CN1250426A - 利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备 - Google Patents
利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备。该设备包括:由阳光热力接受器(2)和热交换器(6,6’)组成的封闭回路,回路中循环着一种传热介质;可以注入待处理海水或微咸水的水箱(11),其中热交换器(6,6’)可以加热或蒸发海水或微咸水;位于水箱(11)上方用于冷凝升腾的蒸汽的冷却面(3);还有一些位于冷却面部分区域下面,用于接收冷凝水集水器(13)。阳光接受器(2)安装在冷却面(3)上方并与之保持一定间隔,遮蔽着冷却面。该冷却面(3)由导热材料制成。此外,环境空气能够在冷却面(3)与阳光接受器(2)之间的间隔中循环。
Description
本发明涉及一种利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备,其组成包括:
封闭回路,由阳光热力接受器和热交换器组成,回路中循环着一种传热介质;
水箱,可以注入待处理海水或微咸水,水箱中安装的热交换器可以加热或蒸发海水或微咸水;
冷却面,位于水箱上方,用于冷凝升腾的蒸汽;
一些集水器,位于冷却面部分区域下面,用于收集冷凝水。
众所周知,在地中海一些岛上以及其它一些地区存在着饮用水缺乏的问题。目前,这个问题的解决方法是从大陆运送饮用水,或采取各种消耗能源的方式(比如,用反渗透压法使海水淡化)。另一种传统方法是利用阳光直接加热水箱中的海水,具体说来是通过一块玻璃圆盘或一张透明薄膜,玻璃或透明薄膜也可以兼作盖子,蒸发和接收冷凝水都可以用这同一块玻璃盖来完成。美国专利4235679和美国专利4343683,美国专利4525242和德国专利4321192介绍了这种淡化工艺的最新情况。
这些传统的做法不是需要大量的能源,就是效率极低-包括一些运用太阳能的方法-因为就此已知的结构而言,一方面,这个由阳光加热的盖子(玻璃圆盘)同时还起着冷却面的作用,另一方面,蒸发水大量流失。此外,由于这些方法都存在容量有限的问题,因而往往难以满足需求。
本发明确定的目标是提供一种工作效率比已知方法高得多、空间要求也最小的海水或微咸水淡化或净化设备。
为了实现这个目标,可以使用引言中提到的一种设备,其特征在于:
阳光接受器安装于冷却面上方并保留一定间隔,遮蔽冷却面;
冷却面由导热材料制成;
冷却面与阳光接受器之间的间隔便于环境空气侧向流动。
阳光接受器与冷却面一上一下的安装方式所造成空间方面的增加,还可以同时用于遮蔽和冷却冷却面,其中穿过阳光接受器与冷却面之间的间隔的自由气流大大加强了对冷却面的冷却。与已知的结构相比,本发明设备在占地面积相同的条件下,工作效率要高得多。
本发明诸设备中一个最佳实例是其阳光接受器相对于水平方向呈倾斜状,在这种实例中,规定冷却面的倾斜度必须大于接受器的倾斜度,以便上述间隔向上逐渐变小,呈喷嘴状。在上述间隔中的空气循环由此得到大大加强,这一点在下文中有详细说明。
最好规定水箱与冷却面之间的空间完全封闭,并且能够借助真空泵而成为负压,以促进蒸发。
在另一个实例中,冷却面从垂直截面看呈瓦楞状,集水器设计为一些位于瓦楞状沟槽下一定距离处的集水沟,或精细连续的蒙网。
特别是,最好水箱的垂直截面向下逐渐变小呈楔形。这种锥形结构可以使每次海水或微咸水流入水箱时,产生循环运动,可促进残余物在水箱底部沉淀。
最好在水箱底部安装一个通向一个槽链式输送器的螺旋输送器,用于排出残余物,如盐水或类似物质。
如果设备专门用于海水淡化,那么本发明另有一个最佳实施例的组成包括一个基本与海面同高的水箱,水箱由连接管道连接到大海,海水在高潮时通过接管流入,在低潮时排干。因此,可以利用低潮和高潮给水箱建立一个自动间歇式注水循环***。
另外,也可以通过一个与接管相连的给水泵从海里或微咸水蓄水池-如海边水井-里给水箱注水。
基于本设备的高效率,在本发明的另一个实施例中,可以在阳光接受器和热交换器之间的封闭回路中串连使冷却室工作的吸收器和驱动发电机的汽轮机,在太阳辐射微弱时,最好通过旁通回路跨越它们。
此外,还可以安装一些光电池板,以电力驱动本设备的各给水装置实施使整个设备能够独立运转。
根据本发明另一个特别优异的实施例,该设备的接管在通向水箱之前由另一个热交换器引导,该热交换器与冷却面构成热传导关系。在这种情况下,由于待处理海水或微咸水的初始温度较低,冷却面可得到更强的冷却,同时,海水或微咸水可以得到预加热,从而可进一步增强本设备的效率。
现在,利用下列各图所示的实例对本发明进行了更为具体地说明。在这些图示中:
图1是本发明设备的局部剖开的前视图;
图2是沿图1中B-B线截取的图1中设备的水平截面图;
图3是图1中A-A线截取的图1中设备的垂直截面图;
图4是冷却面的局部横截面图,对应于图3中X处。
图5是与图3相似的、本设备第二个实例的垂直截面图。
图6是图5所示设备中传热介质回路的框图。
