CN1246208A - Switching device including spark gap for switching electrical power - Google Patents
Switching device including spark gap for switching electrical power Download PDFInfo
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- CN1246208A CN1246208A CN97181832A CN97181832A CN1246208A CN 1246208 A CN1246208 A CN 1246208A CN 97181832 A CN97181832 A CN 97181832A CN 97181832 A CN97181832 A CN 97181832A CN 1246208 A CN1246208 A CN 1246208A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/02—Details
- H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
- H02H9/06—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage using spark-gap arresters
Abstract
A device for switching electric power comprises at least one electric switching arrangement (5). This switching arrangement comprises at least one switching element (10a) comprising an electrode gap (24). This gap is convertible between an electrically substantially insulating state and an electrically conducting state. Furthermore, the switching element comprises means (25) for causing or at least initiating the electrode gap or at least a part thereof to assume electrical conductivity. The means (25) for causing or at least initiating the electrode gap to assume conductivity are adapted to supply energy to the electrode gap in the form of radiation energy to bring the gap or at least a part thereof to the form of a plasma by means of this radiation energy.
Description
The present invention relates to according to claim 1 equipment as described in the preamble.Equipment of the present invention can be used to the switch purpose and in any connection of carrying out.The present invention preferably is applied in the place that needs conversion high-power.In fact relating to high pressure connects and the electric power delivery application.The best application of equipment of the present invention is the influence that protection electric power object exempts from fault in the power plant, and described fault mainly refers to electric current, also comprises voltage, though this application is preferred, equipment of the present invention is not limited to this application.In addition, the present invention also comprises the method for object of protection.
The electric power object of being discussed can have characteristic arbitrarily, as long as this object is included in the power network and needs protection to exempt from the influence of the fault relevant with overcurrent, described overcurrent is actual short circuit current.As an example, can point out that object can be made of the power equipment with magnetic circuit, for example generator, transformer or motor.Other object also can be in the discussion, for example power line and cable, power distribution equipment etc.Application of the present invention will be in conjunction with medium and high pressure.According to the IEC standard, middle end finger 1-72.5kv, and high pressure is＞72.5kv.Like this, transmission of electricity, middle pressure transmission and disttrbution level are all included.
In having the existing power plant of this characteristic, the object of discussing in order to protect, people are by means of by providing the conventional circuit breaker (switchgear) of this design of current separation for disconnection.Because this circuit breaker must can disconnect very large electric current and voltage, therefore cause larger capacity design with big inertia, this big inertia was reflected in long opening time.Can point out that desired overcurrent mainly is to occur in and short circuit current during object of protection is connected, for example because fault and the short circuit current that in the electrical insulation system of object of protection, occurs.This fault means that the fault current (short circuit current) of external electrical network/equipment will flow through electric arc.Very serious puncture appears in the result who is caused.Can point out that for the power network of Sweden, measuring of short circuit current/fault current is 63kA.In fact, short circuit current can equal 40-50kA.
The problem of described circuit breaker is that its opening time is long.Realize that measure (IEC standard) opening time that disconnects fully is 150 milliseconds (ms).With being reduced to this opening time less than 50-130ms (deciding according to actual conditions) is very difficult.Its consequence is exactly when existing fault in the object of protection, and very big electric current will flow through same target in starting the required All Time of circuit breaker disconnection.During this period of time, whole fault currents of external power net are rolled on the object of protection sizable load.Damage and puncture fully for fear of object of protection, according to prior art, people object has been constructed make its can bear circuit breaker in opening time short circuit current/fault current and significantly do not damage.Can point out that the short circuit current in the object of protection (fault current) is made up of to the influence of fault current with by the extra current that electrical network/equipment sends object itself.Object itself is not subjected to the influence of circuit breaker function to the influence of fault current, but electrical network/equipment depends on the operation of circuit breaker to the influence of fault current.The establishing protective object need make it bear big short circuit current in the considerable time interval, this means substantial defective, and promptly higher the and performance of cost of equipment reduces.
Pointed as above this paper, the present invention is not limited only to protect purposes.In other switch occasion, when relating to when high-power, in order to realize at switching function and must be disadvantageous by means of the quite expensive high-capacity switching equipment as the semiconductor element group.Present semiconductor element (although the semiconductor element of other material also in the discussion scope, silicon semiconductor element preferably) is because actual cause has limited the maximum field intensity that element can bear before electrical breakdown appears in semi-conducting material.This has just at once the hinted respective limits maximum voltage that can bear of element.Especially in high pressure connected, people were forced to a large amount of semiconductor element series coupled (semiconductor element group), and in this manner, the element neither one that is included in the semiconductor element group bears the above voltage of element safety level.
And, the complicated design of semiconductor element, reason is: for example compare with atmosphere, the assurance of semi-conducting material own can be born very high electric field strength.But this design is invalid for the insulating material that must be present between outside those electrodes of the semi-conducting material that high pressure is set therebetween.This also comprises a kind of restriction: in the design of the semiconductor element that uses high pressure, must be noted that the electric field strength in semiconductor and realize balance between the resistance in the dielectric on every side.
Be used for the several application in power plant, the element that is included in wherein not only will bear high pressure, and will bear big electric current.When electric current flows through the element with certain resistance, sizable heat (said joule heat energy) be directly proportional with said resistance and with square being directly proportional of electric current.Almost can ignore because the resistance of each semiconductor element is very little, the maximum current that the element group can bear is restricted.If will carry very big electric current by semiconductor element, people just have to carry electric current by several same parallel current paths.Therefore, the quantity of semiconductor element is multiplied.
In the place of high pressure and big electric current, must use a large amount of semiconductor elements.Because all elements all must be worked so that power plant (for example HVDC valve) puts into operation, so reliability is lower.
The fact of semiconductor element bulk deposition means in time must carry out very high-precision control to them." regularly " of mistake for example may cause having too high voltage to act on the discrete component, thereby causes certain failure or whole generating factory can not be turned round.Certainly, if a plurality of co-currents path and synchronous operation must be set, this " regularly " problem will increase.
Main purpose of the present invention provides a kind of switchgear, compares with present employed switchgear, and equipment of the present invention is more suitable for changing big electrical power fast, and expense is lower.
Second purpose of the present invention provides the design approach of equipment and method so that any object is realized better protection and therefore reduced load on the object, and the design that this means object itself needn't make it bear maximum short circuit current/fault current in the time interval of length relatively.
According to the present invention, according to claim 1 characteristic design switching device.Owing to be in conduction state in order in electrode gap, to set up ionization/plasma by the electrode gap that directly provides emittance to make switching device, set up the quick operating condition of switching device that makes according to the present invention to electrode gap.Ionization/plasma in the electrode gap causes/starts has the very plasma channel of the conduction of high conductivity, make and to transmit very big electric current, more specifically say so and can transmit very big electric current and do not have negative effect in the time interval that relatively elongates, this and conventional semiconductors technology have formed distinct contrast.
According to the present invention, the realization of above-mentioned second purpose is to have the switching device that overcurrent reduces device form, and it is suitable for reducing overcurrent by means of the over-current state checkout gear, is connected to the power plant with object of protection.According to most preferred embodiment, switching device can constitute flow redirector so that overcurrent is redirect to ground or has another element of relatively low electromotive force.
Therefore; with regard to the protection aspect; the present invention is based on principle, and to utilize quick operating switching device be switching device as herein described; it does not really disconnect overcurrent; but equally electric current is reduced to the degree that object is protected; this protection has reduced the overtired of object in fact, thereby the damage that object is subjected to is littler.Therefore, overcurrent/fault current reduces to mean that the gross energy that injects object of protection in fact will be when not existing according to switching device of the present invention.
Implying the defencive function that advantageously to satisfy the demand to realize that other people is satisfied with according to the solution that the present invention is based on switching device.Therefore, can realize triggering very fast,, just the fault relevant with overcurrent that occurs in time be turned to very little delay through switching device in case make that electrode gap has been in conduction state by switching device.Can point out that term in this connection " triggering " means introduces conduction state with switching device.By the layout of switching device, the size of described switching device is easy to be processed into can the very large electric current of conducting.In order to obtain satisfied defencive function, wish that the current lead-through passage of setting up by switching device has very Low ESR.This means and alleviated the overtired of object most possibly, described object is protected to exempt from the influence of fault current.In addition, just can make switching device according to claim 1 have the function of very high triggering fail safe with very little effort.Triggering must not can turn to for the fault current that makes appearance as quickly as possible under emergency situation and leads to the failure.On the other hand, switching device according to the present invention provides the possibility of processing dimension so that realize very high dielectric strength under non-triggering state.Like this, naturally the possibility minimum of Ji Chuaning.Thereby, the laser that preferably uses at least one to be used to trigger.
According to the preferably improvement of a.o., be used for providing the device of emittance to do qualification in claims to electrode gap.According to an embodiment,, provide emittance to electrode gap at two or more points or zone in order to realize making electrode gap present the maximum possible certainty of conduction state.According to a kind of alternative design, the energy generator can provide emittance being positioned at interelectrode guiding path upper edge elongated area.According to most preferred embodiment, this elongated area is the gap between the bridged electrodes completely or almost completely.Although this is possible, under situation with two or more points that radiation is provided or zone, with regard to interelectrode conductive path, applying continuously of these points or zone is equivalent to propagate, by this way, postpone to put on these point and zones continuously with the time,, preferably be applied to these points or zone usually substantially simultaneously so that make electrode gap moment conducting according to the present invention.
Moreover, according to the present invention, provide the device that triggers energy to apply emittance with the tubular volume.When one of them electrode comprises opening that emittance is provided and connects when being bordering on the electrode that is provided with opening with the emittance that the tubular volume provides, effect is especially good.
