CN1326320A - 蛋白质基可咀嚼宠物玩具 - Google Patents
蛋白质基可咀嚼宠物玩具 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1326320A CN1326320A CN99810356A CN99810356A CN1326320A CN 1326320 A CN1326320 A CN 1326320A CN 99810356 A CN99810356 A CN 99810356A CN 99810356 A CN99810356 A CN 99810356A CN 1326320 A CN1326320 A CN 1326320A
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- protein
- based thermoplastic
- thermoplastic compounds
- composition
- vitamin
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- A01K15/02—Training or exercising equipment, e.g. mazes or labyrinths for animals ; Electric shock devices ; Toys specially adapted for animals
- A01K15/025—Toys specially adapted for animals
- A01K15/026—Chewable toys, e.g. for dental care of pets
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- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种蛋白质基可食用的可咀嚼宠物玩具如人造狗骨,及其制备方法。该可咀嚼宠物玩具是由蛋白质基热塑性组合物制成,该组合物含有植物和动物衍生蛋白质原料、各种添加剂和营养成份。在本发明范围内的可咀嚼宠物玩具除具有由合成聚合物制成的传统人造狗骨的特性(如良好的强度和硬度)外,还具有可生物降解性和可食用性。此外,该可咀嚼宠物玩具含有维生素、矿物质、调味剂、口腔保健添加剂和其它有助于保持宠物的牙齿和骨骼强壮并促进其生长及健康的成份。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及蛋白质基营养性多功能人造狗骨和可咀嚼宠物玩具。本发明还涉及该可咀嚼宠物玩具和狗骨的制备方法。
发明背景
对许多人来说,狗和其它宠物在提供家庭环境的乐趣和安全方面起到了重要作用。人们变得更关心他们的狗或宠物的健康和卫生保健。可咀嚼玩具和人造狗骨一般用于帮助按摩狗或宠物的齿龈以坚固和清洁它们的牙齿。在动物在人造骨头或可咀嚼宠物玩具上消耗咀嚼能量时,它们破坏性撕咬家居用品的倾向也减小了。
目前市场上销售一些人造狗骨或可咀嚼宠物玩具。公开于美国专利5,339,771的FLEXIBONE尼龙咀嚼物由模制合成热塑性塑料制成,并在塑料聚合物分散有动物食品。这种狗咀嚼物坚固且不会象天然骨头那样造成牙齿磨损,但其不可食用。由于合成聚合物是不可生物降解的,因此它会潜在地危害环境。
另外一种可购得的人造狗骨或宠物咀嚼物是由玉米淀粉基原料与隋性材料制成的,如由Wal-Mart Stores,Inc.销售的“OL′ROY狗咀嚼物”。而另外一种公开于美国专利5,419,283的宠物咀嚼产品是由天然玉米淀粉烯醇共聚物制成的BOODA VELVETS狗咀嚼物。由于缺乏营养价值,OL′ROY和BOODA VELVETS狗咀嚼物不可用作可食用产品。它们不能代替或补充狗定期需要的食品或营养。
许多人造狗骨是由牛皮或猪皮制成。此种人造狗骨的实例包括由牛皮制成的HARPER′S CHEWBLER BONE和由Pet Expo.制造的NATURAL BONES RAWHIDE CHEW TREATS。这些产品虽具有天然风味,但缺乏营养成份。此外,因为咀嚼行为可毁坏材料的结构,由生牛皮制成的人造可咀嚼玩具经常会被咀嚼行为迅速地毁坏。
在任何情况下,都必须对狗的进攻性咀嚼加以注意,因为它们的咀嚼可毁掉一块相当大的人造狗骨或狗咀嚼物。
因此在本领域需要一种持久的、坚固的、能改进口腔卫生的、并能给狗和宠物动物提供营养价值的人造狗骨和可咀嚼宠物玩具。
这种人造狗骨和可咀嚼宠物玩具在本文予以公开和描述。
发明简介
本发明涉及可食用的可咀嚼宠物玩具,如人造狗骨,以及这种可咀嚼宠物玩具的制造方法。在本发明范围内的可咀嚼宠物玩具优选由蛋白质基热塑性组合物制成,并且该热塑性组合物含有植物和动物衍生的蛋白质原料和各种营养性添加剂。本发明范围内的可咀嚼宠物玩具具有由合成聚合物制成的传统人造狗骨的特性,如良好的强度和硬度。另外,可咀嚼宠物玩具还含有营养成份和其它有助于保持宠物动物的牙齿和骨骼强壮并促进它们的生长和健康的成份。
本发明范围内的可食用的可咀嚼宠物玩具优选由蛋白质基热塑塑料制成。该蛋白质基热塑性组合物是由植物蛋白质,如大豆蛋白分离物、大豆蛋白浓缩物、谷蛋白(如小麦、燕麦或稻的谷蛋白)、玉米醇溶蛋白、大麦醇溶蛋白、燕麦蛋白、高粱醇溶蛋白,或由它们的组合物单独或与动物蛋白如胶原蛋白、酪蛋白、白蛋白、凝胶、角蛋白、天然牛皮、猪皮或鸡皮组合而成。
