CN1299261A - Liquid distribution materials with improved distribution properties under sub-saturation - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is a fluid handling member having improved balance of permeability, ability to release fluid both at full and partial saturation. This member has (i) a sufficiently open structure with a permeability of at least about 1 Darcy at 100 % saturation, (ii) the ability readily release the fluid contained therein by having a low Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDH 50) of less than about 150 cm, and (iii) a permeability at 50 % of their saturation, which is more than about 14 % of the permeability at 100 % saturation. A preferred execution of such materials comprises an open celled foam material, such as of a High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) type. Such materials are particularly useful for absorbent articles, such as diapers, adult incontinence articles, or feminine hygiene articles.

Description

Improved the fluid distribution materials of the distribution performance under the sub-saturated

Invention field

The present invention relates to improve the fluid treatment element of fluid handling properties, this fluid treatment element is specially adapted to sanitary absorbent article, as disposable infant diaper, training pants (training pants), adult-incontinence articles, women sanitary articles etc., these articles for use can be used to accept body fluid Excreta such as urine, menstruation, antiperspirant or low viscosity fecal material pass.

Background/prior art

In disposable absorbent article and structure, the material with particular fluid distribution performance is known.These materials are more and more relevant with the introducing of high-absorbent material, these high-absorbent materials are also referred to as absorbability gel rubber material or super-absorbent material or abbreviate superabsorbents as, it provides a kind of good storage aqueous fluid such as the mode of urine, but can not improve fluidic transport capacity, even can reduce fluidic transport capacity, when the material of the design of using non-the best and/or non-the best, will be called the phenomenon of " gel blockage ".For example, in superabsorbents and the mixed uniformly structure of cellulose fibre, in order not damage the efficient of absorbent cores, should be not more than certain critical concentration, this critical concentration depends on selected super-absorbent material consumingly.

As a result,, not only comprise liquid storage area or material, also include the district of improving the specialized performance of collecting fluid and/or distributing fluids as it with regard to the absorbent cores that a large amount of functional areas separate having occurred.Usually be that the purpose in a zone is to improve simultaneously to collect and distribution capability.

At first, requirement to dispensing materials is not very high, also be used to improve fluid distribution performance in the Standard Thin paper material as tillot and description in as United States Patent (USP) 3952745 (Duncan) in the absorbent cores, this describes in EP-0343941 (Reising) or United States Patent (USP) 4578068 (Kramer) to some extent.

EP-A-0397110 (Latimer) illustration further development, it discloses a kind of absorbent item that comprises the control section that shoves that is used to improve fluid handling properties, its have specific quantitatively, acquisition time and residual humidity; United States Patent (USP) 4898642 (Moore etc.) discloses cellulose fibre special twisting, that chemistry is stiffening and by the absorbing structure of its manufacturing; EP-A-0640330 (Bewick-Sonntag etc.) discloses with specific super-absorbent material with the use of specific aligning method to these fibers.

Further the purpose of method is to improve the wicking properties of cellulose fibre sill, as describing to some extent in United States Patent (USP) 3575174 or the United States Patent (USP) 4781710, part-structure wherein is squeezed into high density, so just produce littler hole to increase measure wicking height, for example along " wicking line " or mesh pattern to seal.

Because some in these materials present undesirable hard sense really, known formation post-processing approach is to be used to improve flexibility." formation post processing " refers in preparation or form does not increase flexibility in the process of fabric or except increasing flexibility, with independent this fabric of procedure of processing mechanical treatment, this usually is just to combine with other material in further processing as with this fabric to carry out before forming absorbent cores or articles for use behind formation and the dry fabric.The example of Chu Liing is seen United States Patent (USP) 5117540 (Walton) or United States Patent (USP) 4440597 (Wells) like this.

Other trial method that influences the dispensing materials aperture is described in United States Patent (USP) 5244482 (Hassenboehler) to some extent, and purpose is fibre structure and the method reduction maximum diameter of hole by being heating and curing this distortion " being freezed " that comprises fusible fibers by stretching in one direction.

Also developed special material composite, purpose is to control aperture and pore-size distribution.This improved example has a detailed description in United States Patent (USP) 5549589 (Homey etc.) or PCT application WO97/38654 (Seger etc.).The purpose of the two all is by using special stiffening cellulose fibre such as crosslinked cellulose cork fibrous also to provide a kind of elastic construction with the method for little and thin cellulose fibre such as eucalyptus fibers filling macropore basically.These two applications have all further increased can provide the enough integrity and the means of intensity to this structure, the former (United States Patent (USP) 5549589) is to have added thermoplastic fibre and partial melting and carry out, and the latter (WO97/38654) has added Chemical Felter and carries out.

The further method of the European Application Publication of EP-A-0810078 (d ' Acchioli) is that net is formed the back mechanical treatment, gives the fluid handling properties of improvement with this, as describing by higher liquid flux rate at certain measure wicking height.

In order to improve the function of absorbent item, the dispensing materials of being developed has been produced how concrete requirement, therefore porous material has been carried out darker research.For the fluid on improving vertically distributes, in absorbing structure, used the synthetic fibers of high surface, as United States statutory invention number of registration be the application of H1511 described.Another kind of material is a foaming structure, as the cellulose foam, as the cellulose foam that can be purchased from SpontexSA.France.

Other foam of polymers that is used in the absorbent item is disclosed in the United States Patent (USP) 5268224 (DesMarais), be referred to as high inner phase polymeric material, can be used for storaging liquid, being dispersed in by the fluid that makes storage simultaneously has the local saturated ability of avoiding in the whole material.

Yet, all these researchs at present all are wicking properties such as flux, measure wicking height and the wicking time in order to improve dispensing materials, but do not recognize the importance that makes the mechanism of dispensing materials dehydration with the fluid storage material, particularly when these materials incomplete when saturated, for example, in the time of may be relevant with the absorbent item between multilamellar load.The common patent application of submitting to (lawyer's case CM 1698) has realized that to provide to have the importance of high capillary attraction with the storage core of sloughing the moisture in the dispensing materials.Yet this method mainly concentrates on the intake performance of storage material.

Goal of the invention

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide dehydrated material easily, particularly under low saturation conditions.

Another object of the present invention provides the material of easier fluid transfer, or even under low or middle equisaturation.

A further object of the present invention is to make up the absorbent item that comprises this class distribution member, thereby these articles for use have the fluid handling properties of improvement.

Summary of the invention

The present invention relates to the fluid treatment element, it has the permeability balance of improvement, the ability of release fluids under complete and fractional saturation.

Specifically, these materials have sufficient open-celled structure, this be since this material 100% the value of permeability k (100) under saturated greater than about 1 darcy, be preferably greater than about 2 darcies, more preferably greater than 8 darcies or even greater than 100 darcies.

In addition, these materials discharge wherein contained fluid easily, this be since 50% o'clock Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDH50) value of the capacity of this material under its 0 cm height less than about 150 centimetres, preferably less than about 100 centimetres, be more preferably less than about 75 centimetres or even less than about 50 centimetres.

And, these materials have its saturation 50% under permeability k (50), it is 100% permeability k (100) value about more than 14%, preferred more than 18% under saturated, more preferably more than 25%, even more preferably more than 35%.

Preferable material have its saturation 30% under permeability k (30), it is the about more than 3.5% of k (100), and is preferred about more than 5%, more preferably even about more than 10%.

The embodiment preferred of this class material comprises a kind of foamed materials of perforate, as the foamed materials of High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) type.

This class material is specially adapted to absorbent item, as diaper, adult-incontinence articles or women sanitary articles.

The accompanying drawing summary

Fig. 1 to 4 shows the different embodiment of permeability test equipment.Fig. 1 and 2 relates to a kind of simplification and measures.Fig. 3 and 4 relates to a kind of common mensuration.The mensuration of (in-plane) permeability in the mensuration of (transplanar) permeability between Fig. 1 and 3 involvement aspects, Fig. 2 and 4 involvement aspects;

Fig. 5 shows capillary absorption test frame (capillary absorption);

Fig. 6 shows the diaper as an example of absorbent item;

Fig. 7 shows vertical wicking flux test stand.

Detailed Description Of The Invention

Used term " fluid treatment element " refers to the part of absorbent item among the application, and it generally provides the fluid treatment function at least. Absorbent item can comprise one or more different fluid treatment elements, for example one or more fluid collection elements, one or more fluid distributing elements and/or one or more fluid storage element. All these elements all comprise one or more sub-elements, and it can be homogeneous homogeneous or non-, that is, each element can be made by a kind of material or different materials. For example, such element can be multilayer, optionally formed by a plurality of subgrade faces, perhaps optionally by different form, density or thickness.

In these elements each can have a kind of special function, collecting function mainly is provided or the fluid storage function mainly is provided. Or these elements also can have several functions, and for example, the diaper of very early " only using cellulose ", cellulose villus wherein have simultaneously collection, distribute and the final function that stores.

" storage absorber element " refers to the absorber element of absorbent core, and its major function is the final fluid that absorbs that stores.

The meaning of " fluid distributing element " of the present invention is to satisfy the element that is designed to the distributing fluids functional requirement, no matter and whether this element also has other fluid treatment function.

" fluid collection element " refers to parts or absorbent core, and the main purpose of its design is can accept liquid when liquid contact absorbent item.

The used term " absorbent core " of the application refers to the main element of being responsible for the fluid handling properties of these articles for use of absorbent item, so it comprises " fluid treatment element ". So absorbent core does not generally comprise top flat or the egative film of absorbent item, although in some cases, can think that top flat is just like specific fluid collection performance.

Can be the core branch " district " of absorbent core, such " district " can have the function of one or more above-mentioned elements. Therefore, collecting region can comprise gathering element (also can comprise other element), and it can be made up of gathering element (not having other element), and this gathering element can be made up of a kind of collection material. Perhaps, collect/distribute the district and can comprise gathering element and distribution member.

The used term " absorbent item " of the application refers to absorb and to comprise the articles for use of bodily exudate, more particularly, refer to be close to or place near wearer's body to absorb and the articles for use that retain the different effluent that health discharges. The used term " body fluid " of the application includes but not limited to urine, through liquid, vaginal discharge, sweat and ight soil.

The used term " disposable " of the application refers to not to be prepared to wash or reclaim or again as the absorbent item of absorbent item (that is, they are just thrown away afterwards in use, are preferably, and the mode of allowing with a kind of environmental energy makes it recovery, compost or throws aside).

The used term " Z size " of the application refers to perpendicular to the length of element, core or articles for use and the direction of width. The Z size is usually corresponding to the thickness of element, core or articles for use. The used term " X-Y size " of the application refers to the plane perpendicular to the thickness of element, core or articles for use. The X-Y size corresponds respectively to length and the width of element, core or articles for use usually.

Part or section that the term " district " that the application is used or " zone " refer to absorber element. Therefore, district or zone can be two-dimentional (front/rear), also can be three-dimensional (resembling the collecting region of three-dimensional extension direction, even it is layer structure).

The used term " layer " of the application is meant that key dimension is X-Y, promptly along the absorber element of its length and width.Should be understood that term " layer " not necessarily only is limited to the simple layer or the sheet of material.Therefore layer can comprise the sheet material of required types of material or the laminated material or the complex of paper web.Therefore term " layer " comprises term " which floor " and " being lamellated ".

In order to reach purpose of the present invention, it is to be further understood that term " upper strata " is meant the absorber element that is close to the absorbent item wearer most, as layer, and usually, they are towards the top flat of absorbent item; On the contrary, term " lower floor " is meant the absorber element away from the absorbent item wearer, and usually, they are towards egative film.

Unless add explanation in addition, used all percent, ratio and ratio all by weight among the application.

The distribution member that improves

The requirement of distribution member can be determined by the material that is comprised in this element and this element.Therefore, the listed requirement of the present invention must be satisfied the needs of whole element or wherein each kind of material.

Therefore, can describe according to distribution member of the present invention or be applicable to the material of this element with following important parameter.

The permeability (k100) that at first is this element or material under saturated fully.Traditional dispensing materials makes this permeability carry out balance so that find an optimum for example can be produced by less aperture (being low-permeability) so that wicking properties to be provided between low fluid flow resistance (being high permeability) and enough big capillary pressure.Permeability (k100) under fully saturated generally should (1 darcy be corresponding to 9.869 greater than 1 darcy ^*10 ^-13m ²), be preferably greater than 2 darcies, or even 8 darcies, even more preferably greater than 100 darcies.Fully saturatedly can determine corresponding to the capillary absorption test of the maximum Inhalation quantity of the capillary absorptive capacity of highly locating at 0cm (CSAC 0) by conduct described later.

The secondth, permeability depends on saturation.Do not consider that traditional material had very strong inferior direct ratio character in the design of the former material of this character, and promptly be lower than 100% o'clock its real permeability and be significantly less than value when being linear relationship between real permeability and the saturation in saturation.

The 3rd is the capillary absorption pressure, i.e. capillary desorbing is pressed, as measuring in the described capillary absorption test in the back.This parametric description material or element discharge the ability of liquid, to satisfy its effect in absorbent item as distribution member.

In addition and usually preferably, dispensing materials should satisfy the requirement of the high fluid flow rate in the vertical core flux test described later.Preferably, the flux of material at the measure wicking height place of 15cm is 0.045g/cm at least ²/ sec is preferably greater than 0.06g/cm ²/ sec, even more preferably greater than 0.10g/cm ²/ sec.

The careful material of selecting is to satisfy the lucky equilibrium valve of these parameters, and absorbing structure and/or various articles for use just can obtain important benefit.

At first, the load of liquid dispensing materials is easy to dehydration after urine stream is arranged.This just is related to makes these materials be easy to accept subsequently load, and this often takes place in actual applications.

The second, these materials make the distribution of liquid more even, even compare suitable hour with actual capacity also be like this when load.This point is for being the liquid of storage is distributed equably and to improve it and the design of wearer's stickiness even even more important by avoiding making a certain zone of a large amount of fluid accumulation at articles for use, purpose.

The 3rd, if this material can also satisfy high-throughout requirement, liquid will distribute against gravity well and apace equably.If the final fluid that stores will be away from load region or zone, this just becomes relevant especially.Therefore, these materials are specially adapted to the design as the core described in the PCT application US97/05046 of 1997.3.27 application.

The permeability of material or element can be determined by permeability test described later.

Do not wish to be fettered by theoretical, it is believed that real permeability k{S} and saturation have relation, equation in a lot of related systems below available come approximate representation (also can be referring to " Dynamics of fluids inporous media ", by J.Bear, Haifa shows, publ.Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1988, pages 461ff particularly, 491ff):

k{S}=k{100} ^*{S ^SDP}

Wherein k represents permeability, and unit is a darcy; SDP represents to describe the nondimensional index or the saturated relevant parameter of inferior direct ratio character.S represents saturation, and scope is 0 to 1, wherein 1 corresponding to saturated fully (be outside and/or capillary press to be 0 o'clock 100% saturation).

The traditional design standard of dispensing materials concentrates on the high permeability value (k100) when saturated, this will cause having minimum certainly or not have the structure of wicking capacity, this is suitable for use as collection material, wherein should control substantial " free-flow district ", but is for dispensing materials.The transportation performance of such material under the wicking condition is as the non-constant of conveying of contrary gravity.This extreme performance can find in traditional collection material, although have the binding ability of wicking properties and free-flow control-still under complete saturated condition as the dispensing materials described in European patent application EP-A-0809991.

The permeability k of material of the present invention (100) is 1 darcy at least, preferably is 2 darcies at least.Higher permeability value can reduce the resistance of conveyance fluid, as long as realize that under the condition of not encroaching on other cited among the application requirement higher permeability is preferred.Specifically, permeability is greater than 8 darcies or even be very suitable greater than the material of 100 darcies.

From equation as can be seen, the SDP value is high more, if the inferior direct ratio character of described system strong more-SDP equals 1, the relation of existence is exactly a linear relationship.Traditional dispensing materials demonstrates very strong inferior direct ratio character, for example available SDP value equal 3 or bigger value describe.For such value, the permeability under 50% saturation only be under 100% saturation permeability 12.5%, therefore accept and the ability of further dispense liquid load just greatly reduces.

Therefore, the SDP value of material of the present invention preferably less than 2.75, even is more preferably less than 2.5 less than 3, the value less than 2 even better.Permeability under pairing 50% saturation of such value is more than 14% of permeability under 100% saturation, and is preferred about more than 18%, even more preferably from about more than 25%, the value greater than 35% even better.Permeability under pairing 30% saturation of such value is permeability about more than 3.5% under 100% saturation, and is preferred about more than 5%, even more preferably from about more than 10%.

The permeability that the listed simplification permeability method of testing in back can be measured " between face " is the permeability of sample on thickness direction of being measured and the permeability that is also referred to as " in the face " of carrying out with an improved sample room.For many materials, for example isotropic frothing foam, the permeability between its face in the dough-making powder is basic identical.The permeability method of testing of simplifying provides a kind of simple test equipment of measuring the permeability under two kinds of specific conditions: the permeability of perhaps measuring multiple porous material (as by synthetic fibers made adhesive-bonded fabric or cellulosic structure) under 100% saturation, perhaps for the material that can reach different saturation, saturation be not directly proportional the permeability under different-thickness place mensuration different saturation easily by the varied in thickness of air (or outside vapor phase) filling.

For example, the described foamy thickness that subsides depends on fluid load degree or saturation, and promptly they have certain thickness when saturated, remove fluid after thickness reduce since the foam hole so size make it after removing liquid, can subside.Otherwise, certain thickness can be set to determine certain degree of load.Therefore, can be easy to use the permeability method of testing of simplification to measure the permeability of such material and the relation of saturation.

General permeability method of testing described later is applicable to determines that porous material is in general sense the permeability and the relation of saturation.Such porous material such as fleece or structure, maybe can keep its aperture basically with the irrelevant foam of degree of wetting.

To another important requirement of material of the present invention or element ability that is its release fluids in the storage medium.This has reflected such fact: dispensing materials or element be liquid hold-up for a long time not, makes FLUID TRANSPORTATION to suitable storage material or the time in the element and should only remain into.

The suitable parameters of describing this performance is that the capillary desorbing is pressed, and utilization element under different capillary pressure accepts and the ability of release fluids determines that its unit is water column height (" a capillary height "), and this places at element, and absorbent item is commonly used often to be arrived.Capillary absorptive capacity test (be also referred to as capillary here and absorb test) method determines the amount of the test fluid flow of when material or element place the differing heights of capillary absorption equipment every gram absorber element or absorbed or release.Capillary absorptive capacity method of testing Test Methods section below has a detailed description, 50% o'clock Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDH50) of the Fluid Volume when drawing material and discharging 0cm and absorb height.

The CSDH50 of useful in the context of the present invention material is less than 150cm, preferably less than 100cm, even is more preferably less than 75cm or even less than 50cm.

Being specially adapted to material of the present invention is hydrophilic, the flexible polymer foam structure of interconnection perforate.