According to another alternate embodiments, provide emittance in a plurality of substantially parallel slender electrode zone that the energy generator can be designed to extend between electrode.
Emittance also can offer electrode gap perpendicular to electrode axis being arranged in interelectrode one or more point.
Utilize the advantage of switching device of the present invention can realize the different switching functions that can obtain by semiconductor technology traditionally.In other words, can make up with the electric component of right quantity by switching device of the present invention, the characteristic of these electric components and those known characteristic in semiconductor technology scope for example is similar.
Other advantage of the present invention and feature, method especially of the present invention can be found out from following description and claim.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described by referring to the drawings.
Fig. 1 shows the basic scheme of solution of the present invention with diagram method,
Fig. 2 a-2d shows with block diagram and manner of comparison to be had equipment of the present invention and not to have the fault current under the equipment situation of the present invention to produce and the energy generation;
Fig. 3 shows may designing of equipment of the present invention with block diagram;
Fig. 4 shows in detail overcurrent with block diagram and reduces may designing of device;
Fig. 5-the 7th is similar to several different distortion figure of Fig. 4;
Fig. 8 shows the optical system that energy is provided to electrode gap;
Fig. 9 illustrates a kind of alternative optical system that is placed on one of them electrode side;
Figure 10 is another alternative optical system, be used for therein providing around the electrode energy and coaxial relatively again and therein an electrode do not need opening;
Figure 11 is based on the optical system diagram that uses optical fiber;
Figure 12 shows the refraction principle figure of the light that gives out from point-source of light by the refraction axinite;
Figure 13 and Figure 16 are similar, but show the effect of axinite collimation laser beam;
Figure 14 shows the function that produces the refraction axinite of elongated focal zone between electrode;
Figure 15 shows the power density curve chart along focal zone among Figure 18;
Figure 16 and Figure 18 are similar, but show the use of diffraction optical element;
Figure 17 shows by the reflection axinite at the elongated area inner focusing;
Figure 18 shows the diffraction axinite (kinoform) that can produce the focal zone with different geometries;
Figure 19 has briefly showed the equipment of the present invention that is applied in the power plant, and the power plant comprises generator, transformer and is connected to the power network in power plant;
How Figure 20 shows to the electrode gap perpendicular to the electrode common axis relatively energy is provided, and Figure 20 a shows at a single point or zone emittance is provided, and Figure 20 b shows emittance is provided in three such points or zone;
How Figure 21 a and b provides emittance so that form several substantially parallel conductive channels between electrode if showing;
Figure 22 shows an end view with some similar embodiment of Figure 10, it clearly from
A plurality of other kinoforms (diffraction optical element) that Figure 23 is arranged on around one of them electrode are found out;
Figure 24 shows the summary form of finishing two-way three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function according to switching device of the present invention,
Figure 25 shows unidirectional three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function diagram,
How Figure 26-the 28th realizes three different examples of two-way three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function by switchgear of the present invention, and each switchgear comprises two switching devices,
Figure 29 a-d shows according to switchgear of the present invention can provide the function similar to thyristor by being coupled to one or more element connected in series with diode function,
Figure 30 and 31 uses example according to switchgear of the present invention as how three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function or thyristor function, and
Figure 32 is the sketch plan according to switchgear tandem tap function of the present invention.
Figure 1 shows that the power plant that comprises object of protection 1.This object for example can be comprised of electrical generators.This object via line 2 is connected to outside power distribution network 3.Unit by 3 expressions also can replace this electrical network by the miscellaneous equipment that is included in the power plant.Suppose that related power plant has such characteristic: cause that when breaking down in the object 1 fault current flows to object 1 and when making that fault current will flow through object from electrical network/equipment 3, the influence that main object of protection 1 itself is not subjected to from the fault current of electrical network/equipment 3.Described fault may be the short circuit of formation in the object 1.Short circuit is the conductive path between two or more points, and this is a kind of situation about not expecting.Short circuit for example can be made of electric arc.Described short circuit and the heavy current that causes can cause sizable destruction, even make object 1 whole puncture.
Point out that for the shielded electric object 1 of some type, the short circuit current/fault current harmful to described object can flow to electrical network/equipment 3 from object of protection at least.Within the scope of the invention, be used to protect purpose, not only be used for the fault current that object of protection sends the outside and do not flow through object, and the internal fault current that is used for object of protection does not flow in the opposite direction.This will discuss in more detail below.
Below, in order to describe for simplicity, mark 3 is made of the external power net always.But, should be kept in mind that except this electrical network also to relate to other other equipment, as long as described equipment can make heavy current flow through object 1 when breaking down.
In this pointed connection, the electric current among the fault current among Fig. 2 a-c and Fig. 2 d is represented the envelope of extreme value just.For the sake of simplicity, in chart, only draw a polarity.
This design of circuit breaker 4 is to make to set up current separation by the separating metal contact.Therefore, circuit breaker 4 generally includes the required auxiliary equipment of extinguishing arc.
According to the present invention, the circuit 2 between object 1 and the switchgear 4 is connected to usually by 5 devices of representing.This device is designated as switching device usually.Shown in the application, switching device has and reduces the function that overcurrent flows to the device of equipment.In basic period less than opening time of circuit breaker 4, described device reduces overcurrent by the over-current state checkout gear.Therefore, the design of this device 5 is to make to set up any current separation.Therefore, state is established so that reduce electric current fast and needn't eliminates the electric current that flows to object of protection 1 from electrical network 3 fully.Compare with the situation of Fig. 2 a, Fig. 2 b shows according to overcurrent of the present invention and reduces device 5, at moment t
FaultIn case short circuit current occurs, just start this device and overcurrent is reduced to level i at moment t2
2So time interval t
Fault-t
2The expression overcurrent reduces the reaction time of device 5.Because device 5 task just reduces rather than the open failure electric current, therefore device is made a response very apace, this will do more detailed description following.As an example, can be pointed out that electric current is from level i
1Be reduced to level i
2To within the 1ms after detecting unacceptable over-current state or a few ms, finish.Ensuing purpose is exactly to realize that in less than the time of 1ms electric current reduces, and is preferably less than 1 microsecond.
As seen from Figure 1, equipment also comprises another circuit breaker 6, and it is arranged on the circuit 2 between circuit breaker 4 and the object 1.The design of this switch is the voltage and current that is lower than circuit breaker 4 in order to disconnect, and since its result can operate with the opening time that is shorter than circuit breaker.After reducing the overcurrent that device 5 reduced to flow to from electrical network 3 object 1 but early than circuit breaker 4 another circuit breaker 6 is set to disconnect in fact by overcurrent.Find out that from described content another circuit breaker 6 should be connected to circuit 2, ways of connecting is: reduce electric current that device 5 reduces by overcurrent and flow through described switch and therefore disconnected by it.
Fig. 2 b shows the action of another circuit breaker 6.More precisely, this switch designs is at moment t
3Disconnect, this means by overcurrent to reduce the current i that device 5 is reduced
2Duration be subjected to qualification in fact, promptly be defined as time durations t
2-t
3The result causes that by the fault current from electrical network 3 energy injects object of protection 1, is represented by the surface that indicates oblique line in Fig. 2 d.Seem, realized significantly reducing of energy injection.Can point out that in this connection according to specific model, because energy is with square increase of electric current, so electric current is reduced to two/first energy and injects and be reduced to 1/4th.How Fig. 2 c will flow through device 5 if showing fault current.
The size of considering device 5 and another circuit breaker 6 is in order to make device 5 be reduced to lower in fact level to fault current that will be disconnected and voltage by another circuit breaker 6.Are 1ms the actual opening times of another circuit breaker 6.But size should be done so that to such an extent that just disconnect another circuit breaker 6 after device 5 electric currents that will flow through another circuit breaker 6 are reduced at least one basic degree.
Fig. 3 shows equipment in more detail and how to be achieved.Be pointed out that then the present invention can be used for direct current (also being HVDC=High Voltage Direct Current) and be connected with exchanging.In the example of back, can think that circuit 2 has formed the wherein phase in the polyphase ac system.But should be kept in mind that the purpose that realizes present device is to record under the situation of fault or all being protected mutually according to the present invention, or the electric current that breaks down that mutually or the electric current of those phases reduce.
As seen from Figure 3, overcurrent reduces device 5 and comprised flow redirector 7, crosses flow redirector 7 and is used for turning to ground 8 or electromotive force to be lower than another element of electrical network 3 overcurrent.Like this, can think that flow redirector had constituted quick foundation over the ground or the distributing switch of low potential 8 short circuits, purpose is that the substantive part of the electric current that flows in the circuit 2 is turned to so that described electric current can not arrive object of protection 1.If occur the such catastrophe failure of short circuit in the object 1, it is with 7 the short circuit sizes that can set up of flow redirector are identical excessively, we can say in fault when crossing flow redirector, then since excessively the result of flow redirector 7 realized usually said will being reduced to 1/2nd from the electric current that electrical network 3 flows to object 1.Therefore compare with Fig. 2 b and find out, we can say approximately to equal i shown in it
1The current level i of half
2Represent the worst situation that exists.Therefore under normal operation, purpose was the short circuit that flow redirector 7 should be able to be set up good conductivity short trouble conductivity in corresponding object of protection 1, so that make the major part of fault current turn to ground through flow redirector 7 or than low potential.Therefore as can be seen, under the situation of ordinary failures, if because reduced-current level i
2And short period span t
2-t
3Fault as a result the time inject the energy of object 1 substantially less than the represented energy of Fig. 2 d.Obviously, when the short circuit of having set up have a shade below with object of protection 1 in during the corresponding conductivity of short trouble, also obtained reliable protection.