蛋白质可为天然蛋白质或经化学改性的蛋白质。天然蛋白质是未改性的蛋白质。化学改性的蛋白质包括水解了的蛋白质,它提供了较好的加工流动性。为了改进蛋白质的防水性,可利用有机酸将蛋白组合物的pH值调整在4.5至6.5之间。典型的有机酸包括乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙酸、琥珀酸等。化学改性的蛋白质还包括经酸酐处理过的蛋白质。
蛋白质基热塑性组合物优选含有可保持狗和宠物骨骼强壮并促进生长和健康的各种营养成份。这些营养成份可包括维生素、矿物质、天然纤维和食物纤维、干肉丝和调味剂。典型的调味剂包括狗和宠物普遍喜爱的牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉调味剂。其它添加剂,如抗牙石剂和清凉剂,也可用于帮助清洁牙齿并改善口腔卫生。
加工辅助物如增塑剂可用于改善蛋白质基模制组合物的流动性。防腐剂也可用以保持由蛋白质基热塑性组合物制成的产品的新鲜度和可食用性。
本发明的蛋白质基模制组合物具有良好的加工流动性、优秀的机械特性,如约为20-40MPa的张力强度和约为800-4000MPa的杨氏模量,并且,它具有极好的防水性,其水吸收率约为80-250wt%。
本发明的蛋白质基热塑性组合物可通过注模法、压缩模塑法、传递成型法、压力成型或其它类似的造型法轻松地成型。本发明优选模制成型为可咀嚼宠物玩具或模仿天然动物骨头的形状,例如示于图1的模制骨头。
附图简述
图1是根据本发明制成的具有典型动物骨头形状的模制狗咀嚼物的透视图。
图2是当大豆蛋白分离物注模成型时丙三醇增塑剂含量与水含量之间的关系图。
发明详述
本发明涉及可食用的可咀嚼宠物玩具(包括人造狗骨)及其制造方法。人造狗骨和宠物玩具是由蛋白质基热塑性组合物制成的,该蛋白质基热塑性组合物是由植物蛋白质、动物蛋白质、各种营养成份、增强纤维、保健添加剂、防腐剂、水、加工辅料、调味剂、着色剂和/或改性剂混合而成。
当模制成产品时,蛋白质基热塑性组合物具有良好的加工流动性和优秀的机械特性。该组合物可用于将产品模制成不同形状、不同大小和不同尺寸,如制成可咀嚼宠物玩具和其它模仿天然动物骨头形状的产品。
狗和宠物们需要蛋白质。蛋白质形成酶,酶可将食物代谢成为能量及激素,从而指挥各种身体功能。在本发明范围内的蛋白质基热塑性组合物优选含有高于约70-80wt%的蛋白质。由蛋白质基热塑性组合物制成的模制产品具有优秀的机械特性、结构稳定性及防水性。模制产品的结构、柔韧性及坚固性可鼓励狗和宠物去撕咬并给它们带来纯粹的乐趣。撕咬的行为可使宠物轻轻地咬穿可咀嚼宠物玩具,从而促进它们牙齿的清洁、健康和口气的清新。
蛋白质基组合物是由大豆蛋白质等植物蛋白质,单独或与其它植物或动物衍生蛋白质和/或微生物相结合配制而成的。该微生物可包括发面酵母或啤酒酵母。适用于本组合物的植物衍生蛋白质包括大豆蛋白质(如大豆蛋白分离物和大豆蛋白浓缩物)、谷蛋白(如小麦、燕麦或稻中的谷蛋白)、玉米醇溶蛋白、大麦醇溶蛋白、燕麦醇溶蛋白、高粱醇溶蛋白或其组合物。适用于本组合物的动物衍生蛋白质包括酪蛋白、白蛋白、胶原蛋白、明胶和角蛋白。
可商业购得的大豆蛋白质为含至少90%蛋白质的大豆蛋白分离物和含至少约65-70%蛋白质的大豆蛋白浓缩物。大豆蛋白质可从各种提供者处购得,如Central Soya Co.Inc.,Fort Wayne,Indiana;ArcherDaniels Midland Company,Decatur,Illinois;Protein TechnologiesInternational,St.Louis,Missouri。
蛋白质基模制组合物的营养成份可包括维生素和矿物质。优选营养成份包含在蛋白质基热塑性组合物中从而产生有营养的模制产品。维生素和矿物质是脂肪、碳水化合物适量吸收以及身体内的各种化学反应所必需的。所有的宠物都需要适宜量和适宜比例的维生素和矿物质,从而更为健康。目前优选的维生素成份包括维生素B1、B2、B3、B12、维生素C、维生素E、维生素D、烟酸(维生素PP)、生物素(维生素H)、甲萘醌(维生素K)、叶酸(维生素Bc)、吡哆辛(维生素B6)和维生素A。
矿物质对骨骼形成、肌肉新陈代谢、体液平衡和神经***功能至关重要。矿物质以或多或少的浓度存在于有生命的动物体内。虽然对微量元素的饮食需要是最小量的,但它们对于形成良好的健康状况至关重要。以较高浓度存在的矿物质有钙、钾、镁和钠。以痕量存在矿物质有铁、磷、锌、锰、碘、硒和钴。
用于本发明的蛋白质基组合物中的增强纤维可含有天然粗纤维素纤维和食物纤维。纤维可改善模制产品的物理特性,如加工和使用过程中产品的张力强度、压缩强度、刚性模度、还原收缩和变形。
用于本发明的典型天然纤维素纤维包括由未加工的天然植物及其衍生物或由它们的混合物制成的草纤维、木纤维、草片、碎玉米秸、蔗渣、叶片、碎玉米壳、***纤维和其它根、茎、叶纤维素纤维。在大多数情况下需要对天然纤维素纤维进行预处理,包括用一些合适的添加剂进行清洁、干燥、粉碎、着色或纯化,从而令此组合物可以食用。纤维的最终大小优选为约40-100微米。
适用于本发明的典型食物纤维包括可溶性纤维和不可溶性纤维。不可溶性纤维如麦麸;可溶性纤维如那些来自蔬菜、水果和诸如燕麦和大麦等一些谷物中的纤维。在作为粪便填充剂的食物纤维的不同来源中,麦麸可能是进行最多研究和最有效的。