图1-4所示是本发明设备的第一实施例,特别是其变型中串联了一个运转冷却室15的吸收器5。阳光热力接受器2将封闭回路内专门用于这种变型的一种传输介质(如一种矿物油)加热至约200℃。传输介质被送到一个吸收器5内,吸收器确保冷却室里致冷。传输介质在吸收器5内经过能量释放冷却至约90℃至100℃,然后被送到位于注满海水的水箱11的下半部的热交换器6内。传输介质在热交换器6内经过温度平衡进一步冷却至水箱内水的温度,对于新海水通过与大海相连的接管4注入水箱11的情况,大约为20℃;而在中断给水后经温度平衡又被加热至约60℃至70℃。此时,一个真空泵或循环泵7确保回路封闭,使冷却了的传输介质在阳光热力接受器内再次循环。
海水箱11内的海水经过持续加热后蒸发。充满(饱和)蒸发淡水的空气层通过不锈金属(如铝)制成的瓦楞状冷却面3,根据热空气较轻而上升的原理,通过自然对流而达到冷凝。收集冷凝水形成微水滴,它们流入瓦楞槽,然后因冷却面上的倾斜的瓦楞(见图4中X处)而下落。这些微水滴被塑料集水器13收集起来(集水器采用塑料制造是为了防止锈蚀,因为冷凝水中含有大量的氧),然后通过水沟流入相邻的淡水箱12里。
由于水箱11中海水持续蒸发,里面残留的海水中饱含着盐分,几天后就在水箱11的底部形成盐水8。按照要求,必须定期清除这种盐水8(比如可以在高潮阶段清除,这样,盐水清除后产生的自由空间可以重新注水)。安装在海水箱11底部的螺旋输送机9将盐水8输送到安装于海水箱11侧面的槽链式输送机10内,带滴水装置的槽链式输送机10再把盐水输送到一表面上,在那里用一些较小的平盘状容器(图中未显示)将盐水敞开式贮存、凉干。因此,本设备工作时可以作为副产品生产出可在自由市场上销售的盐。
水箱11呈锥状结构,所以,每次供给海水时,海水的注入在水箱内的水中产生一个循环运动,用以净化或收集水箱底部的盐水8。按照要求,海水箱11应为固定尺寸,其高度a和宽度b的比值经试验后由经验确定。
连接水箱11和海的接管4的一端水平地连接在水箱内侧倾斜面上。接管的另一端在距离海岸线至少200厘米处向下弯折***海里,而且至少有50厘米始终(即使在***间海面位于最低点的时候)浸没在水里。一方面可以避开漂浮的沉淀物,另一方面可以防止沙子进入海水箱。给水箱11内注入海水的过程是“自动的”。当高潮达到接管4水平延伸部分的下部管边时,注水开始,当低潮达到接管4水平延伸部分相同的管边时,注水结束,此时,空气从海水箱11一侧进入接管4内,虹吸作用中断。海水供给中断很有必要,可以使水箱11内的水达到或长期保持蒸发所必需的温度。由于较暖的水层位于水面上,它们在每次供给新水期间易被冷却,故缩短或中断蒸发过程。接管4与大海的连接部的开口前安装细网,使鱼类游不进水箱11内。此外,接管上装有一个停止阀14,可以在冬季和太阳射线最弱时中断海水供给,彻底清除水箱和机器设备中在较高温度下形成的各种海洋微生物以及其它沉淀物。
选择阳光热力接受器2相对于冷却面3的安装位置,最好使它面向西方(地中海地区)。阳光接受器2必须起到防护冷却面3的作用,上面应当可以走人,底部须有很强的保温性能。阳光接受器2与冷却面3之间的空间须全面敞开,以便任何方向来的风都可以容易地吹到冷却面3上。为了使阳光接受器2与冷却面3之间即使在风停止时也能产生空气流,必须使它们之间的间隔呈楔形或喷嘴形。在冷却面上边,即喷嘴最窄之处,空气受热较强,加上其楔形形状,因而这里能产生速度较高的空气流。由此产生一个更快的空气循环,其结果是新鲜空气不断供给,可达到更好的冷却效果。阳光接受器表面有一定尺寸,以保证永远为冷却面提供遮蔽。
图5和图6显示的是该设备的第二个实施例,这种变型串联了一个用于驱动发电机16的附加汽轮机5'。阳光热力接受器将封闭回路内用作传输介质的专用冷却剂(如溴化锂水溶液)加热至200℃,产生40巴的压力。传输介质被送到一个驱动发电机16的汽轮机5'内。传热介质在汽轮机内经过能量释放冷却至90℃至100℃,然后被送到位于装满海水的水箱11内、用作热交换器的真空冷却器6'里。传输介质在冷却器6'内经过温度平衡冷却至水箱中水的温度,之后,经真空泵7压力进入冷却器15'。冷却了的传输介质从那里返回到阳光热力接受器2中,从而封闭循环。
图5和图6中所示实施例示出另一种给水箱11注水的方法。借助于连接在接管4上的给水泵14',从大海、海边水井14″、或沼泽等海水或微咸水供水处经接管4给水箱11注水。最好让给水泵14'间歇性工作,以保证分批地给水箱11注水。
可利用待处理海水或微咸水的初始低温来预冷却冷却面3或预加热待处理水。为达到此目的,如图5所示,接管4可被导向通过另一个热交换器17,该热交换器与冷却面3之间成传热关系。比如,它位于冷却面下面,在冷却面3与集水器13之间。
所有的类型都能够在冬季或晚上进行淡水生产。在诸如太阳辐射微弱的时候,借助于电子控制,传输介质可通过旁通回路越过吸收器5或汽轮机5',直接进入位于水箱11内的热交换器6,6'中,这样,即使传输介质加热弱,仍有足够的能量较长时间地对水箱11中的海水进行加热,使之蒸发,即生产出淡水。甚至在夜间也是可以进行淡水生产,这是因为,白天被加热的海水可以冷凝到温差30℃的范围,由于在晚间环境温度同时下降,使冷却面3得到更强的冷却。
当然也可以既不接通吸收器5也不接通汽轮机5',即,封闭的热介质传输回路只包括阳光接受器2、热交换器6和循环泵7。