Point out that symbol 8 not only comprises ground but also comprises that electromotive force is lower than another element of electrical network/equipment 3.Therefore should point out that element 8 may be made of another power network or another equipment that are included in the power plant, the voltage level of described equipment is lower than the network/equipment 3 effective voltage levels to being connected to object of protection 1.
Over-current state checkout gear shown in Fig. 3 comprises at least one and preferably includes several sensors 11-13 that transducer is suitable for detecting these over-current states that need the start protection function.Can find out also that from Fig. 3 these transducers can comprise near the transducer 13 that is arranged in object 1 or its.And detector means comprises transducer 11, and it is suitable for detecting the over-current state in the circuit that is connected the upstream 2 that overcurrent reduces device 5 and circuit 2.Just as explained below, it is suitable with the electric current that flows to object of protection 1 in the detection line 2 that another transducer 12 is provided, and described electric current promptly reduces the electric current that device 5 is reduced by overcurrent.In addition, can point out, transducer 12, and also have transducer 13 if possible, the electric current that flows with the direction that deviates from object 1 in can detection line 2, for example in some cases, the energy of magnetic storage in object 1 produces the electric current that deviates from object 1 direction.
Can point out that transducer 11-13 must be made of independent electric current and/or voltage detecting transducer.Within the scope of the invention, transducer can have such characteristic: in general they can detect that characteristic failures appears in any expression and the state that needs the start protection function.
In some cases, this fault occurring makes electric current to flow with the direction that deviates from object 1, the purpose of design of equipment is its control element 14 another circuit breaker 6 closures of control, in case it is opened in addition, reduces device 5 and makes short circuit current be diverted by same mode with regard to starting overcurrent.For example when suppose object 1 was made up of transformer, the effect that short circuit current wherein occurs was to make short circuit current at first cause heavy current to flow through transformer, and this has been detected and the starting device 5 for the purpose that reaches the electric current water conservancy diversion.When the electric current that flows to transformer 1 has been reduced to needed degree, another circuit breaker 6 is disconnected, but it is controlled by switch element 14, be no earlier than the time departure of energy, when this thing happens, the energy of magnetic storage in transformer 1 flowed out transformer 1 and is diverted through installing 5.
In addition, equipment comprises control element 14.This element is connected to transducer 11-13, overcurrent reduces device 5 and another circuit breaker 6.The operation of equipment is to make to receive the unacceptable fault current of expression appearance when flowing to the signal of object 1 as control element 14 one or more in transducer 11-13 that overcurrent reduces device 5 and is controlled at once so that provide required electric current to reduce fast.Control element 14 can be set to: when transducer 12 had detected curtage and has been reduced to enough degree, when overcurrent was lower than predetermined level, it was controlled another circuit breaker 6 and disconnects its operations.This design guarantees that another circuit breaker 6 just disconnects when electric current has been reduced to a certain degree really, described degree refers to that described another circuit breaker 6 does not have task to go to disconnect it and is not designed the high electric current that disconnects.But, also can replace embodiment, make to reduce device and finish a certain predetermined instant of electric current after reducing and control another circuit breaker 6 and disconnect controlling overcurrent.
As shown in Figure 3, another circuit breaker 6 comprises the switch 15 with hard contact.Switch 15 can be operated between disconnection and make position by control member 16, and control member 16 is controlled the control of element 14 again.Parallel line 17 parallel connections stride across switch 15, and described parallel line comprises one or more elements 18, replace the contact separation electric arc that current lead-through is avoided switch 15 from the contact by making parallel line 17.These circuit elements design are to make them can disconnect or limit electric current.Like this, purpose is that element 18 should keep the guiding path in the parallel line 17 to disconnect usually, but when switch 15 will be opened with this parallel line closure, so that the electric arc that current bypass is crossed switch 15 and maybe may occur can not appear in electric arc on Na Tiaolu is extinguished effectively.Element 18 is included as the one or more relevant control member 19 that the control purpose is connected to control element 14.According to one embodiment of present invention, described element 18 is for having the controllable semiconductor element of necessary overvoltage brake apparatus 30, for example GTO thyristor.
The isolating switch 20 that in the circuit turn-on path of setting up by parallel line 17, the is used for current separation setting of connecting with described one or more elements 18.This isolating switch 20 is controlled by control element 14 through control member 21.Isolating switch 20 shown in Figure 3 itself is placed in the parallel line 17.That yes is non-essential for this.As long as can guarantee current separation, isolating switch 20 also can be placed in the circuit 2 with described one or more element 18 series coupled, makes electric current without any the possibility that flows through element 18 in the guiding path of setting up by described series coupled.
So far, described equipment moves in the following manner: when not having fault, the switch of circuit breaker 4 and another circuit breaker 6 15 is the same to be closed.Element 18 in the parallel line 17 is a nonconducting state.Isolating switch 20 is closed.At last, overcurrent reduces the switching device 10 of device 5 to be opened, and promptly it is in nonconducting state.In this case, switching device 10 must have enough electric insulation intensity to make it can not cause conducting state certainly.Therefore, owing to appearing at the voltage strength that overvoltage condition in the circuit 2 or coupling process can make switching device 10, the result of atmospheric environment (thunderbolt) under its nonconducting state, is not exceeded.For this purpose, with at least one overvoltage brake 22 and switching device 10 in parallel be suitable.In this example, show this overvoltage brake in the both sides of switching device 10.Therefore, the purpose of overvoltage brake is that voltage is turned to, otherwise this overvoltage may bring the danger of breakdown switch device 10 unintentionally.
22 either sides that are connected with circuit in switching device 10 of overvoltage steering gear shown in Figure 3 are connected to circuit 2.Wish on the principle that at least one overvoltage steering gear as far as possible closely connects with respect to switching device 10 in the upstream.Overvoltage steering gear 22 also can be connected to and form the branch line that is electrically connected between switching device 10 and circuit 2, and these also can with dashed lines 26 expressions in Fig. 3.This structure makes switching device 10 and at least one overvoltage steering gear 22 be integrated into a single electric equipment, and this equipment can be introduced into through a single connection with circuit 2 conductions and be connected.
When having registered over-current state (realized certainly from the information of circuit breaker 4 self-sensor devices as overcurrent reduces the control basis of device 5 according to the present invention) by the transducer of some or circuit breaker among the transducer 11-13 4 self, the size of this over-current state is that the catastrophe failure of expection object 1 is about to occur, and will start opening operation with regard to circuit breaker 4.In addition, control element 14 control overcurrents reduce device 5 influences this reducing, and more precisely, through control member 9 switching device 10 is introduced electric conducting state.As previously mentioned; this can very fast generation; promptly in the sub-fraction that disconnects required times by circuit breaker 4, the reason that object 1 is protected at once is because switching device 10 makes essential part at least, the major part that is actually electric current turns to complete (full) short circuit current that makes its disengaging electrical network 3 over the ground or than low potential.Be reduced to the degree that needs in case flow to the electric current of object 1 through another circuit breaker 6, described degree can be based upon on the pure time basis by the time difference between switching device 10 starting and circuit breaker 6 operations or by electric current in transducer 12 detection lines 2 for example, and the control member 16 of switch 15 is through the contact of control element 14 control cut-off switch 15.In order to eliminate or avoid electric arc, element 18 is controlled the conductivity of setting up parallel line 17 through control member 19, and element 18 for example can be GTO thyristor or gas switch.When switch 15 had been disconnected and therefore provide current separation, control element 18 was introduced nonconducting state with parallel line 17 once more.Like that, the electric current that flows to object 1 from electrical network 3 has just been cut off fully.Behind parallel line 17 introducing nonconducting states, in addition can be by influencing current separation with isolating switch 20 from control element 14 its control members 21 of control.When all these incidents take place, when last incident occurring, finish disconnection by circuit breaker 4.According to first embodiment, can reduce device 5 and another circuit breaker 6 by the repetitive operation overcurrent, this point is very important.Like this, when impelling circuit breaker 4 to disconnect by transducer 11-13, switching device 10 is reset to nonconducting state and switch 15 and isolating switch 20 and is closed once more, makes that protective device is exercisable fully when circuit breaker 4 is closed next time.According to another embodiment, the expection overcurrent reduces device 5 and exchanges one or more path for action need once more.
Can point out that another alternative embodiment according to the present invention has become closure state in case overcurrent reduces device 5, just element or element group 18 be introduced conducting state, this does not depend on after this whether switch 15 may not be disconnected.Then, as previously mentioned, element 18 may occur by control element 14 or by comprising the controlled function of blindly following device 5 closures.
Fig. 4 shows first embodiment that the overcurrent with switching device 10a reduces device 5.Switching device 10a has electrode 23 and these gaps between electrodes 24.Just as has been described, for trigger electrode gap 24 between electrode, to form conductive path, switching device has device 25a.Control member 9a is set so that pass through the operation of control element 14a control member 25a.In this example, the setting of device 25a be for by make gap or its part form that plasma causes or at least the starting electrode gap present conductivity.Thereby it is very important that device 25a can provide the triggering energy fast to electrode gap.Preferably, provide the triggering energy in the mode of emittance, this can influence the ionization/startup of electrode gap ionic medium body again.
According to most preferred embodiment of the present invention, device 25a comprises at least one laser, and it causes the ionization/formation of partial electrode gap ionic medium body at least by energy is provided to electrode gap.
According to the present invention, preferably provide energy to electrode gap 24 by means of one or several laser or other device 25a, by this way, the entire electrode gap will be ionized and form plasma respectively, and moment makes whole gap have conductivity.In order to save or the laser energy/effect of the limited use of optimum utilization (in general), in an application of the invention, device 25a be arranged so that they only can be in the gap one or more parts of 24 ionization/ion plasma is provided.In according to embodiment shown in Figure 4, Figure 25 a provides emittance at an a single point or zone 28.As following described, the present invention is also included within a plurality of points or the area applications emittance in the electrode gap, be also included within application of radiation energy on one or two electrode, perhaps application of radiation energy continuously or in basic one or more bar-like regions of extending continuously between electrode.