For such foam, its mechanical strength is: when discharging its liquid, foam will subside under related capillary pressure.The process of subsiding has reduced the tangible coefficient relevant with foamy density with effective foam capacity, and this will have description in the back.If thisly be collapsed upon in the total quite evenly, also can reduce the amount of the liquid of holding in fluid drainage point place.In this, foamy intensity is less than the capillary pressure that foam showed, and therefore, foam will subside when the reservoir part of liquid, aqueous quilt core is removed.The capillary pressure is here mainly controlled by regulating foam aperture (surface area of this and unit volume is inversely proportional to).Combine with crosslink density and foam density and to control intensity, described intensity can be represented with the crosslink density of the defined unit volume in back.The type of cross-linking agent and other comonomer also is influential.

Useful foam of polymers is relative perforate among the application.These are that abscess in the foaming structure of perforate has perforate or " window " between abscess basically, these perforates even as big as allow liquid easily an abscess from foaming structure transfer in another abscess and go.

These basically the foaming structure of perforate generally all have net-like character, each independently abscess limited by many interconnective three-dimensional branching nets.The polymeric material cellosilk that constitutes these branching nets can be called as " pylon ".In order to reach purpose of the present invention, if at least 80% abscess (the size at least 1 μ m) abscess adjacent with at least one is that liquid communicates in the foaming structure, so, this foamed materials is exactly " perforate ".

Except being the perforate, these foam of polymers are fully hydrophilic liquid, aqueous to allow foam to absorb.The inner surface of foaming structure produces hydrophilic by remaining hydrophilic surfactant active and/or the salt that is retained in the foaming structure after polymerization, or produces by foam processing method (as described below) after the polymerization of selecting.

Shown " adhesive tension " value quantificational expression that goes out when " hydrophilic " degree of these foam of polymers can contact with absorbable test liquid with it, the adhesive tension that these foams presented utilizes a kind of method to be determined by experiment, and this method is to measure the amount of the test liquid that sample sucked of known dimensions and capillary suction specific surface area as synthetic urine.This method partly has very detailed description in the test method of the United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207 (Dyer etc.) that 1995.2.7 authorizes, and is incorporated herein by reference herein.Generally be that the adhesive tension value is about 15 to about 65 dynes per centimeter as the foam of dispensing materials in the present invention, 20 those foams more preferably from about to about 65 dynes per centimeter (is that the capillary suction volume of the synthetic urine of 65 ± 5 dynes per centimeter is determined by measuring surface tension).

These foamy key characters are its glass transition temperature (Tg).Transformation intermediate point between Tg representation polymer glassy state and the rubbery state.It is very high but also very firm and be easy to potentially break to have the foamy body of the Tg higher than serviceability temperature.These foams are the meeting creep under pressure, and its resilience is poor when using under the temperature that is being lower than polymer Tg.The combination of required mechanical performance, particularly intensity and elastic combination need the suitable range of choice of monomer type and consumption to reach these desirable performances usually.

For being applicable to dispense foam of the present invention, as long as this foam has acceptable strength, its Tg should be low as much as possible.Therefore, should select as much as possible the monomer that has the homopolymer of low Tg accordingly can be provided.

The shape of the glass transition region of polymer is also very important, that is to say, this shape is narrow or wide as the function of temperature.Its serviceability temperature (normally ambient temperature or body temp) with polymer is relevant especially near Tg or Tg.For example, the transition zone of broad means incomplete transformation under serviceability temperature.Usually, if change not exclusively under serviceability temperature, polymer is very firm significantly and resilience is relatively poor.On the contrary, if change fully under serviceability temperature, polymer will demonstrate compression reaction faster so.Therefore, wish that the width of the Tg of controlling polymers and its glass transition region is to obtain desirable mechanical performance.Generally speaking, the Tg of polymer preferably is lower than serviceability temperature at least about 10 ℃.(width of Tg and transition zone is derived by loss tangent-temperature curve that dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measures, and this point has description in United States Patent (USP) 5563179 that 1996.10.8 authorizes people such as () Stone).

Available many parametric descriptions are applicable to foam of polymers of the present invention.

Be applicable to that foam of the present invention can overcome gravity and be drawn onto very big height with liquid, aqueous, for example at least about 15cm.The liquid column of holding in the foam forms very big contraction capillary and presses.At the determined height of the surface area place by foamy intensity (during compression) and foamy unit volume, foam will subside.This highly is exactly the capillary pressure (CCP) that subsides, and represents with cm, and will lose 50% of 0 pressure head place foam volume this moment.Be applicable to that the foamy CCP of preferred allocation of the present invention is about 15cm at least, more preferably at least about 20cm, also more preferably at least about 25cm.Usually, the capillary of preferred dispense foam subside pressure be about 15cm to about 50cm, more preferably from about 20cm arrives about 45cm, also more preferably from about 25cm arrives about 40cm.

Can be used for limiting the foamy feature of preferred polymers is its foam structure.Foamy abscess, especially surround relative monomer-free the water drop contain the abscess that monomeric oil phase is polymerized, be spheric usually basically.These spherical abscesses interconnect by perforate (back is called hole between bubble).The diameter of opening (perforate) usually is used for characterizing synoptically foam between the size of these spherical abscesses or " diameter " and abscess.Because perforate need not be same approximately size between abscess in the sample of given foam of polymers and bubble, therefore, usually stipulates the size of average abscess and perforate, the diameter of promptly average abscess and perforate.

The size of abscess and perforate is the parameter that can influence foamy a lot of important machinery and serviceability (comprise these foamy liquid core suction performances, and the capillary that forms in the foaming structure being pressed).Many technology all can be used to measure the size of foamy average abscess and perforate.A useful technology comprises the simple measurement of taking a picture based on the scanning electron microscope of foam sample.The preferred number average cell size of foam as the liquid, aqueous absorbent of absorption according to the present invention is that about 20 μ m arrive about 60 μ m, is generally about 30 μ m to about 50 μ m, and the diameter of number average perforate is that about 5 μ m arrive about 15 μ m, is generally about 8 μ m to about 12 μ m.

" capillary sucks specific surface area,, be the tolerance of the surface area that the test fluid flow of the derivatized polymers that test fluid flow can be approaching can be approaching.Capillary sucks specific surface area to be determined by the density of unitary size of the abscess in the foam and polymer, therefore, and a kind of mode of the total amount of capillary the sucks specific surface area surface of solids that to be the participation that quantitatively provided by the foam network structure absorb.

With regard to purpose of the present invention, betide the amount that capillary in the foam sample of known quality and size sucks low surface tension liquid (as ethanol) by measurement and determine capillary suction specific surface area.This method of measuring the foam specific surface area with the capillary inhalation partly has a detailed description in the test method of above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.Also can use and be used for determining that capillary sucks any rational alternative method of specific surface area.

The capillary suction specific surface area that is applicable to dispense foam of the present invention is at least about 0.01m ²/ ml more preferably is at least about 0.03m ²/ ml.Usually, capillary sucks specific surface area at about 0.01m ²/ ml is to about 0.20m ²In/ml the scope, preferably about 0.03m ²/ ml is to about 0.10m ²/ ml, most preferably from about 0.04m ²/ ml is to about 0.08m ²/ ml.

Here used " foam density " (that is the foam of every cubic centimetre of foam volume gram number in air) is in butt.The same with capillary suction specific surface area, foamy density can influence the many serviceabilities and the mechanical performance of absorbing foams, comprises liquid, aqueous absorptive capacity and foamy compressive deformation characteristic.Foamy density changes with the residing state of foam.Foamy density during collapsed mode same foamy density during apparently higher than the complete expansion state.Foamy dry density when in general, being applicable to collapsed mode of the present invention is about 0.11g/cm ³

Provide any suitable gravimetric analysis method of the solid foam material quality of the foaming structure of measuring per unit volume can be used for measuring foamy density.For example, the ASTM gravimetry described in detail very much of the test method of above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207 part is a kind of method that can be used for measuring density.Foam density is relevant with the washed foamy weight of per unit volume, does not have emulsifying agent, filler in the described washed foam, does not also have surface conditioning agent such as a salt etc.Be applicable to that foamy dry density of the present invention is about 8mg/cm ³To about 77mg/cm ³, more preferably about 11mg/cm ³To about 63mg/cm ³, also more preferably about 13mg/cm ³To about 48mg/cm ³

Be applicable to that the oil phase with relatively small amount that foam of the present invention can be by the polymerization particular type obtains with the water-in-oil emulsion of relative a large amount of water or the method for HIPE.This method comprises the steps:

A) under the specific shear-mixed of specified temp, form water-in-oil emulsion by following material:

1) oil phase comprises:

A) about 85 weight % to about 98 weight % can form the monomer component that Tg is about 35 ℃ or lower copolymer, this monomer component comprises:

ⅰ) about 30 weight % can form the monofunctional monomer that Tg is about 25 ℃ or lower atactic amorphous polymer to about 80 weight % at least a water-fast basically;

ⅱ) about 5 weight % are at least a water-fast basically simple function comonomer that the toughness toughness about equally that is provided with styrene can be provided of about 40 weight %;

ⅲ) about 5 weight % are to the water-fast basically first multifunctional cross-linking agent of about 30 weight %, this cross-linking agent is selected from: divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, divinyl toluene, divinyl dimethylbenzene, divinyl naphthalene, divinyl alkylbenzene, the divinyl phenanthrene, divinyl biphenyl, divinyl diphenyl methane, divinyl benzyl (divinylbenzyls), divinyl phenyl ether, the divinyl diphenylsulfide, divinyl furan, vinyl thioether, divinylsulfone, and composition thereof; With

ⅳ) 0 weight % is to the water-fast basically second multifunctional cross-linking agent of about 15 weight %, and this cross-linking agent is selected from: polyfunctional acrylic ester, and methylmethacrylate, acrylamide, Methacrylamide, and composition thereof; With

B) about 2 weight % are to a kind of emulsifying agent component of about 15 weight %, this emulsifying agent can be dissolved in the oil phase and be applicable to and form stable water-in-oil emulsion, this water-in-oil emulsion component comprises: (ⅰ) have first emulsifying agent at least about 40 weight % emulsifying components, this emulsifying agent component is selected from: linear unsaturated C ₁₆-C ₂₂The diglycerol monoester of fatty acid, branching C ₁₆-C ₂₄The diglycerol monoester of fatty acid, branching C ₁₆-C ₂₄The diglycerol list aliphatic ether of alcohol, linear unsaturated C ₁₆-C ₂₂The diglycerol list aliphatic ether of aliphatic alcohol, linear saturated C ₁₂-C ₁₄The diglycerol list aliphatic ether of alcohol, linear unsaturated C ₁₆-C ₂₂The anhydro sorbitol monoesters of fatty acid, branching C ₁₆-C ₂₄Anhydro sorbitol monoesters of fatty acid and composition thereof; Or (ⅱ) having first emulsifying agent of at least 20 these emulsifying components of weight % and the mixture of some second emulsifying agent, the weight ratio of first emulsifying agent and second emulsifying agent is about 50: 1 to about 1: 4; With

2) comprise the water of the aqueous solution that contains following component: (ⅰ) about 0.2 weight % is to the water-soluble electrolyte of about 20 weight %; (ⅱ) polymerization initiator of effective dose;

3) volume/weight ratio of water and oil phase arrived in about 125: 1 scope at about 12: 1; With

B) in the oil phase of water-in-oil emulsion the polymerization single polymerization monomer component to form polymer foams; With

C) alternatively polymer foams is dewatered.

This method can form as the result of the described accurate balance performance of the application can dispense liquid these absorbing foams.These performances form parameter by careful selection cross-linking agent, monomer type, consumption and emulsion and obtain, particularly the ratio (this will change into the final densities of dry foam) of the amount of shear-mixed, temperature and water and oil.

The polymerization of some water-in-oil emulsion (being commonly referred to as " HIPEs " in the present technique field) by having high relatively water and oil phase ratio can prepare and is applicable to foam of polymers of the present invention.After this be called " hipe foam " from the polymer foams that these emulsion polymerisations generated.The general preparation of these HIPEs is in following United States Patent (USP) 5563179 and 5,387, has a detailed description in 207.

With many other parameters, structure, mechanical performance and the serviceability aspect of the foam of polymers that generates for decision are important with the relative quantity of water that generates HIPEs and oil phase.Specifically, emulsion Zhong Shui changes with final foam density inversely with the ratio (" W: O than ") of oil, and can influence the size that abscess-size and foamy capillary suck specific surface area and form foamy pylon.Being used for preparing the common water of the emulsion of hipe foam of the present invention and the volume/weight ratio of oil phase is about 12: 1 to about 125: 1, and the most frequently used is about 15: 1 to about 90: 1.Particularly preferred foam be by ratio be about 20: 1 to about 75: 1 HIPEs preparation.

The major part of HIPEs oil phase comprises cited those monomers, comonomer and cross-linking agent in the following United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.These monomers, comonomer and cross-linking agent must be water-fast basically, so they mainly are dissolved in oil phase, and do not dissolve at aqueous phase.Use these water-fast basically monomers to guarantee to make HIPEs have suitable feature and stability.Certainly, the particularly preferred type of used monomer, comonomer and cross-linking agent is that to make the foam of polymers of generation be suit avirulent and suitable chemical stability is arranged among the application.If these monomers, comonomer and cross-linking agent exist with very low residual concentration between the foam after polymerization processing and/or operating period, the preferred low toxicity or do not have toxicity of these materials so.

Another base stock is the emulsifying agent component in the oil phase, and it allows to generate stable HIPEs.This emulsifying agent component comprises first emulsifying agent and second emulsifying agent randomly, as cited those in the following United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.

Form the employed oil phase of HIPEs and comprise that about 85 weight % arrive the monomer component of about 98 weight % and the emulsifying agent component that about 2 weight % arrive about 15 weight %.Preferred oil phase comprises that about 90 weight % arrive the monomer component of about 98 weight % and the emulsifying agent component that about 3 weight % arrive about 10 weight %.Oil phase also can comprise other optional member.A kind of such optional components is the oil-soluble polymerization initiator of general type well-known to those skilled in the art, described in the United States Patent (USP) 5290820 (Bass etc.) of authorizing as 1994.3.1, introduce this piece patent herein as a reference.Another kind of preferred optional component is an antioxidant, as hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) and sterically hindered phenol stabilizing agent (HPS) or any other can be compatible with used initiator system antioxidant.Other optional components comprises plasticizer, filler, coloring agent, chain-transferring agent, dissolved polymers or the like.

The discontinuous water inner phase of HIPE normally contains the aqueous solution of one or more dissolved constituents, cited those in dissolved constituents such as the following United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.A kind of main dissolved constituent of aqueous phase is water miscible electrolyte.Dissolved electrolyte makes main oil-soluble monomer, and comonomer and cross-linking agent are reduced to minimum in the also dissolved trend of aqueous phase.

Conversely, it is believed that between polymerization period that this degree that makes polymeric material be full of the oil/water termination place abscess opening that is generated by the water drop again reduces to minimum.Therefore, the ionic strength of the water of electrolytical existence and generation be considered to vast decided the preferred polymers foam that generates whether perforate and perforate to what degree.

HIPEs generally also comprises polymerization initiator.This initiator composition is usually added to the aqueous phase of HIPEs, and it can be the water solublity radical initiator of any routine.This type of substance comprises peroxide such as sodium peroxydisulfate, potassium and ammonium salt, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid sodium, SODIUM PERCARBONATE etc.Also can use redox initiator system commonly used.Such system combines with Reducing agent such as sodium sulfite, L-ascorbic acid or ferrous salt by aforesaid peroxide and forms.

Initiator content can be up to about 20 moles of % (in the total mole number of existing polymerisable monomer in the oil phase).Preferred initiator content is that about 0.001 mole of % is to about 10 moles of % (in the total mole number of polymerisable monomer in the oil phase).

The polymer that forms the hipe foam structure does not preferably have polar functional group basically.This means that foam of polymers is hydrophobic relatively in nature.These hydrophobic foams can be used for the place that needs absorb hydrophobic liquid.Such purposes is included in that the oiliness component mixes with water and when needing the oiliness component separated and keep apart, leaks as marine oil.

If with these foams as absorbing liquid, aqueous absorbent, described liquid, needs further to handle, so that foam is more hydrophilic relatively during as urine as the fruit juice that will clean of splashing, milk etc. and/or body fluid usually.If desired, foamy hydrophilic interaction generally is to realize by handling hipe foam with hydrophilic surfactant in the mode of describing in the following United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.

These hydrophilic surfactants can be any materials that can improve the wettability on foam of polymers surface.They are known in the present technique field, can comprise the kinds of surface activating agent, and preferred nonionic as cited those in the following United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207.

But another material that mixes the hipe foam structure usually is water-soluble inorganic salt hydration, preferred suction or that absorb.These inorganic salts for example comprise acceptable alkali salt on the toxicology.The purposes that such salt and they combine with oil soluble surfactant as the foam hydrophilic surfactant has a detailed description in the United States Patent (USP) 5352711 (DesMarais) that 1994.10.4 authorizes, and its disclosure this paper is incorporated herein by reference.Preferred such salt comprises the halogenide such as the calcium chloride of calcium, and as previously mentioned, it also can be as the water electrolyte among the HIPE.

But can at an easy rate these salt be mixed foam of polymers by handling foam with the aqueous solution of the inorganic salt of hydration.The solution of these salt is often used in removing the process of remaining water and finishes the post processing foam from polymeric foam just, or with the processing of described saline solution as a part of from polymeric foam just, removing remaining water process.But handle the inorganic salt such as the calcium chloride of the hydration of foam preferred deposition with these solution, its residual volume be foam wt at least about 0.1%, usually about 0.1% in about 12% scope.

Handling these hydrophobic relatively foams with the hydrophilic surfactant active salt of hydration (but contain or do not contain) generally all proceeds to and must make foam have suitable hydrophilic degree.But, the foam of some preferred HIPE types existing suitable hydrophilic when being prepared into, but and may wherein mix the hydrated salt of capacity, but therefore do not need to handle in addition with hydrophilic surfactant active or hydrated salt.Especially, these preferred hipe foams comprise the foam that those wherein use aforementioned some oil phase emulsifier and calcium chloride.Under those situations, the inner surface of polymeric foam has suitable hydrophilic, and comprises the residual water liquid that contains or deposit the calcium chloride of capacity, even after foam of polymers has been dewatered to practical degree.

Foamy preparation generally comprises following steps: 1) form stable High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE); 2) form under the condition of solid polymer foaming structure being suitable for, make this stable emulsion polymerisation/curing; 3) this solid polymer foaming structure of optionally washing, from the polymeric foam structure, to remove original residual water and if desired, but the salt with hydrophilic surfactant active and/or hydration is handled polymer foam structure, but with the hydrophilic surfactant active/hydrated salt and 4 that deposits any needs) this polymer foam structure is dewatered.This method has cmpletely in above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207 to be described.