适用于本发明的天然粗纤维的主要生理学益处在于其在提高规律性和防止便秘上的有利作用,以及其对于结肠和防止癌症的保护效果。
适用于本发明的蛋白质基组合物的保健添加剂包括可帮助保持动物宠物的牙齿和骨骼强壮并保持好的口腔卫生的抗牙石剂和清凉剂。保健添加剂可包括焦磷酸钙、三聚磷酸钠、柠檬酸锌和磷酸氢钙,它们可作为清洁磨料帮助清洁宠物牙齿。保健添加剂还包括清凉剂如薄荷素油、留兰香油、山梨糖醇和山梨聚糖。
食物中经常需要防腐剂。狗食制造商使用一些抗氧化剂来防止脂溶性维生素的降解并防止食品败坏。普遍使用的防腐剂包括丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)丁基羟基甲苯(BHT),乙氧喹(6-乙氧-1,2-二氢-2,2,4-三甲基喹啉),维生素C和维生素E。BHA和BHT经常配合使用,而且它们一般也被美国食品和药物管理局认为是安全的(GRAS)。乙氧喹是一种在美国用于狗食中多年的由Monsanto Chemical Company制造的抗氧化剂,但其在欧洲被禁用。本发明使用的防腐剂包括杀菌剂如丙酸钙、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、乳酸、苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯。
水存在于所有天然生物高聚物中。在混合和加工各成份时,水起增塑剂的作用。包含在本发明范围内的蛋白质基组合物中,有效量的水可改进组合物的加工流动性。本发明的组合物中的水含量优选为15-35wt%。在加工和模制产品时,大多数的水含量被除去,然后产品被干燥。最终的模制产品优选含有8-15wt%的水。在没有防腐剂的情况下,太多的潮气会引起狗咀嚼物或宠物玩具发霉及腐烂。
其它增塑剂可用作加工辅料。这些增塑剂改进了本发明中蛋白质基热塑性组合物的加工流动性,且加强了所制成的产品的弹性。使用的增塑剂的有效量优选为约5-30wt%。增塑剂优选那些可食用的且与本发明范围内的蛋白质基组合物化学相容的。可用于本发明的典型可食用增塑剂包括丙三醇、山梨聚糖、乙二醇、丙二醇、二甘醇、一缩二丙二醇、甘露醇和山梨糖醇。
包含在蛋白质基模制组合物中的调味剂优选那些可吸引和诱惑狗或宠物的风味和气味的调味剂,并使其分散在整个模制组合物中,从而使这种有吸引力的气味或风味能保持在可咀嚼宠物玩具或人造狗骨的整个寿命中。根据本发明,可使用的典型调味剂包括植物和动物调味剂如蒜粉、盐、洋葱粉、植物油如玉米油和花生油,及天然动物肉类和动物制品如牛皮、猪皮、鸡肉和脂肪、牛肉和脂肪、猪肉和脂肪以及干燥的肉丝。
用于增强本蛋白质基组合物机械性能的改性剂也可用于改进其物理性能和加工性能。可用于本发明的典型改性剂包括果胶、角叉菜胶、角豆树胶、琼脂、甘露聚糖和海藻酸钠。
通过认真选择可食用的食品级的蛋白质基模制组合物成份,由模制组合物制得的模塑产品是可食用的,并且优选那些在加工和处理上与现行的食物处理及卫生法律及规则相符合的成份。
本发明的蛋白质基热塑性组合物可通过注模法、挤压成型法、传递成型法、压缩模塑法轻松地成型。得到的模制产品,如人造狗骨和可咀嚼宠物玩具,具有优秀的物理性能、张力强度、弹性、刚性和表面硬度,同时它们可食用并有营养。
在制备本发明范围内的蛋白质基模制组合物时,优选均匀地混合各成份。混合可以经各种途径实现,如使用搅动混合器在室温下进行简单的混合或以高速混合机将所有成份进行预混合。进一步的混合和制粒可以通过有杆冲模(L/D为3∶1)的同步旋转双螺杆挤出机来进行。该双螺杆挤出机优选具有同步旋转螺杆的多模式双螺杆。另外,也可以在双螺杆挤出机中直接混合所有成份。各成份经由双螺杆挤出机预定部分中的单独给料器填入挤出机。
根据所需达到的混合效果和均质颗粒的不同,加工条件也不同。举例来说,挤出机的温度分布、压力、螺杆速度和构造、成份的填加速度和吞吐率可不同。一个适宜的混合双螺杆挤出机的实例是型号为Leistritz Micro-18的同步旋转双螺杆挤出机。颗粒的水分含量可通过后来使用中的干燥过程来调节。颗粒中水含量优选为约10-35wt%。
在混合和造粒化之后,模制组合物优选通过注模法加工成模制产品,如人造狗骨或可咀嚼宠物玩具。在本发明中,可用的注模机是BoyMachines,Inc.制造的Boy80M。其螺杆直径为48mm,螺杆-LD比率为17,最大注入重量(包括聚苯乙烯)为234g。在注入期间,固体颗粒被加热成熔融状态,其水含量约为10-30wt%,增塑剂含量为0-25wt%,蛋白质含量为50-70wt%。组合物最终被注入狗咀嚼物或可咀嚼宠物玩具的模具中及标准的美国材料实验协会(ASTM)试棒中。
目前优选的注入压力为约860-1200MPa。注入加工温度分布为:区1(给料器)/区2/区3/区4/区5(喷嘴)=25/85/120-125/120-135/120-135℃。模制温度为25-40℃,平均旋转时间约为1-2分钟,注入时间为0.8秒。
本发明的组合物可被模制成具有各种用途和各种形状、尺寸和大小的固体产品。模制产品具有约为20-40MPa的高张力强度,良好的弹性、高刚性、高表面硬度及良好的防水性。约为80-250wt%的水吸收率可使产品在置于水中几天后仍保持完好结构。
本组合物含有多种成份,其中包括营养和保健添加剂,它们可帮助保持狗和宠物的牙齿和骨骼强壮、改进口腔保健并促进成长及健康。