As shown in Figure 4, by connect switching device 10a between circuit 2 and ground 8 (or have than low potential another element), promptly electrode 23 electrode is connected to circuit 2 and another electrode is connected to ground 8, voltage difference occurs between the electrode that forms electric field.Electric field in the gap 24 will be utilized, in case purpose is the controlled triggering of device 25a promptly produces plasma in one or more parts of electrode gap ionization/formation, just transmit or cause electrical breakdown between electrode.Ionization/the formation of the plasma that electric field driven is set up is with the gap between bypass electrode, so that produce low-resistance conductive channel by this way, i.e. and electric arc between the electrode 23.Can point out that the present invention is not restricted in conjunction with this electric field occurring and uses.Like this, the present invention is: device 25a should not have to set up conductivity between electrode under the situation of this electric field yet.
Owing to for electric current turns to Closing Switch device 10a very apace, therefore wish when only the point-like in limited part such as gap partly is ionized, with the fully high size of determining switching device in the mode of safety closure of electric field strength in the gap 24.But then, needing switching device 10a to have very high dielectric strength to isolate between placement location defence electrode at it punctures.Therefore the electric field strength in the gap 24 should be correspondingly low.This will reduce speed on the other hand, make switching device set up electric current between electrode by it and turn to electric arc.Need safe trigger switch device on the one hand, need the triggering that high dielectric strength defence is not expected on the other hand, for between is realized a kind of favourable relation, preferably form switching device by this way according to the present invention: when the gap formed electricity and isolates, the electric field strength in the relevant gap 24 of its whole service environment was no more than 30% of field intensity that common generation punctures naturally.This has lowered the possibility of natural puncture relatively.
Electric field strength in its isolation bottom electrode gap 24 be no more than field intensity that common generation punctures naturally 20% relatively suitably, preferably be no more than 10%.On the other hand, in order in electrode gap 24, to obtain electric field, it has promoted ionization/formation place that starts plasma in very fast mode in the partial electrode gap to form electric arc, and preferably electric field strength is at least 0.1% and at least 1% (E that the field intensity of nature puncture takes place usually
4) relatively suitably, preferably at least 5%.
As can be seen from Figure 4, electrode gap 24 is enclosed in the suitable shell 32.The suitable medium that can in gap 24, occur vacuum or gas or liquid form for this purpose.In the gap medium is that the generation type of this situation of gas/liquid is: can be ionized and form plasma by triggering.In this case, a bit to start the ionization/formation of the plasma in the gap 24 be suitable to certain between electrode 23.But it is the situation of vacuum or suitable medium that Fig. 4 shows in the imagination gap 24.So preferably as shown in Figure 4, by make laser 25a through suitable optical system 27 at least one zone 28 or therein an electrode near the focusing emittance of launching carry out closure startup.This is implying electrode will by this way, form electric arc as set up the electronics and the ion emitter operation of ionization environment/plasma in electrode gap 24 between electrode.According to Fig. 4, one of them in the electrode 23 has opening 29, by opening, laser 25a by optical system 27 to regional 28 emitted radiation energy.
Fig. 5 shows the distortion 10b of switching device, wherein replaces system laser 25b/ optical system 27b emittance is focused on trigger region 28b, and this zone is between electrode and in the medium between these electrodes.Therefore, in case trigger, the bridge joint from this zone to electrode is formed plasma.
Different among the distortion 10c of switching device and Fig. 4 among Fig. 6, in Fig. 6, auxiliary electrode 31 has been arranged between the electrode 23c, and described auxiliary electrode is suitable for annular, and laser 25c emitted light beams just can be passed auxiliary electrode 31 like this.These electrodes will be worked with the electric field between the level and smooth electrode 23c, and these electrodes isolate mutually, and promptly they can be on the floating potential.Auxiliary electrode makes and prevents that the fail safe that nature punctures is improved, and has reduced the size of switching device, has reduced the sensitivity to outside electric field influence.The influence that auxiliary electrode also is subjected to laser beam/laser pulse easily makes its emission free charge, and this has further improved the triggering ability.
Fig. 7 shows the distortion 10d of switching device, and variation is to have increased electrode 31d in the figure again, with similar with reference to figure 6 described contents.
In order to obtain discussed above and the relevant relation of electric field strength state between the electrode under the switching device isolation 23, the feature of switching device must fully be applicable to the purposes of expection certainly, promptly voltage status occurs on electrode 23.Useful constructive step is related between the formation, interelectrode distance, electrode of electrode medium certainly and has another the possible electric field that influence element between electrode.
The present invention can use diffraction optical element.In diffraction optical element, the wavefront end of light is determined the propagation of light, and this is that mode by diffraction rather than refraction forms.The phase place of the specific type of a diffraction optical device light modulated, modulation amplitude not, reason is that such element has very high transmittance.Pure phase modulated can be by providing relief fabric to realize to optical element surface, and the height of its mesorelief should be with the wavelength same order so that realize the best-of-breed functionality of element.The another kind of method that realizes phase modulated is the refractive index of modulated optical element, but this chopping phase is when difficulty.Diffraction optical element can be made by holographic technology, but can not realize any function.A kind of manufacturing mode more flexibly is that computer generates, and in this pattern, can calculate optical function in computer.Just can realize optical function fully arbitrarily on the principle so, described function normally can not realize by traditional refraction or anacamptics.After this resulting working face for example is converted into fluctuating by electron beam lithography art or photoetching technique, and these two kinds of technology are well-known at semiconductor applications.This dator that is produced, the element of phase control surface undulation are exactly usually said kinoform.A known example is exactly the Fresnell lens.As all diffraction optical elements, this lens can be designed as the diadactic structure that only is made of two layers that rise and fall, and perhaps are designed to multilayer and rise and fall, and provide substantial improvement to diffraction efficiency (functional efficiency of optical element).
Fig. 8 shows the embodiment based on the optical system 27e that comprises lens combination 35, and through this lens combination, the laser pulse of arrival is sent to diffraction optics phase element 36, i.e. kinoform.This element is designed to have a plurality of focuses or focal spot 28e from single incident laser pulse generation.These focuses 28e distributes along the symmetry axis between the electrode 23e.Because focus 28e distributes along the line between the electrode 23e, can more safely set up conductive path between electrode, this means under alap voltage/electric field strength to obtain high as far as possible triggering possibility with short as far as possible time delay.
According to embodiment shown in Figure 8, emittance is to provide by the opening 29e on foregoing one of them electrode.Fig. 9 shows a distortion, and wherein in general, comparing unique difference with Fig. 8 embodiment is the outer radial placement diffraction optical element (kinoform 36f) of an electrode 23f therein.As previously mentioned, the design of optical element 36f is to be focused at along on a plurality of spots or point of the conductive path distribution of expecting between electrode for deflection laser light and with them.Each all has their deflection angle the pack of the wave beam of formation point 28f.Like this, the wave beam pack different distances of must advancing arrive separately some 28f.The benefit that is positioned at one of them electrode side according to kinoform 36f shown in Figure 9 is the side that kinoform will be positioned at highfield, from but electric field disturb and reach minimum.Because laser beam does not need opening, so simplified the design of electrode yet.
Figure 10 shows an embodiment, and wherein laser 25g provides laser emission to a plurality of spots or some 28g along the electrode gap distribution of lengths symmetrically through optical system 27g, and does not need that any opening is arranged on electrode 23g.Optical system 27g comprises prism or beam splitter 37, is used for deflection laser bundle around the electrode 23g that adjoins.One or best a plurality of kinoform 36g (diffraction optical element) are set around this electrode 23g laser beam is focused at the focus 28g (might pass through other lens (1enses)) of expectation, make at these some generation plasma forms.
Figure 11 shows a distortion, and wherein laser beam is to transmit by the optical system 27h that comprises optical fiber 38, is used for forming on the diverse location between the electrode 23h focus 28h.Optical fiber 38 is set so that through lens 39 emission light.
Figure 12 shows the basic principle that tapered lens is said axinite.It is that each optical element is about rotation-symmetric and can make light deflection from a point-source of light on the element symmetry axis by refraction, reflection, diffraction or their combination that the definition of this axinite can be said to, by this way, light is not to resemble traditional spherical lens only in single a bit intersecting with this symmetry axis, but along along this basic continuous dotted line or spot line that extends.
As shown in figure 13, (not dispersing) light beam of collimation is by the identical angle of axinite deflection.With regard to the rotation symmetry, each light beam will intersect with symmetry axis at some point.
As can be seen from Figure 14, can be by axinite 36i with convergence of rays at the elongated focal zone 28i between electrode 23i.According to one embodiment of present invention, this focal zone can be extended in the whole gap between electrode continuously, but also may be to extend along the part gap between the electrode.Figure 15 shows the relation of light intensity and interelectrode distance.Solid line is illustrated in the light distribution in the beam brightness that has gaussian intensity profile at first, and dotted line is illustrated in the light distribution in the beam brightness with constant intensity distribution.In addition, can point out that the present invention not only is restricted to the taper axinite of this pure linearity.Therefore, the distinguishing axinite of linear circular cone that has a direct impact of outer surface and focusing intensity distributions all comprises within the scope of the present invention.
With regard to focal zone 28k, it is that kinoform can obtain the result identical with Figure 14 that Figure 16 shows by diffraction optical element 36k.
Figure 17 shows by axinite, more precisely can obtain elongated focal zone 28m by the reflection axinite in the gap between the electrode 23m.