Absorbent item

Material of the present invention is applicable to be needed in the fluidic purposes of transmission (that is, accept, move, discharge), but is specially adapted in the absorbent item.

In order to use each material, these materials can combine with other element to produce the fluid treatment element in absorbing structure, this fluid treatment element contains according to foregoing material.

Absorbent item generally comprises:

-absorbent cores or cored structure (it comprises the element that has improved the fluid distribution according to the present invention, and can be made up of a plurality of minor structures);

-can saturating fluidic top flat;

-fluid-tight egative film;

-further optionally comprise the parts that resemble closure elements or elastic component.

Fig. 6 is a plan view as the diaper of absorbent item embodiment of the present invention.

Diaper 20 shown in Figure 6 is in open and flat, non-contraction state (that is, the contraction that other elasticity will be in lateral plate causes is all stretched, and elastic cord is in relaxed state at the lateral plate place), and the part-structure of this diaper is broken away to clearly show that the structure of diaper 20.Diaper 20 is that outer surface 52 is towards the observer away from wearer's part.As shown in Figure 6, diaper 20 comprises that is held a molectron 22, this molectron preferably include a saturating liquid top flat 24, and top flat 24 bonded liquid-tight egative films 26 and place top flat 24 and egative film 26 between absorbent cores 28; Elastic side panels 30; Elastic leg cuff 32; Elasticity lumbar region parts 34; And the closed system that comprises the dual tension force fastening system that a plurality of common usefulness 36 are represented.Dual tension force fastening system 36 preferably includes first fastening system 38 and lumbar region closed system 40.First fastening system 38 preferably includes a pair of fixed part 42 and overlap joint parts 44.The lumbar region closed system 40 that is shown in Fig. 6 preferably includes a pair of first fixed part 46 and second fixed part 48.Diaper 20 also preferably includes the spacer 50 that is adjacent to each first fixed part 46.

Diaper 20 shown in Figure 6 has an outer surface 52 (in Fig. 6 towards the observer), one and outer surface 52 interior surface opposing 54, first lumbar region 56, second lumbar region 58 and the periphery 60 that by the outside of diaper 20 limit relative with first lumbar region 56, wherein the longitudinal edge of diaper is represented with 62, and the end limit is represented with 64.The inner surface 54 of diaper 20 comprises in use adjacent with wearer's health diaper 20 parts (being that inner surface 54 generally is made of with other parts that link to each other with top flat 24 at least a portion of top flat 24).The outer surface 52 of diaper 20 comprises diaper 20 parts (being that outer surface 52 generally is made of with other parts that link to each other with egative film 26 at least a portion of egative film 26) away from wearer's health.Extend to the cross central line 66 of diaper 20 from the end limit 64 of periphery 60 respectively first lumbar region 56 and second lumbar region 58.Each lumbar region all comprises a center 68 and a pair of lateral plate, and this lateral plate generally comprises the Outboard Sections of lumbar region.The lateral plate that is arranged in first lumbar region 56 represents that with 70 the lateral plate that is arranged in second lumbar region 58 is represented with 72.This all needs not to be identical to lateral plate and each lateral plate, and being preferably one is another mirror image.The lateral plate 72 that is arranged in second lumbar region 58 can be elastic extension (being elastic side panels 30) in the horizontal.Laterally (X to or width) is defined as the direction parallel with the cross central line 66 of diaper 20; Vertically (Y to or length) is defined as the direction parallel with longitudinal centre line 67; Axially (Z to or thickness) is defined as the direction of extending along the thickness of diaper 20).

In the specific embodiments of diaper 20 shown in Figure 6, the length of top flat 24 and egative film 26 and width dimensions are generally greater than the length of absorbent cores 28 and wide.Top flat 24 and egative film 26 extend beyond the edge of absorbent cores 28, thereby form the periphery 60 of diaper 20.Periphery 60 has defined outer perimeter, perhaps in other words, has defined the limit of diaper 20.Periphery 60 comprises longitudinal edge 62 and end limit 64.

Although each elastic leg cuff 32 can be designed to and above-mentioned shank band, flank, retaining hoop or the similar structure of elastic cuffs, comprise at least one inner hoop 84 that keeps off but be preferably each elastic leg cuff 32, inner retaining hoop 84 comprises a block wing 85 and the interval flexible member 86 described in the United States Patent (USP) of mentioning 4909803 in the above.In a preferred embodiment, elastic leg cuff 32 also includes the cushion hoop 104 of one or more elastic cords 105, and it places the outside of retaining hoop 84, described in the United States Patent (USP) 4695278 as mentioned above.

Diaper 20 can comprise further that elasticity lumbar region parts 34 are to improve stickiness and stand-up.Elasticity lumbar region parts 34 at least in center 68 at least one the waist limit 83 from absorbent cores 28 at least vertically stretch out, and generally form the part on the end limit 64 of diaper 20 at least.Therefore, elasticity lumbar region parts 34 comprise the diaper part of extending to the end limit 64 of diaper 20 from the waist limit 83 of absorbent cores 28 at least, and will place contiguous wearer's waist place.Disposable diaper generally has been designed to two elasticity lumbar region parts, and one is positioned at first lumbar region, and one is positioned at second lumbar region.

The elastic waist belt 35 of elasticity lumbar region parts 34 can comprise a part of top flat 24, preferred egative film 26 and the two layers of material that has stretched through machinery of a part, this material comprise one place the flexible member 76 between top flat 24 and the egative film 26 and place egative film 26 and flexible member 76 between flexible member 77.

At length provide these and other ingredient of diaper among the WO93/16669, be incorporated herein this piece file as a reference.

Absorbent cores

Absorbent cores generally should be compressible, fit, wearer's skin is not had zest, and can absorb and keep liquid as urine and some other bodily exudate.As shown in Figure 6, absorbent cores have one towards the medicated clothing face (" lower floor,, or " bottom " part), one towards health face, side and waist limit.Absorbent cores can comprise various Liquid Absorption or the liquid treatment material that are generally used for disposable diaper and other absorbent item except fluid distributing element of the present invention, this material for example but be not limited to: the pulverizing wood pulp that generally is referred to as the gas felt; Comprise altogether the meltblown polymer of (coform); Chemistry is stiffening, modification or cross-linked cellulosic; Comprise that fabric twines, the fabric of fabric laminate.

The general example of absorbing structure has description: 1986.9.9 to be issued to the United States Patent (USP) 4610678 of Weisman etc. in following patent documentation, and name is called " High-Density AbsorbentStructures "; 1987.6.16 be issued to the United States Patent (USP) 4673402 of Weisman etc., name is called " Absorbent Articles With Dual-Layered Cores "; 1989.12.19 be issued to the United States Patent (USP) 4888231 of Angstadt, name is called " Absorbent Core Having A Dusting Layer "; European patent EP-A-0640330 of Bewick-Sonntag etc.; United States Patent (USP) 5180622 (Berg etc.); United States Patent (USP) 5102597 (Roe etc.); United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207 (LaVon).Can adopt such structure and analog structure thereof with list below as absorbent cores 28 require consistent.

Absorbent cores can be a single cored structure, also can be the combination of several absorbing structures, and these several absorbing structures can be made up of one or more minor structures successively.Each structure or minor structure all have a two-dimentional extension area (i.e. layer) or a 3D shape substantially.

The district of absorbent item

Usually, wearing when absorbing hygienic article is with its bottom around health.A basic feature that designs these articles for use is that these articles for use will cover the body region (" discharge area ") that ejection occurs, and its perforate around each health is extended.Each zone that covers the absorbent item of discharge area is referred to as " load region " accordingly.So in use, articles for use are placed on one's body like this wearer: they extend upward (for the wearer of stance) at wearer's front and rear from the crotch portion between wearer's two lower limbs.

Usually, the length of these articles for use is greater than its width, and the axle of length dimension is consistent with wearer's short transverse when the wearer is wearing these articles for use and stands, and the width of articles for use is consistent with the line that extends from wearer's left part to the direction of right part.

Because wearer's human physiological structure, the space between wearer's two lower limbs defines the available space of articles for use in this zone usually.In order to fit well, absorbent item should be designed to fit well at crotch region.If the width of articles for use is too wide with respect to the width of wearer's crotch portion, these articles for use will be out of shape, and may cause its performance to receive infringement, have reduced wearer's comfort.

When these articles for use have point on point when fitting best between two lower limbs of its minimum width the wearer and the distance between the two lower limbs wearer's body when the narrowest when matching, the former described point is called as " crotch portion point " within the scope of the invention.

If crotch portion's point of articles for use is seen not obvious from it in shape, can determine by following method: these articles for use are through on the body of the wearer among the user group (as the child that just can walk) of expection, preferred its be stance, then with extensile filament with 8 fonts on lower limb.The crotch portion point that is considered to articles for use on the articles for use corresponding to the point of filament infall also is the crotch portion point that is fixed on the absorbent cores in the articles for use.

Though this crotch portion's point of articles for use usually is positioned at the centre (vertically) of articles for use, and nonessential.On the length direction of articles for use or width or this both direction or on the surface region, will be through forward articles for use part is extraordinary less than aft section.The yet unnecessary centre that is positioned at absorbent cores of crotch portion's point is not particularly when absorbent cores is positioned at articles for use middle in the vertical.

Crotch portion district is the zone around crotch portion's point, to cover each health perforate, each discharge area.Unless otherwise indicated, the length extending in this district is to more than 50% of whole core length (this is used for again defining the forward waist edge of core and the distance between the low back limit, and it can use the straight line perpendicular to longitudinal centre line to be similar to).If crotch portion's point is positioned at the centre of articles for use, 25% place that originates in (when the past, the core limit was counted) whole core length, crotch portion district extends to 75% place of whole core length so.Perhaps, preceding 1/4th and back 1/4th of absorbent cores length do not belong to crotch portion district, and remaining belongs to crotch portion district.

With 50% design as crotch minister degree of whole absorbent cores length is to come from baby diaper, and verified this is the method for a suitable description fluid treatment phenomenon.If when applying the present invention to size very large different articles for use being arranged, have necessity and reduce these 50% (as in a kind of serious incontinence article) or increase this ratio (as in ultralight degree or light incontinence articles for use).In a more general case, this crotch portion district of articles for use should be too much above wearer's discharge area.

If at the mid point of articles for use, crotch portion district still will not cover 50% (vertically) of articles for use length overall, so, is not to distribute equably between front and back, but does corresponding the adjustment according to this deviation position in the position of crotch portion's point.

As a whole core length is the example of the articles for use at place in the middle of 500mm and crotch portion's point are positioned at, and crotch portion district just extends to apart from front 375mm place from distance front 125mm.Perhaps, if core limit 50mm (promptly apart from preceding core limit 200mm) before crotch portion's point departs from, crotch portion district extends to the 350mm place from 100mm.

Generally speaking, be Lc, crotch portion's point apart from the distance on preceding core limit for whole core length be that Lcp and crotch portion section length are the articles for use of Lcz, the distance of the residing position, front in said crotch portion district is:

Lfecz=Lcp ^*(1-Lcz/Lc)

For example, absorbent item can be the baby diaper that the child (the about 12-18kg of child's weight) that just can walk wears, and wherein the size of the articles for use of being sold on the market generally is referred to as the MAXI size.Feces and urine be accepted and be kept to these articles for use must, and in the context of the present invention, crotch portion district must mainly accept the load of urine.

The gross area in crotch portion district and size also depend on each width of absorbent cores certainly, that is, if narrow than outside the crotch portion district of the core in the crotch portion district, the area in crotch portion district (surface) just all the other areas than absorbent cores is little.

Can be contemplated that the boundary line between the remainder of crotch portion district and these articles for use can also be a curve, they are approximately the straight line perpendicular to this articles for use longitudinal axis in the present invention.

" crotch portion district " further the width of each regional inner core limits by this, and " crotch portion district's area " limited by the length and the defined surface of corresponding width in crotch portion district.

As the addition item in crotch portion district, absorbent cores also can comprise at least one but be two lumbar region mostly that the front and/or rear of the absorbent cores outside crotch portion is extended.

Design capacity and final storage volume

In order the absorbent item of different service conditions or different sizes to be contrasted, have been found that " design capacity " is suitable measuring.

For example, child is general use crowd, even but in these crowds, on the one hand, to the child that just can walk, the composition of the size of amount of urine, frequency, urine alters a great deal from less baby (neonate), and these also are very different among each different baby.

Another use crowd is bigger child, still is being subjected to the torment of the incontinence disease of a definite form.

The adult of incontinence also can use such articles for use, and loading condition also is very different, and generally refers to from slight incontinent person to serious incontinent person.

Although those skilled in the art are easy to this technology is applied on other size that will be further discussed, focus on the size that is applicable to the child that just can walk.For these user, each urine load of discharging can reach 75ml, on average has in during wearing to urinate for 4 times at every turn, and the total load of result is 300ml, has now found that the speed of urinating of 15ml/sec has enough representativenesses.

Therefore, these articles for use that can reach these requirements should have the ability that absorbs these amount of urine, and this is referred to as " design capacity " in the discussion of back.

These can finally store body fluid, or the material that contains water section that at least finally can store body fluid must be able to absorb the fluid of this tittle, also have only a spot of fluid to remain on the surface of the articles for use of wearers skin if make to have.Term " finally " refers to the state of the absorbent item after the very long time that wears, the absorbing material when reaching its " finally " capacity when referring to its environmental balance on the other hand on the one hand.This can be the absorbent item under the real service condition after very long time that wears, and perhaps can be the absorbent item in test process to pure material or material composite.Because progressive kinetics performance is arranged in many such method of being considered, those skilled in the art are easy to consider: for example, with respect to the degree of accuracy of testing of equipment, when reaching fully near the asymptote terminal point, actual capacity just reached " finally " capacity.

Because absorbent item can comprise that the material that is designed primarily to final store fluid and other are designed primarily to and fulfil other function as collecting and/or distributing fluids, but the material that certain final storage volume may also be arranged, therefore suitable core materials of the present invention is described, and needn't be artificially these functional separations.But, for whole absorbent cores, wherein district, absorbing structure or even minor structure determine final storage volume, also to determine final storage volume for any material that is used in the said structure.

As described in the size that changes articles for use in the above, those skilled in the art can be at an easy rate mine massively for other end user and use corresponding design capacity.

Used material in the absorbent cores

Absorbent cores of the present invention can contain fibrous material to form fleece or fibre substrate.

Be applicable to that fiber of the present invention comprises naturally occurring fiber (modification or unmodified) and the synthetic fiber that makes.The example of suitable unmodified/modified natural fiber comprises Cotton Gossypii, Spanish grass (Esparto), bagasse, kemp, Caulis et Folium Lini, silk, Pilus Caprae seu Ovis, wood pulp, the wood pulp of chemical modification, Corchorus olitorius L., artificial silk, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate.Suitable synthetic fibers can be made by following substances: polrvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, politef, Vingon, polyacrylic such as ORLON ^, polyvinyl acetate, poly-acetic acid ethylethylene ester, insoluble or soluble polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefin such as polyethylene (PULPEX for example ^) and polypropylene, polyamide such as nylon, polyester such as DACRON ^Or KODEL ^, polyurethane, polystyrene etc.Used fiber can only contain natural fiber, or only contains synthetic fibers, or the compatible combination of any natural fiber and synthetic fibers.The fiber that is used for the present invention can be hydrophilic, or the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibre.

For many absorbent cores or cored structure, preferably use hydrophilic fibre.Suitable hydrophilic fibre comprises cellulose fibre, the cellulose fibre of modification, artificial silk, polyester fiber such as polyethylene terephthalate (DACRON for example ^), hydrophilic nylon (HYDROFIL ^) etc.Can also be by the hydrophilic fibre that makes the hydrophobic fibre hydrophilicization obtain suiting, the surfactant thermoplastic fibre derived from following substances that handle or silica-treated for example: for example, polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polyacrylic, polyamide, polystyrene, polyurethane etc.

Suitable wood pulp cellulose can be by many known chemical methodes, for example but be not limited to Kraft and sulphite process and make.More suitably fiber type is the stiffening cellulose fibre of chemistry.The used term " cellulose fibre that chemistry is stiffening " of the application is meant by the cellulose fibre of chemical method sclerosis with the hardness of raising fiber under dry and aqueous conditions.These methods comprise that interpolation for example applies and/or the chemical stiffening agent of impregnation of fibers.These methods also comprise by changing chemical constitution, and for example polymer chain is crosslinked endures with all one's will fiber by making.

The polymer stiffening agent of coating or impregnation of fibers cellulose fiber comprises: have the cation-modified starch of nitrogen-containing group (for example amino), for example can be by National Starch and Chemical Corp., and Bridgewater, NJ, those that USA obtains; Latex; Wet strengthening resin, for example polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins (Kymene for example ^557H, Hercules, Inc.Wilmington, Delaware, USA), disclosed polyacrylamide resin in the United States Patent (USP) 3556932 (Coscia etc.) that for example 1971.1.19 authorizes; By American Cyanamid Co., Stamford, CT, USA is commercially available, commodity Parez by name ^The polyacrylamide of 631 NC; Urea aldehyde and melamine resin, and polyethylene imine based resin.

These fibers can also be endured with all one's will by chemical reaction.For example, can on fiber, use cross-linking agent, after using, make these fibre chemistry ground form intrastitial cross-bond.These cross-bonds can improve the deflection of fiber.Although preferably use intrastitial cross-bond with chemically stiffening fiber, this does not also mean that the chemically reaction of stiffening fiber of getting rid of other type of use.

Be disclosed in the stiffening fiber of single form (be single stiffening fiber, and their preparation method) by cross-bond, for example the 1965.12.21 United States Patent (USP) 3224926 (Bernardin) of authorizing; 1969.4.22 the United States Patent (USP) 3440135 (Chung) of authorizing; 1976.1.13 the United States Patent (USP) 3932209 (Chatterjee) of authorizing; 1989.12.19 the United States Patent (USP) 4035147 (Sangenis etc.) of authorizing; 1990.2.6 the United States Patent (USP) 5137537 (Herron etc.) that United States Patent (USP) 4898642d (Moore etc.) that authorizes and 1992.8.11 authorize.

For present preferred stiffening fiber, chemical treatment comprises the intrafiber crosslink connection with cross-linking agent, and these fibers are in relative dehydration, separation (being single), twisting, curling state simultaneously.Usually, suitable chemical stiffening agent is monomer crosslinked dose, comprises particularly the C as citric acid ₂-C ₉Polybasic carboxylic acid.These stiffening fibers are preferably twisted and are curled, as detailed description in the United States Patent (USP) 4898642.

With respect to not stiffening cellulose fibre, the stiffening cellulose fibre of these chemistry has some can make them be specially adapted to the performance of some absorbing structure.Except that hydrophilic, these stiffening fibers have unique deflection and elastic combination.

