CN1246775A - Controller for sweating electrode - Google Patents

Abstract

A controller for the sweating electrode features that the heating electrode is designed to be sweating electrode made of air-permeable, porous and electrically conducting material for effectively controlling the ablation to electrode. On the basis of air sweating digital model, a distributed parameter computer control system, is created to realize the automatic control of closed loop and have the characteristics of unidirectional approximation and solving the reversal problems. The control mechanism is a binary perforated plate-valve combination, so making the control parameter change continuously. With the present invention, the energy utilization rate of said controller can be increased by ablout one time.

Description

Controller for sweating electrode

The present invention relates to a kind of controller for sweating electrode of the sweating electrode of making by the gas permeability porous material.

The electrode of present arc heating equipment is that the convection current cooling of water makes the electrode cooling, so that reach the purpose that prevents that electrode from burning rapidly.Electrode is the core component of electric arc, and the entrained energy of cooling water is about half of the whole energy of input arc heating device, and a large amount of heat energy then wastes after entering cooling bay.The exploration of more than ten years has been carried out in the theoretical research of Transpiration Cooling Control burn-out proof.Confirm the effectively temperature of control structure of sweating cooling from multiple angles, and can effectively control the ablation of generating surface.Obtain following result through mathematical simulation: the electrode of water convection current cooling exists

The time, hull-skin temperature is up to 7700K, and internal surface temperature is up to 6200K.This moment, the heat that water convection current cooling is taken away when arriving inner surface was very limited because the heat of outer surface will in layer pass inwards by structure.Yet when diaphoretic was flowed through structure sheaf, the heat of taking away will be easy to many.Therefore, Transpiration Cooling Control can make the temperature of structure sheaf reduce greatly.To same flow

With the cooling agent of same initial temperature (77 ° of k), the sweating cooling can make the thermosphere hull-skin temperature near 900K, and inner surface is made comparisons above-mentioned two groups of data near 880K, and the thermosphere temperature of sweating control is well below the thermosphere temperature of water convection current cooling.So be sure of the value of Transpiration Cooling Control solar heat protection.Mathematical Modeling is as follows: $\frac{\∂T}{\∂t}=\mathrm{\α}\frac{{\∂}^{2}T}{\∂y^2}+\mathrm{\β}\frac{\∂T}{\∂y}+\frac{c_{\mathrm{pL}}T}{{\mathrm{\ρ}}_z{c}_p}\frac{{\∂M}_L}{\∂y}+s\frac{l-y}{l-s}\frac{\∂T}{\∂y},y\∈(s,l)$ $\frac{\∂P}{\∂t}=A(P,U)\frac{{\∂}^{2}P}{\∂y^2}+B(P,U)\frac{\∂P}{\∂y}+C(P,U)$ ${\mathrm{\ρ}}_{z}L\stackrel{.}{s}\left(t\right)-K\frac{\∂T}{\∂y}=\mathrm{\ψ}\left(M_L(s,t)\right)\·q\left(t\right),P(s,t)=P_0$ $-k\frac{\∂T}{\∂y}=M_L(l,t)(\mathrm{\Δ}{h}_N-{\mathrm{\Δh}}_C),P(l,t)=P_1\left(t\right)$ $A(P,U)=\frac{\mathrm{\σP}}{\mathrm{\Φ\μ}\left(U\right)}$ $B(P,U)=\frac{\mathrm{\σP}}{\mathrm{\Φ\μ}\left(U\right)}(\frac{\∂\ln P}{\∂y}-\frac{\∂\ln \left(\mathrm{RU}\right)}{\∂y}-\frac{\∂\ln \mathrm{\μ}\left(U\right)}{\∂y})---\left(1\right)$ $C(P,U)=P\frac{\∂\ln \left(\mathrm{RU}\right)}{\∂t}$ $M_L=\frac{\mathrm{\σP}}{\mathrm{RU\μ}\left(U\right)}\frac{\∂P}{\∂y}$ $U\left(t\right)=\left[\begin{array}{c}{U}_1\\ U_2\\ .\\ .\\ .\\ U_n\end{array}\right]={\∫}_{\mathrm{\Ω}}T(y,t)\left[\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{\α}}_1\left(y\right)\\ {\mathrm{\α}}_2\left(y\right)\\ .\\ .\\ .\\ {\mathrm{\α}}_n\left(y\right)\end{array}\right]\mathrm{dy}$ T temperature in the formula; P pressure; α=k/ (ρ c _p),

T, y are the independent coordinates of fixed coordinate system; L thermosphere original depth;

Ablated surface speed; S (t) ablation distance;

Diaphoretic second flow amount.

Heat of ablation; The ψ blockage factor; Δ h _N, Δ h _cBe respectively interior cooling agent thermal capacitance of tank and inwall thermal capacitance at the interface. If point measurement has α _i(y)=δ (y-y _i).