水箱11和冷却面3之间的空间最好完全封闭,并且能够通过真空泵12'成为负压力。该真空泵12'同时可以是能从集水器13的各集水沟槽中抽吸冷凝水,再传送到淡水箱12里的任何泵。
本设备中还装有一些光电集电器1,它们可以利用太阳能产生电流,用于循环泵7、真空泵12'、给水泵14'和整体控制设备的运转,从而使***在能源方面得以自立。
Claims (12)
1.一种利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备,其组成包括:
封闭回路,包括阳光热力接受器(2)和热交换器(6,6'),回路中循环着一种传热介质;
水箱(11),可以注入待处理海水或微咸水,水箱(11)中安装的热交换器用于加热和蒸发海水或微咸水;
冷却面(3),位于水箱上方,用于冷凝升腾的蒸汽;
一些集水器(13),位于冷却面部分区域下面,用于接收冷凝水;
其特征在于:
阳光接受器(2)位于冷却面(3)上方一定距离处,与冷却面(3)成遮蔽关系;
冷却面(3)由导热材料制成;
冷却面(3)和阳光接受器(2)之间的间隔便于环境空气侧向流动。
2.如权利要求1所述设备,其阳光接受器(2)相对于水平方向呈倾斜状,其特征在于,冷却面(3)的倾斜度大于阳光接受器(2),使上述间隔向上逐渐变小,呈喷嘴状。
3.如权利要求1或2所述设备,其特征在于,水箱(11)和冷却面(3)之间的空间是全封闭的,并且能够通过一个真空泵(12')置于负压力之下。
4.如权利要求1至3之一所述设备,其特征在于,从垂直截面看,冷却面(3)状如瓦楞,集水器(13)设计为一些位于瓦楞槽下方一定距离处的集水沟,或精细连续的蒙网。
5.如权利要求1至4之一所述设备,其特征在于,从垂直截面看,水箱(11)向下逐渐变小,呈楔状。
6.如权利要求1至5之一所述设备,其特征在于,水箱(11)底部安装有螺旋输送机(9),螺旋输送机(9)通向一个槽链式输送机(10),用于清除残余物(8),如盐水或类似物质。
7.如权利要求1至6之一所述海水淡化设备,其特征在于,水箱(11)基本与海平面同高,由接管(4)连接到大海,海水在高潮时通过接管(4)流入,在低潮时流干。
8.如权利要求1至6之一所述设备,其特征在于,通过与接管(4)相连的给水泵(14'),从大海或微咸水蓄水池-例如海边水井(14″)-中向水箱(11)注水。
9.如权利要求1至8之一所述设备,其特征在于,在阳光接受器(2)和热交换器(3)之间的封闭回路内,串联着使冷却室(15)工作的吸收器(5)或驱动发电机(16)的汽轮机(5')。
10.如权利要求9所述设备,其特征在于,在太阳辐射微弱时,可以借助旁通回路跨过吸收器(5)或汽轮机(5')。
11.如权利要求1至10之一所述设备,其特征在于,安装有一些光电池板(1),用于驱动本设备的诸给水装置,如真空泵(12')、给水泵(14')和用于封闭回路的循环泵(7),等等。
12.如权利要求1至11之一所述设备,其特征在于,连接管(4)在开通之前,由另一个热交换器(17)导入水箱(11),该热交换器(17)与冷却面(3)成导热关系。
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ATA417/97 | 1997-03-11 | ||
ATA417/1997 | 1997-03-11 | ||
AT0041797A AT404467B (de) | 1997-03-11 | 1997-03-11 | Methode der wasserverdunstung durch verdampfung aus sonnenenergie |
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CN1250426A true CN1250426A (zh) | 2000-04-12 |
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CN98803272A Expired - Fee Related CN1108993C (zh) | 1997-03-11 | 1998-03-10 | 利用太阳能淡化或净化海水或微咸水的设备 |
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US (1) | US6165326A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0970018B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2001514573A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1108993C (zh) |
AT (2) | AT404467B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU728428B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2282507A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE59800965D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2158668T3 (zh) |