In addition, absorbing structure also can comprise synthetic or thermoplastic fibre, those that can make by any thermoplastic polymer for example, and these thermoplastic polymers can melt under the temperature that would not excessively damage fiber.Preferably, the fusing point of these thermoplastics should be less than about 190 ℃, preferably between about 75 ℃ and about 175 ℃.Possible storage temperature when under any circumstance, the fusing point of this thermoplastic absorbing structure that should be not less than heat bonding is used for absorbent item.Usually, the fusing point of thermoplastic should be not less than about 50 ℃.

Thermoplastic, particularly thermoplastic fibre can be made by multiple thermoplastic polymer, and these polymer comprise as polyethylene (PULPEX for example ^) and polyacrylic polyolefin, polyester, copolyesters, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, copolyamide, polystyrene, polyurethane and above-mentioned any copolymer such as vinyl chloride/vinylacetate etc.Suitable thermoplastic comprises and is made into hydrophilic hydrophobic fibre, that handle as surfactant or silica-treated derived from for example polyethylene or polyacrylic polyolefin, polyacrylic, polyamide, polystyrene, the thermoplastic fibre of polyurethane etc.By using surfactant, as nonionic or anionic surfactant treatment, department is so that the surface of hydrophobicity thermoplastic fibre is hydrophilic, for example spray fiber with surfactant, in surfactant, perhaps the part as polymer melt adds surfactant when the preparation thermoplastic fibre with fiber impregnation.In fusion with when solidifying, surfactant will be retained in the surface of thermoplastic fibre again.Suitable surfactant comprises non-ionic surface active agent, as by ICI Americas, and Inc.of Wilmington, the Brij that Delaware produces ^76, and by Glyco Chemical, Inc.of Greenwich is that Connecticut sells, with trade mark Pegosperse ^The various surfactants of selling.Except that non-ionic surface active agent, can also use anion surfactant.The amount that is used in these surfactants on the thermoplastic fibre for about 0.2g on every square centimeter of thermoplastic fibre for example to about 1g.

Suitable thermoplastic fibre can be by single polymer (homofil), or can be by more than a kind of polymer (for example bicomponent fibre).For example, " bicomponent fibre " is meant so a kind of thermoplastic fibre, and it contains the core fibre by a kind of polymer, and this core fibre is embedded in the thermoplastic sheath by the different polymer of another kind.It generally is the melt temperature that is lower than the polymer that constitutes core that the polymer that constitutes sheath has different usually.As a result, because the fusion of sheath polymer, these bicomponent fibres have thermal bonding, have kept the required strength characteristics of core polymer simultaneously again.

Be used for suitable bicomponent fibre of the present invention and can comprise sheath/core fibre: polyethylene/polypropylene, poly-acetic acid ethylethylene ester/polypropylene, polyethylene/polyester, polypropylene/polyester, copolyesters/polyester etc. with following combination of polymers.The two component thermoplastic fibers that are specially adapted to this have polypropylene or polyester core and than the copolyesters of low melting glass, poly-acetic acid ethylethylene ester or pe sheath (DANAKLON for example ^, CELBOND ^Or CHISSO ^Bicomponent fibre).These bicomponent fibres can be concentric or eccentric.Term " with one heart " and " off-centre " that the application is used are meant from the cross section of bicomponent fibre, and the thickness of sheath is uniformly or heterogeneous.Under low fiber thickness, eccentric bicomponent fibre is required providing on the higher compressive strength.The bicomponent fibre that is applicable to this can be non-crimping (being non-bending).Can bicomponent fibre be curled by the typical fabrics processing mode, mainly be to curl in two dimension or " plane " as reaching by stuffer box process or gear crimping method.

Under the situation of thermoplastic fibre, the length of fiber can change according to concrete fusing point and other required performance of these fibers.Usually, the length of these thermoplastic fibres arrives about 7.5cm for about 0.3cm, and preferably about 0.4cm is to about 3.0cm.The performance that comprises fusing point that can also regulate these thermoplastic fibres by the diameter (thickness) that changes fiber.Usually, the diameter of these thermoplastic fibres defines with the Denier (restraining/9000 meters) or the form of dtex (gram/ten thousand metres).The dtex scope that suitable thermoplastic fibre has for from less than 1 dtex as 0.4 dtex to about 20 dtexs, this gets vast arrangement concrete in structure.

When producing absorbent item, described fibrous material can use with single form, forms the dry method fibre structure on production line.Described fiber also can use with preformed fleece or fabric.These structures are delivered on the production line of articles for use with cyclic or very long form (for example, on a cylinder or spool) basically, cut into suitable dimensions then.Can these materials with other material in conjunction with form absorbent cores, when core itself be cut and described material and the common extension of core before each of these materials is carried out this step.

The method that has the such net of various preparation, such method is being known in the art.

As for the fiber that is used to produce such net, although in principle almost without limits-method that some specific nets forms and adhesive method may can not be compatible fully with the material or the fiber of some type.

When single fiber being regarded as the parent material of preparation net, can be placed on these fibers in the fluid media (medium)-if gas (air), such structure generally is referred to as " dry method ", if liquid, such structure generally is referred to as " wet lapped "." wet lapped " is widely used for fertility performance widely on the tissue paper.This term is used for cellulosic material the most frequently, still, also can comprise synthetic fibers.

" dry method " is widely used on the nonwoven web, usually uses combing method to form such net.Usually " the dry method fabric " known drops in this scope.

Fused polymer can be extruded into fiber, and these fibers just can directly form net (promptly having omitted thereafter the step with independent treatment step shape preparation single fiber into the net) then.The structure that obtains is referred to as the nonwoven web of melt-blown usually or is that very the earth is tensile as fruit fiber, then is referred to as spunbond net.

In addition, also can form net in conjunction with one or more other forming technique.

In order to make web frame that certain intensity and overall performance be arranged, generally these construction bonds are got up.The most widely used technology is (a) chemical bonding or (b) hot adhesion of melting end subnetting.For the latter, can form tangible bonding point by extrusion fiber, for example for non-woven material, bonding point can account for sizable ratio in whole area, and the 20%th, common.When perhaps being specially adapted to need low-density structure, can use " impingement drying " mull technique, exactly by making heated air pass through the method melt portions polymer of (usually being dry method) net such as the sheath material of BiCo fiber.

After net formation and the bonding, it further can be handled to change specific performance properties.A kind of as in many possible examples can add surfactant and make more hydrophiling of hydrophobic fibre, and vice versa.Also can be used for making these materials to have useful especially performance as disclosed formation back mechanical treatment technology among the European application EP96108427.4.

Except fleece or to replace fibroreticulate be that absorbent cores can comprise other porous material, for example the absorbable polymer foamed materials of foam, particularly foregoing perforate.

Super absorbent polymer or hydrogel

Optionally, usually be preferably, absorbing structure of the present invention can comprise super absorbent polymer or hydrogel.What be applicable to that the absorbable polymer that forms hydrogel of the present invention comprises many water insoluble substantially but water-swellables can absorb a large amount of fluidic polymer.Such polymeric material is also referred to as " hydrocolloid " or " the super absorption " material usually.These absorbable polymers that can form hydrogel preferably contain a plurality of anionic functional groups, and as sulfonic acid, more typical is hydroxy-acid group.The example that is applicable to this polymer comprises the polymer that those are made by polymerisable unsaturated acidiferous monomer.

When the absorbable polymer of the formed hydrogel for preparing the application, also can comprise being generally more a spot of non-acid monomers.These non-acid monomers for example can comprise, the dispersible ester of the water solublity of acidiferous monomer or water, and the monomer that does not contain carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid group.The example of these well known materials for example is described in, in the United States Patent (USP) 4062817 (Westerman) that United States Patent (USP) 4076663 (Masuda etc.) that 1978.2.28 authorizes and 1977.12.13 authorize.

Be applicable to that the absorbable polymer that forms hydrogel of the present invention contains carboxyl.These polymer comprise the starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymer of hydrolysis, neutral starch-the acrylonitrile graft copolymer of part, starch-acrylate graft copolymer, the neutral starch-acrylate graft copolymer of part, saponified vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer, the acrylonitrile of hydrolysis or acrylamide copolymer, the slight cross-linked network polymer of any above-mentioned copolymer, the neutral polyacrylic slight cross-linked network polymer of neutral polyacrylic acid of part and part.These polymer can use separately, or use with two or more different mixture of polymers forms.The example of these polymeric materials is disclosed in United States Patent (USP) 3661875, United States Patent (USP) 4076663, and United States Patent (USP) 4093776 is in United States Patent (USP) 4666983 and the United States Patent (USP) 4734478.

The most preferred polymeric material that is used to prepare the particle that can form hydrogel is the slight cross-linked network polymer of the neutral polyacrylic acid of part and its starch derivatives.Most preferably be to form the polyacrylic acid (being sodium polyacrylate/acrylic acid) that contains 50% to about 95%, preferred about 75% neutral, the slight cross-linked network of having an appointment in the particle of hydrogel.

As mentioned above, the absorbable polymer that can form hydrogel slight cross-linked network preferably.Cross-linked network makes polymer go up substantially to water-fast, and partly determined precursor particles and characteristics such as the absorbability of the macromolecular structure that obtains and extractable polymer content.The cross-linked network method of these polymer and typical cross-linked network agent at length are disclosed among foregoing United States Patent (USP) 4076663 and the DE-A-4020780 (Dahmen).

Superabsorbent material can granular or fibrous use, also can combine with other ingredient to form preformed structure.

Although disclose each ingredient respectively,, can be with one or more the combining of these ingredients and prepare absorbing structure or minor structure.

The meaning of indefinite describes below some suitable combinations.

ⅰ) specific super absorbent polymer (SAP) and cellulose fibre or other fiber mixing.Its ultimate principle has been set up and has been known, still, in order to reduce the thickness of articles for use, uses the more and more higher SAP and the weight ratio of fiber recently.In this scope, SAP and binding agent such as hot-melt adhesive (as disclosed among the EP-A-0695541) or be exactly the method for a suitable fixedly SAP with combining of fusile polymeric material (as the PE particle);

ⅱ) form minor structure by interparticle crosslinked SAP;

ⅲ) fibrous SAP and other fiber mixing, or form fibrous SAP net;

ⅳ) comprise the super foaming structure that absorbs bulk material.

Embodiment

These embodiment have exemplified the concrete preparation method that is used for the hipe foam that subsides of the present invention.

Embodiment 1,2, and 3-HIPEs is as dispensing materials

A.5, the following examples to A.7 being the foam of polymers type, generally prepare as the embodiment part of above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5563179 is described.In general, this preparation method comprises and will contain the containing water and contain the monomer of selection and the oil phase of emulsifying agent suitably mixes of salt of selection.Contain water and generally contain a kind of initiator such as potassium peroxydisulfate and inorganic salt such as calcium chloride.Oil phase generally contains monomer such as 2-EHA and cross-linking agent monomer such as divinylbenzene (containing the impurity ethyl styrene) and 1, the mixture of 6-hexanediyl ester.Also can add auxiliary agent in mutually as antioxidant, opacifier, pigment, dyestuff, filler and non-reacted chemical substance other at each.

Oil phase and water (generally being heated to about 30 ℃ to about 90 ℃) two independent liquid stream are sent in the dynamic mixing apparatus.Make combined stream dynamically realize thoroughly mixing in the mixing apparatus with pin type blender (pin impeller).Be referred to as " water-oil factor,, or the ratio of the water of W: O and oil phase is controlled the final foamy density of production.The equipment and the method that form initial HIPE partly have detailed description at the embodiment of above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5563179.

In case fill device, dynamic mixer begins to stir, and agitator rotates with the RPM of regulation.The flow rate of water steadily was increased to 44.1cm in about 30 seconds then ³/ sec, and the oil phase flow rate reduced to 1.25g/sec in about 1 minute.This moment, back pressure dynamic and that static mixer produces was generally 3PSI to about 8PSI (about 21kPa is to about 55kPa).The speed of agitator was adjusted to required RPM value in 120 seconds then.System back pressure is done corresponding adjusting and is kept steady state value afterwards.

Be collected in by the effusive HIPE of static mixer in the circular polypropylene tank of 17 inches (43cm) high 7.5 inches (10cm) of diameter, the concentric insertion parts (insert) of this polypropylene tank is made by the Celcon plastics.5 inches of insertion parts base diameters (12.7cm), 4.75 inches of top diameters (12cm), high 6.75 inches (17.1cm).The groove that HIPE is housed is kept in 65 ℃ the room 18 hours to solidify and to generate the polymerization hipe foam.

From groove, take out solidified hipe foam.The foam of this moment contains residual water (wherein containing dissolved emulsifying agent, electrolyte, initiator residue and initiator).Foam is cut into the thin slice of desired thickness with sharp reciprocating type saw blade.Then these thin slices are compressed between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 2 band vacuum, residual water phase content in the foam is reduced to polymerization single polymerization monomer heavy about 2 times (2X) gradually.At this moment, then 60 ℃ with these thin slices with 4% CaCl ₂Solution is saturated again, and to be expressed to aqueous phase content be about 2 times between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 3 band vacuum.Foamy CaCl ₂Content is 2% to 10%.

Then with hipe foam at about 16 hours of air drying or continuous heat drying.Such drying makes moisture drop to about 4-20% of polymeric material weight.

Embodiment 1

Anhydrous calcium chloride (36.32kg) and potassium peroxydisulfate (189g) are dissolved in 378 premium on currency.This provides employed water liquid stream for the continuous process that generates the HIPE emulsion.

To comprising distillatory divinylbenzene (39% divinylbenzene and 61% ethyl styrene) (2640g), add single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (480g), two Ns of ester dimethyl methyl ammonium sulfate (80g) and Tinuvin 765 (20g) in the monomer mixture of 2-EHA (4720g) and hexanediol diacrylate (640g).Single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (product of Grindsted; Brabrand, Denmark) comprise single oleic acid double glyceride of about 81%, other diglycerol monoester of 1%, 3% polyhydric alcohol and other polyglycerol esters of 15%, it is about 2.7 dynes per centimeter that this emulsifying agent makes minimum oil/water termination tension value, and the critical cohesion concentration of its oil/water is about 2.8 weight %.After the mixing, allow this material blends standing over night.Do not form visible residue, take out the oil phase of all mixture as the continuous process that forms the HIPE emulsion.

Oil phase (25 ℃) and water (53-55 ℃) two independent liquid stream are sent in the dynamic agitation equipment.Make combined stream dynamically realize thoroughly mixing in the mixing apparatus with the pin type blender.This pin type blender comprises that one is about the cylindrical shaft of the about 2.9cm of 36.5cm diameter.On the axle 6 pricking with needle are arranged, 3 rows have 33 pins, 3 rows have 34 pins, 3 pins on each rank are arranged with 120 ° angle each other, angle with 60 ° between the rank that next downward rank is adjacent is arranged, each rank 0.03mm of being separated by, the diameter of every pin is 0.5cm, and protruding 2.3cm is long from the central shaft of axle.The pin type blender is installed in and forms dynamic agitation equipment on the cylindrical sleeve, and the gap of 1.5mm is arranged between pin and the cylindrical sleeve barrel.

Take out the effluent that sub-fraction discharges dynamic mixing apparatus and enter recirculation zone, as the 1996.9.17 application, serial number is shown in the accompanying drawing of common unsettled U. S. application (herein being incorporated herein by reference) of 08/716510 (T.A.DesMarais).The Waukesha pump of recirculation zone turns back to the entrance that oil phase and water liquid stream enter dynamic mixing zone with this sub-fraction.

The downstream that one spiral type static mixer is installed in dynamic mixing apparatus thinks that dynamic mixing apparatus provides back pressure and the mixing of each component among the HIPE of final formation of improvement is provided.It is the element of 1 inch (2.5cm) that this static mixer (TAHIndustries 100-812 type) has 12 external diameters.One flexible pipe is installed in the downstream of static mixer to promote emulsion to the conveying that is used for solidified equipment.Optional is to use an additional static mixer to produce extra back pressure so that flexible pipe is in full state.This optional static mixer can be the pipe of 1 inch (2.5cm), the blender of 12 assemblies (McMaster-Carr model 3529K53).

In the mixing EGR of combination by the ratio of 1 part of oil of 4 parts of water pack into oil phase and water.Dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated with air-out when filling equipment.Flow rate between loading period is 7.57g/sec oil phase and 30.3cm ³/ sec water.

In case fill equipment, dynamic mixer begins to stir, and agitator is with 850 RPM rotation and with about 30cm ³The speed of/sec begins recirculation.The water flow rate steadily was increased to 151.3cm in about 1 minute then ³/ sec, and the oil phase flow rate reduced to 2.52g/sec in about 3 minutes.Recirculation rate steadily is increased to about 150cm in one time period of back ³/ sec.The back pressure that this moment, dynamic area and static mixer produced is about 4.9PSI (33.8kPa), the overall presure drop of this expression system.The speed of Waukesha pump steadily reduces to produce about 75cm then ³The recirculation rate of/sec.

Be collected in round polyethylene groove that diameter be 40 inch (102cm) high 12.5 inch (31.8cms) from the effusive HIPE of static mixer this moment, and this groove has dismountable limit, resembles very much the spring shape pan that roasting cake is used.Base diameter is the center that the tubular polyethylene insertion parts of 12.5 inches (31.8cm) is fixed firmly to its pedestal, insertion parts high 12.5 inches (31.8cm).The groove that HIPE is housed is kept in 65 ℃ the room 18 hours with polymerization and forms foam.

From solidify groove, take out solidified hipe foam.The foam of this moment contains the residual water (containing dissolved emulsifying agent, electrolyte, initiator residue and initiator) of about 55-65 times (55-65X) of polymerization single polymerization monomer weight.Foam is cut into slices with sharp reciprocating type saw blade, and the thickness of sheet is 0.2 inch (5.1mm).Then these sheets are compressed between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 2 band vacuum, residual water phase content in the foam is reduced to gradually about 3 times (3X) of polymeric material weight.At this moment, then 60 ℃ with sheet with 4% CaCl ₂Solution is saturated again, and is expressed to aqueous phase content for about 1.5-2X between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 3 band vacuum.Foamy CaCl ₂Content is between 6% to 10%.

Through behind last nip rolls, foam keeps compressive state, and its thickness is about 0.027 inch (0.069cm).Then with foam about 16 hours at air drying.Such drying makes moisture drop to about 9-17% of polymeric material weight.The foam sheet of this moment is (drapeable) that overhangs very much.

Embodiment 2

Anhydrous calcium chloride (36.32kg) and potassium peroxydisulfate (189g) are dissolved in 378 premium on currency.This provides employed water liquid stream for the continuous process that generates the HIPE emulsion.