The R gas constant.ρ _z, c _pBe respectively the density and the specific heat of porous material; c _PLBe diaphoretic specific heat.σ, Φ, μ (U), U are respectively permeability, porosity, viscosity coefficient and sample temperature.

The purpose of this invention is to provide and a kind ofly make by the gas permeability porous material, and the controller for sweating electrode that energy utilization efficiency is improved.

For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:

A kind of controller for sweating electrode, this device by preceding electrode 6, rear electrode 5, insulator 9, compression arc 10, revolve air chamber 11, high-intensity magnetic field coil 12 and test section 13 etc. and form, wherein, insulated with insulator 9 between rear electrode 5 and the preceding electrode 6.Front and back two electrodes are made with the gas permeability porous material; Diaphoretic 1 and diaphoretic 2 can record cavity pressure P after entering the cavity of rear electrode 5 ₁Before entering, diaphoretic 3 and diaphoretic 4 can record cavity pressure P after the electrode cavity ₂P ₁And P ₂Two-way Control Parameter for computer; Work as pressure P ₁And pressure P ₂Pressure P greater than test section 13 places ₀The time, diaphoretic 1,2 and diaphoretic 3,4 flow to test section with regard to seepage flow by rear electrode 5 and preceding electrode 6.After current electrode 6 and rear electrode 5 energized, just produce discharge between two electrodes of front and back, discharge causes the inflow primary air air to air 7 and air 8 to produce ionization.The serious ablation of two electrodes before and after electrical discharge arc and thermal dissociation gas can cause simultaneously.Yet front and back two electrodes can be effectively controlled the ablation of electrode by the diaphoretic of seepage flow.Simultaneously, primary air air 7 and air 8 are the tangential inflows at circumference, and thermal dissociation gas and cold air are fully mixed revolving air chamber; Outside preceding electrode area, increase the high-intensity magnetic field coil again, make charged thermal ionization air rotate mixing once more.On the electrode of front and back, bury temperature sensor and ablation sensor underground, placed pressure sensor in the cavity between electrode and the shell.

The method of controlling above-mentioned sweating electrode is as follows:

(1) sampled signal of temperature sensor and ablation sensor is sent through change, passs on to computer.And in the diaphoretic cavity of preceding electrode the setting pressure transducer, it feeds back to computer as Control Parameter, when above-mentioned two kinds of parameters as calculated after the computing of machine Control Software, if the sweating electrode surface is in the ablation state, computer can send the instruction that improves pressure parameter; This moment, controlling organization was opened valve immediately; Open the size of valve combination number and determine (this curve changes with the different of porosity) with the trial curve of pressure dependence by the valve combination of controlling organization; So the ablation of electrode surface is controlled;

(2) the sensor can provide sample temperature T ₁With Control Parameter P ₁(or P ₂) value.At first determine target temperature T ₀Value, and initial Control Parameter selects higher value, promptly all open valve so that under the Fast Heating condition test specimen be in a safe condition.To the pressure and temperature sampling, as sample temperature T ₁Less than target temperature T ₀The time, must reduce Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander valve-off; But valve closing to what degree must be determined by the Control Software operation result.As sample temperature T ₁Greater than target temperature T ₀The time, must improve Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander opens valve.

Above-mentioned pressure P and temperature T are the Solving Coupled state.In the diaphoretic flow process, just arrived the diaphoretic pressure P at gas permeability porous material place ₁Approach with the progression functional form.Switch by the gas circuit valve makes the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Approach with the progression functional form.Switch by the gas circuit valve makes the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Be in the state of to adjust; Make pressure P and Control Parameter P ₁Connect at the inner boundary place; The temperature T of boundary outside _iBe sample temperature, also claim feedback control parameters.Target temperature is the ablation temperature T of electrode ₀When sample temperature during greater than ablation temperature, the computer indication improves the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Value, promptly open valve; When sample temperature during less than ablation temperature, the computer indication reduces the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Value, promptly close minor valve.Another characteristics be the folk prescription of never ablating to approaching target temperature: promptly as given Control Parameter P ₁The time, carry out the surface temperature T that the Solving Coupled of pressure P and temperature T obtains _WIn case greater than T ₀The time will SC, should strengthen Control Parameter P this moment ₁Value; The amplitude that strengthens be (a pressure P at this moment ₁+ (preceding quarter pressure P ₁-pressure P this moment ₁) * 0.618), carries out the Solving Coupled of pressure P and temperature T again; If the surface temperature T that obtains _WStill greater than T ₀The time, repeat said process; This process is last in case T occurs _WLess than T ₀, control system will be approached equilibrium state, and whole system is in closed-loop path control.The core of described controlling organization is the composite type of valve and orifice plate, it promptly in each control along separate routes the corresponding orifice plate of a valve, generally be divided into eight shunt in control loop, the orifice plate area from the 1-8 shunt is a binary combination, promptly is followed successively by 2 ⁰, 2 ¹, 2 ², 2 ³, 2 ⁴, 2 ⁵, 2 ⁶, 2 ⁷It can make Control Parameter near changing continuously.