结合下面详细的实施例进一步描述本发明。这些实施例并不意味着限制前述的发明范围。引述文献的公开只作为本文的参考。在下述实施例中,本发明范围内的组合物成模于如美国材料实验协会(ASTMD638-86)所要求的标准试棒中。模制产品的张力特性使用Instronuniversal Testing System(型号4465)按ASTM标准方法D638-86测试。水的吸收百分比根据ASTM D570-81的程序测量。
实施例1在大豆蛋白分离物的注模中增塑剂和水含量的关系
在本实施例中,使用可食用的增塑剂和水以改善大豆蛋白质的加工流动性。主要的大豆蛋白质一般是一密实折叠的球状分子,其具有一内部疏水区域和一外部亲水区域。水和增塑剂的作用是通过破坏亲水区域并暴露疏水区以伸展大豆蛋白质。这可能是因为水和水溶性增塑剂如多元醇可在疏水区域和亲水区域间形成氢键。
图2表示在大豆蛋白分离物的注模中丙三醇增塑剂和水含量的关系。曲线I和II定义了区域A、B和C。在区域B,大豆蛋白分离成分易于在注模加工条件下流动。在区域C,大豆蛋白分离成分难以流动并显示出热固性。在区域A,大豆蛋白分离成分流动得较好并显示出热塑性。从图2可知,将过多的丙三醇加入水中会减弱水对多肽的延展作用。增塑剂如丙三醇和水在注模用途的优选比率可从图2中得知。目前可相信在大豆蛋白分离物的注模中增塑剂和水含量的关系可扩展至动物衍生蛋白质。
在本实施例中注模机为Boy Machines,Inc.的Boy80M,螺杆直径为48mm,螺杆-LD比率为17。注入压力约为860-1200MPa。注入加工温度分布的范围为:区域1(给料器)/区域2/区域3/区域4/区域5(喷嘴)=25/85/125/135/135℃。模制温度为25-40℃,注入时间为0.8秒。
实施例2动物衍生蛋白质对于狗咀嚼物中大豆蛋白分离组合物的机械特性的影响
在本实施例中,在室温下用高速混合器(由Henschel MixersAmerica,Inc.制造的FM10加热拌和机)将各成份预混合在一起,混和机的速度为1800rpm进行6-8分钟,再用Leistritz Micro-18同步旋转双螺杆挤出机将成份进一步加工。该挤出机具有的六个机桶区域应具有下述温度分布:区域1/区域2/区域3/区域4/区域5/区域6=95/100/105/110/105/98℃。模具温度为87℃,旋转速度为180rpm。模具压力为345-605psi。在挤出物成粒后,在130℃用湿度分析器(Ohaus型号MB200)测量颗粒的水含量30分钟。颗粒的水含量为31-36wt%。通过压缩模塑机(型号B3710-ASTM,Carver,Inc.)使颗粒进入ASTM标准试棒中,在130℃下以10吨压力进行10分钟。根据美国材料试验协会(ASTM D638-86)的测试ASTM标准试棒。结果示于表1。
表1显示动物衍生蛋白质对于植物衍生大豆蛋白分离组合物的机械特性的影响。大豆蛋白分离物的机械特性如张力强度和延伸率基本加强了,但由于添加的凝胶或酪蛋白,杨氏模量降低了。通过将植物衍生蛋白质与动物衍生蛋白质组合,模制产品的强度和弹性得以改进。
在本发明中,植物衍生蛋白质组合物可与约10-50wt%的动物衍生蛋白质配比,动物衍生蛋白质的优选量约10-30wt%。使用水作为主要增塑剂的蛋白质基组合物显示出热塑流动性。
表1
样品号成份1 1 2 3大豆蛋白分离物2 100 100 100动物衍生蛋白质 0 203 204丙三醇5 8 8 2蒜粉6 2 2 2洋葱粉7 2 2 2NaCl8 1 1 1丙酸钙9 0.5 0.5 0.5山梨酸钾10 0.05 0.05 0.05水 80 80 80机械特性水含量(wt%) 11.1 12.0 11.1张力强度(MPa) 12.9 13.4 15.7延伸率(%) 3.31 36.18 5.72杨氏模量(MPa) 1522 900 1184加工条件模具温度(℃) 87 87 87旋转速度(rpm) 180 180 180填料速度 33 39 39模具压力(psi) 605 200 345
1成份:将大豆蛋白分离物作为100份使用时的份量
2大豆蛋白质:由Protein Technologies International制造的SUPRO500E大豆蛋白分离物
3明胶:类型A,用SIGMA Chemical Co.的设备从猪皮中提取,约300Bloom
4酪蛋白:用SIGMA Chemical Co.的设备从牛奶中提取,约90%蛋白质(缩二脲)和0.2%乳糖
5丙三醇:美国Dow Chemical Company制造,美国专利,含99.7%的丙三醇
6蒜粉:SPICE ADRICE牌,Heart-Loc,饭店专用
7洋葱粉:SPICE ADRICE牌,Heart-Loc,饭店专用
8氯化钠:Morton International,Inc.制造的碘化盐
9丙酸钙:Aldrich Chemical Company,Inc.制造,丙酸钙含量为97%
10山梨酸钾:TS/VG12250,由Wego Chemical&Mineral Corp.制造
实施例3动物衍生蛋白质对狗咀嚼物中大豆蛋白分离组合物的机械特性的影响
按实施2的程序制备的各种大豆蛋白分离物组合物具有如表2和3所示的成份含量。表2显示各种明胶含量对于大豆蛋白分离物组合物的机械特性的影响。表3显示各种酪蛋白含量对于大豆蛋白分离物组合物的机械特性的影响。张力强度、延伸率和杨氏模量等机械特性也因明胶和酪蛋白含量的增加而得到了加强。由大豆蛋白分离物组合物制备的模制产品显示出好的刚性、强度和稳定性。