To comprising distillatory divinylbenzene (42.4% divinylbenzene and 57.6% ethyl styrene) (2640g), add single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (640g), two Ns of ester dimethyl methyl ammonium sulfate (80g) and Tinuvin 765 (20g) in the monomer mixture of 2-EHA (4400g) and hexanediol diacrylate (960g).Single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (product of Grindsted; Brabrand, Denmark) comprise single oleic acid double glyceride of about 81%, other diglycerol monoester of 1%, 3% polyhydric alcohol and other polyglycerol esters of 15%, it is about 2.7 dynes per centimeter that this emulsifying agent makes minimum oil/water termination tension value, and the critical cohesion concentration of its oil/water is about 2.8 weight %.After the mixing, allow this material blends standing over night.Do not form visible residue, take out the oil phase that all mixture are used to form the continuous process of HIPE emulsion.

Oil phase (25 ℃) and water (75-77 ℃) two independent liquid stream are sent in the dynamic agitation equipment.Make combined stream dynamically realize thoroughly mixing in the mixing apparatus with the pin type blender.This pin type blender comprises that one is about the cylindrical shaft of the about 2.9cm of 36.5cm diameter.On the axle 6 pricking with needle are arranged, 3 rows have 33 pins, 3 rows have 34 pins, 3 pins on each rank are arranged with 120 ° angle each other, angle with 60 ° between the rank that next downward rank is adjacent is arranged, each rank 0.03mm of being separated by, the diameter of every pin is 0.5cm, and protruding 2.3cm is long from the central shaft of axle.The pin type blender is installed in and forms dynamic agitation equipment on the cylindrical sleeve, and the gap of 1.5mm is arranged between pin and the cylindrical sleeve barrel.

Take out the effluent that sub-fraction discharges dynamic mixing apparatus and enter recirculation zone, as the 1996.9.17 application, serial number is shown in the accompanying drawing of common unsettled U. S. application (herein being incorporated herein by reference) of 08/716510 (T.A.DesMarais).Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone turns back to the entrance that oil phase and water liquid stream enter dynamic mixing zone with this sub-fraction.

The downstream that one spiral type static mixer is installed in dynamic mixing apparatus thinks that dynamic mixing apparatus provides back pressure and the mixing of each component among the HIPE of final formation of improvement is provided.It is the element of 1.5 inches (3.8cm) that this static mixer (TAHIndustries 101-212 type) has 12 external diameters usually, but be removed 7 inches with the space fit of equipment.One flexible pipe is installed in the downstream of static mixer to promote emulsion to the conveying that is used for solidified equipment.Optional is to use an additional static mixer to produce extra back pressure so that flexible pipe is in full state.This optional static mixer can be the same with first, do not change.

In the mixing EGR of combination by the ratio of 1 part of oil of 4 parts of water pack into oil phase and water.Dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated with air-out when filling equipment.Flow rate between loading period is 7.57g/sec oil phase and 30.3cm ³/ sec water.

In case fill equipment, dynamic mixer begins to stir, and agitator is with 800 RPM rotation and with about 30cm ³The speed of/sec begins recirculation.The water flow rate steadily was increased to 151.3cm in about 1 minute then ³/ sec, and the oil phase flow rate reduced to 2.52g/sec in about 3 minutes.Recirculation rate steadily is increased to about 150cm in one time period of back ³/ sec.The back pressure that dynamic area and static mixer produce is about 4.2PSI (29kPa), the overall presure drop of this expression system at this moment.

Be collected in round polyethylene groove that diameter be 40 inch (102cm) high 12.5 inch (31.8cms) by the effusive HIPE of static mixer this moment, and this groove has dismountable limit, resembles very much the spring shape pan that roasting cake is used.Base diameter is the center that the tubular polyethylene insertion parts of 12.5 inches (31.8cm) is fixed firmly to its pedestal, insertion parts high 12.5 inches (31.8cm).The groove that HIPE is housed is kept in 65 ℃ the room 18 hours to carry out polymerization and to generate foam.

From solidify groove, take out solidified hipe foam.The foam of this moment contains the residual water (containing dissolved emulsifying agent, electrolyte, initiator residue and initiator) of about 58-62 times (58-62X) of polymerization single polymerization monomer weight.Foam is cut into slices with sharp reciprocating type saw blade, and the thickness of sheet is 0.2 inch (5.1mm).Then these sheets are compressed between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 2 band vacuum, residual water phase content in the foam is reduced to gradually about 6 times (6X) of polymeric material weight.At this moment, then 60 ℃ with sheet with 1.5% CaCl ₂Solution is saturated again, and to be expressed to aqueous phase content be about 2 times between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 3 band vacuum.Foamy CaCl ₂Content is between 3% to 6%.

Through behind last nip rolls, foam keeps compressive state, and its thickness is about 0.047 inch (0.071cm).Then with foam about 16 hours at air drying.Such drying makes moisture drop to about 9-17% of the weight of polymeric material.The foam sheet of this moment overhangs very much.

Embodiment 3

Anhydrous calcium chloride (36.32kg) and potassium peroxydisulfate (189g) are dissolved in 378 premium on currency.This provides employed water liquid stream for the continuous process that generates the HIPE emulsion.

To comprising distillatory divinylbenzene (42.4% divinylbenzene and 57.6% ethyl styrene) (2640g), add single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (640g), two Ns of ester dimethyl methyl ammonium sulfate (80g) and Tinuvin 765 (40g) in the monomer mixture of 2-EHA (4400g) and hexanediol diacrylate (960g).Single oleic acid double glyceride emulsifying agent (product of Grindsted; Brabrand, Denmark) comprise single oleic acid double glyceride of about 81%, other diglycerol monoester of 1%, 3% polyhydric alcohol and other polyglycerol esters of 15%, it is about 2.7 dynes per centimeter that this emulsifying agent makes minimum oil/water termination tension value, and the critical cohesion concentration of its oil/water is about 2.8 weight %.After the mixing, allow this material blends standing over night.Do not form visible residue, take out the oil phase of all mixture as the continuous process that forms the HIPE emulsion.

Oil phase (25 ℃) and water (75-77 ℃) two independent liquid stream are sent in the dynamic agitation equipment.Make combined stream dynamically realize thoroughly mixing in the mixing apparatus with the pin type blender.This pin type blender comprises that one is about the cylindrical shaft of the about 1.9cm of 21.6cm diameter.On the axle 6 pricking with needle are arranged, 3 rows are arranged on the rank, 21 pins of every row, 3 rows are arranged on another rank, and 21 pins of every row are arranged with 120 ° angle in 3 pins on each rank each other, angle with 60 ° between the rank that next downward rank is adjacent is arranged, each rank 0.03mm of being separated by, the diameter of every pin is 0.5cm, and protruding 1.4cm is long from the central shaft of axle.The pin type blender is installed in and forms dynamic agitation equipment on the cylindrical sleeve, and the gap of 3mm is arranged between pin and the cylindrical sleeve barrel.

Take out the effluent that sub-fraction discharges dynamic mixing apparatus and enter recirculation zone, as the 1996.9.17 application, serial number is shown in the accompanying drawing of common unsettled U. S. application (herein being incorporated herein by reference) of 08/716510 (T.A.DesMarais).Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone turns back to the entrance that oil phase and water liquid stream enter dynamic mixing zone with this sub-fraction.

The downstream that one spiral type static mixer is installed in dynamic mixing apparatus thinks that dynamic mixing apparatus provides back pressure and the mixing of each component among the HIPE of final formation of improvement is provided.The improvements of this static mixer (TAHIndustries 070-821 type) are to make its former length to reduce 2.4 inches (6.1cm), and its length is 14 inches (35.6cm), and external diameter is 0.5 inch (1.3cm).

In the mixing EGR of combination by the ratio of 1 part of oil of 4 parts of water pack into oil phase and water.Dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated with air-out when filling equipment.Flow rate between loading period is 1.89g/sec oil phase and 7.56cm ³/ sec water.

In case fill equipment, dynamic mixer begins to stir, and agitator is with 1000 RPM rotation and with about 8cm ³The speed of/sec begins recirculation.The water flow rate steadily was increased to 45.4cm in about 1 minute then ³/ sec, and the oil phase flow rate reduced to 0.6g/sec in about 3 minutes.Recirculation rate steadily is increased to about 45cm in one time period of back ³/ sec.This moment, back pressure dynamic and that static mixer produces was about 2.9PSI (20kPa), the overall presure drop of this expression system.

Be collected in circular polypropylene tank that diameter be 17 inch (43cm) high 7.5 inch (10cms) from the effusive HIPE of static mixer this moment, and this groove has a concentric insertion parts of being made by the Celcon plastics.5 inches of insertion parts base diameters (12.7cm), 4.75 inches of top diameters (12cm), high 6.75 inches (17.1cm).The groove that HIPE is housed is kept in 65 ℃ the room 18 hours to carry out polymerization and to generate foam.

From solidify groove, take out solidified hipe foam.The foam of this moment contains the residual water (containing dissolved emulsifying agent, electrolyte, initiator residue and initiator) of about 70-80 times (70-80X) of polymerization single polymerization monomer weight.Foam is cut into slices with sharp reciprocating type saw blade, and the thickness of sheet is 0.185 inch (4.7mm).Then these sheets are compressed between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 2 band vacuum, residual water phase content in the foam is reduced to gradually about 3 times (3X) of polymeric material weight.At this moment, then 60 ℃ with sheet with 1.5% CaCl ₂Solution is saturated again, and to be expressed to aqueous phase content be about 2 times between the porous nip rolls of placed in-line 3 band vacuum.Foamy CaCl ₂Content is between 3% to 5%.

Through behind last nip rolls, foam keeps compressive state, and its thickness is about 0.031 inch (0.079cm).Then with foam about 16 hours at air drying.Such drying makes moisture drop to about 9-17% of the weight of polymeric material.The foam sheet of this moment overhangs very much.

Method of testing

Unless otherwise indicated, test is to carry out under the laboratory condition of control, and its temperature is about 23 ± 2 ℃, and relative humidity is 50 ± 10%.Test Pretesting sample stores at least 24 hours under this condition.Will be appreciated that when test material lacks enough integrity when standing test process, can use does not influence the hydrophobicity of wicking properties net and come supporting material.

Synthetic urine prescription

Unless spell out, the concrete synthetic urine that uses in the method for testing is known JaycoSynUrine, can be from Jayco Pharmaceuticals Company of Camp Hill, and Pennsylvania is purchased.The prescription of synthetic urine is: the KCl of 2.0g/l; 2.0g/l Na ₂SO ₄0.85g/l (NH ₄) H ₂PO ₄0.15g/l (NH ₄) ₂HPO ₄0.19g/l CaCl ₂MgCl with 0.23g/l ₂, all these chemical substances all are SILVER REAGENT.The pH value of synthetic urine is 6.0 to 6.4.

Vertical wicking time and vertical wicking capacity

The vertical wicking time is that to wick into vertical dimension be the used time of 15cm by measuring the foam stability test bar of coloured test liquid in the storage tank (for example synthetic urine) by specific size.The vertical wicking process has very detailed description in the test method part of above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5,387,207 (being hereby incorporated by), but operative temperature is 31 ℃, but not 37 ℃.Also use United States Patent (USP) 5,387, the vertical wicking capacity test of describing in 207 is measured the vertical wicking capacity of a kind of material at assigned altitute place, but operative temperature is 31 ℃, but not 37 ℃.At last, do not carry out washing described in institute's referenced patents and drying steps again.The capability value that the vertical wicking capability value that measures highly is under the balance to be obtained as 15cm.The value that the 15cm that obtains highly locates is with (the g/cm of unit ²/ sec) expression.

Vertical wicking flux (VWF) test

For the present invention, have now found that, by using the test of vertical wicking flux can obtain the preferred assay method of vertical wicking performance, described vertical wicking flux test has characterized the ability of absorbing material (dispensing materials or collection/dispensing materials) vertical wicking liquid better.Can test and anyly have enough dry states and hygrometric state integrity with by the material of vertical hanging.If material does not have sufficient integrity, another additional mechanical support layer can be added on material one or two surface as low quantitative gauze (scrim) or net, described supporting course can or only not produce slight influence to any fluid handling properties.

In essence, this test is to be hung vertically in the test liquid storage tank by 20 centimetres (at least 27.5 centimetres of length overalls) with sample strip, thereby remaining 7.5 centimetres of sample are lain in a horizontal plane on the frosting.Use conductivity sensor to measure and arrive the time that certain height spent.The loss of the fluid weight from storage tank obtains the absorbtivity data with respect to the time.When experiment finishes, sample is cut into segment to measure saturated longitudinally distribution.

Whereby, the VWF test provides following message:

Absorbtivity (with the gram expression, or the gram number on the unit sample cross section, or the gram number of unit sample weight) and time relation;

The height in fluid forward position and time relation;

Flux by sample (accumulate or increase progressively) and time relation;

When experiment finishes along the saturated distribution of the length direction of bar.

Use following equipment to test (with reference to Fig. 7):

Adjust electronic travelling carriage (950) (providing) so that the proper height between the horizontal positioned part of fluid reservoir (960) and sample (910) is 20 centimetres as Concord-Renn company by the Ohio, USA city of Cincinnati.By use the electronic travelling carriage (950) of zero point sensor to guarantee that sample (910) contacts with fluid always, described pick off keeps equipment to be in a suitable position with respect to the liquid level (962) in the storage tank (960).Travelling carriage (950) also is equipped with the water content detection pulley (930) to the conductivity sensitivity.9 pulleys (930) are placed on 2,3.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15, the 17.5 and 20 cm height places (this measured value is determined at the center by pulley) of the top, plane of storage tank (962) respectively altogether.Two other pick offs (930) are arranged on the horizontal component of travelling carriage (950), contact sample (910) with 27.5 centimetres so that be 22.5 centimetres with the lengthwise length of distance liquid level.Although the accurate width of pulley (930) is unimportant, have been found that now the diameter of about 0.5 inch width and 3/8 inch (about 9.5 millimeters) is suitable.The center that must guarantee pulley (930) highly overlaps with those.Pulley in 2,5,10,15 and 20 centimeters is installed on the suspension rod (940) in the scalariform mode, and is installed on another suspension rod (940) in identical scalariform mode with the pulley of 17.5 centimeters 3.5,7.5,12.5.At test period, these two suspension rods (940) are disposed on the apparent surface of test material (910), thereby also make the material that can test different-thickness.At test period, these two suspension rods (940) of parallel arrangement, with the angle of vertical direction be 5 °.

Annular storage tank (960) can be the glass guide channel with sufficiently high capacity, thereby can obviously not descend at the test period liquid level, and as the Pyrex#3140 groove, it is of a size of: 150 millimeters of diameters, 75 millimeters of height.The have an appointment lid of narrow slit of 5 centimetres of 1 inch * 2 inches or about 2.5 cm x of apparatus covers storage tank (960) to avoid evaporating.Storage tank (960) is placed on the balance (965) described balance such as Mettler PR1203, Sartorius LC 1200S.

In order to ensure required steady temperature and relative humidity condition is 88 (31.1 ℃) and 85% relative humidity, unless need in addition and define, whole measuring equipment can be placed in the environmental chamber, as Electro-Tech Systems, and model 518.

Use personal computer system (980) to write down the weight change of balance (965), the signal of the pulley when the fluid forward position arrives these pulleys (930) and the height of electronic travelling carriage (950) as time function.Although can use multiple program to realize this purpose, by the Signalysis of 431 Ohio Pike of the Ohio, USA city of Cincinnati, Inc. develops (more detailed description that vide infra) to suitable procedure.

For the weight of working sample part, need one shears, ruler and analytical balance such as Mettler PG 503.

Synthetic urine used herein is with mentioned above identical.

Experimental procedure

With specimen (910) standard conditions (72/22.2 ℃ and 50% relative humidity) down preconditioning spend the night, environmental chamber is arranged on 88/31.1 ℃ and 85% relative humidity, and about 45 minutes of balance.

By cut lengths is the sample strip (910) that the mould cutting of 27.5 centimetres of 5.0 cm x has above-mentioned size, by the edge at sample the section that tiny point marks 11 2.5 centimetres is set.Then, sample (910) is weighed in advance, under about 0.09psi (620Pa) pressure, measure its thickness by the caliber gauge of standard.

Sample sample (910) is placed between the pulley (930), so that the bottom that makes sample under the zero point on the VWF device about 1 millimeter, and can not be immersed in the fluid reservoir at this point.The top of sample (910) is fixed on the plastic plate, as uses conventional adhesive tape (970) to realize.

Close environmental chamber, and it is equilibrated under the temperature and RH of setting, carried out approximately 20 minutes once more.

By starting computer unit (980) in the data entry program that will be relevant, described data such as sample title, the required testing time, sample length, width, highly, temperature, relative humidity.By reducing electronic travelling carriage sample immersed and to begin test and continuous record ⅰ in the test fluid flow) with respect to absorption and the ⅱ of time) arrive time of specified altitude.When experiment was carried out, screen can show the curve chart of absorption with respect to the time.

When experiment finished, sample (910) rose from storage tank (960) automatically, measured saturation curve, guaranteed that simultaneously sample is in and the residing identical upright position of experimental session.Guarantee that when cutting into segment it is necessary that the fluid in the sample can not redistribute.Take off sample from the testing jig of vertical hanging, cut into 2.5 centimetres bar simultaneously and described is placed in the preweighted dish.Must be from the described sample strip of inverted sample cutting.

Then, the horizontal component of sample is also cut into 2.5 centimetres segment, each section is placed in the preweighted vinyl disc.Then, measure the weight in wet base of each segment immediately, so that the minimization of loss of evaporation.Then, with each segment dried overnight in 150 baking oven, and weigh once more to measure dry weight.

Calculate

Absorbtivity

Described absorbtivity can be used following unit representation:

Q: gram

Q ^*: the initial dry cross-sectional area of gram/square centimeter

Q ': gram/gram initial sample gross weight

Qc ': evaporate gauged absorption value, gram/square centimeter.

Must monitor the evaporation loss (0.009 gram/minute according to appointment) of the storage tank (88/31.1 ℃ and 85% relative humidity) of part covering.Except these, must consider in the long period of experiments (as greater than about 2 hours) fluidic evaporation loss from the wetted portions of sample.

By the fluid weight in the storage tank (is unit with the gram) being deducted the accumulation evaporation loss (promptly, storage tank evaporation rate (is unit with the gram/minute) multiply by the time (minute to be unit)), with income value divided by the width of sample and thickness (both units be centimetre).

When getting I=1 ..., during the data at the n of n different time place, calculate following amount:

Fluence, Fi (gram/square centimeter/minute)

Fi=Qi ^*/ti

Qi wherein ^*Be absorbtivity (gram/square centimeter), ti be the time (minute);

The flux that increases progressively, Δ Fi (gram/square centimeter/minute)

ΔFi=(Qi ^*-Qi-1 ^*/(ti-ti-1)；

The saturated distribution of sample length direction

Every section fluid load (gram/gram)=(W _Wet-W _Do)/W _Do

W wherein _WetBe the weight (gram) of wet section, W _DoBe the weight (gram) of doing section.