Figure 18 shows an embodiment, and wherein the diffraction axinite 36n kinoform of particular design provides and has difform focal zone 28n and 28n ' respectively.In this embodiment, focal zone 28n is elongated, is arranged on the symmetry axis of axinite 36n and electrode.On the contrary, the indication of the left side of Figure 18, the cross section of focal zone 28n ' is a tubular.Because the circumferential position of tubular focal zone 28n ' is relatively near the electrode 29n that is provided with opening, so the benefit of tubular is the most close electrode 23n that is provided with opening 29n.Focal zone 28n and 28n ' have substantially invariable light intensity along symmetry axis among Figure 18, but with regard to focal zone 28n, are gaussian-shape substantially or form according to Bessel function perpendicular to this light distribution.
Use the benefit of for example complete or basic taper shown in Fig. 8,9,10,14,16,18 or diffraction coaxial focusing element to be: emittance is along effectively direction of propagation propagation, the described direction of propagation is a straight line, and the plasmoid that forms at first that appears at the most close electrode that is provided with emittance can not shield, reflect or so that seriously be focused at the degree of the emittance in the point/zone of current electrode location further away from each other to influence.Otherwise will stop emittance effectively to arrive later focus by this " shadow effect " that the initial plasmoid that forms brings.This is to have the consequence that reflection or the ability of absorbed radiation energy are brought by plasma.
Figure 19 shows an embodiment, and wherein, generator 1b is connected to electrical network 3a through transformer 1a.Therefore object of protection is represented by transformer 1a and generator 1b.Overcurrent reduces device 5a and another circuit breaker 6a and normal circuit breaker 4a obviously to be arranged with compound mode shown in Figure 1, in this example, and the object 1a that the object 1 among imagination Fig. 1 constitutes among Figure 19.Therefore describe in conjunction with Fig. 1 at this.For generator 1b, overcurrent reduces the protection operation of device 5c and another circuit breaker 6c and sets up equally.Therefore, the generator 1b in this example should be equivalent to the object 1 among Fig. 1, and transformer 1a should be equivalent to the equipment 3 among Fig. 1.Therefore, overcurrent reduces device 5c and another circuit breaker 6c can protect generator 1b in conjunction with conventional circuit breaker 4b, prevents to flow from the heavy current of transformer 1a direction.
Figure 19 also shows another overcurrent and reduces device 5b and another circuit breaker 6b.Obviously, overcurrent reduces the both sides that device 5a and 5b are separately positioned on transformer 1a.Need point out that another circuit breaker 6a and 6b are positioned at overcurrent respectively and reduce in the connection between device 5a and 5b and the transformer 1a.Another overcurrent reduces device 5b will protect transformer 1a, prevent that heavy current from flowing to generator 1b from transformer.Obviously, circuit breaker 4b can any direction between object 1a and 1b disconnect to realize required safety function.
Figure 20 shows how by providing energy perpendicular to the one or more points of symmetry axis X between the electrode 23o or the gap of one or more laser 25o between electrode 23o among the regional 28o with diagram method.By using a plurality of different laser 25o, can provide the high-power formation that is used for plasma to gaps between electrodes.
Figure 21 b shows can form a plurality of substantially parallel conductive channels between electrode 23p.The figure of Figure 21 a is the vertical view of Figure 21 b, wherein, sees from the side, and conductive channel is in a row.But a plurality of conductive plasma passages can not only be provided with row between electrode, and can be provided with row.The conducting capacity that has occurred improving switching device in the time of a plurality of conductive channel.
Figure 22 shows a distortion, wherein, optical system 27q comprises axinite (refraction or diffraction), and this axinite will be divided into several portions from the radiation that laser or analog obtain, and the radiant section that these are different is guided different diffraction element (kinoform 36q) into.These kinoforms are distributed in around one of them electrode, promptly among Figure 22 around the represented electrode of 23q.Figure 23 shows the perspective view of structure shown in Figure 22.As can be seen from Figure 23,4 kinoform 36q of example are arranged in around the electrode 23q, cause emittance to be focused on a plurality of points or regional 28q that present along the electrode symmetry axis by diffraction.Though it also is possible using the continuous circular shape kinoform, by comparison, it is simpler and not expensive to use several discrete kinoform 36q to implement.
Semiconductor element, for example the semiconductor element of thyristor, three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element, GTO, IGBT and other type is very general in present electric power system, they are used for i.e. conveying of control or blocking current and flow mainly as electronic valve.
Though semiconductor element has high efficiency, show good performance and along with the development of modern manufacturing method is also relatively cheap, also existing problems are main under very high voltage level, and they need complexity, volume is big and cost is high process.
By process implementing example/method that this specification is showed, present/explain the substitute of semiconductor element, described substitute provides the simple designs of the quite few element of multiple use, thereby cost is reduced.In addition, described description of the process the electronic valve circuit elements design, compare with corresponding semiconductor element, described electronic valve element can be guaranteed higher voltage.Moreover, can guarantee to be subjected to hardly the restriction of electric current and current density based on the element of the technology that this paper proposed.
In power domain, semiconductor element has obtained using widely.This part of power domain is commonly referred to power electronics.These application are usually said transducers.Transducer is a kind of operating unit, and it comprises semiconductor unit (electronic valve) and is used to change the necessary ancillary equipment of the one or more characteristic variables and the parameter of electric power system.Like this, transducer can change voltage and current level, frequency and the number of phases.Electronic switch also can be thought transducer.
Also can regard direct current system and the interconnected equipment of AC system as transducer (electric current steering gear).When electric current when AC becomes DC, transducer moves as rectifier.On the contrary, when electric current when DC becomes AC, transducer is as invertor operation.The AC-AC transducer is called frequency converter, and it becomes another kind of AC signal with any relation between the number of phases of frequency, amplitude, phase and phase place and voltage with a kind of AC conversion of signals.The DC-DC transducer converts a kind of dc voltage to another kind of dc voltage.
Can be designed for the electronic switch of direct current or interchange.It can be used for the connection or the disconnection of equipment, perhaps is used for control or checks active power or reactive power.
If electronic valve can be the conducting state (on-state) of low pressure and big electric current from cut-off state (off-state) switching/changing of high pressure and low current, then it is controlled.The high efficiency of electronic commutator depends on this bi-stable function of electronic valve.Electronic valve itself can be stable, and for example thyristor also can be controlled so that bistable state operation, for example transistor.
It's a pity that term is not exclusively unified.In " International ElectrotechnicalDictionary " and Publ.60050-551 IEV " Power Electronics ", can find the IEC-compiling.Can replace a large amount of different semiconductor elements wholly or in part by technology, this is a subject of this patent application.Two examples of prior art state are as " ModernPower Electronics ", Bose et al, IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety, ISBN:0-87942-282-3, and K.Thorborg, " the Power Electronics-in Theory and Practice " of Chartwell-Bratt, ISBN:0-86238-341-2.Cited below is the available semiconductor element that relates in these lists of references:
-thyristor, diode, three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element, GTO (gate circuit disconnection thyristor), bipolar transistor (BJT), the PWM-transistor, MOSFET, IGBT (igbt), SIT (state induction transistor), SITH (state induction thyristor), MCT (transistor of MOS control), etc.
I. when making its electric current be zero by external device (ED), thyristor is turned off (changing cut-off state over to).In the self-rectifying alternating current generator, turn-off electronic valve by the breaking circuit of forming by capacitor, inductor and resistor.Thyristor is called high pressure and power semiconductor.
Thyristor as semiconductor element has bi-stable function.It is made up of three pn transistors.It can switch to on-state from off-state on one or two direction, vice versa.The thyristor type of normal use is said " reverse blocking triode thyristor ".Thyristor has three links: anode, negative electrode and the control utmost point.When the control utmost point lacked control impuls, thyristor is cut-off current on both direction.When applying positive voltage on the anode and apply negative voltage on negative electrode, thyristor is in off state and cut-ff voltage.If the polarity of voltage that applies is opposite, thyristor is cut-off state and reverse cut-ff voltage on its rightabout.
Oppositely by and cut-off state under leakage current increase along with thyristor size and temperature, for very large thyristor, can rise to hundreds of mA.
If trigger thyristor by apply the curtage pulse in control extremely, under the situation of enough amplitudes and duration, thyristor switches to on-state from off state, and electric current flows to negative electrode with forward direction from anode.
For the normal value of on-state electric current, voltage drop (voltage on the thyristor) is that said on-state voltage generally is the 1-2 volt.
If by the puncture voltage of (forward direction) voltage above the thyristor defined, it becomes on-state from off state naturally.This from trigger voltage meeting heavy damage thyristor, therefore should avoid occurring this surmounting.
In high-voltage applications, system voltage has surpassed the maximum voltage that single thyristor element can bear in fact, and several thyristors must series coupled or cascade.In order to realize the sufficient voltage distribution between the series coupled thyristor, each thyristor all must be furnished with RC circuit and resitstance voltage divider separately: the RC circuit serves as the transient state voltage divider, resistance respectively with cut-ff voltage and backward cut-ff voltage be divided into roughly same voltage difference and give each thyristor, the situation that different thyristors have different leakage currents can not appear so just.In addition, resistor makes capacitor voltage at both ends equal and opposite in direction in the RC circuit.For series thyristor, the trigger impulse of all thyristors occurs and has same magnitude making very important simultaneously.Can not trigger simultaneously on the thyristor that causes being triggered at last and overvoltage occurs, electric current will flow through its RC circuit and other thyristor as a result.Usually, not only need to use the thyristor that has mated each other, promptly selected thyristor shows the performance that adapts with other thyristor, and especially in frequency applications, cost was higher when this fact made structure complicated.
Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element is a bidirectional thyristor, this means that it has two by direction or forward direction.Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element is equivalent to two inverse parallels and has the thyristor of the shared control utmost point.Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element is in cut-off state at first.But can it transfer conducting state to by the negative pulse that extremely goes up of control or positive pulse control, this also can realize the bipolarity on the three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element.In most of the cases, the processing performance of three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element is corresponding with the processing performance with same size and performance and thyristor.Restrictive exception is not had rising and the fall time short equally with thyristor, is not had same resistance to cause to voltage transient (dU/dT) yet by three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element.So their great majority are used to have the voltage regulator of resistive load, and for mains frequency, wherein rapid fluctuations can not appear in electric current and the voltage.Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element has bifurcation and only needs the characteristic of a cooling element and a trigger impulse unit to make structural design simple and relatively cheap, and is especially all the more so concerning the low electric power level.Because intrinsic, light triggered thyristor is very beneficial to high pressure, as switching in the phase compensation system in HVDC system and thyristor.Main cause is the strict demand to electric insulation.In addition, reduced the danger that occurs simultaneously by the caused by noise thyristor startup/conducting of being coupled to its control utmost point.The light pulse that enters thyristor sends to thyristor through optical conductor from the control unit on the earth potential.Because optical conductor is formed by insulating material, so can realize High-Voltage Insulation.
But, the luminous energy that sends by optical conductor is restricted, and dangerous property, show: the controlled signal of thyristor system needs very long time of delay, therefore the growth rate of thyristor on-state current is relatively low, unless thyristor is provided with more complicated control structure, this structure comprises having enlarging function to finally being applied to the signal that thyristor control extremely goes up.Yet this structure means that thyristor is once more to becoming more responsive and cause accidental switch motion through the noise that the control utmost point is coupled into.Laser triggers plasma shutter can realize the function same with a plurality of power semiconductors, and can obtain bigger technology and economic advantages in some cases.In present patent application, relate to laser specifically and trigger the function of plasma shutter as three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element.Laser triggers plasma shutter, and it is based on the transient short-circuit current of the electrode gap of the inflation of the conductive channel by the elongated ionization that laser beam produced, and this switch is mainly by following benefit:
The distance between electrodes that is included in the electrode system can be done greatly, bigger problem can not occur on the design of feasible externally electrical insulation system and the size.In this way, can simplified structure, manufacturing cost reduces.
Another bigger benefit is: for the maximum current that can pass through the plasma shutter conducting, when entering its conducting state by the laser triggering, maximum current is not subjected to any restriction in principle.The ionization channels that laser beam by quick formation electric arc produces produces the conducting electric current.Just flow through same maximum current, electric arc is not subjected to the restriction of any essence, so current density limits without any the maximum that semiconductor element ran into.When electric current rose, electric arc kept favourable current density by quick expansion aspect energy.This self-adjusting function is that semiconductor element is not available.
The 3rd basic benefit is: plasma shutter can be designed to very high-voltage level, and can only be made of a discrete component.Compare with the semiconductor structure that has said function and be used for the accumulation of same high-voltage level, this switch not only greatly reduces the complexity of structure itself, it needn't comprise a large amount of semiconductor elements that accurately connect, and greatly reduces these elements regularly demand each other.
Compare with the purposes of using semiconductor element to realize, the substance of active element quantity reduces has increased reliability.In addition, reduce electrical loss, reduced equipment cost, reduced the complexity of control system.
Another benefit is to realize rapid triggering with the magnitude of hundreds of microsecond very much, and this has increased the reliability of accurate modulation.
Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function
Laser in the elongated focal area triggers and prepares in time switching to conducting state from off-state in the arbitrfary point.By its formation, fully, present and the same characteristic of three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element according to plasma shutter of the present invention in conjunction with the partial pressure of electrode distance, air pressure, gas componant and portion gas and the whole geometry of packaging container.When not triggering, plasma shutter is in the nonconducting state that ends.This cut-off characteristics is two-way, and promptly the voltage of two kinds of polarity on the element article on plasma body switch all is electric insulation.In case trigger, plasma shutter is almost in the instantaneous conducting state that is converted to, wherein, as long as electric current remains on the particular value of a certain design and the electrode voltage of plasma shutter also remains on the particular value of a certain design in the electric arc, plasma shutter just keeps conducting.This conducting state is two-way: the plasma shutter element can trigger by laser and make the bipolarity conducting.Figure 24 shows has the switchgear that emittance triggers.For example, laser can be used for triggering.Switchgear 5 can trigger on bipolarity, and it has provided two-way function.
The three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function of moving with open circuit
In application, the function of switchgear must have the possibility of cut-off switch, is about to it and transfers off-state to.This is that one of following function by switch realizes: (1) fully realizes self-gravitation automatically in conjunction with the structure of the partial pressure of electrode distance, air pressure, gas componant and portion gas by it, and perhaps (2) give the characteristic that switch disconnects from the outside.In situation (1), can be by the structural design inspection and determine the disconnection certainly that behind time interval, occurs.DC and AC system can realize this from disconnecting function.More simple under the AC situation because automatically from disconnect by electric current flow through conducting electric arc change polarity and therefore current over-zero assist to finish.According to foregoing, use up and be equivalent to the condition that the employed mode of thyristor is set up effective disconnection plasma shutter that disconnects entirely.Therefore, reduced the strict demand of article on plasma body construction of switch under the AC situation.Under situation (2), plasma shutter can be provided with the external impedance element, and it has guaranteed that on-state current is reduced to zero, thereby plasma shutter is opened and is thought that it is in off-state.Utilize the running environment in the AC system can realize same effect: only before current over-zero changed polarity, plasma shutter was owing to disconnect certainly along the non-abundant ionization of the gas of discharge channel.At this time durations, electric current change polarity and new polarity reach the voltage of the plasma channel conduction of a complete ionization, and enough most plasma composition is attached to the degree that can not support the repetition conducting of electric arc so that passage conductivity is too low if having time again.Therefore, emission is prevented from again, and plasma shutter is in off-state.
On the contrary, the structure of DC situation article on plasma body switch has stricter requirement.Select by the accurate balance to design parameter, for example electrode distance and mainly be total gas pressure comprises gas element and its part air pressure, but these demands can be met, and makes to be achieved from disconnection.Intrinsicly allow to commutate the current to another line or element alternately, the electric current in the plasma shutter will arrive zero simultaneously plasma shutter disconnect.Yet the simplest technical solution is to finish the DC element with foreign current restricting circuits element.More coarse but say fully, solution is a binding plasma switch mechanical chopper by rights, by this circuit breaker, plasma shutter can be under voltage fully and electrical network separate.
Unidirectional three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function
Three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element can two-way admittance under its conducting state.Just as has been described, it is two-way to plasma shutter in essence owing to the diode function that does not have any kind.But, if laser only triggers during one of two kinds of polarity of AC system and works, then this function in fact just becomes unidirectional, suppose since again in conjunction with after have triggering naturally that enough low conductivity stops (half period of AC voltage) under the polarity that non-laser triggers in preceding triggering, all the other plasmas possibilities are remaining.
Figure 25 shows the plasma shutter that has two-way three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function according to of the present invention.
The two-way three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function that has two plasma shutter elements
A kind of alternative embodiment of the foregoing description is to be formed by two plasma shutter elements with break function (certainly disconnect or outside break function), and described plasma shutter inverse parallel is connected higher and than between the electronegative potential.According to this paper the above, two plasma shutters that the AC system that is connected to that has made up at present forms two check unit are connected to electrical network and are connected to each other in two opposite modes of switching current conducting direction.Because plasma shutter itself is two-way, this means that it is that laser triggers separately between polarity epoch that two elements are designed at them, promptly during the half period of its oneself AC voltage.Two plasma shutters can be by one or the triggering of same laser, and this needs optical system to be provided with luminous flux control flashboard.Each cycle laser is triggered twice at least, every half period once, in one embodiment, the design of flashboard can be so that whole amount of laser light of emission be alternately guided in two plasma shutter elements one or another into.This luminous flux guiding flashboard for example can be made of the high reflection mirror of rotation, by each passage two optical channels that lead to plasma shutter from the reflection guided laser arrival of its end positions respectively.Another embodiment is divided into two passages with laser, the laser effect that has equivalent in two passages.Each passage leads to one of them in two plasma shutters.Luminous flux control flashboard is installed in each passage, and by the controllable action in each trigger action, described flashboard guarantees to have only one to be triggered laser in two plasma shutter elements.Two plasma shutter elements also can reliably be triggered by the laser that is used for each plasma shutter element, check, synchronously and the operation of control laser by external electronic unit.Figure 26,27 and 28 only shows the possibility that is used to form two-way three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function.
Certainly, can realize same amphicheirality with the coupling of corresponding two plasma shutter elements, it does not present from disconnecting function or not being provided with the external device (ED) that is used to disconnect yet.
The thyristor function
Described as prior art, for the voltage and current on the both direction, it is said off-state that thyristor has cut-off state.When thyristor at its control utmost point when being triggered, it said conducting state occurs, in this state, electric current with the forward flow of thyristor rather than oppositely.Realize that by the plasma shutter that laser triggers the best mode of said function means plasma shutter and one or more diode function series coupled that laser triggers, this function can be a semiconductor type.The quantity of diode determines that by maximum voltage this voltage must be placed on them fully in application.Diode with respect to two kinds of different possibilities of plasma shutter location is: forward direction is towards plasma shutter and forward direction plasma shutter dorsad.Therefore, can realize two kinds of different thyristor functions, wherein the thyristor unit that is composed in series by plasma shutter and a plurality of diodes obtains different directivity and polarity.Preferably, be included in diode in this compound body and be furnished with separately RC network or other more common impedance network and resitstance voltage divider, so that voltage distribution such as realizations.Therefore, diode does not bear the different voltage level that may surpass their specific voltage tolerants.Figure 29 a-d shows according to plasma shutter of the present invention can realize different directivity or polarity by one or more diodes.