Compared with prior art, the present invention has following advantage:

1. the stationary point sweating burn-out proof experimental study of 3000 kilocalories of the enthalpy under flying condition; Confirmed that sweating can make the high-speed aircraft stationary point not occur ablating;

2. the nitrogen sweating electrode model burn-out proof experimental study of stainless steel gas permeable electrode under electric current 100A, voltage 300V condition; Confirm that nitrogen sweating under these conditions can prevent the ablation of sparking electrode;

3. stainless steel and copper gas permeable electrode be at electric current 5000A, the nitrogen sweating electrode model burn-out proof experimental study under the voltage 5500V condition; Can make sparking electrode not occur ablating or few the ablation in abominable discharge environment therapeutic method to keep the adverse qi flowing downward sweating like this.More than three experimental studies all confirmed sweating effectively control electrode ablate.

Describe the features and advantages of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.

Fig. 1 is the sweating electrode closed-loop path control schematic diagram of controller for sweating electrode;

Fig. 2 is a closed-loop path Transpiration Cooling Control theory diagram shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 is the closed-loop path control schematic diagram of controller for sweating electrode.Insulated with insulator 9 between rear electrode 5 and the preceding electrode 6.Front and back two electrodes are made with the gas permeability porous material; Diaphoretic 1 and diaphoretic 2 can record cavity pressure P after entering the cavity of rear electrode 5 ₁Before entering, diaphoretic 3 and diaphoretic 4 can record cavity pressure P after the electrode cavity ₂P ₁And P ₂Two-way Control Parameter for computer; Work as pressure P ₁And pressure P ₂Pressure P greater than test section 13 places ₀The time, diaphoretic 1,2 and diaphoretic 3,4 flow to test section with regard to seepage flow by rear electrode 5 and preceding electrode 6.After current electrode 6 and rear electrode 5 energized, just produce discharge between two electrodes of front and back, discharge causes the inflow primary air air to air 7 and air 8 to produce ionization formation high-temperature gas.The serious ablation of two electrodes before and after electrical discharge arc and thermal dissociation gas can cause simultaneously.Yet front and back two electrodes can be effectively controlled the ablation of electrode by the diaphoretic of seepage flow.Simultaneously, primary air air 7 and air 8 are the tangential inflows at circumference, and thermal dissociation gas and cold air are fully mixed revolving air chamber; Outside preceding electrode area, increase the high-intensity magnetic field coil again, make charged thermal ionization air rotate mixing once more, guarantee that uniform high-temperature gas flows to test specimen, increase the authenticity of test specimen simulated flight.

Bury row's temperature sensor and ablation sensor (ablation sensor is used for monitoring) from front to back in proper order underground in the surface (surface, interior garden) that the discharge of preceding electrode is heated.Their sampled signal is sent through change, passs on to computer.And in the diaphoretic cavity of preceding electrode the setting pressure transducer, it feeds back to computer as Control Parameter.When above-mentioned two kinds of parameters as calculated after the computing of machine Control Software, if the sweating electrode surface is in the ablation state, computer can send the instruction that improves pressure parameter; This moment, controlling organization was opened valve immediately; Open the size of valve combination number and determine (this curve changes with the different of porosity) with the trial curve of pressure dependence by the valve combination of controlling organization; So the ablation of electrode surface is controlled.This is one tunnel closed-loop path control of preceding electrode.Another road is a rear electrode.Bury series of temperature transducer and ablation sensor (ablation sensor is used for monitoring) underground at the discharging surface of rear electrode equally; At cavity place placement force transducer; Make rear electrode also can realize ablation control.

Fig. 2 is wherein one road schematic diagram in preceding electrode and the control of rear electrode two-way closed-loop path.Wherein, label 21 is temperature and ablation sensor, and 22 is pressure sensor, and 23 is liquid nitrogen.Bury temperature sensor and ablation sensor on the electrode underground, placed pressure sensor in the cavity between electrode and the shell.These transducers can provide sample temperature T ₁With Control Parameter P ₁(or P ₂) value.At first determine target temperature T ₀Value, and initial Control Parameter selects higher value, promptly all open valve so that under the Fast Heating condition test specimen be in a safe condition.To the pressure and temperature sampling, as sample temperature T ₁Less than target temperature T ₀The time, must reduce Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander valve-off; But valve closing to what degree must be determined by the Control Software operation result.As sample temperature T ₁In case greater than target temperature T ₀The time, must improve Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander opens valve; But valve open to what degree still must be determined by the Control Software operation result.According to this repeatedly, realize closed-loop path control.