Below computer programming information will be described in more detail: use wicking flux program to gather in the experiment of being carried out with respect to the absorbance data of time absorption characteristic with quantitative diaper material.This program is to come work by the data of reading serial from the balance that is equipped with RS-232 output.Use the internal clocking of personal computer to come tracking time.Described program is to be that IBM PC or compatible are write with DOS3.0 (or more highest version) system.

No matter when carry out actual experiment, the numerical value (except that sampling table) of experimental data (absorbing value and time) and all input fields is write in the file under the current DOS catalogue.Can open this document by the Excel on the IBM station and be used for further data analysis and demonstration.

Typical method of testing is as described below:

Input field

Material is described

Material is identified

The synthetic urine testing time of sample #1 operator: fluid type: Jayco: 60 minutes width: 5.0000 centimetre lengths: 27.5 centimetres of weight: 1.9000 gram temperature: 88.0000 relative humiditys: 85.0000%

Output time (minute) weight (gram) absorption (gram/square uptake (gram/highly (centimetre) centimetre) gram) 0 0.424011 0.77093 0.223164 20.04485 0.924011 1.68002 0.486322 3.50.0778167,1.22 2.21818 0.642106 50.247167 2.017 3.66727 1.06158 7.50.552,2.86401 5.2073 1.50738 101.12688 3.79501 6.90002 1.99738 12.51.87295,4.5 8.18182 2.36842 153.32845 5.409 9.83454 2.84684 17.55.53095 6.25302 11.3691 3.29106 20

Data report

At least will carry out 2 times and measure on each sample, record is as the various output parameters of time function.Certainly, each parameter may be relative to each other, and also can correspondingly map.

In order to describe the material that is useful in this description, have been found that now the fluence at 15 cm height places is useful especially.

The Test Liquid Permeability of Core test of simplifying

This simplification permeability method of testing provides a kind of method of measuring the permeability under two kinds of specific conditions: the permeability of perhaps measuring multiple porous material (as by synthetic fibers made adhesive-bonded fabric or cellulosic structure) under 100% saturation conditions, perhaps measure the permeability of the material that can reach different saturation, saturation be not directly proportional by the varied in thickness of air (vapor phases of various outsides) filling, can be easy under different-thickness, measure the permeability of described material under the different saturation, the foam of polymers of this material as subsiding.

Specific to polymer foams, it is useful testing when temperature is elevated to 31 ℃, the condition in the time of can simulating the absorbent item use so better.

From the principle, the basis of this method of testing is darcy (Darcy) law, according to the volume flow rate of this law liquid by any porous media and barometric gradient with the proportionality constant relevant variation that is directly proportional with permeability.

Q/A=(k/η) ^*(Δ?P/L)

Wherein: Q=volume flow rate [cm ³/ s];

A=cross-sectional area [cm ²];

K=permeability (cm ²) (1 darcy is corresponding to 9.869*10 ^-13m ²);

η=viscosity [pool] [Pa ^*S]

Δ P/L=barometric gradient [Pa/m]

L=thickness of sample [cm].

Therefore, if sample has sectional area and test liquid viscosity fixed or that provide, measure pressure drop and the volume flow rate by sample just can calculate permeability:

k=(Q/A) ^*(L/ΔP) ^*η

This test can be carried out by two kinds of improved procedures, and first kind refers to permeability between face (being that flow direction is substantially along the thickness direction of material), and second kind is the permeability (being that flow direction is the X-Y direction of material) in the face.

The permeability test set is seen Fig. 1 between the face of simplifying, and it is the sketch map of entire equipment, as a kind of illustration, and the cross-sectional view that part is decomposed, the view of this view and sample room is disproportionate.

Testing equipment comprises that one generally is circular or columniform sample room (120), and there are the first half (121) and the latter half (122) in this sample room.Three caliber gauges (145) that utilization is provided with along circumference and adjustment screw (140) can measure between these two parts distance also so its distance of scalable.In addition, this equipment comprises several fluid reservoir (150,154,156), storage tank comprises a height regulating frame (170), be used for regulating the height of inlet storage tank (150), with pipeline (180), be connected the rapid release accessory (189) of the remainder of sample room and equipment, also have some valves (182,184,186,188).Differential pressure pickup (197) is connected to upward pressure monitoring point (194) and downforce monitoring point (196) by pipeline (180).The computer equipment of control valve (190) further is connected on the measuring cell (198) of differential pressure pickup (197), hygrosensor (192) and weight scale by line (199).

Diameter is that the circular sample (110) of 1 inch (about 2.54cm) places between interior two the porous screen clothes (135) in sample room (120), the sample room is 1 inch (2.54cm) cylindrical (121 by two internal diameters, 122) make, connect (132) by inlet and be connected to inlet storage tank (150), connect (133) by outlet and be connected to outlet storage tank (154), its connection is as polyethylene pipe by flexible duct (180).The indoor foam washer (115) of sealing prevents the leakage of each side of sample.The thickness of specimen (110) is compressed to corresponding to required Wet Compression degree, and unless otherwise indicated, set pressure is 0.2psi (about 1.4kPa).Make flow of liquid cross sample (110) and reach steady flow condition.In case, note volume flow rate and pressure drop as time function with measuring cell (198) and differential pressure pickup (197) by the mobile steady statue that reaches of sample (110).This test can be carried out under any pressure head up to 80cm water column (about 7.8kPa), and pressure head can pass through height regulating frame (170) to be regulated.Can determine the flow velocity of this sample under different pressures by these tests.

This equipment can be purchased, Porous Materials for example, and Inc., Ithaca, New York, the name of US supply is called the osmometer of PMI liquid infiltration meter, and this has further description in 2/97 unique user handbook.This equipment comprises two rustless steel cellular glass product as porous screen cloth (135), and this also has explanation in described handbook.This equipment is made up of sample room (120), inlet storage tank (150), outlet storage tank (154), waste liquid storage tank (156) and charging separately and exhaust-valve and connector, electronic scale and computerized monitoring and valve control unit, VCU (190).

Gasket materials (115) is Closed Cell Neoprene Sponge SNC-1 (soft), for example by Netherland Rubber Company, Cincinnati.Ohio, the material that US supplied.Should obtain thickness with every 1/16 " (about 0.159cm) kit of changing is 1/16 with cladding thickness "-1/2 " scope of (about 0.159cm arrives about 1.27cm).

In addition, needing supply a kind of is that the forced air of 60psi (4.1bar) is used to operate each valve at least.

Test fluid flow is a deionized water.

Test by following step then: 1) preparation specimen:

In preliminary checkout, need to determine whether one or more layers specimen, the test of listing is below carried out under minimum pressure He under the maximum pressure.Then, regulate the 0.5cm of the number of plies when making flow velocity in the test process remain on minimum pressure drop ³15cm when/sec and maximal pressure fall ³Between/the sec.Flow velocity when the flow velocity of sample should be lower than same pressure drop during blank assay.If the flow velocity when the flow velocity to sample under the constant pressure drop is higher than blank assay should increase the number of plies to reduce flow velocity.

The size of sample: with as McMaster-Carr Supply Company, it is 1 that the arc perforating machine that Cleveland, OH, US provide is cut into diameter to sample " sample of (about 2.54cm).Its structure can not be in required operation, kept if the internal intensity of sample or overall performance are too poor, traditional low quantitative support facility such as a PET gauze or a net can be added.

Like this, cut at least two samples (if desired, each is all made by the needed number of plies) in advance.Then, unless otherwise indicated, that one of them is saturated with deionized water down in the temperature of testing (70, (31 ℃)).

Measure wet sample (if desired, carrying out after the stabilization time in 30 seconds) thickness be with traditional caliber gauge (AMES for example under required pressure, Waltham, MASS, US provides) experimentize, the presser feet diameter of caliber gauge is 11/8 " (about 2.86cm), unless otherwise indicated, it goes up applied pressure at sample (110) is 0.2psi (about 1.4kPa).

Selecting the combination of suitable gasket materials to make the gross thickness of packing ring foam (115) is 150% to 200% (may need the combination of the gasket materials of different-thickness in order to reach required gross thickness) of wet thickness of sample.With arc perforating machine gasket materials (115) being worn into diameter is 3 " circle, the hole of in the middle of it, boring 1 inch (2.54cm).

Under the situation that the size of sample changes with the moistening of sample, should be cut into diameter required under the wetting state to sample.This also can estimate by monitoring each size in pilot study.If these change to make form cracks or sample forms fold, this will influence it and contact with porous screen cloth or the smooth of cellular glass product, at this moment just should corresponding adjustment cutting diameter.

Specimen (110) is placed in the hole of packing ring foam (115), this cover combination is placed on the top of the latter half of sample room, guarantee that sample and screen cloth (135) entirely, contact glossily, do not form the gap on the side.

The first half of sample room (121) entirely places (or on another horizontal plane) on the testing stand and dress three caliber gauges (145) thereon all to be in zero position.

Then the first half of sample room (121) is placed on the latter half (122), gasket materials (115) and specimen (110) are between these two parts.With hold-down screw (140) these two parts are tightened, regulated three caliber gauges it is under the value identical with the following wet sample value of measuring of each pressure recited above.

2) in order to prepare test, start the program of computer unit (190), with inputs such as sample identifier, each pressure.

3) (110) carry out several pressures cycle tests on a sample, and first pressure is minimum pressure.Each pressure result of operation down is input in the different destination files by computer unit (190).From each file, take out data and carry out following calculating.(should carry out the operation arbitrarily subsequently of this material) with a different sample.

4) liquid storage groove (150) that will enter the mouth is set to required height, begins test on computer unit (190).

5) then sample room (120) are put in the osmometer that has quick disconnection accessory (189).

6) open vent valve (188) and bottom charging valve (184,186) and give sample room (120) charging.In this step, note from system, removing bubble, this can vertically place by making the sample room, if force bubble-have-discharge osmometer by emptying.In case when the sample room was charged to the polyethylene pipe that links to each other with chamber (121) top, bubble just shifted out and enters waste liquid storage tank (156) from this pipeline.

7) carefully remove bubble after, close bottom charging valve (184,186), open top part charging valve (182) is with the first half that material is packed into, this also needs to remove carefully bubble.

8) in fluid reservoir, pack test fluid flow into to charging line (152).

Start computer unit (190) then, fluid begins the sample of flowing through.

After the temperature of sample room reaches required value, prepare to begin test.

After beginning test by computer unit (190), liquid outlet logistics meeting switches to outlet storage tank (154) from waste liquid storage tank (156) automatically, monitor as the pressure drop of the function of time and temperature a few minutes.

In case EP (end of program), computer unit provide the data (with numeral and/or diagrammatic form) of record.

If desired, the different pressure heads of available identical sample determination permeability down, so want increase pressure from once running to another time operation.

Should be per two weeks clean primary equipments, and will proofread and correct once at least weekly, particularly cellular glass product, measuring cell, thermocouple and pressure transducer, this will carry out according to equipment supplier's guidance.

Utilization is connected the differential pressure pickup record pressure reduction of the pressure probing test point (194,196) of sample unit top and bottom.Owing to include the pressure that other resistance is increased in the chamber in the force value of record, so each test all must be proofreaied and correct with blank assay.Should every day require 10,20,30,40,50,60,70, carry out blank assay under the pressure of 80cm.To provide average test pressure and mean flow rate for each test osmometer.

For each tested pressure of sample, the flow velocity of computer unit (190) record is as the gauged pressure of blank assay, this is used for further proofreading and correct each average test pressure (real pressure) of highly locating the pressure reduction that writes down, produce calibrating (base measuring) pressure with this, this calibrating (base measuring) pressure is exactly the DP that should use in the permeability formula below.

Can calculate each then and require permeability under the pressure, the meansigma methods of getting all permeabilities is to determine the k value of test material.

Each sample should be carried out three tests under each pressure head, with results averaged and basis of calculation error.But test should be used same sample during permeability under each pressure head, is carrying out second and will use new sample during repeated trials for the third time then.

By improve the said equipment as the equipment that schematically describes among Fig. 2 A that the part exploded view is shown and the 2B can with above-mentioned between the permeability in the test surfaces under the identical condition of the test condition of permeability.The element that is equal to is represented with being equal to, thereby the sample room among Fig. 2 is represented with (210), and this label corresponding to Fig. 1 (110) is like that.Therefore, simplify sample room (120) between the face among Fig. 1 and be replaced by simplification sample room (220) in the face, such design can only be flowed (vertical or horizontal, this depends on the modes of emplacement of sample in the chamber) liquid in a direction.Note making liquid to minimize, because this will provide high permeability reading mistakenly along flow (wall effect) of the passage of wall.Test according to being very similar between face the program of short form test then.

Sample room (220) are designed to substantially to place equipment according to the modes of emplacement of sample room (120) in the test between above-mentioned, and difference is directly the lead inlet connector (232) of bottom, sample room (220) of charging hole.Fig. 2 A shows the part exploded view of sample room, and Fig. 2 B is the cross-sectional view by sample plane.

Test cabinet (220) is made up of two parts: flanged (FLGD) bottom sheet (225) and also flanged (FLGD) and and inner top sheet (223) of coincideing of bottom sheet (225) that resembles a rectangular box.Specimen is cut into 2 inches * 2 inches (to be about the size of 5.1cm * 5.1cm) and to place in the bottom.The top sheet of sample room (223) is put in the bottom sheet (225) and is positioned at above the specimen (210).An incompressible neoprene packing circle (224) is connected top sheet (223) and forms sealing.Test liquid flows to sample space again by outlet connector (233) flow inlet and outlet storage tank by polyethylene pipe and inlet connector (232) from the inlet storage tank.When carrying out this test, because flow velocity is lower, fluid is flowed through the temperature control of sample room may be not enough, therefore, makes sample remain on required probe temperature by heater (226), and homothermic whereby water pumps into wherein by heating clamber (227).The thickness corresponding to required Wet Compression should be arranged in gap in the test cabinet, generally is 0.2psi (about 1.4kPa).To the pad (216) of 20.0mm suitable thickness is set with 0.1mm, can randomly uses the combination of several pads.

During on-test, with test cabinet (220) half-twist (sample is vertical), test liquid can enter at leisure from the bottom.This is necessary to guarantee that all air discharge from sample and inlet/outlet connector (232/233).Next, test cabinet (220) is rotated back to its initial position and make sample (210) horizontal positioned.Below step and above-mentioned face between permeability the same, that is: the storage tank that will enter the mouth places required height, making the mobile balance that reaches, mensuration flow velocity and pressure drop.Calculate permeability with darcy (Darcy) law.Under elevated pressures, repeat this process equally.

For the low-down sample of permeability, for the flow velocity that obtains measuring need increase driving pressure, hoisting depth or on storage tank, use additive air and press for example.Can carry out the face intrinsic permeability testing experiment of vertical and horizontal independently of one another, this depends on the modes of emplacement of sample in test cabinet.

General Test Liquid Permeability of Core test

General permeability test can be measured the permeability as saturation function of any porous material.Test philosophy with simplify similar in the test, the difference of essence is that sample also has the air in certain amount load except liquid load is arranged, thereby produces fixed saturation.This is to reach by the test arrangement that schematically describes among Fig. 3, and Fig. 3 shows permeability testing principle and concrete arrangement the between general face, the difference when Fig. 4 shows the test of face intrinsic permeability.Label separately corresponding among Fig. 1 separately label (as, waste liquid storage tank (356) is corresponding to waste liquid storage tank (156) etc.).

Wherein, except make with a kind of device (370) inlet storage tank (350) Height Adjustable, also use fixture (341, Fig. 4 is not shown) that sample room (320/420) is installed on the height adjusting apparatus (372).The inlet storage tank has defined first difference in height (357) with respect to outlet storage tank (354), and it is relevant with pressure differential deltap P (expression is used to calculate the pressure reduction of permeability).This inlet storage tank (350) has defined second difference in height (359) with respect to height of specimen, and it is relevant with pressure differential deltap P (c), the pressure reduction that Δ P (c) expression is relevant with the saturation of sample, and wherein higher capillary sucks general relevant with lower saturation.

Begin test with low Δ P (c) (approaching the 0cm water column), sample at this moment is 100% saturated.Because the pressure drop Δ P (c) that uses (inlet storage tank height-outlet storage tank height) flow of liquid is through sample.Under steady statue, measure liquid suction volume as the outlet storage tank of time function.Can calculate permeability with darcy (Darcy) law by pressure drop and volume flow rate data.The weight of dry-eye disease before the weight of the wet sample in test back and the test compared to obtain its accurate saturation.

In order to measure the permeability that saturation is lower than, a new specimen is under 100% saturation at 100% o'clock.Next, sample is moved on to a higher height (as 10cm), highly locate to make its balance at this.During this period, liquid flows to the outlet storage tank from the inlet storage tank continuously.Saturation in the sample in time passing and reduce.When reaching steady statue promptly when suction volume and time relation are linear, measure flow velocity, pressure drop and saturation according to the method described above.Repeat this process with fresh sample for several height of specimen.

Flow velocity in order to obtain measuring when saturation reduces may need to increase the pressure drop between inlet storage tank and the outlet storage tank.This is that along with the reduction of saturation, permeability sharply descends because for most of porous materials.Must guarantee that the pressure drop ratio capillary that enters the mouth between storage tank and the outlet storage tank sucks much smaller.

Can not change the too big wide liquid storage groove (352,354) that needs to use in order to ensure liquid level when wait reaches steady statue.

This test has provided the relation of permeability and saturation in the desorption cycle, and higher saturation arranged when promptly sample begins.Though the circulation that certainly is absorbed permeability data, these can not be used in the present test, because some hysteresis effects may take place.

The internal of used sample room (120) is different in the permeability test between used sample room (320) and simplification face in the permeability test between general face is that it comprises and is arranged in above the sample (310) and following two cellular glass product (335).For cellular glass product (335), must guarantee that most flow resistance comes from sample, and the resistance of cellular glass product can be ignored.Coarse punctulate thin film on glass can carry out the test of high altitude very and can not produce very large flow resistance.Select the cellular glass product to make it that enough bubble point pressures be arranged, this bubble point pressure still produces very low flow resistance simultaneously corresponding to the water column greater than about 200cm.This can reach by the enough thin film of selecting to be positioned on the more open supporting structure that required bubble point pressure is arranged.

For general permeability test, air is contacted with sample by the side, saturation is changed along with Δ P (c).Therefore, test cabinet between the design of this sample room and simplification face in the test is basic identical, difference is to have removed the foamed gaskets material, facility with gap between device selectivity control top that produces constant pressure and the bottom, unless need especially, this device such as pouring weight (317) (and the weight of top sheet (321) together) keep sample to be under required 0.2psi (about 1.4kPa) pressure.

