接热交换使工作流体升温以产生出载冷制冷剂流体的设备。
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CN103492824A (zh) * 2009-09-28 2014-01-01 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 用于液化和存储流体的***和方法
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CN105705892A (zh) * 2013-09-10 2016-06-22 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司 用于在低于环境温度下分离气态混合物的方法和装置
CN105705884A (zh) * 2013-09-10 2016-06-22 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司 用于在低温下分离的方法和装置
CN105705884B (zh) * 2013-09-10 2019-03-29 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司 用于在低温下分离的方法和装置
CN106196882A (zh) * 2016-08-29 2016-12-07 中科赛德（北京）科技有限公司 一种蓄冷型气体液化装置
CN106196882B (zh) * 2016-08-29 2019-05-14 中科赛德（北京）科技有限公司 一种蓄冷型气体液化装置
CN115200247A (zh) * 2022-07-11 2022-10-18 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 一种节流制冷耦合绝热去磁制冷机的低温结构及实现方法
CN115200247B (zh) * 2022-07-11 2024-05-07 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 一种节流制冷耦合绝热去磁制冷机的低温结构及实现方法

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