表2
样品号成份1 1 2 3 4大豆蛋白分离物2 100 100 100 100明胶3 0 25 50 75水 100 100 100 100机械特性水含量(wt%) 12.9 14.0 15.0 16.0张力强度(MPa) 12.7 29.8 30.1 25.0延伸率(%) 0.93 1.38 3.78 2.31杨氏模量(MPa) 2432 4275 4253 2460
1成份:将大豆蛋白分离物作为100份使用时的份量
2大豆蛋白:由Protein Technologies International制造的SUPRO500E大豆蛋白分离物
3明胶:类型A,用SIGMA Chemical Co.的设备从猪皮中提取,约300Bloom
表3
样品号成份1 1 2 3 4大豆蛋白分离物 100 100 100 100酪蛋白2 0 25 50 75水 100 100 100 100机械特性水含量(wt%) 12.9 14.0 14.1 13.6张力强度(MPa) 12.7 16.8 19.3 25.3延伸率(%) 0.93 1.82 1.60 2.84杨氏模量(MPa) 2432 2448 2081 3003
1成份:与表2相同
2酪蛋白:用SIGMA Chemical Co.的设备从牛奶中提取,含有约90%蛋白质(缩二脲)和0.2%的乳糖实施例4食物纤维在中大豆蛋白分离物组合物的机械特性的效果
表4A
样品号成份1 1 2 3 4大豆蛋白分离物2 100 100 100 100明胶3 20 20 20 20丙三醇4 5 5 5 5食物纤维5 0 5 10 20水 80 80 80 80机械特性水含量(wt%) 12.0 14.0 13.1 12.9张力强度(MPa) 30.6 25.7 21.4 19.7延伸率(%) 4.19 4.02 3.82 2.31杨氏模量(MPa) 3152 1930 1080 1780
1成份:将大豆蛋白分离物作为100份使用时的份量
2大豆蛋白:由Protein Technologies International制造的SUPRO500E大豆蛋白分离物
3明胶:类型A,用SIGMA Chemical Co.的设备从猪皮中提取,约300Bloom
4丙三醇:由Witco Corporation制造,美国专利,液态,含99.7%丙三醇
5食物纤维:100微米的纯化的粉末状纤维素,由International FillerCorporation制造的Grade HS40FCC
本实施例的组合物以与上述实施例2相同的方法制备。表4A显示随着纯化的粉末状食物纤维素纤维含量增大,张力强度、杨氏模量和延伸性等机械特性降低。表4A还显示蛋白质基组合物可含有约0-15wt%的食物纤维,优选为0-5wt%。
表4B
样品号成份1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7大豆蛋白分离物2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100明胶3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20丙三醇4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5食物纤维 0 105a 105b 0 0 105a 105a水 80 80 80 80 80 80 80机械特性水含量(wt%) 14.0 12.0 13.9 16.0 11.0 15.0 12.0张力强度(MPa) 19.1 14.8 18.1 19.5 35.5 24.9 38.1延伸率(%) 1.4 2.1 2.2 22.9 1.1 4.2 0.9杨氏模量(MPa) 1339 1010 1327 1812 2948 2296 3108
1成份:将大豆蛋白分离物作为100份使用时的份量
2大豆蛋白:实施例1-5:由Protein Technologies International制造的SUPRO500E分离大豆蛋白;实施例6-7:由Archer DanielsMidland Company制造的066-646号分离的大豆蛋白
3明胶:由Dynagel,Inc.制造的,250Bloom
4丙三醇:由Witco Corporation制造,美国专利,液态,含99.7%丙三醇
5食物纤维:100微米的纯化的粉末状纤维素,由International FillerCorporation制造的Grade HS40FCC
5a食物纤维:100微米的纯化的粉末状纤维素,由International FillerCorporation制造的Grade HS40FCC
5b食物纤维:50微米的纯化的粉末状纤维素,由International FillerCorporation制造的Grade BH65FCC
本实施例中组合物与实施例5(3)同法加工。在表4B中,样品1-3的结果显示食物纤维尺寸对蛋白质基组合物的机械特性的影响。张力强度和杨氏模量减小,而延伸性随添加的食物纤维成分而增强。较长的食物纤维(100微米)比短食物纤维(50微米)对蛋白质基组合物的机械特性具有更大的效果。