Fig. 4 illustrates the sample room (420) in the test of general face intrinsic permeability, it be from above-mentioned simplification face build-in test and principle derive obtain design.Like this, fluid enters sample room (420) by fluid inlet (432) and outlet (433), and import links to each other as above-mentioned cellular glass product type (as cellular glass product 335) with film (435) with outlet.The two ends of specimen (410) place on two cellular glass product, but (on the mid portion of about 5.1cm * 5.1cm), so just must not avoid fold and gap between sample and the film at 2 inches * 2 inches.Specimen (410) places between the first half and the latter half of sample room (420), unless need especially and point out, the pressure (0.2psi (about 1.4kPa)) when regulating test and carry out with pouring weight (417).Also utilize heater (426) to make sample keep constant temperature by heating clamber (427) as the water that pumps into steady temperature.

In this equipment, air enters sample by the side probability is important to saturation is changed equally.

Liquid viscosity

In said determination, liquid viscosity is an important input parameter, should or utilize the mode of the assay method mensuration of setting up in good condition to obtain the liquid viscosity value of various fluids under each temperature from known chart or formula.

Capillary absorbs

Purpose

The purpose of this test is to measure the capillary absorptive capacity as height function of storage absorber element of the present invention.(this test also is used to measure high surface area material, does not promptly contain the permeability absorbent, as the capillary absorptive capacity as height function of the absorbable polymer of formed hydrogel used in the absorber element or other optional material.Yet, below the capillary absorption process discussed with to measure whole storage absorber element relevant).It is the key property of any absorbent that capillary absorbs, and it is vast is deciding how Liquid Absorption to be advanced in the absorbing structure.In the capillary absorption test, the capillary absorptive capacity is that conduct is owing to sample is measured as the function of fluid pressure with respect to the height of test liquid storage tank.

The method of measuring the capillary absorption is known.Referring to Burgeni, A.A. and Kapur, C., " Capillary Sorption Equilibria in Fiber Masses, " Textile ResearchJournal, 37 (1967), 356-366; Chatterjee, P.K., Absorbency, Textile Science andTechnology 7, Chapter II, pp 29-84, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 1985; Be issued to the discussion part of the method that the capillary of mensuration absorbing structure of the United States Patent (USP) 4610678 of Weisman etc. absorbs with 1986.9.9.Be incorporated herein these open files as a reference.

Principle

The cellular glass product are connected with fluid reservoir on the balance by continual fluid column.In experimentation, make sample keep constant weight.When loose structure as required during absorption fluids, the loss in weight in the fluid reservoir on the balance is recorded as the fluid of absorption, regulate suction volume as the cellular glass product of the function of height and evaporation.Suction volume or capacity when measuring different capillarys suctions (hydrostatic tension force or height).Because successively decrease (promptly reducing capillary sucks) of cellular glass product makes absorbtivity increase progressively.

Also want in test monitoring time highly to locate initial effective absorption rate (g/g/h) can calculate at 200cm.

Reagent

Test liquid: following substances is dissolved in the synthetic urine of preparation in the distilled water fully:

Compound molecular weight concentration (g/L)

KCl????????????74.6????????????????2.0

Na ₂SO ₄???????142?????????????????2.0

(NH ₄)H ₂PO ₄??115?????????????????0.85

(NH ₄) ₂HPO ₄??132?????????????????0.15

CaCl ₂.2H ₂O???147?????????????????0.25

MgCl ₂.6H ₂O???203?????????????????0.5

The general description that device is formed

Fig. 5 A that is used for this test is that (50% relative humidity, 25 ℃) are operated under the TAPPI condition with the 520 capillary absorption equipments of describing synoptically.Specimen places on the cellular glass product of Fig. 5 A with 502 expressions, and cellular glass product are connected with liquid storage groove on being illustrated as 506 the balance that contains test liquid by successive test liquid (synthesize urinate) post.Storage tank 506 is placed on the balance 507, and balance has the interface of and computer (not shown).This balance should be able to be read 0.001g; Such balance can (Hightstown NJ) be purchased with PR1203 from Mettler Toledo.Cellular glass product 502 place Fig. 5 A with on the vertical slide shown in 501, and specimen can vertically be moved, and specimen is under the different suction heads.Vertical slide can be that a no bar actuator that links to each other with computer is to write down suction head and to be used to measure the time that specimen absorbs liquid accordingly.A kind of preferred no bar actuator can (Novato CA) be purchased with article 202X4X34N-1D4B-84-P-C-S-E, and it can be used, and (Rohnert, the motor ZETA 6104-83-135 that CA) is purchased drives from CompuMotor from Industrial Devices.Actuator 501 and balance 507 are measured and are sent data, are easy to produce capillary absorptive capacity data for each specimen.In addition, the interface of computer and actuator 501 makes it can control moving both vertically of cellular glass product 502.For example, can only after each suction head place reaches " balance " (as following definition), cellular glass product 502 be moved both vertically.

The bottom of cellular glass product 502 is connected with Tygon  pipe 503, and this pipe 503 connects cellular glass product 502 and threeway emptying cock 509.Emptying cock 509 is connected with liquid storage groove 505 with cock 510 by glass tubing 504.(only at cleaning equipment or remove in the process of bubble and just open cock 509 emptyings).The fluid reservoir 506 that glass tubing 511 connects on fluid reservoir 505 and the balance by cock 510.Glass plate 506A and lid 506B that fluid reservoir 506 on the balance is 12cm by a light-duty diameter form.Lid 506B has a hole, and glass tubing 511 contacts with the liquid of 506 li of storage tanks by this hole.Glass tubing 511 necessarily can not contact with lid 506B, otherwise can obtain a unsettled balance reading, and such sample determination value can not be used.

In order to fix specimen, the diameter of cellular glass product must be enough greatly can hold piston/cylinder equipment to be discussed below.Loading onto sheath to cellular glass product 502 makes it can keep coming from the thermostatic control of heating bath.The cellular glass product are the 350ml porous glass disk funnels that 4-5.5 μ m hole is arranged, can (Corning NY) is purchased with #36060-350F from Corning Glass Co..Hole wherein is enough thin, keeps moistening (cellular glass product mustn't air admission cellular glass product below follow-on test liquid column) can make glass surface in specific capillary suction head.

As mentioned above, cellular glass product 502 are connected with liquid storage groove 506 on fluid reservoir 505 or the balance by pipeline, and this depends on the position of three-way cock 510.

Sheathed cellular glass product 502 accept to come from the water of constant temperature bath.This temperature of just guaranteeing cellular glass product in test process keeps 88 of constant temperature (31 ℃).Shown in Fig. 5 A, be equipped with ingate 502A and outlet opening 502B on the cellular glass product 502, this has just constituted a general loop with the 508 circulation heating baths of representing.(the glass sheath is not shown among Fig. 5 A.But, not contacting from the water of bathing the sheathed cellular glass product 502 of 508 importings of coming out with test liquid, test liquid does not circulate by constant temperature bath yet.The water of constant temperature bath is by the wall circulation of sheathed cellular glass product 502).

Storage tank 506 and balance 507 are enclosed in the evaporation capacity that makes in the box in the storage tank of test liquid from balance and minimize and improve balance stability the experimental implementation process.Generally the boxes with 512 expressions have a top cover and wall, and top cover has a hole, and pipe 511 inserts by this hole.

Fig. 5 B at length shows cellular glass product 502.Fig. 5 B is the cross-sectional view of cellular glass product, and ingate 502A and outlet opening 502B are not shown.As mentioned above, the cellular glass product are the 350ml porous glass disk funnels that 4-5.5 micron hole is arranged.With reference to Fig. 5 B, cellular glass product 502 comprise one with the funnel of the cylindric band sheath of 550 expressions with 560 porous glass disks of representing.Cellular glass product 502 also comprise one usually with the cylinder/piston assembly (it comprises cylinder 566 and piston 568) of 565 expressions, and this combination restriction is lived the specimen with 570 expressions, and specimen has been produced a little pressure limiting.In order to prevent test liquid excessive vaporization from the porous glass disk 560, place on porous glass disk 560 tops with the special fluorine logical sequence rings of 562 expressions.Teflon  encircles 562 thick 0.0127cm (can be purchased and be cut into certain size as the sheet stock of #8569K16 from McMasterCarr), and is used for covering the porous glass disk surface in the outside of cylinder 566, with this evaporation on cellular glass product is minimized.The external diameter and the internal diameter of ring are respectively 7.6cm and 6.3cm.The internal diameter of Teflon  ring is than the little about 2mm of external diameter of cylinder 566.Vito  O shape ring (can be purchased as #AS568A-150 and AS568A-151 from McMasterCarr) 564 places Teflon  ring 562 to be used for the inwall of funnel 550 of O-ring tubular band sheath and the gap between the Teflon  ring 562, further to avoid evaporating.If the external diameter of O shape ring is greater than the internal diameter of the funnel 550 of cylindric band sheath, the diameter that reduces O shape ring according to following method is to be configured in the funnel: cut O shape ring, cut the O shape ring material of necessary amount, O shape ring is bonded together again O shape ring is contacted with its inwall around the periphery of the funnel 550 of cylindric band sheath.

As mentioned above, in Fig. 5 B, live specimen, and specimen 570 has been produced a little pressure limiting with the 565 cylinder/piston component limitations of summarizing expression.With reference to Fig. 5 C, assembly 565 is by cylinder 566, and with the cup-shaped Teflon  piston of 568 expressions, and when needed, one or several pouring weight (not shown) of side-to-side anastomosis is formed in piston 568.(use optional pouring weight when needing the combination weight of regulating piston and optional pouring weight, the diameter during according to the specimen drying obtains the pressure limiting of 0.2psi, and this is discussed below).Cylinder 566 is Lexan  bar blocks, and it has following size: external diameter 7.0cm, internal diameter 6.0cm, high 6.0cm.Teflon  piston 568 is of a size of: external diameter is than the little 0.02cm of internal diameter of cylinder 566.Shown in Fig. 5 D, it is 5.0cm that a diameter is bored in the end of the piston 568 that does not contact with specimen, and the chamber 590 of about deeply 1.8cm is to be placed as the required optional pouring weight (by the actual drying diameter decision of specimen) of specimen pressure limiting that obtains 0.2psi (1.4kPa).In other words, the gross weight of piston 568 and all optional pouring weight (not shown)s should be that to make resulting pressure limiting be 0.2psi divided by the real diameter of specimen when dry ().Before carrying out capillary absorptive capacity test, make cylinder 566 and piston 568 (and optional pouring weight) 31 ℃ of balances at least 30 minutes.

(14cm * 14cm) (not shown) covers cellular glass product 502 so that sample ambient air unstability minimizes to foraminous film that handle with non-surface-active agent in the capillary absorption test or own.Hole wherein is enough greatly to prevent that the downside formation at film is condensed in the process of the test.

The preparation specimen

The circular configuration that is 5.4cm from a next diameter of storage absorber element upper punch has just obtained specimen.When these parts are ingredient of absorbent item, other ingredient that must remove these articles for use before the test.When the structure of not serious these parts of change (as density, the relative position of composition material, the physical property of constituent material etc.) under just can not the isolating situation of other ingredient with itself and articles for use, or these parts are not under the situation of an ingredient of absorbent item, all materials that constitute these parts are combined makes this binding energy represent described parts, prepares specimen with such method.Specimen is a circle that diameter is 5.4cm, obtains by arc perforating press cutting.

The dry weight of specimen (below be used to calculate the capillary absorptive capacity) is the as above prepared weight of specimen under environmental condition.

Experimental arrangement

1, clean, exsiccant cellular glass product 502 is placed on the funnel stand that links to each other with vertical slide 501.The funnel stand of mobile vertical slide makes the cellular glass product be in 0cm and highly locates.

2, as mentioned above, arrange the equipment shown in Fig. 5 A.

3, be that liquid storage groove 506 on the balance of 12cm is placed on the balance 507 with diameter.Vinyl cover 506B is placed on the liquid storage groove 506 on the balance, and a vinyl cover is placed on the balance box 512, and each vinyl cover all has aperture that glass tubing 511 is passed suitably.The lid 506B of the liquid storage groove on glass tubing and the balance is contacted, otherwise can obtain a unsettled balance reading, such measured value just can not be used.

4,510 pairs of pipes 504 of cock are closed, glass tubing 511 is opened.Open the fluid reservoir 505 that has been full of test fluid flow in advance and make test fluid flow enter pipe 511, be encased in the liquid storage groove 506 on the balance.

5, cellular glass product 502 horizontal positioned are also fixed and go up in position, will guarantee that also the cellular glass product are dry.

6, connect Tygon  pipe 503 and cock 509.(this pipe answers long enough not have knuckling can reach cellular glass product 502 residing peak 200cm).Be used for being full of this Tygon  pipe from the test fluid flow of fluid storage tank 505.

7, connect Tygon  pipe 503 and horizontal cellular glass product 502, open cock 509 and cock 510 then and make fluid reservoir 505 guiding cellular glass product 502.(510 pairs of glass tubings 511 of cock cut out).Test liquid charges into cellular glass product 502 and removes all air of carrying secretly in the process that charges into horizontal cellular glass product.Continue to charge into the top that surpasses porous glass disk 560 up to fluidic liquid level.The emptying funnel is also removed all bubbles that reach in the pipe in the funnel.Can be inverted cellular glass product 502 makes the bubble rising overflow to remove bubble by the emptying of cock 509.(bubble generally accumulates in the bottom of porous glass disk 560).Be fixed in the funnel 550 that has sheath with an enough little level indicator and be placed on the surface of porous glass disk 560 and make the leveling again of cellular glass product.

8, with 506 pairs of cellular glass product zeroings of the liquid storage groove on the balance.In order to accomplish this point, get a sufficiently long Tygo  pipe, and it is full of with test fluid flow.One end is placed in the liquid storage groove 506 on the balance, with the other end to cellular glass product 502 location.The liquid level (identical with the liquid level of liquid storage groove on the balance) of managing indicated test liquid is lower than the top 10mm of porous glass disk 560.If not this situation, adjust the amount of liquid in the storage tank or on vertical slide 501, adjust back to zero-bit.

9, the pipeline of the ingate by being connected to the cellular glass product and outlet opening 502A and 502B makes outlet and ingate be connected to constant temperature bath 508 respectively.Make the temperature of porous glass disk 560 reach 31 ℃.This can be by partly charging into the cellular glass product with test liquid, reaches to measure its method of temperature after the equilibrium temperature and measure.Consider that water has thermal diffusion from constant temperature bath to cellular glass product process of flowing, the temperature of constant temperature bath need be arranged to be higher than a little 31 ℃.

10, make cellular glass product balance 30 minutes.

The capillary absorption parameter

A computer program that is used to determine highly to locate at each the time length of cellular glass product maintenance is described below.

Absorb in the software program in capillary, specimen is in from fluid reservoir certain height place.As mentioned above, fluid reservoir on a balance, therefore, computer can the terminal point of known interval read the value of balance and calculate specimen and storage tank between flow velocity (Delta reading/interval).For this method, when being lower than the specific flow velocity of continuous time interval of defined amount, flow velocity thinks that specimen is in poised state.Will be appreciated that:, when reaching " equilibrium constant " of regulation, do not reach real poised state for some material.The interval of reading is 5 seconds.

The number of reading absorbs in the menu in capillary and is defined as " balance example " in the Delta table.Maximum delta number is 500.Absorb in the menu in capillary and constant of speed of flow to be defined as " equilibrium constant ".

The unit of the equilibrium constant of input is g/sec, and its scope is 0.0001-100.000.

Be the logic embodiment of a simplification below.This table has demonstrated the balance reading of each interval and the delta flow velocity of calculating.

Balance example=3

Equilibrium constant=0.0015

Interval	Equilibrium valve (g)	Delta flow velocity (g/sec)
			0	?0
1	?0.090	?0.0180
			2	?0.165	?0.0150
3	?0.225	?0.0120
			4	?0.270	?0.0090
5	?0.295	?0.0050
			6	?0.305	?0.0020
7	?0.312	?0.0014

8	????0.316	????0.0008
			9	????0.318	????0.0004

The Delta table

Time	0	?1	?2	?3	?4	?5	?6	?7	?8	?9
											?Deltal	?9999	?0.0180	?0.0180	?0.0180	?0.0090	?0.0090	?0.0090	?0.0014	?0.0014	?0.0014
?Delta2	?9999	?9999	?0.0150	?0.0150	?0.0150	?0.0050	?0.0050	?0.0050	?0.0008	?0.0008
											?Delta3	?9999	?9999	?9999	?0.0120	?0.0120	?0.0120	?0.0020	?0.0020	?0.0020	?0.0004

The balance suction volume is 0.318g among the embodiment of above-mentioned simplification.

Be the C language codes that is used for determining the balance suction volume below:

/ ^*??????????????????????takedata.c?????????????????? ^*/

int?take_data(int?equil_samples,double?equilibrium_constant)

{

double?delta；

Static double deltas[500]; / ^*Table to store up to 500 deltas ^*/ (being used to store the form of 500 increments)

double?value；

double?prev_value；

clock_t?next_time；

int???i；

for{i=0；i＜equil_samples；i++}

Deltas{i}=9999; / ^*Initialize all values in the delta table to 9999 gms/sec ^*/ (initial value that all values in the increment list is set is 9999gms/sec)

Delta table index=0; / ^*Initialize where in the table to store the next delta ^*/ (will store the position of next increment in the initial table)

Equilibrium_reached=0; / ^*Initialize flag to indicate equilibrium has not been reached ^*Not/(the initialization indication does not reach equilibrated labelling as yet)

Next time=clock (); / ^*Initialize when to take the next reading ^*/ (time of next reading is read in initialization)

Prev_reading=0; / * initialize the value of the previous reading from thebalance ^*/ (the previous reading value of initialization balance)

While (! Equilibrium_reached)/ ^*Start of loop for checking for equilibrium ^*/ (beginning circulation) to check balance

Next time+=5000L; / ^*Calculate when to take next reading ^*/ (time of next reading is read in calculating)

While (clock ()＜next_time); / ^*Wait until 5 seconds has elasped from prev reading ^*/ (waited for 5 seconds behind the reading last time)

Value=get balance reading (); / ^*Read the balance in grams ^*/ (reading the gram number on the balance)

Delta=fabs (prev_value-value)/5.0; / ^*Calculate absolute value of flow in last 5seconds ^*/ (calculate last 5 second flow velocity absolute value)

Prev_value=value; / ^*Store current value for next loop ^*/ (store present increment size and be used for next circulation)

Deltas_[delta_table_index]=delta; / ^*Store current delta value in the table of deltas ^*/ (storing existing increment size in the increment list)

Delta_table_index++; / ^*Increment pointer to next position in table ^*/ (increment pointer to the table in next position)

If (delta_table_index=equil_samples)/ ^*When the number of deltas=the numberof ^*/ (when the increment number equals balance example number)

Delta_table_index=0; / ^*Equilibrium samples specified, ^*/ (regulation balance example)

/ ^*Reset the pointer to the start of the table.This way ^*/ (pointer is reset to beginning in the table again to be located)

/ ^*The table always contains the last xx current samples. ^*/ (this table usually comprises last xx existing balance example)

Equilibrium_reached=1; / ^*Set the flag to indicate equilibrium is reached ^*/ (setting reaches equilibrated labelling)

For (i=0; I＜equil_samples; I++)/ ^*Check all the values in the delta table ^*/ (checking all values in the increment list)

If (deltas[i]＞=equilibrium_constant)/ ^*If any value is＞or=to the equilibriumconstant ^*/ (if arbitrary value is more than or equal to equilibrium constant)

Equilibrium-reached=0; / ^*Set the equlibrium flag to 0 (not at equilibrium) ^*/ (setting balance mark is 0 (not in poised state))

}/ ^*Go back to the start of the loop ^*/ (restarting circulation)

}

The capillary absorption parameter

Load simultaneous (pressure limiting): 0.2psi load

Balance example (n): 50

Equilibrium constant: 0.0005g/sec

Height value is set: 100cm

Finish height value: 0cm

Hydrostatic head parameter: 200,180,160,140,120,100,90,80,70,60,50,45,40,35,30,25,20,15,10,5 and 0cm.