As an example, with reference to Figure 30 and 31 explanations as how the form of three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function or thyristor function use the above plasma shutter.Circuit serves as change over switch shown in the figure.The function of Figure 30 is as follows: top conductor L
1Connect alternating voltage, and below conductor L
2Ground connection or than low potential.At plasma shutter PS
1And PS
2In under any one situation about all not being triggered, as long as top conductor L
1In voltage for just, electric current just can not flow through circuit.If but plasma shutter PS
2Triggered and closed, electric current will be from top conductor L
1D1 passes through PS through diode
2Flow to ground.As long as voltage has positive polarity, electric current just flows.Conductor L up
1On polarity become negative after, electric current just flows in the opposite direction.But this electric current is only at PS
1Just flow after being triggered, it from the top conductor through diode D
2And PS
1To the below conductor then through diode D
2And PS
1Get back to the top conductor.Because diode D
2The pressure drop at two ends may be lower than from L
2To L
1Direction PS
2Pressure drop on the middle electric arc, electric current are flow through D after being preferably in described reversing
2Rather than flow through PS
2PS
2Then can not started again, so it is in resting state in the half period that has negative polarity at present with the opposite way round.
In the circuit of just having described, plasma shutter is that the triode thyristor function is used with unipolarity three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element function.Circuit among Figure 31 is provided with two other diode of connecting with plasma shutter respectively, and it has guaranteed that fully electric current can not manage to make plasma shutter to disconnect mistakenly after reversing.Like this, as an example of external device (ED), other diode has prevented that switch is once more by starting (" resetting " (back firing)).
Obviously can think triggering under the situation of plasma shutter as starting point except function described herein, to also have more technical functionality to realize from the explanation that above provides with laser.
Figure 32 diagram method shows switchgear 5r and is connected among the circuit 2r between electrical network 3r previously discussed and the object 1r.Switchgear 5r comprises the switching device 10r with aforementioned feature, and promptly switching device 10r is adapted to pass through emittance electrode gap is introduced the conduction closure.But in Figure 32, do not illustrate in more detail.As can be seen from Figure 32, switchgear 5r has pure switching function, promptly when being in conducting state, the feed of object 1r or feed that may be in the opposite direction can occur through switching device 10r.When needs, switching device 10r can suppress electric current quickly and flow, and for example, object of protection 1r or possibility even electrical network 3r are not subjected to the influence from the electric current of object 1d.In order in exchange connecting, to realize disconnecting, make that to provide the device of energy to stop that this energy provides to electrode gap be sufficient by switching device 10r.When following passage zero passage, will make the arc extinction among the switching device 10r, make current feed end.In DC application, reduce by taking measures or the voltage difference of eliminating switching device 10r two ends supports that break function may be necessary.This mode is to be coupled in parallel to the switch 31 of switching device 10r.The closure of switch 31 means that current bypass passes through switching device 10r, and this fact causes the electric arc among the switching device 10r to be extinguished.In case this measure is insufficient, can in circuit 2r, other switch be set switching device 10d both sides as a supplement, so that switching device 10r is disconnected fully from circuit 2r.
The purpose of Figure 32 is to illustrate according to switchgear 5r of the present invention general switch application can be arranged, and wherein just protects the problem of distinct device, more also is the Switching Power Supply problem under the different loads state.
Should be pointed out that description that this paper does only is to illustrate to set up thought of the present invention.Therefore, those skilled in the art can make detailed modification to the present invention on the basis that does not deviate from the scope of the invention.As an example, can propose to use laser to provide the ionization/plasma that forms energy dispensable as gap 24 according to the present invention.As long as satisfied the requirement of rapidity and reliability according to the present invention, also can use other radiation source, for example electron gun or other provide the method for energy.Should observe; according to the present invention; switching device 10 also can Fig. 1,3 with shown in 19 outside other ruuning situation under the electric object of protection exempt from the influence of the fault relevant with overcurrent, wherein the setting according to equipment of the present invention is in order to reduce the relatively low negative effect that brought opening time of circuit breaker 4.Like this, according to switching device of the present invention be not must needs the operation relevant with this circuit breaker 4.The present invention both had been applicable to interchange, also was applicable to direct current.
Claims (51)
1. the equipment that is used for Switching Power Supply, comprise at least one electric switching system (5), it is characterized in that, switchgear (5) comprises at least one switching device (10), it comprises an electrode gap (24), it can be changed between basic electric insulating state and conduction state, cause or at least the starting electrode gap or at least the partial electrode gap present the device (25) of conductivity, and described be used to cause or at least the starting electrode gap present conductive device (25) and be suitable for providing energy to electrode gap in the mode of emittance so that described gap or form plasma to the small part gap.
2. according to the described equipment of aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, cause or starting electrode gap or partial electrode gap present conductivity at least described device (25) comprises at least one laser (25).
3. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, the generation type of switching device (10) be between its electrode (23) with its state of insulation performance electric field, this electric field encourages between electrode or produces electric arcing, causes or the starting electrode gap presents conductivity.
4. equipment according to claim 3 is characterized in that, the electric field strength that is in the electric field in electrode gap (24) state of insulation is in fact less than the electric field strength that nature punctures takes place.
5. according to claim 3 or 4 described equipment, it is characterized in that the electric field strength that is in the electric field of electrode gap (24) state of insulation is not more than 30% of electric field strength that nature punctures takes place, and is not more than 20% relatively suitably, preferably is not more than 10%.
6. according to the described equipment of arbitrary claim among the claim 3-5, it is characterized in that, the electric field strength that is in the electric field of electrode gap (24) state of insulation be at least take place electric field strength that nature punctures 0.1%, at least 1% relatively suitably, preferably at least 5%.
7. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, cause or starting electrode gap (24) present the described device (25) of conductivity at least setting is for by making the minimized mode of lowest electric field strength that emittance is provided, under this electric field strength, can present conductivity in the trigger electrode gap.
8. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, cause or starting electrode gap (24) present the described device (25) of conductivity at least setting is in order to provide emittance to electrode gap by this way: make the emittance of arrival and the time delay that forms between the electrode gap conductive capability minimizes.
9. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, cause or the setting of the starting electrode gap presents conductivity at least switching device (10) and device (25) is to make that the electric field strength that occurs between the electrode of the switching device under state of insulation is not depended in the foundation of conductivity in fact in the electrode gap.
10. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, for electrode gap provide the setting of the switching device (25) that triggers energy be on one of them electrode that emittance is applied in electrode (23) or be applied at least electrode (23) one of them electrode near.
11., it is characterized in that, be in order emittance to be positioned between the electrode (23) point or the zone in gap (24) for electrode gap provides the setting of the switching device (25) that triggers energy according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
12., it is characterized in that, be for emittance being applied to two or more points or zone (28) between the electrode for electrode gap provides the setting of the member (25,27) that triggers energy according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
13. equipment according to claim 12, it is characterized in that, for electrode gap provides the setting of the device that triggers energy is in order to locate the two or more points or the zone of described emittance along the line that extends between the electrode, and described line is corresponding to the extension of the conductive path of expecting between the electrode.
14., it is characterized in that, be for emittance being applied to one or more elongated area (28i for electrode gap provides the setting of the device (25) that triggers energy according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, k, m, n), its longitudinal axis extends along the conductive path direction of expecting between electrode substantially.
15. equipment according to claim 14 is characterized in that, for electrode gap provides the device (27) that triggers energy to be applicable to elongated focal zone is formed tubular.
16., it is characterized in that according to claim 14 or 15 described equipment, for providing the device that triggers energy, electrode gap is applicable to the formation elongated area, make whole or whole substantially space between its bridged electrodes.
17. according to claim 14 or 15 described equipment, it is characterized in that, for electrode gap provides the device (27) that triggers energy to be applicable to form two or more elongated focal zones (28) in electrode gap, described focal zone is at longitudinal register after the conductive path of expecting between electrode each other.
18. according to each described equipment in claim 1 and 10, it is characterized in that, for electrode gap provides the device that triggers energy to be applicable to be applied to emittance on one of them electrode or is applied between the electrode.
19., it is characterized in that on the electrode of one of them in electrode gap opening being arranged according to each described equipment among the claim 10-18, be used to provide the device (25) that triggers energy by this opening direct radiant energy.
20. according to claim 15 and 19 described equipment, it is characterized in that, near that electrode of (29) tubular emittance zone (28) is provided the device (27) that triggers energy to be positioned to have opening to electrode gap, makes basic spool concentric with the electrode split shed of the axle in tubular emittance zone.
21. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, and auxiliary electrode (31,31d) be arranged on the gaps between electrodes, be used for the balance electric field and/or play an active part in trigger process, suffer emittance and can launch free charge by described auxiliary electrode.
22. according to each described equipment among the claim 10-21, it is characterized in that, provide the device that triggers energy to comprise the system that controls electromagnetic wave energy to electrode gap.
23. equipment according to claim 22 is characterized in that, control system comprises at least one refraction, reflection and/or diffraction element.
24. equipment according to claim 23 is characterized in that element is formed by axinite.
25. equipment according to claim 24 is characterized in that element is formed by kinoform.
26. equipment according to claim 23 is characterized in that, element comprises optical fiber (38).
27., it is characterized in that (27f h) is positioned at the radially outer of electrode to control system, is adapted to beam is introduced gaps between electrodes according to each described equipment among the claim 23-26.
28., it is characterized in that control system (27g) is divided into loop configuration with laser pulse around an electrode therein according to each described equipment among the claim 23-27.