样品4-7的结果显示食物纤维在蛋白质基组合物机械特性上的另一效果。张力强度和杨氏模量者增加了,而延伸率随添加的食物纤维成份(100微米)而降低。样品1-3的大豆蛋白分离物是SUPRO500E,其具有高粘度和可溶性,并形成热稳定的乳剂。SUPRO500E大豆蛋白分离物的pH值为6.9-7.3。样品4-7的大豆蛋白分离物是由ArcherDaniels Midland Company制造的066-646号。这种pH值为6.3-6.7的大豆蛋白分离物具有中低粘度。因此,大豆蛋白分离物的不同选择也影响所得组合物的机械特性。业已观察到,纯化的粉末状纤维素是较好的增强剂,可加强所制备的模制产品的物理特性。
样品4-7的结果显示出水含量对蛋白质基组合物机械特性的影响。样品4与样品5的配比相同,样品6与样品7的配比相同。结果显示出较干燥组合物的张力强度和杨氏模量增强了,但延伸性随模制样品的水含量减少而降低。
实施例5在注模法中蛋白质基组合物的狗咀嚼物或可咀嚼宠物玩具的机械特性
在本实施例中,在室温下用高速混合器(由Henschel MixersAmerica,Inc.制造的FM10加热拌和机)将成份预混合在一起,拌和机的速度为1800rpm进行6-8分钟。用Leistritz Micro-18同步旋转双螺杆挤出机将成份进一步加工,该挤出机具有一个有杆冲模及六个机筒区域,它们应具有下述温度分布:区域1/区域2/区域3/区域4/区域5/区域6=95/100/105/110/105/95℃。模具压力约为160-410psi。在挤出物成粒后,在130℃用湿度分析器(Ohaus型号MB200)测量颗粒的水含量30分钟。颗粒的水含量为25-30%。
通过Boy Machines,inc.制造的Boy80M注模机将颗粒注入ASTM标准试棒中,该注模机的螺杆直径为48mm,螺杆LD比率为17。注入过程的螺杆旋转速度为36rpm,注入压力为540-680MPa。注入温度分布:区域1(进料口)/区域2/区域3/区域4(喷嘴)=25/85/125/135/135℃。模制温度25-40℃。注入速度为0.8秒。实验结果如下示于表5中。
表5
样品号成份1 1 2 3植物衍生蛋白质2 100 100 100动物衍生蛋白质3 25 25 25丙三醇4 8 8 8食物纤维5 2.5 2.5 2.5蒜粉6 2 2 2洋葱粉7 2 2 2丙酸钙8 0.5 0.5 0.5磷酸三钙9 1/25 1.25 1.25碳酸钙10 0.5 0.5 0.5L-赖氨酸一单盐酸盐11 0.2 0.2 0.2L-抗坏血酸12 0.02 0.02 0.02山梨酸钾13 0.05 0.05 0.05机械特性水含量(wt%) 12.1 11.0 13.0张力强度(MPa) 20.3 26.3 17.9延伸率(%) 3.22 2.68 3.55杨氏模量(MPa) 1844 2629 1857
1成份:将植物衍生蛋白质作为100份使用时的份量
2植物衍生蛋白质:样品1使用的是Protein TechnologiesInternational制造的SUPRO500E分离大豆蛋白;样品2使用的是Central Soya Company,Inc.制造的ProfineVF.大豆蛋白浓缩物;样品3使用的是占总植物衍生蛋白质的50wt%大豆蛋白分离物500E和50wt%小麦麦麸(由Cerestar USA,Inc.制造的Gluvital21000,最小量78.0%的蛋白质)
3明胶:是Dynagel Inc.的凝胶250Bloom
4丙三醇:Witco Corporation制造,美国专利,液态,含99.7%的丙三醇
5食物纤维:100微米的纯化的粉末状纤维素,由International FillerCorporation制造,Grade HS40FCC
6蒜粉:SPICE ADRICE牌,Heart-Loc,饭店专用
7洋葱粉:SPICE ADRICE牌,Heart-Loc,饭店专用
8丙酸钙:Ashland Chemical Company制造
9磷酸三钙:食品级粉末,由FWC Corporation Chemical ProductsGroup制造
10碳酸钙:食品级FCC,由Specialty Minerals,Inc.制造
11L-赖氨酸单盐酸盐:由SIGMA Chemical Co.制造
12L-抗坏血酸:由WEGO Chemical&Mineral Corporation制造
13山梨酸钾:由Ashland Chemical Company制造
表5示出了本发明的蛋白质基组合物可含有与动物衍生蛋白质相结合的植物衍生蛋白质。植物衍生蛋白质优选大豆蛋白分离物或大豆蛋白浓缩物。植物衍生蛋白质可以是与其它麦麸等植物衍生蛋白相结合的大豆蛋白分离物。测试结果示出本发明的蛋白质基组合物具有良好的机械特性。当增塑剂成份约占组合物总重量5.0wt%时,注模模制样品的张力强度得到改进(约18-26MPa),而杨氏模量和延伸性也较好。注模模制样品也显示出了较好的刚性。
实施例6对由蛋白质基组合物制备的狗咀嚼物和可咀嚼宠物玩具的营养性、口腔保健性、持久性的评价
在本发明范围内的蛋白质基组合物具有优秀的营养和可消化性。蛋白质是由氨基酸组成的。虽然狗可以在其身体内制造一些氨基酸,但大多数氨基酸必须从狗食中补充进来。动物源如肉和肉制品中的蛋白质更完全且更容易被消化和吸收。植物源中的蛋白质与动物源中的蛋白质具有大致相同的营养。
用于本发明的大豆蛋白质有时与动物伴侣的过敏反应相关联。最经常与对大豆蛋白质过敏反应有关的两种抗原是存储蛋白质黄豆蛋白和β-伴黄豆蛋白。目前这些抗原的水平可被99.99%地降低至不可检测的水平。举例来说,将Central Soya’s ProfineII和ProfineVF均处理成为这种低抗原性水平。