With above-named all highly carry out capillary and absorb program, carry out with the order of cited test capillary absorptive capacity.(, also must order according to the rules finish the test of whole hydrostatic head parameter series even need to determine certain height as, the capillary absorptive capacity of 35cm) locating.Although all these highly all are used in and carry out capillary and absorb in the test to produce the capillary absorption isotherm of specimen, the invention discloses the storage absorber element of describing with certain height 200,140,100,50,35 and its absorbent properties of 0cm place.

Capillary absorbs program

1) carries out according to the experimental arrangement program.

2) guarantee that constant temperature bath 508 is in running order, guarantee water by 502 circulations of cellular glass product, the temperature of guaranteeing porous glass disk 560 is 31 ℃.

3) cellular glass product 502 are positioned at the suction head of 200cm.Opening cock 509 and 510 couples together the liquid storage groove on cellular glass product 502 and the balance 506.(510 pairs of liquid storage grooves 505 of cock are closed).With cellular glass product 502 balances 30 minutes.

4) above-mentioned capillary absorption parameter input computer.

5) cut-out tap 509 and 510.

6) cellular glass product 502 are moved to the height 100cm of setting.

7) Teflon  ring 562 is placed on porous glass disk 560 surfaces.O shape ring 564 is placed on the Teflon  ring 562.The cylinder 566 of preheating is placed on the Teflon  ring 562 with one heart.Specimen 570 is placed on cylinder 566 the insides and the porous glass disk 560 with one heart.Piston 568 is placed on cylinder 566 the insides.If desired, put additional qualification pouring weight into piston chamber 590 the insides.

8) cover cellular glass product 502 with perforated film.

9) Ci Shi balance reading is zero reading or tare weight reading.

10) cellular glass product 502 are moved on to height 200cm place.

11) open cock 509 and 510 (cock 510 convection cell storage tanks 505 are closed), begin to weigh and time read.

The correction of cellular glass product (blank correction inhalation test)

Because porous glass disk 560 is loose structures,, must measures the capillary absorbtivity (blank correction suction volume) of cellular glass product 502 and it is deducted in order to obtain the real capillary absorbtivity of specimen.Cellular glass product for each new use all will carry out the correction of cellular glass product.Absorb program according to said procedure operation capillary, difference is in order to obtain blank suction volume (g), not use test sample.Equal blank time (second) running time at each certain height place.

Evaporation loss is proofreaied and correct

1) cellular glass product 502 are moved on to the 2cm place that is higher than zero place and open cock 509 and 510 (storage tank 505 is closed) makes it highly locate balance 30 minutes at this.

2) cut-out tap 509 and 510.

3) Teflon  ring 562 is placed on porous glass disk 560 surfaces.O shape ring 564 is placed Teflon

On the  ring 562.The cylinder 566 of preheating is placed on the Teflon  ring 562 with one heart.The device 568 of will living is put into cylinder 566.Perforated film is placed on the cellular glass product 502.

4) open cock 509 and 510 (storage tank 505 is closed) and in 3.5 hours recording balance reading and time.Be calculated as follows the evaporation capacity (g/hr) of sample:

[balance reading-3.5 1 hour the time hour time balance reading]/2.5 hours

Even take all above-mentioned measures, some evaporation losses also will take place, and generally are about 0.10g/hr for specimen and the correction of cellular glass product.Be ideally, for all evaporations of working sample of cellular glass product 502 of each new installation.

Cleaning equipment

When being new the installation, use cellular glass product 502 new Tygon  pipe 503.With the Clorox Bleach  scavenge pipe 504 and 511 of 50% in the distilled water, the liquid storage groove 506 on fluid reservoir 505 and the balance, if microbial contamination is visible words, the reuse distilled water flushing.A. the cleaning after each test

During each off-test (after having removed specimen), wash cellular glass product (being the bottom of test liquid importing cellular glass product) forward to remove specimen residual in the porous glass disk hole with the test liquid of the 250ml in the liquid storage groove 505.Cock 509 and 510 pairs of liquid storage grooves 505 are opened, and the liquid storage groove on the balance 506 is closed, and the cellular glass product are taken off from it, and turned upside down at first with the test liquid flushing, is used acetone and test liquid (synthetic urine) flushing then.In flushing process, the cellular glass product must be inverted and be sprayed onto with flush fluid on the specimen on contact porous glass disk surface.After the flushing, with 250ml test liquid (synthetic urine) the cellular glass product are carried out the second time and wash forward.At last, the cellular glass product being reinstalled in it goes up and cellular glass product surface level is placed.B. monitor the performance of cellular glass product

Behind each cleaning procedure, all must monitor the performance of cellular glass product with the cellular glass product that are arranged on the 0cm position for the cellular glass product of each new installation.The test liquid of 50ml is poured on the porous glass disk surface of level (not having Teflon  ring, O shape ring and cylinder/piston assembly).Note the test fluid flow liquid level and drop to the time that 5mm place, porous glass disk surface is used.If surpassing 4.5 minutes, this time just must carry out periodic purge.C. periodic purge

For preventing to stop up, cellular glass product are carried out periodic thoroughly cleaning (referring to the performance of above monitoring cellular glass product).Flush fluid is a distilled water, acetone, CloroxBleach  of 50% in the distilled water (to remove bacterial growth) and test fluid flow.Cleaning comprises from frame removes the cellular glass product, and all pipes are separated., the cellular glass product are stood upside down wash cellular glass product (that is, flush fluid being introduced the bottom of cellular glass product) forward with following order with suitable fluid and consumption:

1.250ml distilled water.

2.100ml acetone.

3.250ml distilled water.

4.100ml 50: 50 Clorox  distilled water solution.

5.250ml distilled water.

6.250ml test fluid flow.

When in the critical field of the fluid flow (seeing above) that the cellular glass resistance is being set and porous glass disk is surperficial when not having observable residue, cleaning process is gratifying.If can not successfully clean, just must change the cellular glass product.

Calculate

Computer is set makes it can provide one by the capillary suction head of representing with cm, the time reaches the report of sentencing the suction volume composition of gram expression in each certain height.Can calculate cellular glass product suction volume and the corrected capillary absorptive capacity of evaporation loss from these data.Can also calculate the capillary absorption efficiency at certain height place according to the capillary absorptive capacity at 0cm place.In addition, can calculate the initial effectively inhalation rate at 200cm place.

The blank correction suction volume

Blank correction suction volume (g)=blank suction volume (g)-blank time (s) * sample evaporation

(g/hr)/3600(s/hr)

Capillary absorptive capacity (" CSAC ")

CSAC (g)=[sample suction volume (g)-sample time (s) * sample evaporation (g/hr)/3600 (s/hr)-sky

The white suction volume (g) of proofreading and correct]/dry weight (g) of sample

The initial effectively inhalation rate (" IEUR ") at 200cm place

The sample time (s) at CSAC (the g/g)/200cm place at IEUR (g/g/hr)=200cm place

Report

At least to measure twice for each sample, each suction volume of highly locating is averaged, calculate the capillary absorptive capacity (CSAC) of given absorber element or given high surface area material.

Use these data, can calculate each following value:

-Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDHx) is highly located material at this and is discharged its x% 0cm place capacity (being CSAC0), (CSDHx) represents with cm;

-Capillary Sorption Absorption Height (CSAHy) is highly located its y% 0cm place capacity (being CSAC0) of absorbed at this, (CSAHy) represents with cm;

The capillary absorptive capacity (CSACz) at-certain altitude z place, its unit is the g{ fluid }/the g{ material }; 0cm (CSAC0) particularly, 35cm, this value at 40cm equal altitudes place.

The capillary absorption efficiency (CSAEz) at-certain altitude z place is represented with %, i.e. the percentage ratio of the value of CSAC0 and CSACz.

If two kinds of materials combine (for example first kind is used as collection/dispensing materials, and second kind as the fluid storage material), the CSAC value of second kind of material (and each CSAE value that gets therefrom) can be defined as the CSDHx value of first kind of material.

The centrifugal capacity test of tea bag (TCC test)

Though the TCC test is specially superabsorbent material exploitation,, it is easy to be applied on other absorbing material.

The centrifugal capacity test of tea bag is measured the centrifugal capability value of tea bag, the measuring of the liquid that it is in the absorbing material to be kept.

Absorbing material places in " tea bag ", is immersed in the sodium chloride solution of 0.9 weight % 20 minutes, centrifugal then 3 minutes.The liquid weight of holding back is exactly the absorptive capacity of absorbing material with the ratio of the initial weight of drying material.

The solution of sodium chloride in distilled water of 2 liter of 0.9 weight % is poured in the pallet of 24cm * 30cm * 5cm, and the liquid height of packing into should be about 3cm.

The size of tea bag is 6.5cm * 6.5cm, can be from Teekanne in D ü sseldorf, and Germany is purchased.This bag is heat sealable, and the kitchen plastic bag sealing device (for example, from the Krups of Germany VACUPACK2 PLUS) of a standard is arranged.

Carefully tea bag is partly cut off, weighed then.Be accurate to+/-the absorbing material sample of about 0.200g of 0.005g places in the tea bag.With heat sealing machine tea bag is sealed, this just is referred to as the sample tea bag.Seal an empty tea bag as blank assay.

Then sample tea bag and empty tea bag are placed on the surface of saline solution, with one spatula are made it submergence and make its moistening fully (tea bag will swim on the saline solution, but subsequently will be moistening fully) about 5 seconds.Start timer immediately.

After 20 minutes the soak time, sample tea bag and empty tea bag removed from saline solution be placed on Bauknecht WSl30, in Bosch772 NZK096 or the centrifuge (diameter is 230mm) that is equal to, each bag all is attached on the outer wall of centrifugal basket.Shut centrifuge cup, start centrifuge, speed rapidly increases to 1400rpm.In case the velocity-stabilization of centrifuge at 1400rpm, starts timer.After 3 minutes, turn off centrifuge.

Taking off sample tea bag and empty tea bag also weighs separately.

Calculate the centrifugal capacity of tea bag (TCC) of absorbing material sample according to following formula:

The centrifugal back of TCC=[(sample tea bag weight)-(the empty tea bag weight in centrifugal back)-(exsiccant absorbing material weight)]/(exsiccant absorbing material weight)

Can measure the specific part of structure or whole absorbent item, for example, " part " dissectd, that is, the part of observation structure or whole articles for use, thus determining on the longitudinal axis of these articles for use that the whole width that stride across articles for use on the point cut.Specifically, " crotch portion " as defined above allows to measure " crotch portion district's capacity ".Can use other to dissect and measure " basic capacity " (being the interior contained capacity of unit are of the specific region of articles for use).(preferred 2cm * 2cm), averaged-obviously, size is more little, and meansigma methods is more little according to the size of unit are.

Final storage volume

In order to determine or estimate the final design storage volume of absorbent item, many methods have been proposed.

In the present invention, the final storage volume of supposing articles for use is the summation of the final storage volume of each assembly or material.For these single ingredients, can use the technology of many different fine foundation, as long as in whole contrast, as one man use these technology.For example, for super-absorbent polymer (SAP) is developed and the centrifugal capacity of tea bag of fine foundation can be used for such SAP material, but also can be used for other material (seeing upper part).

In case the capacity of known various materials, (unit: ml/g) weight that multiply by various materials used in the articles for use just can calculate the capacity of whole articles for use with these values.

For materials with function with the special use that is different from final store fluid, collecting layer etc. for example, can ignore final storage volume, this or owing to compare such material with the final fluid storage material of special use low-down capability value in fact only arranged, or because these materials are not prepared carry fluid, therefore should be in other final storage material with its release of fluid.

Density/caliper/quantitative mensuration

For example the sample of the qualification area that will be cut into the sample cutting knife is weighed, and degree of accuracy is 0.1% at least.Be that the pressure of using 550Pa (0.08psi) on the test area of 50mm carries out thickness measurement at diameter.Can be easy to calculate quantitatively, i.e. weight on the per unit area is with g/m ²Expression with the thickness that the millimeter under the @550Pa pressure is represented, is used g/cm ³The density of expression.

Claims (48)

1, a kind of fluid treatment element, this element has 50% the Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDH 50) that its 0cm highly locates capacity, also have 100% the permeability k (50) of Test Liquid Permeability of Core k (100) and 50% when saturated when saturated, it is characterized in that the CSDH50 value is approximately less than 150 centimetres, the value that also is k (100) is greater than about 1 darcy, and the value of k (50) is the about more than 14% of k (100) value.

2, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 1, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 2 darcies.

3, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 1, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 8 darcies.

4, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 1, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 100 darcies.

5, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 1 to 4, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 18% of k (100).

6, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 5, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 25% of k (100).

7, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 6, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 35% of k (100).

8, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 1 to 7, wherein element its saturation 30% under permeability k (30) be the about more than 3.5% of k (100).

9, fluid treatment element according to Claim 8, wherein the k of element (30) value is the about more than 5% of k (100).

10, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 9, wherein the k of element (30) value is the about more than 10% of k (100).

11, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 1 to 10, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 100cm.

12, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 11, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 75cm.

13, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 12, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 50cm.

14, a kind of fluid treatment element, this element has Capillary Sorption Desorption Height (CSDH50), also have 100% the permeability k (50) of permeability k (100) and 50% when saturated when saturated, it is characterized in that the CSDH50 value is approximately less than 150 centimetres, also be in 100% the value of permeability k (100) under saturated greater than about 1 darcy, in 50% the value of permeability k (50) under saturated is the about more than 14% of k (100) value, is that also the flux under 15 centimetres of measure wicking heights is at least 0.045 gram/square centimeter/second in vertical wicking test as herein described.

15, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 14, its flux under 15 centimetres of measure wicking heights is at least 0.06 gram/square centimeter/second.

16, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 14, its flux under 15 centimetres of measure wicking heights is at least 0.1 gram/square centimeter/second.

17, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 14, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 2 darcies.

18, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 14, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 8 darcies.

19, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 14, wherein the k of element (100) value is greater than about 100 darcies.

20, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 14 to 19, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 18% of k (100).

21, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 20, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 25% of k (100).

22, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 20, wherein the k of element (50) value is the about more than 35% of k (100).

23, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 14 to 22, wherein element its saturation 30% under permeability k (30) be the about more than 3.5% of k (100).

24, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 23, wherein the k of element (30) value is the about more than 5% of k (100).

25, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 23, wherein the k of element (30) value is the about more than 10% of k (100).

26, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 14 to 25, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 100cm.

27, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 14 to 26, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 75cm.

28, according to each fluid treatment element in the claim 14 to 27, wherein the CSDH50 value of element is less than about 50cm.

29, according to each fluid treatment element in the aforementioned claim, its feature also is hydrophilic, the flexible polymer foam structure that it comprises the perforate that interconnects.

30, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 29, its feature is that also this element expands when moistening.

31, according to the fluid treatment element of claim 29, wherein this element will subside when losing liquid again.

32, according to each fluid treatment element of claim 29 to 31, its capillary is subsided pressure at least about 15 centimetres.

33, according to each fluid treatment element of claim 29 to 32, its free absorptive capacity is at least about 15 gram/grams.

34, a kind of absorbent item, it comprises according to each fluid treatment element in the aforementioned claim, and these articles for use contain first fluid storage district with described fluid treatment element fluid communication in addition.

35, according to the absorbent item of claim 34, it further contains at least one second fluid storage district, wherein said two fluid storage districts and described fluid treatment element fluid communication.

36, according to the absorbent item of claim 34 or 35, wherein at least one described fluid storage district contain its heap(ed) capacity 50% under Capillary Sorption Absorption Height (CSAH50) at least about 40 centimetres material.

37, according to the absorbent item of claim 34, its feature is that also these articles for use comprise at least 80% final fluid storage material of final total storage volume that absorbent cores is provided.

38, according to the absorbent item of claim 34, its feature is that also these articles for use comprise at least 90% final fluid storage material of final total storage volume that absorbent cores is provided.

39, a kind of absorbent item that comprises absorbent cores, described absorbent cores comprises a crotch portion district and one or more waist area, the final fluid storage capacity that the described one or more waist areas of final fluid storage Capacity Ratio in wherein said crotch portion district are added up is low, and wherein said crotch portion district contains in the with good grounds claim 1 to 33 each fluid treatment element.

40, according to the absorbent item of claim 39, the final fluid storage basic capacity in wherein said crotch portion district is average final below 0.9 times of fluid storage basic capacity of absorbent cores.

41, according to the absorbent item of claim 40, the final fluid storage basic capacity in wherein said crotch portion district is average final below 0.5 times of fluid storage basic capacity of absorbent cores.

42, according to the absorbent item of claim 41, the final fluid storage basic capacity in wherein said crotch portion district is average final below 0.3 times of fluid storage basic capacity of absorbent cores.

43, according to the absorbent item of claim 39, the final fluid storage capacity of cross section in wherein said crotch portion district is below 49% of final fluid storage capacity of whole core.

44, according to the absorbent item of claim 39, the final fluid storage capacity of cross section in wherein said crotch portion district is below 41% of final fluid storage capacity of whole core.

45, according to the absorbent item of claim 39, the final fluid storage capacity of cross section in wherein said crotch portion district is below 23% of final fluid storage capacity of whole core.

46,, be further characterized in that the described crotch portion district of at least 50% area does not have final storage volume substantially according to each absorbent item in the claim 39 to 45.

47, according to each absorbent item in the claim 39 to 46, be further characterized in that less than 50% described final storage volume crotch portion district to distribute forward, be distributed in the latter half of these articles for use greater than 50% described final storage volume from the first half of these articles for use.

48, according to the absorbent item of claim 47, wherein distribute forward less than 33% described final storage volume crotch portion district from the first half of these articles for use, be distributed in the latter half of these articles for use greater than 67% described final storage volume.

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