29., it is characterized in that at least one overvoltage steering gear (22) is parallel to switching device (10) according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
30. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, wherein electric power object (1) is connected to electrical network (3) or is included in another device in the power plant, described equipment is included in the switchgear (4) on the circuit (2) between object and the electrical network/device, it is characterized in that, switching device (10) is connected to the circuit (2) between object (1) and the switchgear (4), and switching device (10) is bootable, is used in being shorter than switchgear (4) time interval of opening time substantially overcurrent being turned to.
31. equipment according to claim 30 is characterized in that, switchgear (4) is made of circuit breaker.
32. according to claim 21 or 31 described equipment, it is characterized in that, it comprises and is arranged in another circuit breaker (6) on the circuit between switchgear (4) and the object, described another circuit breaker is arranged between switching device (10) and the object (1), be suitable for disconnecting the voltage and current that is lower than switchgear (4), therefore can carry out with the opening time that is shorter than switchgear, when the overcurrent that flows to or leave object (1) has been reduced by switching device (10) but early than switchgear, another circuit breaker is disconnected.
33. equipment according to claim 32, it is characterized in that, it comprises the control element (14) that is connected to checkout gear (11-13) and another circuit breaker (6), purpose is when indicating the overcurrent that flows to or leave object (1) by checkout gear when being lower than predetermined level, and the startup of finishing another circuit breaker is to reach the disconnection purpose.
34. according to each described equipment among the claim 32-33, it is characterized in that, another circuit breaker (6) comprises switch (15), coupling has the parallel line (18) of one or more elements (18) on switch, is used for avoiding switch (15) contact to separate the electric arc that is produced by making parallel line (17) receive the conducting electric current from the contact.
35. equipment according to claim 34 is characterized in that, the one or more elements (18) on the described parallel line (17) can be through control element (14) closed conducting by control.
36., it is characterized in that described one or more elements (18) are made of the controllable semiconductor element according to claim 34 or 35 described equipment.
37., it is characterized in that described one or more elements (18) are equipped with at least one overvoltage brake (30) according to each described equipment among the claim 34-36.
38., it is characterized in that the isolating switch (20) that the is used for current separation setting of connecting with described one or more elements (18) according to each described equipment among the claim 34-37.
39. according to the described equipment of claim 38, it is characterized in that, the coupling of isolating switch (20) and control element (14) is opened so that control described isolating switch thus after the controlled closure of switch (15) and described one or more element (18) have been in the state that disconnects parallel line (17).
40., it is characterized in that object of protection (1) is made of the power equipment with magnetic circuit according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
41., it is characterized in that described object is made of generator, transformer or motor according to the described equipment of claim 40.
42. according to each described equipment among the claim 1-41, it is characterized in that, described object by power line for example cable constitute.
43., it is characterized in that two switching devices (10) are arranged on the object both sides to protect same target from both sides according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
44. equipment according to claim 1; it is characterized in that; it comprises the control element (14) that is connected to switching device (10) and over-current state checkout gear (11-13), the setting of described control element (14) be for when needing protection based on come control switch device closure from the information of over-current state checkout gear.
45. according to one in claim 44 and the claim 34,36 and 40 or multinomial described equipment, it is characterized in that, based on information from over-current state checkout gear (11-13), same control element (14) control switch device (10) and another circuit breaker (6).
46. be used for the purposes that object of protection exempts from the influence of the fault relevant with overcurrent according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim.
47. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, for electrode gap provides the device that triggers energy emittance is focused at a plurality of substantially parallel elongated focal zones, its longitudinal axis is positioned at substantially along the conductive path direction (Figure 21) of being located between electrode.
48. according to the described equipment of arbitrary aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, except replenishing diode or other element, one or more switching devices (10) be set to form switch or converter function.
49., it is characterized in that described function is three terminal bidirectional thyristor switch element and thyristor function according to the described equipment of claim 48.
50. in the power plant, be used to protect electric power object (1) to exempt from the method for the fault effects relevant with overcurrent; it is characterized in that; turn to when finishing overcurrent by switching device (10) when detecting over-current state by checkout gear (11-13); for another element that makes overcurrent redirect to ground (8) or have relative low potential; the described switching device (10) that is provided with turns to by trigger electrode gap (24) overcurrent and closure, makes and presents conductivity in the switch by by means of trigger equipment (25) emittance being offered electrode gap.
51. according to the described equipment of claim 50, it is characterized in that, another circuit breaker (6) is arranged between switchgear (4) and the object (1) and on the circuit (2) between switching device (10) and the object (1), after the overcurrent of the flow direction or outflow object (1) has been reduced by switching device (10), described another circuit breaker (6) is disconnected.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE9604631A SE515702C2 (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1996-12-17 | Device and method for protecting an object against fault-related overcurrent (Case 3) |
| SE9604631-3 | 1996-12-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1246208A true CN1246208A (en) | 2000-03-01 |
Family
ID=20405003
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97181832A Pending CN1246208A (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Switching device including spark gap for switching electrical power |
| CN97181836A Pending CN1246209A (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Switching device including spark gap for switching electrical power |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97181836A Pending CN1246209A (en) | 1996-12-17 | 1997-12-17 | Switching device including spark gap for switching electrical power |
Country Status (22)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (3) | EP0947041A2 (en) |
| JP (3) | JP2001508995A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20000069520A (en) |
| CN (2) | CN1246208A (en) |
| AP (1) | AP9901568A0 (en) |
| AU (4) | AU731353B2 (en) |
| BG (1) | BG103488A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9714795A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2275639A1 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA199900565A1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP0000399A3 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL130427A0 (en) |
| IS (1) | IS5081A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO992938L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ336198A (en) |
| OA (1) | OA11126A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL334052A1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE515702C2 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199901907T2 (en) |
| WO (4) | WO1998029931A2 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU27899A (en) |
| ZA (2) | ZA9711314B (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2017096911A1 (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2017-06-15 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Device applicable to trigger gap |
| CN109752648A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-05-14 | 河北科技师范学院 | A kind of load ratio bridging switch switching arc energy on-line monitoring method and device |
| CN114503233A (en) * | 2019-05-18 | 2022-05-13 | 安伯解决方案公司 | Intelligent circuit breaker |
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| KR101015958B1 (en) * | 2009-01-19 | 2011-02-23 | 국방과학연구소 | A Spark Gap Switch Module for High Power Ultra-wideband Electromagnetic Field Radiation |
| US8861144B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 | 2014-10-14 | Eaton Corporation | Triggered arc flash arrester and switchgear system including the same |
| KR101252604B1 (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2013-04-09 | 국방과학연구소 | A spark gap switch for high power ultra-wideband electromagnetic field radiation for stabilized discharge |
| KR20170089351A (en) | 2016-01-26 | 2017-08-03 | 엘에스산전 주식회사 | Controlling apparatus in hvdc system and operating method of thereof |
| EP3410592B1 (en) | 2017-05-30 | 2019-12-25 | ABB Schweiz AG | Converter cell with integrated photovoltaic cell |
| CN107546732A (en) * | 2017-10-13 | 2018-01-05 | 广东电网有限责任公司湛江供电局 | A kind of overvoltage protection based on laser conducting transformer station |
| RU2706637C1 (en) * | 2019-03-26 | 2019-11-19 | Илья Николаевич Джус | Device for protection of vacuum-switched equipment from overvoltage |
| ES2897523B2 (en) | 2021-08-10 | 2022-07-18 | Advanced Thermal Devices S L | Cathode based on the material C12A7:e ''electride'' for thermionic emission of electrons and procedure for its use |
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| US4184186A (en) * | 1977-09-06 | 1980-01-15 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device for an electric power system |
| US4134146A (en) * | 1978-02-09 | 1979-01-09 | General Electric Company | Surge arrester gap assembly |
| CA1222788A (en) * | 1982-05-14 | 1987-06-09 | Roderick S. Taylor | Uv radiation triggered rail-gap switch |
| US4978893A (en) * | 1988-09-27 | 1990-12-18 | The United States Of American As Epresented By The United States The Department Of Energy | Laser-triggered vacuum switch |
| US5153460A (en) * | 1991-03-25 | 1992-10-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Triggering technique for multi-electrode spark gap switch |
| US5399941A (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1995-03-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Optical pseudospark switch |
| JP3075024B2 (en) * | 1993-07-28 | 2000-08-07 | 富士電機株式会社 | Electromagnetic wave drive type switch |
| JP3718700B2 (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 2005-11-24 | 株式会社東芝 | Laser trigger type gap switch |
-
1996
- 1996-12-17 SE SE9604631A patent/SE515702C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-12-17 NZ NZ336198A patent/NZ336198A/en unknown
- 1997-12-17 KR KR1019997005416A patent/KR20000069520A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-12-17 YU YU27899A patent/YU27899A/en unknown
- 1997-12-17 EP EP97951373A patent/EP0947041A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-12-17 AP APAP/P/1999/001568A patent/AP9901568A0/en unknown
- 1997-12-17 EP EP97951391A patent/EP1008214A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-12-17 CN CN97181832A patent/CN1246208A/en active Pending
- 1997-12-17 WO PCT/SE1997/002131 patent/WO1998029931A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-12-17 WO PCT/SE1997/002152 patent/WO1998029927A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-12-17 IL IL13042797A patent/IL130427A0/en unknown
- 1997-12-17 EA EA199900565A patent/EA199900565A1/en unknown
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017096911A1 (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2017-06-15 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Device applicable to trigger gap |
| CN109752648A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-05-14 | 河北科技师范学院 | A kind of load ratio bridging switch switching arc energy on-line monitoring method and device |
| CN109752648B (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-11-03 | 河北科技师范学院 | On-load tap-changer switching arc energy on-line monitoring method and device |
| CN114503233A (en) * | 2019-05-18 | 2022-05-13 | 安伯解决方案公司 | Intelligent circuit breaker |
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