存在于许多包括大豆蛋白质在内的蛋白质源中的胰蛋白酶抑制素抑制胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶这些重要的消化蛋白酶。当这些酶不活泼时,蛋白质的可消化性被大大地减少了。在那些具有低的胰岛素活性的年轻动物中这点特别重要。暴露于热环境可大大地降低大豆蛋白质中胰蛋白酶抑制素的活性,从而允许较高的可消化性。例如未处理过的大豆粉,其含有高含量的胰蛋白酶抑制剂,一般为15-20mg/g。大豆蛋白浓缩物中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的含量可被减少至小于3mg/g,如Central Soya’s ProfineII和ProfineVF。大豆蛋白分离物是具有高可消化性且非常适合于食物制品的植物蛋白质的来源。一种分离的大豆蛋白质是SUPRO500E,如表6所示,其具有结构和乳剂稳定性及优异的可消化性。
表6
蛋白质的可消化性食物蛋白质来源 (校正的氨基酸值)SUPRO500E 1.00蛋 1.00牛奶 1.00牛肉 0.92大豆蛋白分离物 0.92燕麦(粉) 0.57稻(粉) 0.54玉米(粉) 0.42小麦麦麸 0.27胶原蛋白 0.02
实施例7加工温度对蛋白质基组合物机械特性的影响
本实施例中的组合物与实施例5同法制备。表7显示在注模中注模加工温度分布对蛋白质基组合物机械特性的影响。从表7结果可知,一个优选的注模加工温度分布为区域1(给料器)/区域2/区域3/区域4/区域5(喷嘴)=25/85/125/130/125-130℃。
表7成份1植物衍生蛋白质(500E) 100动物衍生蛋白质 20丙三醇 5食物纤维 0.8蒜粉 2洋葱粉 2磷酸一钙2 1碳酸钙 1维生素D3 401UL-赖氨酸单盐酸盐 0.2水 80
样品机械特性 1 2 3 4水含量(wt%) 14.1 14.0 14.0 13.0张力强度(MPa) 14.3 15.2 20.2 19.3延伸率(%) 4.3 4.3 2.7 2.0杨氏模量(MPa) 1251 1190 1290 1278注模加工的温度分布区域1 25 25 25 25区域2 85 85 85 85区域3 125 125 125 125区域4 120 125 130 130区域5 120 125 125 130
1成份:将大豆蛋白分离物作为100份使用时的份量。除了维生素D和磷酸一钙以外,其它成份来源与表5所示的相同
2磷酸一钙:食品级粉末,由FWC Corporation,Chemical ProductsGroup制造
3维生素D:由General Nutrition Corporation制造
用基于实施例5和7的组合物制备营养性多功能的狗咀嚼物和宠物玩具。用于组合物的蛋白质包括大豆蛋白分离物、大豆蛋白浓缩物、大豆蛋白分离物与小麦麦麸的混合物等植物衍生蛋白和动物衍生蛋白质明胶。
如上所述的足够坚硬的狗咀嚼物和宠物玩具可以给狗的牙齿和牙龈提供有益的活动。狗一般需要半小时或更长时间吃掉狗咀嚼物。咀嚼速度依赖狗和狗咀嚼的规模。根据相当多的测试,几乎所有的狗都对本发明的狗咀嚼物和宠物玩具感兴趣。
由于是基于蛋白质的,该狗咀嚼物和可咀嚼宠物玩具富含氨基酸。添加的调味剂有植物调味剂、蒜粉和洋葱粉。通过观察,狗非常喜欢有风味的狗咀嚼物。该组合物中添加有:丰富的钙和磷矿物质,其中钙含量为0.6%,磷含量为0.18%,且钙/磷比例为3.4∶1,具有营养价值的L-氨基酸单盐酸盐、维生素D和L-抗坏血酸;作为防腐山梨酸钾,因能提供其主要的生理益处而得以添加的食物纤维;作为增塑剂及防腐剂和不溶性成份的溶剂的丙三醇。
如上所述,实施例5和7的蛋白质基组合物加强了氨基酸营养成份,其不仅含有维生素和能强壮骨骼和牙齿的钙和磷等矿物质,还具有清洁牙齿的作用。
根据动物的年龄和种类不同,组合物的配方可以不同,从而提供最有利于健康的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质的含量和比例。抗牙石剂和清凉剂等保健添加剂也可用于本发明的蛋白质基组合物中,以帮助清洁动物宠物的牙齿并清新口气。
总之,本发明的蛋白质基狗咀嚼物和宠物玩具组合物是高消化性的优异的狗食产品。同时,它们还可促进牙齿的清洁和健康。
本发明提供的人造狗骨和可咀嚼宠物玩具持久、坚硬、能改善口腔卫生,并给狗或宠物提供营养。
Claims (23)
1.一种蛋白质基热塑性组合物,含有:
约50-70wt%的蛋白质;
约10-30wt%的水;
约0.5-5wt%的调味剂;
约0-30wt%的可食用增塑剂;
约0-15wt%的增强纤维;
约0-15wt%的改性剂;
约0-5wt%的营养或保健添加剂;
2.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质为植物衍生蛋白质。
3.如权利要求2所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质为选自大豆蛋白浓缩物、大豆蛋白分离物及其混合物的大豆蛋白质。
4.如权利要求2所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质为麦麸、玉米醇溶蛋白、大麦醇溶蛋白、燕麦蛋白、高粱醇溶蛋白或它们的组合。