GR (1) | GR3036708T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1026191A1 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL131714A0 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT970018E (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1998040313A1 (zh) |
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- 1998-03-10 ES ES98907748T patent/ES2158668T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-10 AT AT98907748T patent/ATE202766T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-03-10 CA CA002282507A patent/CA2282507A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-03-10 DE DE59800965T patent/DE59800965D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-10 JP JP53896198A patent/JP2001514573A/ja active Pending
- 1998-03-10 CN CN98803272A patent/CN1108993C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2011085669A1 (zh) * | 2010-01-15 | 2011-07-21 | 北京航空航天大学 | 低温热能驱动负压蒸发水溶液蒸馏分离装置和获得蒸馏水的方法 |
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CN105152251A (zh) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-12-16 | 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 | 一种蒸馏水制备装置及方法 |
CN106855330A (zh) * | 2017-01-04 | 2017-06-16 | 国网辽宁省电力有限公司本溪供电公司 | 适用于发电厂换热及净化的过滤方法 |
CN106855330B (zh) * | 2017-01-04 | 2020-01-31 | 国网辽宁省电力有限公司本溪供电公司 | 适用于发电厂换热及净化的过滤方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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PT970018E (pt) | 2001-12-28 |
ATE202766T1 (de) | 2001-07-15 |
ES2158668T3 (es) | 2001-09-01 |
AU728428B2 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
CA2282507A1 (en) | 1998-09-17 |
CN1108993C (zh) | 2003-05-21 |
WO1998040313A1 (de) | 1998-09-17 |
GR3036708T3 (en) | 2001-12-31 |
EP0970018B1 (de) | 2001-07-04 |
HK1026191A1 (en) | 2000-12-08 |
JP2001514573A (ja) | 2001-09-11 |
AU6601998A (en) | 1998-09-29 |
IL131714A0 (en) | 2001-03-19 |
ATA41797A (de) | 1998-04-15 |
EP0970018A1 (de) | 2000-01-12 |
AT404467B (de) | 1998-11-25 |
US6165326A (en) | 2000-12-26 |
DE59800965D1 (de) | 2001-08-09 |
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