Claims (5)

1, a kind of controller for sweating electrode, by preceding electrode (6), rear electrode (5), insulator (9), compression arc (10), revolve air chamber (11), high-intensity magnetic field coil (12) and test section (13) etc. and form, it is characterized in that, insulated with insulator (9) between rear electrode (5) and the preceding electrode (6), front and back two electrodes are made with the gas permeability porous material; Diaphoretic (1) and diaphoretic (2) can record cavity pressure P after entering the cavity of rear electrode (5) ₁Before entering, diaphoretic (3) and diaphoretic (4) can record cavity pressure P after the electrode cavity ₂P1 and P ₂Two-way Control Parameter for computer; Work as pressure P ₁And pressure P ₂The pressure P of locating greater than test section (13) ₀The time, diaphoretic (1), (2) and diaphoretic (3), (4) flow to test section with regard to seepage flow by rear electrode (5) and preceding electrode (6), after current electrode (6) and rear electrode (5) energized, just between two electrodes of front and back, produce discharge, discharge causes the inflow primary air air to air (7) and air (8) to produce ionization formation high-temperature gas, the serious ablation of two electrodes before and after electrical discharge arc and thermal dissociation gas can cause simultaneously, yet, front and back two electrodes can be effectively controlled the ablation of electrode by the diaphoretic of seepage flow, simultaneously, primary air air (7) and air (8) are the tangential inflows at circumference, and thermal dissociation gas and cold air are fully mixed revolving air chamber; Outside preceding electrode (6) position, increase high-intensity magnetic field coil (12) again, make charged thermal ionization air rotate mixing once more.

2, controller for sweating electrode according to claim 1 is characterized in that, has buried temperature sensor and ablation sensor (21) on the electrode of front and back underground, has placed pressure sensor (22) in the cavity between electrode and the shell.

3, controller for sweating electrode according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the control method of this controller for sweating electrode is as follows:

(1) sampled signal of temperature sensor and ablation sensor is sent through change, passs on to computer; And in the diaphoretic cavity of preceding electrode the setting pressure transducer, it feeds back to computer as Control Parameter, when above-mentioned two kinds of parameters as calculated after the machine control computing, if the sweating electrode surface is in the ablation state, computer sends the instruction that improves pressure parameter; This moment, controlling organization was opened valve immediately; Opening the size of valve combination number is determined by the valve combination of controlling organization and the trial curve of pressure dependence; So the ablation of electrode surface is controlled;

(2) the sensor can provide sample temperature T _IWith Control Parameter P ₁(or P ₂) value, at first determine target temperature T ₀Value, and initial Control Parameter selects higher value, promptly all open valve so that under the Fast Heating condition test specimen be in a safe condition, to the pressure and temperature sampling, as sample temperature T ₁Less than target temperature T ₀The time, must reduce Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander valve-off; As sample temperature T ₁Greater than target temperature T ₀The time, must improve Control Parameter P ₁Value, computer commander opens valve.

4, controller for sweating electrode according to claim 3 is characterized in that, described pressure P and temperature T are the Solving Coupled state, in the diaphoretic flow process, has just arrived the diaphoretic pressure P at gas permeability porous material place ₁Approach with the progression functional form, the switch by the gas circuit valve makes the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Be in the state of to adjust, make pressure P and Control Parameter P ₁Connect at the inner boundary place; The temperature T of boundary outside ₁Be sample temperature, also claim feedback control parameters, target temperature is the ablation temperature T of electrode ₀When sample temperature during greater than ablation temperature, the computer indication improves the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Value, promptly open valve; When sample temperature during less than ablation temperature, the computer indication reduces the Control Parameter pressure P ₁Value, promptly close minor valve; Another feature be the folk prescription of never ablating to approaching target temperature: promptly as given Control Parameter P ₁The time, carry out the surface temperature T that the Solving Coupled of pressure P and temperature T obtains _WIn case greater than T ₀The time should strengthen Control Parameter P ₁Value; The amplitude that strengthens be (a pressure P at this moment ₁+ preceding quarter pressure P ₁-pressure P this moment ₁) * 0.618), carries out the Solving Coupled of pressure P and temperature T again; If the surface temperature T that obtains _WStill greater than T ₀The time, repeat said process; This process is last in case T occurs _WLess than T ₀, control system will be approached equilibrium state, and whole system is in closed-loop path control.

5, the control device of sweating electrode according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, the core of described controlling organization is the composite type of valve and orifice plate, it promptly in each control along separate routes the corresponding orifice plate of a valve, in control loop, be divided into eight shunt, orifice plate area from the 1-8 shunt is a binary combination, promptly is followed successively by 2 ⁰, 2 ¹, 2 ², 2 ³, 2 ⁴, 2 ⁵, 2 ⁶, 2 ⁷It can make Control Parameter near changing continuously.

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