5.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质为动物衍生蛋白质。
6.如权利要求5所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质选自酪蛋白、白蛋白、胶原蛋白、明胶、角蛋白及它们的组合。
7.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中蛋白质为天然蛋白质或经化学改性的蛋白质。
8.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中可食用增塑剂选自丙三醇、山梨聚糖、乙二醇、丙二醇、二甘醇、缩二丙二醇、甘露醇、山梨糖醇及它们的组合物。
9.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中调味剂选自动物和植物调味剂。
10.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中动物风味的调味剂选自牛肉、牛脂肪、猪肉、猪脂肪、鸡肉和鸡脂肪。
11.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中植物风味的调味剂选自蒜粉、盐、洋葱粉、植物油和蔬菜油。
12.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中改性剂选白果胶、角叉菜胶、角豆树胶、琼脂、甘露聚糖和海藻酸钠
13.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中增强纤维选自食物纤维和天然纤维素纤维。
14.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中防腐剂选自丙酸钙、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、乙氧喹、乳酸、苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯。
15.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中营养成份至少包括一种选自维生素A1、盐酸硫胺素(维生素B1)、核黄素(维生素B2)、烟酸、烟碱、L-抗坏血酸(维生素C)、生育酚(维生素E)、胆钙化醇(维生素D3)、维生素B12、叶酸(维生素Bc)、吡哆辛(维生素B6)、甲萘醌(维生素K)和生物素(维生素H)中的至少一种维生素。
16.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中营养成份至少包括一种选自钠、钙、磷、钾、镁、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒和钴中的至少一种矿物质。
17.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中保健添加剂选自三聚磷酸钠、六聚偏磷酸钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、焦磷酸钠、碳酸钙、磷酸钙(二元酸盐)、磷酸钙(三元酸盐)、葡萄糖酸钙、乳酸钙、山梨糖醇、山梨聚糖、胃蛋白酶和枯草杆菌蛋白酶。
18.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中组合物在模塑时的张力强度为20-40MPa。
19.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中组合物在模塑时的杨氏模量为800-4000MPa。
20.如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物,其中组合物在模塑时的水吸收率为80-250wt%。
21.一种含有如权利要求1所述的蛋白质基热塑性组合物的可咀嚼宠物玩具或人造狗骨。
22.如权利要求21所述的可咀嚼宠物玩具或人造狗骨,其形状类似天然动物骨头形状。
23.如权利要求21所述的可咀嚼宠物玩具或人造狗骨,其制备使用注模法、压模法、传递成型法、模压成型或挤压成型法。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69931510T2 (de) | 2006-12-28 |
WO2000013521A1 (en) | 2000-03-16 |
DE69931510D1 (de) | 2006-06-29 |
AU3773799A (en) | 2000-03-27 |
JP4790907B2 (ja) | 2011-10-12 |
CN1159975C (zh) | 2004-08-04 |
EP1124434A1 (en) | 2001-08-22 |
JP2002524062A (ja) | 2002-08-06 |
US6379725B1 (en) | 2002-04-30 |
EP1124434A4 (en) | 2001-11-28 |
EP1124434B1 (en) | 2006-05-24 |
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